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r S7
SY
ST
EM
SO
FC
HIL
DP
RO
TE
CT
ION
GO
VE
RN
AN
CE
INV
AR
IOU
SJU
RIS
DIC
TIO
NS
Jane
Daw
son
Fina
lR
epor
t
May
23
,1
99
5
LEG
ISLA
TIVE
LIBR
ARY
ofBR
ITIS
HC
OLU
MB
IA
~ 3329
800
055
4270
1)Li
stof
publ
icat
ions
Inth
eco
urse
ofw
orki
ngon
this
proj
ect,
anu
mbe
rof
publ
icat
ions
have
com
eto
my
atte
ntio
nas
bein
gpo
tent
ially
rele
vant
tom
yin
quiri
es.
Ihav
eob
tain
edco
pies
ofso
me
of
thes
e.S
ome
have
inde
edbe
enus
eful
,al
thou
ghno
near
eas
com
preh
ensi
veas
Iha
d
hope
d.P
ublic
atio
nsar
elis
ted
belo
wun
der
two
cate
gorie
s:fir
st(w
ithan
abst
ract
or
exce
rpt
from
the
docu
men
t),
thos
ew
hich
Ihav
eob
tain
edco
pies
ofan
dw
illfo
rwar
dto
the
Gov
eIn
quiry
ifyo
uw
ish,
and
seco
nd,
thos
ew
hich
have
been
men
tione
dbu
tap
pear
mor
e
diff
icu
ltto
obta
inan
dse
emle
ssre
leva
nt.
a)P
ublic
atio
nsIh
ave
Cas
sidy
,Fr
ank
(199
1).
“Org
aniz
ing
for
com
mun
ityco
ntro
l.”Th
eN
orth
ern
Rev
iew
:A
Mul
tidis
cipl
inar
yJo
urna
lof
the
Art
san
dS
oc/a
lSci
ence
so
fth
eN
orth
,7:
17-
34.
Org
aniz
ing
for
com
mun
ityco
ntro
lis
muc
hm
ore
diffi
cult
that
talk
ing
abou
tor
hopi
ngfo
rit.
As
aco
ncep
t,co
mm
unity
cont
rol
isex
trao
rdin
arily
appe
alin
gto
man
y.C
omm
unity
cont
rol
can
bero
man
ticiz
edan
dit
can
form
the
basi
sfo
rm
uch
rhet
oric
.In
deed
,ro
man
cean
d
rhet
oric
can
beco
me
impe
dim
ents
for
thos
ew
hose
ekto
orga
nize
with
com
mun
ities
to
conf
irman
dex
tend
thei
rau
thor
ity.
Inth
isar
ticle
,th
ear
tof
orga
nizi
ngfo
rco
mm
unity
cont
rol
isbr
iefly
desc
ribed
and
asse
ssed
.
Hud
son,
Joe
&B
urt
Gal
away
(Eds
.)(1
995)
.C
hild
we/
fare
inC
anad
a:R
esea
rch
and
poilc
y
impi
lcat
ions
.T
oron
to:
Thom
pson
Edu
catio
nal
Pub
lishi
ngIn
c.
This
book
isth
ere
sult
ofa
natio
nal
Res
earc
h/P
olic
yS
ympo
sium
onC
hild
Wel
fare
held
in
Alb
erta
,C
anad
a,M
ay10
-14,
1994
.Th
issy
mpo
sium
brou
ght
toge
ther
39re
sear
cher
san
d
33de
cisi
onm
aker
sin
clud
ing
repr
esen
tativ
esof
advo
cacy
and
cons
umer
grou
ps.
The
rese
arch
ers
cam
efro
mC
anad
a,th
eU
nite
dS
tate
s,B
ritai
n,N
ewZe
alan
d,an
dN
orw
ay.
Sen
ior
polic
ym
aker
sca
me
from
the
Can
adia
nfe
dera
l,pr
ovin
cial
,an
dte
rrito
rial
gove
rnm
ents
asw
ell
asfro
mth
evo
lunt
ary
sect
or.
The
sym
posi
umad
dres
sed
four
issu
es
inch
ildw
elfa
re:
the
orga
niza
tion
and
deliv
ery
ofch
ildw
elfa
rese
rvic
es;
supp
ort
and
prev
entio
npr
ogra
mm
ing;
fost
erca
rean
dad
optio
n;an
dth
ech
ildw
elfa
rese
rvic
e
experienceand
outcomes.
Thisbook
presentsand
criticallyassesses
thecurrent
stateof
researchon
theabove
keyissues,
identifiesthe
policyim
plicationsthereof,
andprovides
a
researchagenda
forthe
future.
Johnson,Therèse
(1990).“P
rotectionsystem
s:S
uccessor
failure?”8th
International
Congress
onC
hildA
buseand
neglect.H
amburg,
Septem
ber1990.
Most
countrieshave
passedlaw
sw
hichallow
forthe
protectionof
childrenand
furnishthe
means
toact
againstthe
inadequaciesand
negligenceof
certainparents.
Most
laws
concerningchildren
havethe
built-inincentive
orobligation
toreport
tothe
competent
authoritiessituations
judgedabusive
ordisturbing
with
regardto
thesecurity
ofthe
development
ofthe
child.It
isin
thiscontext
thatm
ostprotection
interventionsbegin,
andit
isat
thispoint
thatnum
erousquestions
ariseconcerning
theissue.
Kam
erman,
Sheila
B.&
Alfred
J.K
ahn(1
989).S
ocialservicesfo
rchildren,
youtharid
families
inthe
U.S.
TheA
nnieE.
Casey
Foundation.
Thisis
thereport
ofa
two-year
studyof
alternativeapproaches
adoptedin
statesand
countiesaround
theU
.S.
todeliver
socialservices
tochildren,
youthand
theirfam
ilies.The
overallobjective
was
toidentify
patternsof
servicedelivery
thatw
orkedreasonably
well--or
hadthe
potentialto
work
well--in
thecurrent
environment
ofsocial
policyand
socialproblem
s,and
to
locateservice
initiativesthat
seemed
promising.
Thestudy
beganw
itha
searchfor
“exemplars”
which
might
beoffered
asm
odelsbut
foundinstead
severaldifferent
patternsof
coping,som
eexperim
entationand
innovation,
andsom
einteresting
thinking.The
studyfound
severalexem
plary
components
ofdelivery
systems
butno
model
systems.
Lovell,M
adelineL.
&A
.H.
Thom
pson(1995).
“Improving
theorganization
anddelivery
of
childw
elfareservices:
Themes,
policyim
plicationsand
researchagenda.”
In:J.
Page2
Hud
son,
and
B.G
alaw
ay(E
ds.),
Chi
ldw
e/fa
rein
Can
ada:
Res
earc
han
dpo
licy
impl
icat
ions
.T
oron
to:
Thom
pson
Edu
catio
nal
Pub
lishi
ng.
Re-
exam
inin
gch
ildw
elfa
reto
dete
rmin
eho
wto
bette
rse
rve
the
need
sof
child
ren,
thei
rfa
mili
esan
dth
eco
mm
uniti
esin
whi
chth
eyliv
eis
ace
ntra
l
task
for
rese
arch
ers
and
polic
ym
aker
s.A
ltern
ativ
em
odel
sof
child
wel
fare
are
poss
ible
.R
esea
rch
prov
ides
exam
ples
ofpr
omis
ing
dire
ctio
nsfo
r
impr
ovin
gch
ildw
elfa
rese
rvic
es.
Thes
edi
rect
ions
invo
lve
diffe
rent
way
sof
enric
hing
the
soci
alne
twor
ksof
high
-ris
kpa
rent
s,em
pow
erin
gpa
rent
sto
act
onth
eir
own
beha
lf,an
dde
velo
ping
mod
els
ofco
mm
unity
resp
onsi
bilit
y
and
cultu
ral
sens
itivi
ty.
Mis
sing
and
Exp
loite
dC
hild
ren
Com
preh
ensi
veA
ctio
nP
roje
ct(M
/CA
P)
(199
4).
Chi
ld
Fat
ality
Rev
iew
Team
s:A
Mul
ti-A
genc
yA
ppro
ach.
Nat
iona
lTr
aini
ng
Tel
econ
fere
nce,
Febr
uary
16-1
719
94.
Am
eric
anm
anua
lfo
ra
tele
conf
eren
ceon
the
subj
ect
ofcr
eatin
gan
d
impl
emen
ting
child
fata
lity
revi
ewte
ams.
McK
enzi
e,Br
ad(1
991)
.“D
ecen
tral
izat
ion
inW
inni
peg:
Ass
essi
ngth
eef
fect
sof
com
mun
ity-b
ased
child
wel
fare
serv
ices
.”C
anad
ian
Rev
iew
ofS
ocia
lPol
icy,
27:5
7-66
.
This
artic
lesu
mm
ariz
esth
epo
licy
effe
cts
whi
chre
sulte
dfr
omth
etr
ansi
tion
toa
dece
ntra
lized
,co
mm
unity
-bas
edsy
stem
ofch
ildw
elfa
rese
rvic
esin
Win
nipe
gdu
ring
the
early
year
sof
impl
emen
tatio
n.R
egio
naliz
atio
n,as
the
polic
ych
ange
was
know
n,w
asas
soci
ated
with
anin
crea
sein
fam
ilysu
ppor
t
serv
ices
,a
rise
inco
mm
unity
outr
each
and
prev
entio
nse
rvic
es,
anin
crea
se
inth
ese
rvic
ede
man
dfo
rch
ildpr
otec
tion
serv
ices
and
ahi
gher
num
ber
of
child
ren
inca
re.
Incr
ease
dse
rvic
ede
man
dan
din
tere
stgr
oup
pres
sure
from
com
mun
ity-b
ased
boar
dsal
soco
ntrib
uted
toan
incr
ease
inw
elfa
rest
ate
expe
nditu
res.
How
ever
,th
era
teof
incr
ease
inne
wre
sour
ces
was
subs
tant
ially
belo
wth
ein
crea
sein
serv
ice
dem
and,
and
this
cont
ribut
edto
Page
3
higherstaff
workloads
inthe
newdecentralized
systems.
While
staffand
boardm
embers
describedoverall
servicequality
ashaving
improved,
limftations
tofunding
forceda
retreatto
am
oreresidual
mode
ofservice
deliveryby
thefifth
yearof
operation.W
hilethe
resultsof
thisresearch
providesupport
fora
model
ofcom
munity-based
servicesin
childw
elfare,
thereare
important
implem
entationissues
which
must
beanticipated
inan
effortto
improve
serviceeffectiveness.
National
Center
onC
hildA
buseand
Neglect
(NC
CA
N)
Clearinghouse.
Catalog
ofS
ervices
andP
ublicationsFall
1994.
TheN
ationalC
learinghouseon
Child
Abuse
andN
eglectInform
ationis
a
nationalU
.S.
resourcefor
professionalsand
concernedcitizens
seeking
information
onthe
prevention,identification,
andtreatm
entof
childabuse
andneglect.
Thiscatalog
listsrecent
relevantpublications.
National
Child
Welfare
Resource
Center
forM
anagement
andA
dministration
(1992).
Oregon
Child
Protective
Services
Perform
anceS
tudy.P
ortland:U
niversityof
Southern
Maine.
Prepared
forthe
Oregon
JointLegislative
Audit
Com
mittee,
thisreport
presentsfindings
ofa
comprehensive
studyof
theC
hildren’sS
ervices
Division
inthe
State
ofO
regon.It
looksat
organizationand
comm
unication,
policyand
theconform
anceof
practicew
ithpolicy,
performance
measures
usedby
theD
ivisionto
evaluateits
own
successesand
failuresand
the
development
ofnew
performance
measures.
Itincludes
background
information.
Ontario
Ministry
ofC
omm
unityand
Social
Services
(1995).P
olicyF
ramew
orkfor
Services
fundedunder
theC
hildand
Fam
ilyS
ervicesA
ct:D
irectionsfor
Implem
entation,
Draft
forapproval,
Novem
ber25,
1994.This
document
setsout
requirements
of
Page4
the
Min
istr
yof
Com
mun
ityan
dS
ocia
lS
ervi
ces
for
the
min
istr
yan
dits
partn
ers
to
impl
emen
tth
e19
93C
hild
ren’
sS
ervi
ces
Pol
icy
Fram
ewor
k.
“Pro
mot
ing
co-o
rdin
ated
appr
oach
esto
child
prot
ectio
n”S
ocia
lPer
spec
tives
.
Abr
ief,
unre
fere
nced
,de
scrip
tion
ofth
eC
hild
Pro
tect
ion
Team
Pro
ject
in
New
foun
dlan
d.
Rot
hery
,M
.,G
allu
p,J.
,Ti
llman
,G
.&
Alla
rd,
H.
(199
5)“L
ocal
gove
rnan
ceof
child
wel
fare
serv
ices
inA
lber
ta”
Chi
ldW
elfa
re,
May
-Jun
e.
Inth
ispa
per,
the
hist
ory
ofth
ede
bate
abou
tce
ntra
lizat
ion
vers
us
dece
ntra
lizat
ion
ofch
ildw
elfa
rese
rvic
esin
Alb
erta
isdi
scus
sed.
This
disc
ussi
onpr
ovid
esa
cont
ext
for
refle
ctio
nson
rece
ntef
fort
sof
aC
alga
ry
citiz
en’s
orga
niza
tion
tore
turn
cont
rol
ofch
ildw
elfa
rese
rvic
esto
its
com
mun
ity.
Tro
cmé,
Nic
o&
Dun
can
Lind
sey
(199
5)“W
hat
can
child
hom
icid
era
tes
tell
upab
out
the
effe
ctiv
enes
sof
child
wel
fare
serv
ices
?”Pa
per
subm
itted
toC
hild
Abu
sean
d
Neg
lect
,16
/03/
95.
This
pape
rex
amin
esth
em
etho
dolo
gica
lpr
oble
ms
invo
lved
inus
ing
child
hom
icid
era
tes
asm
easu
res
ofth
esu
cces
sor
failu
reof
child
prot
ectio
n
effo
rts.
Aco
mpr
ehen
sive
revi
ewof
child
hom
icid
ere
sear
chid
entif
ies
thre
e
maj
orm
etho
dolo
gica
lis
sues
:(1
)th
ecl
assi
ficat
ion
ofch
ildde
aths
as
hom
icid
esis
unre
liabl
e;(2
)ch
ildho
mic
ides
dono
tge
nera
llyre
pres
ent
the
endp
oint
ofa
cont
inuu
mof
viol
ence
rang
ing
from
inad
equa
tepa
rent
ing
to
mal
trea
tmen
tto
deat
h;an
d(3
)ch
ildho
mic
ides
are
not
freq
uent
enou
gh
occu
rren
ces
toef
fect
ivel
ym
easu
reth
eim
pact
ofch
ildw
elfa
rese
rvic
esan
d
polic
ies.
The
auth
ors
conc
lude
tha
tw
hile
impr
oved
repo
rting
and
clas
sific
atio
npr
oced
ures
may
lead
toso
me
usef
ulav
enue
sfo
rre
sear
ch,
rely
ing
onch
ildho
mic
ide
stat
istic
sto
eval
uate
child
wel
fare
serv
ices
may
Page
5
contributeto
furthernarrow
ingthe
scopeof
childw
elfareby
stressing
proceduresgeared
primarily
topreventing
childhom
icides.C
hildw
elfare
servicesneed
todevelop
outcome
measures
thattap
thebroader
mandate
of
improving
thecircum
stancesand
well-being
ofchildren.
Wharf,
Brian
(1995).“O
rganizingand
deliveringchild
welfare
services:The
contributionsof
research.”In:
J.H
udson,and
B.G
alaway
(Eds.),C
hildw
e/farein
Canada:
Research
andpoilcy
impilcations.
Toronto:
Thom
psonE
ducationalP
ublishing.
Thisarticle
givesan
overviewof
“thestate
ofknow
ledgeabout
organizing
anddelivering
childw
elfareservices
inC
anada”(p.
2).W
harfm
akesthe
claimthat
childw
elfarelegislation
inC
anadais
consistentlyresidual
(i.e.it
focuseson
protectionover
prevention).A
ccordingto
Wharf,
innovations
existw
ithregard
todelivering
effectiveservices,
butinnovative,
effective
approachesdo
notcharacterize
them
ainstreamchild
welfare
enterprise.
Wharf
endorsesan
approachto
childw
elfareservices
which
startsw
here
theclient
is,treats
clientsas
partnersrather
thanvictim
s,and
involvesthe
sharingof
power.
b)P
ublicationsw
hichm
aybe
relevantbut
havenot
beenobtained
orreview
ed:
Barnhorst,
R.(1991).
Thestate
of
thech
ild/n
Ontario.
Oxford
University
Press.
Chaudry,
A.,
Maurer,
K.,
Oshinsky,
C.,
&M
ackie,J.
(1993).S
erviceintegration:A
n
annotatedbibliography.
New
York:
National
Centre
forS
erviceIntegration.
Clutterbuck,
P.,D
avis,E.,
Novick,
M.
&V
olpeR.
(1990).B
estpracticesurvey.
Areview
preparedfor
theC
hildrenat
Risk
Sub-com
mittee
ofthe
LaidlawFoundation,
Toronto.
Dingw
all,R
.,E
elelaar,J.
&M
urray,T.
(1983).The
protectiono
fchildren:S
tate
interventionand
family
life.O
xford:B
asilB
lackwell.
Page6
Ezel
l,M
.&
R.J
.P
atti
(199
0).
“Sta
tehu
man
serv
ice
agen
cies
:st
ruct
ure
and
orga
niza
tion,
”
Soc
ialS
ervi
ceR
evie
w,
Mar
ch.
Her
ringe
r,B.
(198
9).
Maj
orfe
atur
eso
fch
ildpr
otec
tion
legi
slat
ion
inC
anad
a.S
choo
lof
Soc
ial
Wor
k,U
nive
rsity
ofV
icto
ria,
Vic
toria
,B
ritis
hC
olum
bia.
Nat
iona
lC
hild
Wel
fare
Res
ourc
eC
ente
rfo
rM
anag
emen
tan
dA
dmin
istr
atio
n(1
992)
.
Mai
neD
HS
Ove
rsig
htR
epor
t.P
ortla
nd:
Uni
vers
ityof
Sou
ther
nM
aine
.
Nat
iona
lC
hild
Wel
fare
Res
ourc
eC
ente
rfo
rM
anag
emen
tan
dA
dmin
istr
atio
n(1
993>
.
Sou
thC
aroi
lna
Chi
ldP
rote
ctiv
eS
ervi
ces
Pro
gram
Com
preh
ensi
veE
valu
atio
n.
Por
tland
:U
nive
rsity
ofS
outh
ern
Mai
ne.
Pec
ora,
P.(1
995)
&M
.Fr
aser
.E
valu
atin
gfa
mily
-bas
edse
rvic
es.
New
Yor
k:A
ldin
ede
Gru
yter
.
Pec
ora,
P.,
Whi
ttake
r,J.
,&
Mal
ucci
o,A
.(1
992)
.Th
ech
ildw
e/fa
rech
alle
nge.
New
Yor
k:
Ald
ine
deG
ruyt
er.
Red
er,
P.,
Dun
can,
S.,
&G
ray,
M.
(199
3).
Bey
ond
blam
e:C
hild
abus
etra
gedi
esre
visi
ted.
Lond
on:
Rou
tledg
e.
“Ana
tion’
ssh
ame:
Fata
lch
ildab
use
and
negl
ect
inth
eU
.S.”
(199
5).
4)C
onta
cts:
Inad
ditio
nto
colle
ctin
gdo
cum
ents
and
refe
renc
es,
Ihav
eal
som
ade
anu
mbe
rof
cont
acts
with
peop
lein
vario
usju
risdi
ctio
ns.
Inth
eca
seth
atfu
rthe
rin
form
atio
nis
requ
ired
or
furt
her
inqu
iries
mus
tbe
mad
e,a
list
ofth
ese
cont
acts
byju
risdi
ctio
nis
incl
uded
belo
w.
Mos
t(b
utno
tal
l)na
mes
onth
islis
tar
epe
ople
Ihav
ebe
enin
cont
act
with
byte
leph
one
or,
whe
repo
ssib
le,
inpe
rson
.
Page
7
British
Colum
bia
Marilyn
Callahan,
Social
andH
uman
Developm
ent,U
niv.of
Victoria
721-8037
Peter
Rose,
Ministry
ofS
ocialS
erviceslibrarian
(Victoria)
(tel)356-0067
(fax)387-1610
Richard
Sullivan,
UBC
Facultyof
Social
Work
822-4278
Bernd
Walter,
AD
M,
Family
andC
hildren’sS
ervices356-5925
Brian
Wharf,
Social
andH
uman
Developm
ent,U
niv.of
Victoria
721-6297
Alberta
PaulaD
orval,D
eputyC
omm
issionerof
Com
munity
Planning
(403)422-50
11
Office
ofthe
Com
missioner
forC
hildren
Mat
Hanrahan,
Acting
AD
M,
Program
/Policy
Division
(403)427-6428
Departm
entof
Family
andS
ocialS
ervices
Sharon
Heron,
Alberta
Exec.D
ir.of
Child
Welfare
(403)422-5182
JoeH
udson,U
niversityof
Calgary
Facultyof
Social
Work
(403)220-8662
JohnLafrance,
Alberta
Children’s
Advocate
(403)427-8934
Ray
Lazanec,form
erC
omm
issionerfor
Children
BillM
eade,C
algaryR
egionalA
uthority(403)
297-4575
Michael
Rothery,
University
ofC
algary(tel)
(403)220-5033
(fax)(403)282-7269
Roy
Thom
lison,D
eanof
Social
Work,
University
ofC
algary
Manitoba
Don
Fuchs,U
niversityof
Manitoba,
Facultyof
Social
Work
(204)474-9869
Bert
Galaw
ay,U
niversityof
Manitoba,
Faculty
ofS
ocialW
ork(204)
474-8845
BradM
cKenzie,
University
ofM
anitoba,F
acultyof
Social
Work
FSW
(204)474-8767
Res(204)474-9550
Page8
Ont
ario
Gar
yC
amer
on,
Cen
trefo
rS
ocia
lW
elfa
reS
tudi
es,
Facu
ltyof
(519
)88
4-19
70ex
t.69
98
Soc
ial
Wor
k,W
ilfre
dLa
urie
rU
nive
rsity
Ger
ald
deM
ontig
ny,
Uni
vers
ityof
Car
leto
n,Fa
culty
ofS
ocia
lW
~8c1
3)78
8-26
00ex
t.36
58
gdem
ontg
@ca
rleto
n.ca
(416
)32
5-53
35
(41
6)32
5-53
25
(tel)
(416
)36
6-81
15
(fax)
(41
6)36
6-83
17
Nan
cyR
awlin
son,
QA
CA
SS
tatis
tics
Duf
fS
prag
ue,
Pol
icy
Ana
lyst
,C
hild
ren’
sS
ervi
ces
Bra
nch,
Ont
ario
Min
istr
yof
Com
mun
ityan
dS
ocia
lS
ervi
ces
Nic
oT
rocm
é,Fa
culty
ofS
ocia
lW
ork,
U.T
oron
to
New
foun
dlan
d
Gal
eB
urfo
rd,
Mem
oria
lU
nive
rsity
,S
choo
lof
Soc
ial
Wor
k
Joan
Pen
nell,
Mem
oria
lU
nive
rsity
,S
choo
lof
Soc
ial
Wor
k
Gre
atB
ritai
n
Dar
tingt
onS
ocia
lR
esea
rch
Uni
t
Son
iaJa
ckso
n,U
nive
rsity
ofW
ales
Har
riet
War
d,re
sear
cher
(tel)
(709
)73
7-81
65
(fax)
709-
737-
2408
)
gbur
ford
@ke
an.u
cs.m
un.c
a
jpen
nell@
kean
.ucs
.mun
.ca
441-
803-
86-2
2-31
441-
792-
29-5
3-18
441-
703-
67-2
3-40
Pet
erG
ooch
,C
hild
ren’
sS
ervi
ces
Bra
nch
(reP
olic
yFr
amew
ork)
Nic
ole
Lafre
nièr
e-D
avis
,O
ntar
ioD
ir.of
Chi
ldW
elfa
re
Mar
yM
cCon
ville
,O
AC
AS
Exe
cutiv
eD
irect
or
Roy
Wal
sh,
Exe
c.D
ir.C
AS
ofB
rant
ford
(41
6)32
5-53
44
(tel)
(416
)97
8-57
18
(fax)
(416
)978
-707
2
nico
@fs
w.u
toro
nto.
ca
(519
)75
3-86
81 Page
9
New
Zealand
Gabrielle
Maxw
eH,
Office
ofthe
Com
missioner
ofC
hildren
Sw
eden
LouiseS
yiwander,
Children’s
Om
budsman
(tel)64-4-471-1410
(fax)64-4-471-1418
gmaxw
(360)or
(206)586-8725
(206)685-1631
(206)753-7002
(510)268-2087
ail.co.alameda.ca.us
(510)268-2025
(510)268-2080
46-8-654-0720
Washington
State
Sherry
Brum
mel,
Washington
State
Children’s
Services
PaulJohnson,
University
ofW
ashingtonS
choolof
Social
Work
Rick
Winters,
Washington
State
Child
Protective
Service
Program
Oregon
TomC
aranza,C
hildren’sS
ervices
Vic
Congleton,
Manager
ofC
hildP
rotectiveS
ervicesP
rogram
Diane
Walton,
Com
mission
onC
hildrenand
Families
California
JacquelineM
cCroskey,
University
ofS
outhernC
alifornia,
School
ofS
ocialW
ork
TomC
lancy,A
lameda
County
Social
Services,
Dept.
ofR
esearchand
Evaluation
Rita
Boyle,
Alam
edaC
ounty(?)
Pat
Ehgelhard,
Alam
edaC
ounty,A
ssistantD
irector
forC
hildW
elfareS
ervices
PaulFreedlund,
LosA
ngelesC
ounty,D
eputyD
irector,
Bureau
ofO
perations
(503)945-6638
(503)373-1570
(213)740-2711
(213)351-5610
Page10
Nat
iona
lOrg
aniz
atio
ns(C
anad
a)
San
dra
Sca
rth,
Chi
ldW
elfa
reLe
ague
ofC
anad
a
Bet
ty,
Chi
ldW
elfa
reLe
ague
ofC
anad
aR
esou
rce
Cen
tre
Ann
Tw
eddl
e,S
ocia
lP
rogr
amIn
form
atio
nan
dA
naly
sis
Dire
ctor
ate
Fran
Mcl
ninc
h,N
atio
nal
Wel
fare
Gra
nts
Nat
iona
lC
lear
ingh
ouse
onFa
mily
Vio
lenc
e
Phy
llis
Dre
nnan
,Fa
mily
Vio
lenc
eP
rogr
am,
Can
adia
nC
ounc
il
onS
ocia
lD
evel
opm
ent
Hea
lthC
anad
aLi
brar
y(C
ara)
(Stép
hane
Farle
y)
Ros
sD
awso
n,In
stitu
tefo
rth
eP
reve
ntio
nof
Chi
ldA
buse
Nat
iona
lOrg
aniz
atio
ns(U
SA
)
Sal
lyD
avis
,C
hild
Wel
fare
Leag
ueof
Am
eric
a(C
WLA
)
Dir.
ofP
rogr
amE
valu
atio
n
Alic
eK
irsh,
CW
LAlib
rary
CW
LA,
invo
lved
with
mon
itorin
gof
stat
es:
Mik
eP
etit
Lind
aS
pear
s
Fran
Gut
term
an
Nat
iona
lC
hild
Wel
fare
Res
ourc
eC
ente
rfo
rM
anag
emen
tan
d
Adm
inis
trat
ion,
Uni
vers
ityof
Sou
ther
nM
aine
,
Terr
yQ
uinn
Dr.
Fara
day
Nat
iona
lLe
gal
Res
ourc
eC
entre
for
Chi
ldW
elfa
reS
ervi
ces
Nat
iona
lC
lear
ingh
ouse
onC
hild
Abu
sean
dN
egle
ct
(613
)23
5-44
12
(613
)78
8-51
02
(819
)9
53
-99
54
(819
)95
7-29
03
1-80
0-26
7-1
291
(613
)23
6-89
77
(613
)95
7-15
45
(613
)95
7-15
50
(fax)
613-
941-
8007
(416
)92
1-31
51
(202
)63
8-29
52
(202
)94
2-02
65
(202
)94
2-02
97
(202
)32
6-52
64
(202
)32
6-52
65
(207
)780
-433
0ex
t.45
43
(207
)78
0-42
27
(202
)33
1-22
50
(703
)38
5-75
65 Page
11
3)S
uggestionsfor
futurew
ork
As
mentioned
inm
ysecond
report,the
summ
ariesIhave
compiled
regardingeach
ofthe
assignedjurisdictions
arethe
bestresults
possiblegiven
thetim
eand
information
available.
Ifthese
overviews
aresufficient,
nofuture
work
isrequired.
How
ever,Isuggest
thatif
greaterdetail
isnecessary
itw
ouldbe
most
worthw
hileto
selecta
small
number
of
jurisdictionsand
studythem
ingreater
depth,rather
thancontinue
tolook
atsuch
abroad
arrayof
jurisdictions.In
particular,Isuggest
more
studyof
Alberta,
Oregon,
andN
ew
Zealand.Isuggest
thesethree
inparticular
because,in
thecase
ofA
lbertaand
Oregon,
theyare
inthe
processof
radicallychanging
theirchild
welfare
services,and
inthe
caseof
New
Zealand,they
havem
adea
major
innovationin
childw
elfareservices
andare
still
working
throughthe
detailsof
thisinnovation.
Thesethree
jurisdictionsalso
havethe
most
documentary
information
availableregarding
thetransitions
theyare
orhave
been
undergoing.W
ithregard
toO
regonand
New
Zealandin
particular,Ireceived
anum
berof
documents
atthe
veryend
ofthe
three-week
periodof
thisproject
which
Ihavenot
been
ableto
examine
inany
depth.M
ysuggestion
forfuture
work,
ifany
suchw
orkis
required,
isto
examine
thesedocum
ents,and
thesejurisdictions,
ingreater
depth.
Ihaveenjoyed
theopportunity
tow
orkfor
theG
oveInquiry,
andw
ouldappreciate
being
consideredfor
anyfuture
work.
4)Final
Sum
maries
Includedbelow
arethese
finalsum
maries
ofeach
ofthe
assignedjurisdictions.
Although
onlythe
summ
ariesabout
California,
Great
Britain,
andO
ntarioare
differentfrom
the
versionspresented
inm
ysecond
report(M
ay15,
1995),Iinclude
themall
herefor
the
sakeof
completeness.
Page12
Alb
erta
InA
lber
ta,
the
deba
teov
erpr
efer
ence
sfo
rce
ntra
lized
vers
usde
cent
raliz
edm
odel
sof
gove
rnan
ceof
child
wel
fare
serv
ices
has
pers
iste
dfro
mth
eea
rlyda
ysof
this
cent
ury
whe
nch
ildw
elfa
rese
rvic
esw
ere
first
esta
blis
hed
toth
epr
esen
tda
y.A
lber
ta’s
child
wel
fare
syst
emda
tes
back
to19
09w
ithth
epa
ssin
gof
the
Chi
ldre
n’s
Pro
tect
ion
Act
and
the
esta
blis
hmen
tof
the
Chi
ldW
elfa
reB
ranc
hto
adm
inis
ter
the
Act
.A
tth
attim
eth
ech
ild
wel
fare
syst
emw
asve
rym
uch
dece
ntra
lized
with
loca
lau
thor
ities
enfà
rcin
gpr
ovin
cial
legi
slat
ion.
Sin
ceth
en,
the
syst
emha
sbe
com
ean
dre
mai
ned
high
lyce
ntra
lized
and
hier
arch
ical
lyst
ruct
ured
,al
thou
ghef
fort
sto
war
dde
cent
raliz
atio
nha
veoc
curr
ed
perio
dica
llyon
both
loca
lan
dpr
ovin
cial
scal
es.
Cur
rent
lyin
Alb
erta
the
child
wel
fare
syst
emis
ina
stat
eof
flux,
with
rene
wed
effo
rts
tow
ards
dece
ntra
lizat
ion
ofth
esy
stem
bein
gin
ast
age
oftr
ansi
tion.
The
1909
Chi
ldre
n’s
Pro
tect
ion
Act
was
supe
rsed
edby
the
Chi
ldW
elfa
reA
ctof
1925
,
whi
chre
flect
eda
trend
tow
ards
grea
ter
cent
raliz
atio
n,m
ovin
gth
eC
hild
Wel
fare
Dep
artm
ent
“into
am
ore
dire
ctse
rvic
ero
le,
incl
udin
gth
epr
ovis
ion
that
child
ren
brou
ght
into
care
beca
me
war
dsof
the
Pro
vinc
e.H
owev
er,
the
inve
stig
atio
nof
child
mis
trea
tmen
t
and
the
prov
isio
nof
othe
rse
rvic
esre
mai
nth
ere
spon
sibi
lity
ofm
unic
ipal
offic
ers”
(Rot
hery
etal
.,19
95,
p.5)
.
At
the
end
ofth
ese
cond
wor
ldw
ara
com
mitt
eew
asst
ruck
byth
eIn
tern
atio
nal
Ord
erof
Dau
ghte
rsof
the
Em
pire
(lOD
E)
toin
vest
igat
eA
lber
ta’s
child
wel
fare
syst
em.
The
findi
ngs
ofth
eco
mm
ittee
wer
ehi
ghly
criti
cal
ofth
eC
hild
Wel
fare
Dep
artm
ent,
clai
min
gth
at
exce
ssiv
ece
ntra
lizat
ion
had
led
toa
dete
riora
tion
ofse
rvic
es,
and
anau
thor
itaria
n,
cont
rolli
ngor
gani
zatio
nal
cultu
rerid
dled
with
bure
aucr
atic
rigid
ities
and
inef
ficie
ncie
s.Th
e
reco
mm
enda
tions
ofth
elO
DE
com
mitt
eepo
inte
dto
war
dsde
cent
raliz
atio
n,an
d“in
clud
ed
the
sugg
estio
nth
atse
rvic
esbe
orga
nize
dun
der
loca
lbo
ards
”(R
othe
ryet
al,
1995
,p.
6).
The
mos
tre
cent
revi
ewof
child
wel
fare
serv
ices
inA
lber
taw
asco
nduc
ted
byth
eth
en
Chi
ldre
n’s
Adv
ocat
e,B
ernd
Wal
ter.
This
repo
rtw
aspu
blis
hed
in19
93.
Like
the
lOD
E
repo
rtof
the
post
-war
year
s,it
offe
red
scat
hing
criti
cism
sof
the
exis
ting
syst
em,
and
reco
mm
ende
dst
rong
and
swee
ping
chan
ges.
The
criti
cism
spo
inte
dou
tth
atth
e
Page
13
currentinadequacies,
ineffectivenessand
failuresof
thechild
protection
systemare
toa
largeextent
attributableto
organizational
shortcomings....C
hildprotection
servicesare
embedded
ina
classic,
bureaucratic,control-oriented,
inflexible,highly
centralizedorganizational
model.
Such
am
odelhas
littlecapacity
torespond
tounique
comm
unity
needs,or
toengender
asense
ofcom
munity
ownership
orresponsibility
(Alberta
Children’s
Advocate,
1993,p.
297,as
quotedin
Rothery
etal.
1995,p
.7).
Further,the
recomm
endationsfor
changestressed
thatthe
benefitsand
advantagesof
trulydecentralized
systems
includetheir
flexibilityof
response;their
greatereffectiveness;
andtheir
capacityto
generateinnovation,
morale,
comm
itment
andproductivity....C
hildw
elfarein
Alberta
must
beradically
andcom
prehensivelyreorganized
andtransform
ed.
Thedelivery
ofchild
protectionservices
must
betruly
decentralizedand
placedunder
comm
unityauthority
(Alberta
Children’s
Advocate,
1993,p.
304,as
quotedin
Rothery
etal.
1995,p.
7).
Since
thisreport,
therehas
aconcerted
effortto
undertakem
ajorchanges
tothe
child
welfare
systemin
Alberta,
andthese
changesare
stillvery
much
inprogress.
InN
ovember
1993,the
Ministry
ofFam
ilyand
Social
Services
releaseda
white
paperannouncing
a
major
reformprocess
forthe
Alberta
childw
elfaresystem
.This
reformspecified
thatthe
Alberta
government
will
decentralizechild
welfare
authority;delegate
authorityto
comm
unities;provide
resourcesto
deliverservices
locally;integrate
servicesw
ithother
departments
where
itm
akessense
todo
so(see
Thorau,1995,
p.54).
Italso
announced
theappointm
entof
aC
omm
issionerof
Services
forC
hildren‘1to
design,recom
mend,
and
implem
enta
planfor
integratedchildren’s
servicesover
an18
month
period”(Thorau,
1995,p
.54
).
Page14
InN
ovem
ber
1994
,th
eC
omm
issi
oner
for
Ser
vice
sfo
rC
hild
ren
rele
ased
two
com
pani
on
repo
rtsde
taili
ngth
eir
plan
sfo
rch
ange
sto
the
child
wel
fare
syst
em,
and
the
resu
ltsof
cons
ulta
tions
enga
ged
in,
inpr
epar
atio
nof
thes
epl
ans.
Thes
ere
ports
are
title
d“F
ocus
on
Chi
ldre
n:A
plan
for
effe
ctiv
e,in
tegr
ated
com
mun
ityse
rvic
esfo
rch
ildre
nan
dth
eir
fam
ilies
”an
d“F
indi
nga
bette
rw
ay:
The
cons
ulta
tions
and
rese
arch
lead
ing
toth
ere
desi
gn
ofch
ildre
n’s
serv
ices
inA
lber
ta.”
Inbr
ief,
the
plan
tore
form
child
ren’
sse
rvic
esin
Alb
erta
invo
lves
four
them
es.
Thes
ear
e:
Inte
grat
edS
ervi
ces,
Com
mun
ityD
eliv
ery,
Abo
rigin
alS
ervi
ces,
and
Focu
son
Ear
ly
Inte
rven
tion.
With
rega
rdto
com
mun
ityde
liver
yin
part
icul
ar,
the
actio
npl
anpr
opos
esth
atne
wLo
cal
Aut
horit
ies
bees
tabl
ishe
dto
be
resp
onsi
ble
for
desi
gnin
gan
dm
anag
ing
all
child
ren’
sse
rvic
esin
thei
rar
ea.
Age
ncie
ssh
ould
deliv
erth
ese
serv
ices
base
don
cont
ract
ste
nder
edth
roug
h
anop
en,
com
petit
ive
proc
ess.
Inor
der
tote
stne
wpr
ogra
mid
eas,
dem
onst
ratio
npr
ojec
tssh
ould
also
befu
nded
.C
omm
uniti
esin
clud
ese
rvic
e
reci
pien
ts,
fam
ilym
embe
rsan
dco
ncer
ned
citiz
ens
and
they
shou
ldbe
invo
lved
inal
las
pect
sof
plan
ning
,de
cisi
onm
akin
g,se
rvic
ede
liver
yan
d
mon
itorin
g.Th
isin
clud
esth
ede
velo
pmen
tof
proc
esse
sw
hich
invo
lve
fam
ilyan
dco
mm
unity
mem
bers
incr
itica
lde
cisi
ons
abou
tch
ildre
n,
part
icul
arly
whe
reth
ese
deci
sion
sm
ayre
sult
inth
ere
mov
alof
ach
ildfr
om
fam
ilyor
com
mun
ity(A
lber
taC
omm
issi
oner
ofS
ervi
ces
for
Chi
ldre
n,19
94b,
p.10
).
The
actio
npl
anal
sopr
opos
esa
tran
sitio
npr
oces
sw
ithth
ree
key
phas
es:
mob
iliza
tion
(199
4to
1995
),im
plem
enta
tion
(199
5to
1996
)an
dco
mm
unity
man
agem
ent
(199
6an
d
onw
ard)
.A
ccor
ding
toth
isfr
amew
ork,
Alb
erta
iscu
rren
tlym
ovin
gfro
mth
em
obili
zatio
n
toim
plem
enta
tion
phas
esof
the
actio
npl
an.
Bec
ause
Alb
erta
isin
such
atr
ansi
tiona
lph
ase
ofim
plem
enta
tion
ofth
ese
plan
s,th
ere
are
nom
ater
ials
avai
labl
ew
hich
accu
rate
lyde
scrib
ean
dev
alua
teth
ecu
rren
tst
ate
ofch
ild
prot
ectio
nse
rvic
esin
Alb
erta
.A
ccor
ding
toM
icha
elR
othe
ryof
the
Uni
vers
ityof
Cal
gary
Page
15
School
ofS
ocialW
ork,the
indicationsare
promising
thatthe
directionin
which
Alberta
is
moving
ispositive.
According
toD
r.R
othery,there
areseventeen
steeringcom
mittees
which
havebeen
setup
acrossA
lbertaw
iththe
responsibilityto
overseethe
transition
phase.These
areappointed
comm
itteesrather
thanelected
ones,although
peopleare
invitedto
nominate
mem
bersof
thecom
mittee
andit
isstipulated
thateach
steering
comm
itteehave
anaboriginal
co-chair.In
additionto
thesteering
comm
ittees,there
area
number
ofW
orkingG
roupsw
hichw
illprovide
adviceto
thesteering
comm
ittees.These
Working
Groups
arem
adeup
ofeither
geographicor
problem-focused
constituents.So
far,a
seriesof
comm
unitym
eetingshave
takenplace
but,according
toD
r.R
othery,issues
pertainingto
thedivision
ofpow
erstill
haveto
besorted
out.There
isa
broad
comm
itment
toturn
overresponsibility
toregional
authorities,but
alot
ofthe
finerdetail
ofhow
thisis
tobe
doneand
theresults
itw
illyield
haveyet
tobe
worked
out.
Som
einterest
hasbeen
expressedby
theU
niversityof
Calgary
School
ofS
ocialW
orkto
document
theprocess
ofim
plementing
thesenew
structuresof
childw
elfaregovernance,
althoughno
suchresearch
projecthas
asyet
beenestablished
formally.
Such
aproject
would
beof
greatvalue
toother
jurisdictionsinterested
inim
plementing
similar
kindsof
changes.
Resources:
Alberta
Com
missioner
ofS
ervicesfor
Children
(1994a).Finding
abetter
way:
The
consultationsand
researchleading
tothe
redesignof
children’sservices
inA
lberta.
Alberta
Com
missioner
ofS
ervicesfor
Children
(1994b).
Focuson
children:A
planfor
effective,integrated
comm
unityservices
forchildren
andtheir
families.
Rothery,
Michael,
JimG
allup,G
eneTilim
anand
Herb
Allard
(1995)Local
Governance
of
Child
Welfare
Services
inA
lberta.C
hildW
elfare(M
ay-June).
Thorau,
Kim
(1995)~The
governancestructure
ofchild
welfare
servicesin
British
Colum
bia”P
reparedfor
theG
oveInquiry
intoC
hildP
rotection.
Page16
Con
tact
s:
Mic
hael
Rot
hery
(403
-220
-503
3)(U
nive
rsity
ofC
alga
ryS
choo
lof
Soc
ial
Wor
k)
Kno
wle
dgea
ble
abou
tth
ehi
stor
ical
chan
ges
ince
ntra
lizat
ion/
dece
ntra
lizat
ion
inA
lber
ta,
and
invo
lved
inan
dw
illin
gto
vent
ure
opin
ions
abou
tth
eim
petu
s,di
rect
ion
and
proc
esse
s
ofth
ecu
rren
tch
ange
s.
Bill
Mea
de,
(403
-297
-457
5)(C
alga
ryR
egio
nal
Aut
horit
y).
Kno
wle
dgea
ble
abou
tth
e
curr
ent
activ
ities
atth
ele
vel
ofR
egio
nal
Aut
horit
ies.
Paul
aD
orva
l,D
eput
yC
omm
issi
oner
ofC
omm
unity
Pla
nnin
g(4
03-4
22-5
01
1)
Ray
Laza
nec,
(par
tof
cons
ulta
tion
proc
ess)
Mat
Han
raha
n,D
irect
orof
Chi
ldW
elfa
re(?
)(4
03-4
27-6
428)
Aus
tral
ia
(take
nfr
om“P
rote
ctiv
eS
ervi
ces
for
Chi
ldre
nin
Vic
toria
:A
repo
rt”
byM
rJu
stic
eFo
garty
,
Judg
eof
the
Fam
ilyC
ourt
ofA
ustr
alia
).
The
maj
orle
gisl
atio
npe
rtain
ing
toch
ildw
elfa
rean
dch
ildpr
otec
tion
isth
eC
hild
ren
and
You
ngP
erso
nsA
ct.
Sec
tion
1of
the
Chi
ldre
nan
dY
oung
Per
sons
Act
sets
out
the
mai
n
purp
oses
ofth
atle
gisl
atio
n.Th
eyin
clud
eth
eob
ligat
ion
“to
prov
ide
for
the
prot
ectio
nof
child
ren
and
youn
gpe
rson
s.”
All
dom
estic
legi
slat
ion
inA
ustr
alia
emph
asiz
esth
atin
mak
ing
deci
sion
sab
out
ach
ild,
alth
ough
anu
mbe
rof
fact
ors
mus
tbe
take
nin
toac
coun
t,
itis
the
prot
ectio
n,w
elfa
rean
din
tere
sts
ofth
ech
ildw
hich
isth
epa
ram
ount
cons
ider
atio
n.C
once
rns
have
been
expr
esse
dth
atin
som
ein
stan
ces
the
right
sof
child
ren
are
bein
gm
ade
subs
ervi
ent
toth
erig
hts
ofth
eir
pare
nts
and
fam
ily.
Itis
wel
lre
cogn
ized
that
inm
ost
case
sit
isfu
ndam
enta
lto
ach
ild’s
best
inte
rest
sto
rem
ain
with
inth
efa
mily
netw
ork
tow
hich
itbe
long
san
dth
atre
mov
alof
ach
ildfr
omth
atsi
tuat
ion
isa
step
whi
ch
ison
lyto
beta
ken
afte
rth
em
ost
care
ful
cons
ider
atio
nan
dw
here
the
child
’sw
elfa
re
cann
otot
herw
ise
bepr
otec
ted.
Itis
also
reco
gniz
edth
atin
days
past
child
ren
wer
eto
o
ofte
nta
ken
from
thei
rfa
mily
and
this
was
toth
eir
long
-term
detr
imen
t.Th
eco
ncer
nno
w,
how
ever
,is
that
the
pend
ulum
may
have
swun
gto
ofa
rth
eot
her
way
and
that
ther
eis
a
failu
reto
take
actio
nto
rem
ove
ach
ildw
here
that
isne
cess
ary.
Page
17
InA
ustralia,child
protectionservices
arethe
responsibilityof
State
andT
erritory
governments.
On
anational
level,the
National
Child
Protection
Council
was
establishedin
1991by
theC
omm
onwealth
Governm
entto
providea
nationalfocus
forthe
preventionof
childabuse
andneglect.
TheC
ouncilis
comprised
ofrepresentatives
fromthe
Com
monw
ealth,S
tateand
Territory
governments
andcom
munity
organizations.Its
roleis
tofocus
theattention
ofgovernm
entsand
thecom
munity
onthe
needto
reducethe
incidenceof
childabuse
andneglect
andto
promote
andcom
mission
nationalresearch
on
theprevention
ofchild
abuse.
Within
theS
tateof
Victoria
therew
erethree
reportsinto
childprotection
overa
periodof
fiveyears,
in1989,
1991and
1993.
Over
many
decadesthe
uniquefeature
ofthe
welfare
systemin
Victoria
hasbeen
the
number
andhigh
qualityof
theservices
providedby
thenon-governm
entalsector.
Com
munity
basedorganizations
haveprovided
highquality,
readilyavailable
servicesover
abroad
rangein
thechild
protectionarea.
Until
1985direct
involvement
ofthe
State
in
childprotection
was
limited,
andchild
protectionw
asonly
possiblebecause
thenon-
government
sectorprovided
servicesw
hichenabled
potentiallyabusive
situationsto
be
divertedfrom
thestatutory
andcourt
systemor,
where
acourt
orderw
asm
ade,provided
servicesappropriate
tothat,
includingaccom
modation,
counselling,respite
care,and
supervisionof
thechildren
andfam
iliesinvolved.
Within
theS
tateof
Victoria,
althoughin
recentyears
government
servicehas
begunto
operateat
asatisfactory
level,there
are
budgetcuts
beingim
posedon
thenon-governm
entsector
which
posea
severethreat
to
childprotective
services.
Thepresent
designationof
theD
epartment
responsiblefor
childprotection
servicesin
Victoria
isH
ealthand
Com
munity
Services
(H&
CS
),although
overthe
yearsthe
Departm
enthas
undergonea
number
ofchanges
inboth
itsnam
eand
itsfunctions.
H&
CS
firstbecam
edirectly
involvedin
theC
hildP
rotectionS
ervicein
Victoria
in1985,
located
within
theD
ivisionof
Child
andY
outhW
elfare.P
riorto
thattim
e,the
powers
toreceive,
investigateand
totake
actionin
relationto
notificationsof
childabuse
were
exercisedby
theV
ictoriaP
oliceand
theC
hildP
rotectionS
ociety.In
1985the
Child
Protection
Society
Page18
was
unab
leto
cont
inue
toca
rry
out
that
wor
kan
dH
&C
Sw
asap
poin
ted
tota
keov
erth
at
resp
onsi
bilit
yin
conj
unct
ion
with
the
Vic
toria
Pol
ice.
How
ever
,it
was
poor
lyre
sour
ced,
its
scop
ean
dpo
wer
sw
ere
ill-d
efin
ed,
and
itha
dno
prev
ious
expe
rienc
ein
this
area
.In
addi
tion,
asi
tuat
ion
whe
rebo
thth
eD
epar
tmen
tan
dth
eP
olic
ew
ere
prot
ectiv
ein
terv
ener
s
gave
rise
tow
hat
beca
me
know
nas
the
“dua
ltr
ack”
syst
emw
ithth
etw
ogo
vern
men
t
orga
niza
tions
invo
lved
inth
eon
ear
eabu
tw
ithno
form
alre
latio
nshi
p.S
ince
1985
,ef
fort
s
have
been
mad
eto
crea
tea
sing
letr
ack
syst
em,
whi
chha
sbe
enim
plem
ente
dw
ithso
me
succ
ess.
Res
ourc
es:
Foga
rty,
Mr.
Just
ice
(199
3).
Pro
tect
ive
serv
ices
for
child
ren
inV
icto
ria:
Are
port
”by
Mr.
Just
ice
Fog
arty
,Ju
dge
ofth
eFa
mily
Cou
rtof
Aus
tral
ia,
Mel
bour
ne,
July
,19
93.
Con
tact
s:N
oco
ntac
tsha
vebe
enes
tabl
ishe
dw
ithA
ustr
alia
,al
thou
gha
Nat
iona
lC
hild
Pro
tect
ion
Cou
ncil,
mem
bers
hip
cont
act
list
isin
clud
edin
the
mat
eria
lpe
rtain
ing
to
Aus
tral
ia.
Cal
iforn
ia
Cal
iforn
iaha
sa
stat
e-su
perv
ised
,co
unty
-adm
inis
tere
dso
cial
serv
ices
syst
em.
The
Cal
iforn
iaD
epar
tmen
tof
Soc
ial
Ser
vice
s(C
DS
S)
regu
late
s,m
onito
rsan
dov
erse
esth
e
coun
tyw
elfa
rede
part
men
ts’
deliv
ery
ofch
ildw
elfa
rese
rvic
es.
CD
SSdo
esno
tde
liver
serv
ices
dire
ctly
,w
ithth
eex
cept
ion
ofso
me
adop
tion
serv
ice
(M.
Kel
ly,
Chi
ldre
nan
d
Fam
ilyS
ervi
ces,
Cal
iforn
iaD
epar
tmen
tof
Soc
ial
Ser
vice
s).
“As
part
ofth
ere
cent
ly-e
nact
edfe
dera
lFa
mily
Pre
serv
atio
nan
dS
uppo
rtS
ervi
ceP
rogr
am
(FPS
P),
both
the
Sta
tean
dth
eco
untie
sar
ere
quire
dto
com
plet
ea
com
preh
ensi
vepl
anni
ng
proc
ess
for
child
ren’
sse
rvic
es.
The
plan
sar
ere
quire
dto
bede
velo
ped
‘onl
yaf
ter
broa
d
cons
ulta
tion.
..w
itha
wid
era
nge
ofap
prop
riate
orga
niza
tions
with
expe
rienc
ein
adm
inis
terin
gpr
ogra
ms
ofse
rvic
esfo
rch
ildre
nan
dfa
mili
es...
’[C
alifo
rnia
’s]
FPSP
plan
is
due
toth
eFe
dera
lG
over
nmen
ton
orbe
fore
June
30,
1995
.It
isex
pect
edth
atth
is
com
preh
ensi
vepl
anni
ngef
fort
will
resu
ltin
impr
oved
com
mun
icat
ion
amon
gse
rvic
e
prov
ider
sat
both
the
Sta
tean
dlo
cal
leve
lsan
dim
prov
edse
rvic
esfo
rch
ildre
nan
dfa
mili
es
Page
19
who
areat
risk”(M
.K
elly,C
hildrenand
Family
Services,
California
Departm
entof
Social
Services).
Thegoal
ofthis
planningprocess
isto
move
towards
more
comm
unity
involvement
insetting
standardsfor
childw
elfareservices.
Great
Britain
InG
reatB
ritainthe
main
andm
ostrecent
pieceof
legislationpertaining
tochild
welfare
andchild
protectionservices
isthe
Children
Act
1989.A
ccordingto
theC
hildrenA
ct
Report
1993,“the
legislativefram
ework
forthe
provisionof
servicesto
childrenw
as
alteredradically
bythe
Act.
Itsprovisions
affectm
ostaspects
ofservices
forchildren
and
theirfam
iliesincluding
thecourts,
police,education
services,the
healthservice,
children’s
voluntaryorganisations
andthe
privatechild
caresector”
(p.3).
Central
tothe
philosophy
ofthe
Act
isthe
belief“that
childrenare
bestlooked
afterw
ithinthe
family”
(Children
Act
Report
1993)unless
theyare
consideredat
riskof
significantharm
.
TheC
hildrenA
ct1989
aroseout
ofconsiderable
andlengthy
debatein
the70s
and80s
regardingchild
abuseand
childw
elfare,and
theprovision
ofchild
welfare
services.It
was
aresponse
toconcerns
expressedthat
theprevention
andprotection
sidesof
childw
elfare
were
notw
ellconnected.
The1989
Act
was
designedto
achievea
balancebetw
eenthe
power
ofthe
stateto
intervenein
family
lifeand
protectchildren,
andrespect
forthe
autonomy
ofthe
family
asthe
primary
spherefor
raisingchildren.
Responsibility
foridentifying
childrenin
needand
providinga
rangeand
levelof
support
servicesbelongs
tolocal
authorities.“Local
authoritiesare
requiredto
identifythe
extent
tow
hichthere
arechildren
inneed
andto
publishinform
ationabout
appropriateservices.
Services
shouldbe
designedto
enablechildren
tolive
with
theirfam
iliesand
tosupport
families
inthat
role,as
well
asto
protectand
supportchildren,
butoccasionally
itm
aybe
necessaryto
provideaccom
modation
forchildren
away
fromthe
family
home”
(Children
Act
Report
1993,p.
9).
Children’s
departments
oflocal
authoritiesare
themselves
them
ajorproviders
ofchildren’s
servicesalthough
am
inorityof
authoritiessubcontract
toother
localauthorities
or
voluntaryagencies.
“So
farin
onlya
fewcases
areprivate
companies
used.The
trend,
Page20
how
ever
,is
tow
ards
am
ore
prag
mat
icus
eof
am
ixed
econ
omy
ofca
re”
(Chi
ldre
nA
ct
Rep
ort
1993
,p.
12).
Loca
lau
thor
ities
are
acco
unta
ble
toth
elo
cal
elec
tora
te,
and
this
loca
lac
coun
tabi
lity
just
ifies
givi
nglo
cal
auth
oriti
esa
larg
em
easu
reof
auto
nom
yin
the
exer
cise
ofth
eir
func
tions
and
the
cont
rol
ofre
sour
ces.
How
ever
,th
eyca
nnot
prov
ide
any
serv
ice
unle
ss
they
are
spec
ifica
llyau
thor
ized
todo
soby
legi
slat
ion
exce
ptw
ithin
narr
owfin
anci
allim
its
(Tho
rau,
1995
,p.
58).
Ther
eis
aco
nsid
erab
leam
ount
ofre
sear
chas
soci
ated
with
the
impl
emen
tatio
nof
the
Chi
ldre
nA
ct19
89,
and
the
asse
ssm
ent
ofth
eim
pact
ofth
eA
cton
loca
lau
thor
ities
,
exam
inin
gth
ede
taile
dop
erat
ion
ofse
rvic
esan
dth
eim
pact
onch
ildre
nan
dth
eir
fam
ilies
.
Muc
hof
this
wor
kis
too
new
tobe
read
ilyac
cess
ible
inC
anad
aat
the
pres
ent
time.
A
maj
orre
sour
cebo
okon
child
prot
ectio
nre
sear
ch,
prod
uced
byth
eD
artin
gton
Res
earc
h
Uni
tin
Dev
on,
isdu
eto
bepu
blis
hed
inJu
ne19
95.
This
book
give
sa
good
indi
catio
nof
the
way
thin
king
onis
sues
ofch
ildpr
otec
tion
ism
ovin
gin
Eng
land
and
Wal
esat
the
pres
ent
time.
The
rese
arch
sugg
ests
that
too
muc
hof
the
wor
kof
prof
essi
onal
sis
char
acte
rized
asch
ildpr
otec
tion.
Am
ore
usef
ulpe
rspe
ctiv
eis
offe
red
inw
ork
whi
chis
view
edas
anen
quiry
toes
tabl
ish
whe
ther
the
child
inne
edm
ight
bene
fitfro
mse
rvic
es.
Inon
lya
prop
ortio
nof
case
sw
illth
ech
ildpr
otec
tion
proc
ess
beca
lled
into
play
.S
uch
an
appr
oach
wou
ldgo
som
ew
ayto
war
dsm
eetin
gth
ecr
itici
smth
atin
man
yca
ses,
desp
itea
lot
ofef
fort
bein
gin
vest
ed,
the
outc
ome
isth
atlit
tlesu
ppor
tis
offe
red
toth
efa
mily
and
they
beco
me
angr
y,al
iena
ted,
and
bew
ilder
ed.
Am
ore
bala
nced
serv
ice
for
vuln
erab
le
child
ren
wou
lden
cour
age
prof
essi
onal
sto
cons
ider
prot
ectio
nis
sues
inth
eco
ntex
tof
othe
rne
eds,
focu
sing
onth
eov
eral
lne
eds
ofch
ildre
nra
ther
than
conc
entr
atin
gon
the
alle
ged
inci
dent
ofab
use.
•Thi
sap
proa
chw
ould
seek
tow
ork
alon
gsid
efa
mili
esra
ther
than
dise
mpo
wer
ing
them
and
topr
omot
efa
mily
rela
tions
hips
inw
hich
child
ren
have
thei
r
need
sm
et.
Pag
e21
Resources:
Dingw
all,R
obert,John
Eekelaar,
andT
opsyM
urray(1983).
Theprotection
ofchildren:
State
interventionand
family
fife.O
xford:Basil
Blackw
ell.(A
nethnographic
study
ofa
childw
elfarepractice
“inreal
life”looking
atthe
ethosand
culturew
hich
guidessocial
workers
decisions.It
soundsinteresting
butm
aybe
abit
offtopic
andtoo
outof
dateto
beuseful.
Ihavenot
triedto
gethold
ofa
copy.)
Children
Act
Report
1993
Taylor,
K.M
.,C
omm
unityS
ervicesD
ivision,D
epartment
ofH
ealth,letter.
Thorau,
K.(1955)
“Thegovernance
structureof
childw
elfareservices
inB
ritish
Colum
bia.”P
reparedfor
theG
oveInquiry.
Contacts:
(Ihaven’t
contactedanyone
inG
reatB
ritainbut
hereare
some
peoplethat
Iwill
try)
Sonia
Jackson,
Departm
entof
Social
Policy
andA
ppliedS
ocialS
tudies,
University
ofW
ales,
Sw
ansea,W
ales,
(ph:44-792-295-318)
Harriet
Ward,
Dartington
Social
Research
Unit,
Warren
House,
Dartinton,
Totnes,
Devon
(ph.0703-448-793)
Page
22
New
Zeal
and
The
maj
orpi
ece
ofle
gisl
atio
nw
hich
deal
sw
ithch
ildpr
otec
tion
inN
ewZe
alan
dis
the
Chi
ldre
n,Y
oung
Per
sons
and
Thei
rFa
mili
esA
ct19
89(C
YPF
Act
).Th
eA
ctis
adm
inis
tere
d
byth
ena
tiona
lD
epar
tmen
tof
Soc
ial
Wel
fare
.“T
heac
tis
anin
nova
tive
and
inm
any
way
s
radi
cal
piec
eof
legi
slat
ion
whi
chha
sha
da
cons
ider
able
impa
cton
soci
alw
ork
serv
ices
”
(Ang
us,
1991
)Th
em
ain
inno
vatio
nin
the
legi
slat
ion
isth
eFa
mily
Gro
upC
onfe
renc
e
(FG
C),
afo
rmal
proc
ess
whi
chbr
ings
toge
ther
fam
ily,
exte
nded
-fam
ilyan
dot
her
inte
rest
ed
parti
esto
mak
ede
cisi
ons
abou
tho
wto
deal
with
issu
esof
care
and
prot
ectio
nor
offe
ndin
g.FG
Cs
are
disc
usse
din
mor
ede
tail
belo
w.
The
purp
ose
ofth
eC
YPF
Act
isto
adva
nce
the
wel
l-bei
ngof
fam
ilies
and
the
wel
l-bei
ngof
child
ren
and
youn
gpe
ople
asm
embe
rsof
thei
rfa
mily
and
fam
ilygr
oup,
topr
ovid
efo
r
fam
ilies
and
fam
ilygr
oups
tore
ceiv
eas
sist
ance
inca
ring
for
thei
rch
ildre
nan
dyo
ung
pers
ons,
and
tom
ake
prov
isio
nfo
rth
ere
solu
tion
ofm
atte
rsre
latin
gto
child
ren
and
youn
g
peop
lew
hoha
veof
fend
ed.
The
emph
asis
ofth
eA
ctis
onfa
mily
part
icip
atio
n.Th
eA
ct
cove
rstw
om
ain
area
s:C
are
and
Pro
tect
ion
ofch
ildre
nan
dyo
ung
peop
leco
nsid
ered
at
risk,
and
You
thJu
stic
e,th
esy
stem
for
deal
ing
with
offe
nder
sun
der
the
age
of17
.
Adm
inis
trat
ion
ofth
eC
YPF
Act
ispr
imar
ilyth
ere
spon
sibi
lity
ofth
eD
epar
tmen
tof
Soc
ial
Wel
fare
,th
eP
olic
e,an
dth
eC
ourts
(Dep
artm
ent
ofJu
stic
e).
With
inth
eD
epar
tmen
tof
Soc
ial
Wel
fare
the
New
Zeal
and
Chi
ldre
nan
dY
oung
Per
sons
Ser
vice
(NZC
YPS)
is
resp
onsi
ble
for
the
Car
ean
dP
rote
ctio
nof
child
ren
and
You
thJu
stic
e.
Whe
nth
eC
YPF
Act
was
first
intr
oduc
edth
ere
was
resi
stan
cean
dcr
itici
smco
ncer
ning
the
exte
ntof
pow
ergi
ven
toth
efa
mily
and
conc
erns
that
this
coul
dbe
atth
eex
pens
eof
the
child
’sbe
stin
tere
st.
How
ever
,th
eA
ctsp
ecifi
edth
atde
spite
itsfo
cus
onfa
mily
pres
erva
tion
and
part
icip
atio
n,th
ew
elfa
rean
din
tere
sts
ofth
ech
ildor
youn
gpe
rson
are
of
para
mou
ntco
ncer
n.
With
rega
rdto
the
orga
niza
tion
and
deliv
ery
ofse
rvic
esto
child
ren,
atlo
cal
leve
lsth
elin
ks
betw
een
publ
ican
dpr
ivat
ese
ctor
agen
cies
for
oper
atio
nal
purp
oses
are
wel
l-est
ablis
hed.
Chi
ldan
dFa
mily
Sup
port
Ser
vice
san
dco
mm
unity
serv
ices
are
prov
ided
for
unde
rth
eA
ct.
Met
hods
for
the
co-o
rdin
atio
nan
din
tegr
atio
nof
the
vario
usno
n-go
vern
men
tse
rvic
es Page
23
working
with
families
ofchildren
havebeen
debatedover
severalyears
andto
some
extent
were
addressedby
therestructuring
ofthe
Departm
entin
1992and
theestablishm
entof
theN
ewZealand
Com
munity
FundingA
gency(N
ZCFA
)w
hichapproves
andm
onitorsthe
non-government
services.The
servicesare
integratedthrough
theservice
planning
approachof
theN
ZCFA
.A
decentralizedapproach
tofunding
ofnon-governm
ent
organisationsrequires
planningand
co-ordinationof
servicesat
thelocal
ratherthan
the
nationallevel.
TheA
ctalso
providesfor
advisorycom
mittees
atthe
locallevel,
calledC
areand
Protection
Resource
Panels,
with
mem
bersdraw
nfrom
voluntaryand
statutoryorganizations,
cultural
andcom
munity
groups,governm
entdepartm
entsand
government
agencies.These
are
establishedby
theD
irector-General
ofS
ocialW
elfare,w
hoalso
appointsm
embers.
The
functionsof
theC
areand
Protection
Resource
Panelare
essentiallyadvisory,
butinclude
a
roleto
promote
co-ordinationof
theprovision
ofservices
bythe
comm
unityto
childrenand
youngpersons
inneed
ofcare
andprotection,
andto
theirfam
iliesand
family
groups.
According
toG
abrielleM
axwell
(Office
ofthe
Com
missioner
ofC
hildren)the
Care
and
Protection
Resource
Panels
were
implem
entedas
analternative
to“expert
panels”w
here
theadvisory
rolew
asstrictly
within
theprovince
ofthe
professionalcom
munity.
As
a
resultof
complaints
thatthe
expertpanel
approachw
astoo
expert-driven,C
areand
Protection
Resource
Panels
were
developedto
includem
orerepresentation
fromcultural
andcom
munity
groups.The
implem
entationof
theC
areand
Protection
Resource
Panels
hasnot
beenaltogether
successful,and
isview
edby
Gabrielle
Maxw
ellas
nota
success
storyto
date.The
problems
arenot
todo
with
thephilosophy
behindthe
Panelsbut
the
means
inw
hichthey
were
implem
ented.R
olesand
proceduresare
notclearly
definedand
thereis
afeeling
ofdisaffection
onthe
partof
theprofessional
comm
unity(pers.
comm
.,
G.
Maxw
ell,O
fficeof
theC
omm
issionerfor
Children,
1995).
At
thenational
levelthe
principalpublic
sectoragencies
concernedw
iththe
well-being
of
childrengenerally
areH
ealth,E
ducation,P
olice,and
Justiceand
them
inistriesw
ithan
advocacyfunction
suchas
TePuni
Kokiri
(Maori
Affairs),
Wom
en’sA
ffairs,Y
outhA
ffairs,
andP
acificIsland
Affairs.
Co-ordination
ofthe
non-governmental
sectorat
thenational
Page24
leve
lta
kes
plac
eth
roug
hse
vera
lum
brel
law
elfa
reor
gani
zatio
ns,
the
Fede
ratio
nof
Wel
fare
Org
aniz
atio
ns,
the
New
Zeal
and
Cou
ncil
ofS
ocia
lS
ervi
ces,
and
the
NZ
Cou
ncil
ofC
hris
tian
Soc
ial
Ser
vice
s.Th
em
ost
com
mon
met
hod
atth
ena
tiona
lle
vel
for
co-o
rdin
atio
nbe
twee
n
agen
cies
and
sect
ors
tode
alw
ithpa
rtic
ular
issu
esis
the
join
tw
orki
ngpa
rty,
esta
blis
hed
for
apa
rtic
ular
task
,w
hich
repo
rtsw
ithre
com
men
datio
nsto
Gov
ernm
ent
Min
iste
r(s)
resp
onsi
ble
for
the
rele
vant
port
folio
s.In
rece
ntye
ars
the
prev
entio
nof
child
abus
eha
s
been
incl
uded
ason
eof
the
focu
sar
eas
ina
co-o
rdin
ated
crim
epr
even
tion
stra
tegy
byth
e
Prim
eM
inis
ter’s
Dep
artm
ent.
Asp
ecia
lte
amha
sbe
enes
tabl
ishe
dto
co-o
rdin
ate
initi
ativ
esin
crim
epr
even
tion
byal
lre
leva
ntde
part
men
ts.
The
Com
mis
sion
erfo
rC
hild
ren
acts
asa
publ
icad
voca
tegi
ving
voic
eto
child
ren’
s
inte
rest
s,pr
omot
ing
publ
icaw
aren
ess
ofth
erig
hts
ofch
ildre
nan
dpr
ogra
mm
esto
addr
ess
thei
rne
eds
and
wel
fare
.Th
eO
ffice
ofth
eC
omm
issi
oner
for
Chi
ldre
nw
ascr
eate
dun
der
the
CYP
FA
ct19
89.
The
Com
mis
sion
eris
appo
inte
dby
the
Gov
erno
r-G
ener
alto
sign
ify
the
inde
pend
ence
ofth
eof
fice.
The
Com
mis
sion
erac
tsin
depe
nden
tlyof
the
Dep
artm
ent
ofS
ocia
lW
elfa
reby
repo
rting
dire
ctly
toth
eM
inis
ter
ofS
ocia
lW
elfa
re.
Ifa
child
oryo
ung
pers
onis
foun
dto
bein
need
ofca
reor
prot
ectio
n,th
eca
seis
refe
rred
toa
NZC
YP
Sca
rean
dpr
otec
tion
coor
dina
tor
who
orga
nize
sa
Fam
ilyG
roup
Con
fere
nce
(FG
C).
This
isa
form
alm
eetin
gof
fam
ilym
embe
rsan
dca
regi
vers
,ex
tend
edfa
mily
,th
e
child
oryo
ung
pers
on,
with
peop
lesu
chas
soci
alw
orke
rs,
ala
wye
rfo
rth
ech
ildor
youn
g
pers
on,
and
the
polic
e.FG
Cs
give
fam
ilym
embe
rsth
eop
port
unity
tode
alw
ithfa
mily
prob
lem
sth
emse
lves
;to
take
cont
rol
ofth
esi
tuat
ion
and
with
help
deve
lop
solu
tions
for
the
child
oryo
ung
pers
onan
dth
efa
mily
.FG
Cde
cisi
ons
are
nego
tiate
dw
ithth
eno
n-
fam
ilypa
rties
toth
eFG
Cas
requ
ired.
NZC
YP
Sm
ust
appr
ove
FGC
deci
sion
sth
atin
volv
e
actio
nor
fund
ing
byth
eD
epar
tmen
tan
dca
nre
conv
ene
the
FGC
ifne
cess
ary.
Und
erth
eC
YPF
Act
,th
ein
tere
sts
ofth
ech
ildor
youn
gpe
rson
are
the
prim
ary
conc
ern
of
the
soci
alw
orke
ran
dth
eco
ordi
nato
rdu
ring
this
proc
ess.
Whe
nFG
Cs
cann
otfin
da
solu
tion
acce
ptab
leto
all
parti
es,
whi
chal
lag
ree
prov
ides
the
nece
ssar
ypr
otec
tion,
the
mat
ter
isre
ferr
edba
ckto
aso
cial
wor
ker
inN
ZCY
PS
.In
som
eca
ses
itis
pass
edto
the
Fam
ilyC
ourt
tode
term
ine
wha
tsh
ould
bedo
neby
seek
ing
ade
clar
atio
nth
atth
ech
ildor
Page
25
youngperson
isin
needof
careand
protection.The
Family
Court
may
make
interimorders
toensure
thechild
oryoung
personis
ina
safeenvironm
entw
hileit
considersthe
problem.
Thecourt
may
make
ordersdeterm
iningw
hoshould
carefor
thechild
andw
hat
supportservices
shouldbe
provided.S
ometim
escare
responsibilitiesare
givento
NZ
CY
PS
.A
llorders
arereview
edperiodically
bythe
Court.
Thereare
bothstrengths
andw
eaknessesassociated
with
Family
Group
Conferences
(see
Barbour,
1991for
afull
discussion).S
ome
ofthe
strengthsare
thatFG
Cs
areflexible,
non-adversarial,com
munity
based,endorse
practicesof
information
sharing,and
provide
impetus
forthe
professionalcom
munity
tocom
municate
socialw
orkconcerns
ina
concise
andintelligible
manner
tothe
family
group.A
dditionally,outcom
esof
anFG
Care
more
likelyto
befollow
edthrough
bythe
family
thanplans
imposed
fromw
ithoutbecause
there
ism
oreem
otionalinvestm
entin
theplan.
Thew
eaknessesof
FGC
spertain
toboth
philosophyand
practice.W
ithregard
to
philosophy,the
“legislativeassum
ptionthat
family
placement
isinherently
betterthan
extrafamilial
placement
isnot
universallyvalid.
Thechild
relocatedw
ithinthe
extended
family
may
endup
nobetter
off,unless
thereis
some
assessment
ofthe
proposed
placement”
(Barbour,
1991)There
isalso
theassum
ptionthat
thereis
afunctional
family
tow
orkw
ith,w
hichm
aynot
bethe
case.Furtherm
ore,“there
isno
legalstanding
forthe
outcome
ofan
FGC
,and
nolegal
reviewstructure--only
theprovision
thatthe
FGC
review
‘fromtim
eto
time’
itsdecisions,
recomm
endationsand
plans”(B
arbour,1991).
With
regardto
practice,there
arew
eaknessespertaining
totim
efram
ing,past
baggage,venue,
lackof
clearnational
practicestandards,
lackof
guaranteethat
everyonein
thefam
ily
groupgets
afair
hearing,and
extreme
relianceon
theco-ordinator
role.Indeed,
“the
primary
weakness
ofthe
FGC
isits
dependenceupon
thequality,
experience,skills
and
valuesof
theindividual
co-ordinator”(B
arbour,1991).
Throughout
New
Zealand,90
voluntarychild
andfam
ilysupport
servicesprovide
careand
protectionin
accordancew
iththe
provisionsof
theC
YPFA
ct.B
eforepotential/existing
serviceproviders
canreceive
fundingand/or
servicerecognition,
theym
ustbe
an
“approved”service
provider.The
New
ZealandC
omm
unityFunding
Agency
has
Page26
esta
blis
hed
stan
dard
sof
appr
oval
whi
chre
late
toth
ena
ture
ofth
ese
rvic
epr
ovid
edw
hich
grou
psm
ust
com
ply
with
.Th
equ
ality
ofch
ildpr
otec
tion
serv
ices
prov
ided
byco
ntra
cted
com
mun
ityor
gani
zatio
nsis
eval
uate
dth
roug
hm
onito
ring
visi
tsw
hich
may
incl
ude
talk
ing
with
clie
nts,
refe
rral
agen
cies
and
anal
yzin
gw
ritte
nre
ports
.S
ervi
cepr
ovid
ers
are
also
requ
ired
topr
ovid
eth
eag
ency
with
regu
lar
stat
istic
alre
ports
onth
eir
oper
atio
ns.
In
addi
tion
toth
isea
chse
rvic
eis
revi
ewed
annu
ally
toen
sure
that
the
serv
ice
still
mee
tsth
e
requ
ired
stan
dard
sfo
rap
prov
al.
This
func
tion
isca
rrie
dou
tw
heth
erth
ese
rvic
epr
ovid
er
rece
ives
NZC
FAfu
ndin
gor
not
and
form
spa
rtof
the
Age
ncy’
sre
gula
tory
role
.
Res
ourc
es:
(from
the
Leg.
Rev
iew
team
)
Ang
us,
John
H.
“The
Act
:O
neY
ear
On.
”S
ocia
lW
ork
Rev
iew
.V
ol.
3,N
o.4
(199
1):
p.5-
6.(S
hort
stat
emen
tby
dire
ctor
ofN
ewZe
alan
dD
epar
tmen
tof
Soc
ial
Wel
fare
.
Giv
esov
ervi
ewof
1st
year
stat
istic
sof
FGC
.)
Bar
bour
,A
nn.
“Fam
ilyG
roup
Con
fere
nces
:C
onte
xtan
dC
onse
quen
ces.
”S
ocia
lW
ork
Rev
iew
,V
ol3,
No.
4(1
991)
:p.
16-
21.
(Has
disc
ussi
onof
polit
ical
back
grou
ndto
act
and
ase
ctio
non
“Soc
ial
Wor
kT
heor
yan
dP
ract
ice”
behi
ndth
eFa
mily
Gro
up
Con
fere
nce.
Dis
cuss
esth
est
ruct
ure,
stre
ngth
san
dw
eakn
esse
sof
the
Fam
ily
Gro
upC
onfe
renc
e.
Con
nolly
,M
arie
.“A
nA
ctof
Em
pow
erm
ent:
The
Chi
ldre
n,Y
oung
Per
sons
and
thei
r
Fam
ilies
Act
(198
9),
Brit
ish
Jour
nalo
fSoc
ial
Wor
k,V
ol.
24,
(199
4):
p.87
-100
.
(Dis
cuss
ion
ofM
aori
root
s.)
Max
wel
l,G
abrie
lleM
.“T
heFa
mily
Gro
upC
onfe
renc
e:A
New
Par
adig
mfo
rM
akin
g
Dec
isio
nsab
out
Chi
ldre
nan
dY
oung
Peo
ple.
”C
hild
ren
Aus
tral
ia.
Vol
.17
,N
o.4
(199
2):
p.11
-15.
(Incl
udes
anex
plan
atio
nan
dev
alua
tion
ofth
eFa
mily
Gro
up
Con
fere
nce
givi
ngpr
osan
dco
ns.)
Pen
nell,
Joan
and
Gal
eB
urfo
rd.
“Wid
enin
gth
eC
ircle
:Fa
mily
Gro
upD
ecis
ion
Mak
ing.
”
Jour
nalo
fC
hild
and
You
thC
are.
Vo
l.9,
No.
1(1
994)
:p.
1-11
.
Page
27
Scheiber,
Alex.
“Cooperative
Planning
andD
isputeR
esolution:The
Family
Group
Conference.”
(Resources
receivedlate,
andnot
yetreview
ed>:
Hassall,
Ianand
Gabrielle
(1991>.“The
Family
Group
Conference:
Anew
statutoryw
ayof
resolvingcare,
protectionand
justicem
attersaffecting
children.”A
paper
presentedat
theconference
Ensuring
ourFuture:
Thefabric
of
childhoodIn
Australlan
society,A
delaide,A
ustralia,M
ay1991.
Maxw
ell,G
abrielle,Jerem
yR
obertson,A
lisonT
hom,
andB
ryonyW
alker(1
995>.E
xtract
from:
“Researching
careand
protection:A
studyof
theoutcom
eof
interventions
underthe
Children,
Young
Persons
andTheir
Families
Act
1989.”S
pecification
projectreport,
May
1995.O
fficeof
theC
omm
issionerfor
Children
andS
ocial
Policy
Agency.
Wood,
Beth
(1992)
“Care
andprotection
resourcepanels”
Areport
fromthe
Office
ofthe
Com
missioner
forC
hildren,W
ellington,N
ewZealand.
Wood,
Beth
(1993)“C
areand
protectionresource
panels-
innovativeor
enervating”Paper
presentedat
theFourth
Australasian
Conference
onC
hildA
buseand
Neglect,
Brisbane,
Australia,
July1993.
Contacts:
Gabrielle
Maxw
ell,O
fficeof
theC
omm
issionerfor
Children
39P
ipitieaS
treet
P.O.
Box
12537
Thorndon,W
ellington
New
Zealand
PH:64-4-471-1410
FX:64-4-471-1418
Page28
Ont
ario
The
Ont
ario
Min
istr
yof
Soc
ial
and
Com
mun
ityS
ervi
ces
was
esta
blis
hed
in19
84to
brin
g
toge
ther
the
four
maj
orse
ctor
sof
serv
ices
toch
ildre
nin
exis
tenc
eup
toth
attim
e(C
hild
Pro
tect
ion,
You
ngO
ffend
ers,
Chi
ldre
n’s
Men
tal
Hea
lthan
dD
evel
opm
enta
lS
ervi
ces)
.Th
e
Chi
ldan
dFa
mily
Ser
vice
sA
ctw
asde
velo
ped
atth
esa
me
time,
topr
ovid
eth
ele
gisl
ativ
e
auth
ority
for
the
Min
istr
yto
prov
ide
and
fund
child
and
fam
ilyse
rvic
es.
Bot
hth
eA
ctan
d
Min
istr
yw
ere
crea
ted
inre
spon
seto
wid
espr
ead
criti
cism
sre
gard
ing
the
frag
men
tatio
nof
serv
ices
toch
ildre
n.
Ther
ear
etw
odi
visi
ons
with
inth
eM
inis
try
havi
ngch
ildan
dfa
mily
serv
ice
resp
onsi
bilit
ies:
The
Pro
gram
Man
agem
ent
Div
isio
nan
dth
eO
pera
tions
Div
isio
n.Ea
chdi
visi
onre
ports
thro
ugh
ase
para
teA
ssis
tant
Dep
uty
Min
iste
rto
the
Dep
uty
Min
iste
ran
dne
ither
has
auth
ority
over
the
othe
r.D
eleg
ated
auth
oriti
esflo
wfr
omth
eM
inis
ter
toth
eA
DM
of
Ope
ratio
nsan
dth
enou
tto
regi
onal
offic
es.
Ther
ear
efo
urre
gion
alof
fices
and
13ar
ea
offic
es.
The
area
offic
esha
vesi
gnifi
cant
auth
ority
over
fund
ing
allo
catio
nsan
dot
her
deci
sion
sre
gard
ing
serv
ices
.
Und
erth
eP
rogr
amM
anag
emen
tD
ivis
ion,
the
Chi
ldre
n’s
Ser
vice
sB
ranc
his
resp
onsi
ble
for
polic
yan
dpr
ogra
mde
velo
pmen
t,im
plem
enta
tion
and
mon
itorin
g.Th
isdi
visi
onre
ports
thro
ugh
anA
ssis
tant
Dep
uty
Min
iste
rto
the
Dep
uty
Min
iste
r.Th
isdi
visi
onha
sno
line
auth
ority
over
serv
ice
deliv
ery.
This
divi
sion
esta
blis
hes
the
min
imum
stan
dard
sfo
rpo
licy
and
case
wor
kpr
actic
e.C
hild
ren’
sA
idS
ocie
ties
and
othe
rco
ntra
cted
serv
ice
prov
ider
sar
e
then
resp
onsi
ble
tode
velo
pan
dim
plem
ent
thos
epo
licie
s/pr
oced
ures
nece
ssar
yto
mai
ntai
n
prov
inci
alst
anda
rds.
The
Div
isio
nco
llabo
rate
san
dco
nsul
tsw
ithtr
ansf
erpa
ymen
t
agen
cies
(ser
vice
prov
ider
s)in
area
sof
polic
yan
dpr
ogra
mde
velo
pmen
t.A
ctiv
ew
orki
ng
grou
psco
mpo
sed
ofat
leas
t50
%of
the
com
mun
ityst
akeh
olde
rag
enci
esar
ejo
intly
wor
king
onth
ede
velo
pmen
tof
such
thin
gsas
anin
form
atio
nsy
stem
,ac
coun
tabi
lity
mea
sure
s,an
din
tegr
atio
nof
serv
ices
.
The
vast
maj
ority
ofse
rvic
esar
ede
liver
edth
roug
han
arm
s-le
ngth
rela
tions
hip
bya
wid
e
rang
eof
priv
ate
prof
itan
dno
n-pr
ofit
grou
psan
dor
gani
zatio
nspl
usth
epr
ovin
ce’s
54
Chi
ldre
n’s
Aid
Soc
ietie
s(C
AS
s)...
.P
rogr
amsu
perv
isor
sin
the
area
offic
essu
perv
ise
and
Page
29
monitor
CA
Ss
andare
alsoresponsible
fornegotiating
contractsw
ithlocal
agencies!
individualsfor
serviceprovision.
Eachof
the54
CA
Ss
isrun
bya
voluntaryboard
and
overseenby
alocal
director.These
boardshave
adual
accountability:to
thecom
munity
andto
theM
inistry.S
ocietiesare
responsiblefor
allprotection
servicesas
well
as
adoption.There
are3
societiesdesignated
asN
ativeC
hildren’sA
idS
ocietiesand
these
areresponsible
forthe
design,m
anagement
anddelivery
ofchild
andfam
ilyservices
to
Indiansand
nativepeople
inthe
agency’sjurisdiction.
More
agreements
with
IndianB
ands
arein
theprocess
ofbeing
developed.D
elegationsto
Native
Children’s
Aid
Societies
flow
fromthe
Minister
andrequire
theconsent
ofC
abinet.The
reportingrelationship
forthese
agenciesis
thesam
eas
forother
Children’s
Aid
Societies.
“TheO
ntarioA
ssociationof
Children’s
Aid
Societies
(OA
CA
S)
inT
orontois
aservice
and
advocacyorganization
form
ember
Children’s
Aid
Societies.
OA
CA
Sprovides
supportto
CA
Ss
throughconsultation
services,training
programs
andinform
ationservices;
promotes
publicaw
arenessof
childw
elfareprogram
sand
collectsservice
datafrom
theC
AS
s.The
Association
alsoliaises
with
theM
inistryof
Com
munity
andS
ocialS
ervicesand
other
organizationson
behalfof
theC
AS
son
many
issuesrelated
tothe
interestand
needof
vulnerablechildren
andtheir
families”
(Child
We/fare
inC
anada:The
Role
ofP
rovincialand
TerritorialA
uthoritiesin
Cases
of
Child
Abuse>.
According
toR
oyW
alsh,executive
directorof
theC
hildren’sA
idS
ocietyof
Brantford,
becauseC
AS
shave
localcom
munity-driven
boardsand
some
discretionover
budgetary
decisions,they
arenot
asham
strungby
provincialbureaucracy
asare
provincesw
ithm
ore
centralizedchild
protectionservices.
Brantford
inparticular
hasm
adea
number
of
innovativeefforts
towards
doingchild
protectiondifferently,
with
suchinitiatives
asthe
development
ofparent
mutual
aidorganizations,
andparent
resourcecentres.
Theparent
mutual
aidorganizations
havebeen
studiedand
written
aboutby
Dr.
Gary
Cam
eronof
Wilfred
LaurierU
niversity,in
apublication
fromabout
two
yearsago
titledP
arentMutual
Aid
Organizations
ina
Child
Welfare
Dem
onstrationP
roject.
According
toD
uffS
prague,a
policyanalyst
with
Children’s
Services,
althoughthe
CA
S
systemof
childw
elfareservices
allows
forgreater
regionalresponsiveness
andflexibility,
CA
Ss
arealso
hampered
byproblem
sw
ithcoordination
between
CA
Ss
andsom
etimes
Page30
with
insi
ngle
CA
Ss
inla
rge
urba
nar
eas.
Som
etim
es,
for
exam
ple,
ifa
fam
ilym
oves
,
thei
rfil
esdo
not
follo
wth
em.
Als
o,th
ere
are
diffi
culti
esin
coor
dina
tion
amon
gth
e
vario
usca
rew
orke
rsin
volv
edw
itha
give
nfa
mily
.
The
Min
istr
yof
Com
mun
ityan
dS
ocia
lS
ervi
ces
iscu
rren
tlyim
plem
entin
ga
new
Chi
ldre
n’s
Pol
icy
Fra
mew
ork
for
serv
ices
fund
edun
der
the
Chi
ldan
dFa
mily
Ser
vice
sA
ct.
The
Pol
icy
Fram
ewor
kw
aspu
blis
hed
in19
93an
dim
plem
enta
tion
team
sha
vebe
enac
tive
thro
ugho
ut
the
prov
ince
ofO
ntar
iosi
nce
that
time.
The
goal
ofth
efr
amew
ork
isto
achi
eve
a
com
preh
ensi
ve,
coor
dina
ted
syst
emof
serv
ices
and
supp
orts
that
are
mor
ere
spon
sive
to
the
need
sof
child
ren,
yout
han
dfa
mili
esw
ithin
exis
ting
reso
urce
s.Th
epo
licy
fram
ewor
k
sets
six
dire
ctio
nsfo
rch
ange
--in
tegr
atio
n,ac
cess
,lo
cal
plan
ning
,pr
iorit
ies,
fund
ing,
and
acco
unta
bilit
y.To
supp
ort
impl
emen
tatio
nof
thes
edi
rect
ions
,go
als
and
spec
ific
requ
irem
ents
tobe
met
,ha
vebe
ense
t.Th
epo
licy
fram
ewor
kst
rong
lyen
cour
ages
coor
dina
tion
and
colla
bora
tion
atth
elo
cal
leve
lw
ithot
her
fund
ers
and
serv
ice
prov
ider
s.
Loca
lpl
anni
nggr
oups
,re
spon
sibl
efo
rim
plem
enta
tion
ofth
epo
licy
fram
ewor
kdi
rect
ions
,
are
requ
ired
toha
veat
leas
ton
e-th
irdof
pare
nts
and
yout
hin
thei
rco
reco
mm
ittee
sto
ensu
rese
rvic
esar
ere
spon
sive
toth
ene
eds
ofch
ildre
n,yo
uth
and
fam
ilies
.
Res
ourc
es:
Chi
ldW
e/fa
reS
yste
ms
inC
anad
a:M
ode/
so
fO
pera
tion
and
Del
egat
ion
ofA
utho
ritie
s
Ont
ario
Com
mun
ityan
dS
ocia
lS
ervi
ces.
Chi
ldre
n’s
Ser
vice
sP
olic
yF
ram
ewor
k.
Fede
ral-P
rovi
ncia
lW
orki
ngG
roup
onC
hild
and
Fam
ilyS
ervi
ces
Info
rmat
ion.
Chi
ldW
elfa
re
inC
anad
a:Th
eR
ole
ofP
rovi
ncia
land
Ter
ritor
ialA
utho
ritie
sin
Cas
eso
fC
hild
Abu
se.
lette
rfro
mth
eof
fice
ofth
eD
eput
yM
inis
ter,
Min
istr
yof
Com
mun
ityan
dS
ocia
lS
ervi
ces
Con
tact
s:
Roy
Wal
sh,
Chi
ldre
n’s
Aid
Soc
iety
,B
rant
ford
(519
-753
-868
1)
Duf
fS
prag
ue,
polic
yan
alys
t,O
ntar
ioC
hild
ren’
sS
ervi
ces
Bra
nch
(41
6-32
5-53
44)
Pet
erG
ooch
,po
licy
anal
yst
and
lead
auth
orof
the
Pol
icy
Fram
ewor
k(4
16-
325-
5335
)
Gar
yC
amer
on,
Cen
trefo
rS
ocia
lW
elfa
reS
tudi
es,
Uni
vers
ityof
Wat
erlo
o(5
19-
884-
197
0,
ext.
6998
)
Page
31
Oregon
Oregon
hasa
state-administered
Children’s
Services
Division.
Within
thisdivision,
the
Child
Protective
Services
Program
isresponsible
forissues
concerningchild
abuseand
childprotection
services.O
regondoes
notcontract
with
privatesector
groupsin
the
provisionof
childprotective
services(B
ettyU
chytil,O
regonD
epartment
ofH
uman
Resources).
Infact,
recentlegislation
hasclearly
identifiedthe
State
ofO
regon,C
hild
Protective
Services
tobe
theprim
aryresponsibility
ofthe
State
Children’s
Services
Division.
Eachprofessional
groupand
agencyinvolved
with
afam
ilyassum
esresponsibility
for
specificelem
entsof
theC
hildP
rotectiveS
ervices(C
PS)process.
Children’s
Services
Division
(CSD
)w
orksclosely
with
physicians,nurses,
educationproviders,
mental
health
practitioners,law
enforcement
agencies,and
thejudiciary.
Theseparties
areinvolved
in
theidentification,
reporting,investigation,
assessment,
andtreatm
entof
casesof
child
abuse.
Thereare
severalpieces
oflegislation
coveringchild
protection.O
neof
these,the
Child
Abuse
Reporting
Laww
asenacted
in1971.
Theintent
ofthe
lawis
toidentify
children
who
arevictim
sof
abuseor
neglectand
toprovide
servicesneeded
toassist
caretakersin
resolvingproblem
sunderlying
childm
altreatment.
Thestate
ofO
regonis
currentlyfacing
reorganizationof
theirchild
protectiveservices.
House
Bill2004
was
putforw
ard2
yearsago,
which
proposedthe
elimination
ofthe
Children’s
Services
Division,
tobe
replacedw
iththe
Com
mission
ofC
hildrenand
Families.
Thisbill
was
initiallydefeated
butultim
atelypassed
inthe
24thversion.
Thebill
was
developedin
responseto
concernsexpressed
byvarious
professionalsand
comm
unity
organizationsabout
theeffective
functionof
theC
SDadm
inistrativestructure.
Bill2004
involvedthe
devolutionof
decision-making
tolocal
countyauthorities.
More
recently
House
Bill31
80has
beenproposed,
which
involvesfurther
changesw
ithregard
tothe
administration
ofchild
protectiveservices.
Issuesbeing
discussedunder
Bill3180
involve
questionsof
howm
uchauthority
afam
ilyought
tohave
indecisions
pertainingto
child
protection.C
urrentlythe
stateadopts
achild-centred
ratherthan
family-centred
focus,as
Page32
refle
cted
inth
etit
le“C
hild
’sS
ervi
ces
Div
isio
n”.
The
Gov
erno
rof
Ore
gon
isop
pose
dto
Bill
3180
,no
tin
term
sof
philo
soph
ybu
tbe
caus
eof
conc
erns
that
the
adm
inis
trat
ive
chan
ges
wou
ldin
volv
epo
tent
ial
dupl
icat
ion
and
inco
nsis
tenc
yof
serv
ices
,an
dgr
eate
rco
sts.
The
curr
ent
clim
ate
inth
est
ate
ofO
rego
nis
that
the
com
mun
ityan
dco
unty
leve
lsof
gove
rnm
ent
are
atte
mpt
ing
toha
vem
ore
say
ingo
vern
men
tde
cisi
on-m
akin
g.O
rego
n’s
syst
emof
child
wel
fare
serv
ices
and
child
prot
ectio
nse
rvic
esha
vebe
enst
ate-
adm
inis
tere
d
and
quite
cent
raliz
edhi
stor
ical
ly.
Ther
ear
ead
vant
ages
and
disa
dvan
tage
sto
both
kind
sof
syst
em(c
entra
lized
and
dece
ntra
lized
).Th
edi
sadv
anta
ges
toa
dece
ntra
lized
syst
emof
gove
rnan
cein
clud
eco
ncer
nth
atso
me
com
mun
ities
may
not
bein
tere
sted
inta
king
over
grea
ter
loca
lco
ntro
l,or
may
not
beab
leto
hand
leth
ings
effe
ctiv
ely
atth
elo
cal
leve
l.
Ther
eis
the
risk
ofla
ckof
cons
iste
ncy.
The
purp
ose
behi
ndth
ees
tabl
ishm
ent
ofth
e
Com
mis
sion
ofC
hild
ren
and
Fam
ilies
was
topr
ovid
ean
inte
rimor
gani
zatio
nal
body
that
wou
ldas
sist
inth
epr
oces
sof
turn
ing
over
grea
ter
auth
ority
toth
elo
cal
com
mun
ities
.
Ast
udy
was
carr
ied
out
byth
eU
nive
rsity
ofS
outh
ern
Mai
nepr
ior
toth
ecr
eatio
nof
Bill
2004
whi
chm
ade
anu
mbe
rof
reco
mm
enda
tions
.Fo
llow
-ups
toth
isst
udy
have
also
been
carr
ied
out.
Iam
still
atte
mpt
ing
tolo
cate
aco
pyof
this
stud
y.
Res
ourc
es:
Nat
iona
lC
hild
Wel
fare
Res
ourc
eC
entre
for
Man
agem
ent
and
Adm
inis
trat
ion,
Uni
vers
ityof
Sou
ther
nM
aine
,O
rego
nC
hild
Pro
tect
ive
Ser
vice
sP
erfo
rman
ceS
tudy
1992
.
Chi
ldP
rote
ctiv
eS
ervi
ces
Pro
gram
,C
hild
ren’
sS
ervi
ces
Div
isio
n,D
epar
tmen
tof
Hum
an
Res
ourc
es,
Sta
teof
Ore
gon.
“Rec
ogni
zing
and
repo
rting
child
abus
ean
dne
glec
t:A
n
expl
anat
ion
ofO
rego
n’s
man
dato
ryre
porti
ngla
w.”
Con
tact
s:(it
was
diffi
cult
tom
ake
cont
act
with
peop
lein
Ore
gon,
beca
use
they
wer
e
cont
endi
ngw
itha
strik
e).
Tom
Car
anza
,O
rego
nst
ate
(can
’tre
mem
ber
whi
chof
fice)
(503
-945
-663
8)
Dia
neW
alto
n,C
omm
issi
onof
Chi
ldre
nan
dFa
mili
es(5
03-3
73-1
570)
(no
repl
yye
t)
Vic
Con
glet
on,
Man
ager
ofth
eC
hild
Pro
tect
ive
Ser
vice
sP
rogr
am(n
ore
ply
yet)
Page
33
Sw
eden
Child
protectionfalls
within
thepurview
ofthe
Social
Services
Act,
administered
ona
nationallevel
bythe
Ministry
ofH
ealthand
Social
Affairs.
TheS
ocialS
ervicesA
ctw
as
passedby
theS
wedish
Parliam
entin
1981.R
egardingthe
compulsory
careof
childrenthe
most
recentam
endment
isthe
Care
ofY
oungP
ersons(S
pecialP
rovisions)A
ct(LV
U)
which
came
intoeffect
inJuly
1990.
On
thelocal
level,the
localm
unicipalauthorities
holdthe
ultimate
responsibilityfor
ensuringthat
thosew
holive
within
theirboundaries
will
beprovided
with
thesupport
and
helpthat
theyneed.
Within
thefram
ework
ofsocial
services,set
outin
theA
ct,these
localauthorities
may
organizethe
servicesoffered,
accordingto
theirow
nconditions
and
requirements.
Every
municipality
must
havea
socialw
elfarecom
mittee
todischarge
itsduties
inthe
contextof
socialservices.
Theduties
ofthe
socialw
elfarecom
mittee
arebroad
and
includeprotection,
assistanceand
treatment,
childand
youthw
elfare,care
ofpeople
with
alcoholand
drugproblem
s,and
specialform
sof
aidto
families
with
children,the
elderly,
andpersons
sufferingfrom
disabilitiesand
handicaps.
According
tothe
specialprovisions
within
theC
areof
Young
Persons
Act,
acare
ordercan
bem
adeby
thesocial
welfare
comm
itteeif
“dueto
physicalabuse,
exploitation,
deficienciesof
careor
some
othercircum
stancein
thehom
e,there
isa
palpablerisk
ofthe
youngperson’s
healthor
development
beingim
paired”LV
U,
Section
2).C
areorders
are
issuedby
thecounty
administrative
courtof
appealby
requestsof
thesocial
welfare
comm
ittee.A
pplicationsfor
careorders
made
bythe
socialw
elfarecom
mittee
“shall
includea
descriptionof
theyoung
person’scircum
stances,m
easurestaken
previouslyand
thecare
which
thesocial
welfare
comm
itteeintends
toarrange”
(LVU
,S
ection4).
Special
applicationscan
alsobe
made
forim
mediate
custodyin
some
circumstances.
Thesocial
welfare
comm
itteedecides
howcare
ofthe
youngperson
isto
bearranged
andw
herehe
orshe
isto
resideduring
theperiod
ofcare.
Page34
Inad
ditio
nto
the
care
ofch
ildre
nan
dyo
ung
peop
leov
erse
enby
mun
icip
also
cial
wel
fare
com
mitt
ees,
ane
wO
ffice
ofth
eC
hild
ren’
sO
mbu
dsm
anw
ases
tabl
ishe
din
July
1993
.
The
Offi
ceof
the
Chi
ldre
n’s
Om
buds
man
isal
soun
der
the
supe
rvis
ion
ofth
eS
wed
ish
Min
istr
yof
Hea
lthan
dS
ocia
lA
ffairs
.Th
em
ain
task
sof
the
Chi
ldre
n’s
Om
buds
man
are
to
supe
rvis
eth
erig
hts
and
inte
rest
sof
child
ren
and
youn
gpe
ople
,to
info
rmch
ildre
nan
d
youn
gpe
ople
ofth
eir
right
s,an
dto
coor
dina
tepu
blic
child
safe
tyac
tiviti
es.
The
Om
buds
man
isto
wor
kon
age
nera
lpl
ane
asop
pose
dto
deal
ing
with
indi
vidu
alca
ses.
Res
ourc
es:
Min
istr
yof
Hea
lthan
dS
ocia
lA
ffairs
Inte
rnat
iona
lS
ecre
taria
t.“S
ocia
lS
ervi
ces
Act
and
Car
eof
You
ngP
erso
ns(S
peci
alP
rovi
sion
sA
ct/L
VU
/”bo
okle
t.
The
Chi
ldre
n’s
Om
buds
man
inS
wed
enbr
ochu
re.
Was
hing
ton
Sta
tute
spe
rtain
ing
toch
ildab
use
and
negl
ect
and
child
wel
fare
are
desi
gned
topr
ovid
e
prot
ectio
nfo
rch
ildre
n,ye
tpr
eser
veth
efa
mily
unit
asm
uch
aspo
ssib
le.
The
conc
ept
of
fam
ily-c
entr
edpr
actic
eis
cent
ral
toth
eW
ashi
ngto
nS
tate
child
wel
fare
syst
em.
Fam
ily-
cent
red
prac
tice
isba
sed
onth
epr
inci
ple
that
the
fam
ilyis
the
mos
tef
fect
ive
and
appr
opria
tepl
ace
topr
ovid
ea
nurtu
ring
envi
ronm
ent
for
child
ren
and
that
fam
ilies
need
to
betr
eate
d‘h
olis
tical
ly’
inor
der
tosu
ppor
tth
eir
child
ren’
sne
eds.
Acc
ordi
ngto
chap
ter
(sec
tion?
)26
.44
ofth
eR
evis
edC
ode,
the
bond
betw
een
ach
ildan
dhi
sor
her
pare
nts
is
ofpa
ram
ount
impo
rtan
ce,
alth
ough
the
inte
rest
sof
the
child
alw
ays
take
prec
eden
ce.
Was
hing
ton
Sta
teha
sa
stat
e-ad
min
iste
red
syst
emw
hich
has
mad
eso
me
unus
ual
stru
ctur
alco
mbi
natio
nsan
dad
vanc
eda
philo
soph
yan
dco
ncep
tual
izat
ion
whi
chde
parts
from
the
targ
etin
gan
dco
ncep
tual
izat
ion
char
acte
ristic
ofm
any
stat
es.
The
initi
ativ
eis
thus
far
new
and
limite
dan
dha
sno
tyi
elde
da
uniq
uede
liver
ysy
stem
(as
of19
89)
(Kam
erm
anan
dK
ahn
1989
).
Pag
e35
Thedepartm
entresponsible
forchild
protectionis
calledthe
Departm
entof
Social
and
Health
Services.
Thedivision
responsiblefor
childprotection
(oneof
six)is
calledthe
Division
ofC
hildrenand
Family
Services
(DC
FS).W
ithinD
CFS
isC
hildren’sP
rotective
Services
(CPS)
which
investigatesreports
ofchild
abuseand
neglect,assesses
risk,
offers/providesservices
toreduce
riskand
takesaction
necessaryto
protectchildren
from
harm.
Services
aredelivered
outof
sixregions,
eachw
itha
network
of!0c~offices.
Thereare
38field
officesin
comm
unitiesw
ithinthese
regionsdelivering
services.
Counties
havevirtually
noC
FSrole,
althoughthere
isoften
aninfusion
ofthought
and
coordinationfrom
county-levelpersonnel.
“Washington
State
hasan
articulated(if
onlypartially
realized)philosophy
forCFS
of
holisticapproaches,
family-focused
practice,m
orefungible
funding,localization
andsom
e
effo
rtto
speculateabout
creatinga
“caring”com
munity
inw
hichD
CFS
alonedoes
not
havethe
fullresponsibility
forfam
ilyproblem
sbut
ratherbecom
esa
serviceinstrum
entof
achurch-school-business-citizen
mobilization.
Thereare
hereinteresting
ideasand
beginningsw
hichchallenge
traditionalpatterns,
butas
yetrem
ainm
odestinitiatives
and
stimulating
concepts.There
isan
effortto
conceptualizea
coveragesystem
offering
prevention,early
intervention,and
directservice
tom
ild,voluntary,
severeand
protective
cases.There
isa
discussionof,
iflittle
progressas
yet,w
iththe
servicecontinuum
.
Thereis
alsothe
hopethat
somehow
many
comm
unityinstitutions
suchas
thew
orkplace,
thechurch,
theschool,
theday
carecentre
will
be“deputized”
orthem
selvesundertake
to
“givesupport”
tothe
family.
Inthis
concept,a
workplace--seen
aspart
ofan
extended
family--could
beasked
aboutits
failureas
anem
ployerif
achild
were
severelyabused
or
killed.The
occurrencew
ouldnot
beseen
asthe
failureof
onlythe
protectiveservices
program.
And
therew
ouldbe
school,health,
andcom
munity
centersparticipating
in
family
supportnetw
orksto
avoidthe
development
ofproblem
s”(K
amerm
anand
Kahn,
1989).
Within
Washington
State,
theconcept
ofcontinuum
ofcare
isim
portantto
thechild
welfare
framew
ork.The
continuumof
carew
ouldinclude
anetw
orkof
publicand
private
serviceproviders
who
adhereto
thephilosophy
offam
ily-centredcom
munity-based
services.
Page36
Was
hing
ton
isco
mm
itted
toa
risk
asse
ssm
ent
mod
elfo
rch
ildre
n’s
serv
ices
.Th
ism
odel
asse
rtsth
atth
ere
are
fact
ors
inth
elif
eof
apa
rent
,ch
ildan
dfa
mily
that
may
incr
ease
or
decr
ease
the
likel
ihoo
dof
child
mal
trea
tmen
t.T
hirt
y-se
ven
fact
ors
inse
ven
area
sha
ve
been
iden
tifie
d.A
six
poin
tsc
ale
isus
ed(0
isno
risk,
5is
high
risk)
tora
teth
eris
k
fact
ors.
Rat
her
than
narr
owly
focu
sing
onsu
bsta
ntia
tion
ofab
use
orne
glec
t,ris
k
asse
ssm
ent
asks
the
ques
tion,
‘wha
tis
the
likel
ihoo
dof
futu
rem
altr
eatm
ent?
’Th
ele
vel
ofin
terv
entio
nsh
ould
mat
chth
ele
vel
ofris
k.R
isk
asse
ssm
ent
also
help
sto
limit
inve
stig
atio
nsto
repo
rtsth
atco
ntai
nsp
ecifi
cal
lega
tions
ofab
use
orne
glec
tby
a
care
take
r,an
dto
notif
yla
wen
forc
emen
tag
enci
esw
hen
acr
ime
agai
nst
ach
ildm
ayha
ve
been
com
mitt
ed.
The
‘nin
ety
day
rule
’is
used
tolim
itth
esc
ope
ofin
terv
entio
nsw
ith
fam
ilies
.N
inet
yda
ysfr
omth
eda
teof
repo
rt,
the
CPS
wor
ker
isto
clos
eth
eca
se,
unle
ss
the
fam
ilyha
ssi
gned
avo
lunt
ary
serv
ice
plan
,or
the
child
has
been
plac
edou
tof
the
hom
ean
d/or
ther
eis
aju
veni
leco
urt
orde
r(W
ashi
ngto
nS
tate
Dep
artm
ent
ofS
ocia
lan
d
Hea
lthS
ervi
ces)
.
Chi
ldP
rote
ctio
nTe
ams
(CPT
s)ar
eem
ploy
edth
roug
hout
the
stat
eto
help
wor
kers
mak
e
diffi
cult
deci
sion
s.Th
ese
are
mul
ti-di
scip
linar
yte
ams
ofpr
ofes
sion
als
who
have
mad
ea
com
mitm
ent
topa
rtic
ipat
ein
staf
fing
case
s.P
edia
trici
ans,
publ
iche
alth
nurs
es,
law
enfo
rcem
ent
offic
ers,
men
tal
heal
thpr
ofes
sion
als
and
educ
ator
sty
pify
ach
ildpr
otec
tion
team
.C
PTs
mee
ttw
otim
esa
mon
thon
aver
age
tore
view
ava
riety
ofca
ses
and
deci
de
the
next
step
tobe
take
nin
the
case
ofa
criti
cal
deci
sion
.C
PTs
cam
eab
out
partl
yin
resp
onse
toa
stat
e-w
ide
inqu
iryca
rrie
dou
tin
the
early
1980
sin
resp
onse
toth
ede
ath
of
ach
ildna
med
Eli
Cre
ekm
ore.
(Els
ewhe
rein
the
Was
hing
ton
Sta
teLi
tera
ture
ther
eis
refe
renc
eto
the
Fam
ilyP
olic
y
Initi
ativ
e.Th
ere
latio
nshi
pbe
twee
nth
eFa
mily
Pol
icy
Initi
ativ
ean
dth
eab
ove
isno
tcl
ear)
.
The
Fam
ilyP
olic
yIn
itiat
ive
isa
prin
cipl
e-ba
sed
refo
rmof
the
serv
ice
deliv
ery
cultu
rew
hich
seek
sto
dram
atic
ally
alte
rth
em
anne
rin
whi
chbu
sine
ssis
done
.It
proc
eeds
from
a
shar
edvi
sion
deve
lope
dw
ithbr
oad
part
icip
atio
nfro
mco
mm
uniti
esan
dco
nstit
uenc
ies
acro
ssth
est
ate.
The
Initi
ativ
ere
cogn
izes
that
tose
rve
fam
ilies
effe
ctiv
ely
requ
ires
cons
ider
ing
thei
rne
eds
holis
tical
ly,
achi
evin
ggr
eate
rco
llabo
ratio
nam
ong
publ
ican
d
priv
ate
prog
ram
s,an
dfo
cusi
ngon
spec
ific
outc
omes
.M
any
effo
rts
uniq
ueto
indi
vidu
al
Pag
e37
comm
unitiesaround
thestate
haveexperienced
some
significantsuccesses
in
collaborationat
theindividual
programlevel.
TheInitiative
doesnot
seekto
impose
a
genericservice
deliverym
odelupon
comm
unitiesacross
Washington
State.
Rather
thana
structure,the
approachis
toprom
otea
setof
eightprinciples
anda
broadlysupported
work
plan.)The
FPIrefers
toaspects
ofthe
childw
elfaresystem
otherthan
child
protectiveservices.
-H
omebuilders
establishedby
BSI8
yearsago
toprovide
intensiveservices
toa
small
number
offam
ilies,to
providehands-on
skillsbuilding
fora
4-month
period.T
wo
families
toone
worker
(costinefficient,
systems
approachto
thefam
ily;a
remedial
servicein
cases
where
remedial
servicesw
eredeem
edto
bean
appropriateintervention.
No
longterm
follow-up.
(Rick
Winters)
-C
omm
unityR
eviewB
oards???O
peningthe
doorto
work
with
otherprofessionals;
coordinationof
services;not
effectivein
theopinion
ofR
ickW
intersbecause
ofthe
tendencytow
ardsem
otionalreactions
onthe
partof
some
comm
unitym
embers.
Resources:
Contacts:
PaulJohnson,
University
ofW
ashingtonS
choolof
Social
Work
(206-685-1631)
Rick
Winters,
Oregon
Child
Protective
Service
Program
(206-753-7002)
Page38
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