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Chapter 23

Transoceanic Encounters and Global Connections

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Portuguese Exploration

Originally for fishing Land hunger Discovery of Azores, Madeiras Islands Acquisition of land to plant sugarcane

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The Lure of Trade

Maritime routes to Asia Spices, silk, porcelain

Silk roads more dangerous since spread of Bubonic Plague

Prices, profits increase Indian pepper, Chinese ginger increasingly

essential to diet of European wealthy classes African gold, ivory, slaves

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Missionary Efforts

Franciscan, Dominican missionaries to India, central Asia and China

Violent efforts with Crusades, Reconquista

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The Technology of Exploration Chinese rudder introduced in 12th century Square sails replaced by triangular lateen sales

Work better with cross winds Navigational instruments Knowledge of winds, currents The Volta do Mar

“return through the sea”

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Wind and current patterns in the world's oceans.

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Portuguese Breakthroughs

Prince Henry of Portugal (1394-1460) Promoted exploration of west African coast Established fortified trading posts

1488 Barolomeo Dias rounds Cape of Good Hope, enters Indian Ocean basin Storms, restless crew force return

Vasco de Gama reaches India by this route, 1497 By 1500, a trading post at Calicut

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Christopher Columbus (1451-1506) Believed Earth was smaller

Estimated Japan approximately 2,500 miles west of Canaries (actually 10,000 miles)

Portuguese kings do not fund proposed westward trip

Fernando and Isabel of Spain underwrite voyage Discovers Bahamas, Cuba

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Hemispheric Links

Columbus tries three times, never reaches Asia But by early 16th century, several powers follow

English, Spanish, French, Dutch Realization of value of newly discovered

Americas

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European exploration in the Atlantic Ocean, 1486-1498.

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Circumnavigation of the Globe Vasco de Balboa finds Pacific Ocean while searching for

gold in Panama, 1513 Distance to Asia unknown

Ferdinand Magellan (1480-1521) not supported by Portuguese, uses Spanish support to circumnavigate globe in 1519-1522 Sails through Strait of Magellan at southern tip of South America Crew assailed by scurvy, only 35 of 250 sailors survive journey Magellan killed in local political dispute in Philippine Islands

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Exploration of the Pacific

Spanish build Philippines-Mexico trade route English, Russians look for Northwest Passage to

Asia Most of route clogged by ice in Arctic circle

Norwegian Roald Amundsen completes route only in 20th century

Sir Frances Drake (England) explores west coast of North America

Vitus Bering (Russia) sails through Bering Strait James Cook (England) explores southern Pacific

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European exporation in the Pacific Ocean, 1519-1780.

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Establishment of Trading-Post Empires Portuguese first to set up trading posts

50 by mid-16th century Not to establish trade monopolies, rather to charge

duties Alfonso d’Alboquerque major naval commander

Architect of trade duties policy; violators would have hands amptuated

Yet Arab traders continue to operate Portuguese control declines by end of 16th c.

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English and Dutch Trading Posts Rival, parallel trading networks English concentrate on Indian trade Dutch in Cape Town, Colombo, southern Pacific

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European trading posts in Africa and Asia, about 1700

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The Trading Companies

Advantage of Dutch and English over Portuguese English East India Trading Company, established

1600 Dutch United East India Company (VOC),

established 1602 Privately owned ships, government support Empowered with right to engage in trade, build

posts, even make war Exceptionally profitable

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European Conquests in Southeast Asia Spanish conquer Philippines, name them after

King Philip II Manila becomes major port city

Influx of Chinese traders, highly resented by Spanish, Fillipinos

Frequent massacres throughout 17th, up to 19th century Significant missionary activity

Dutch concentrate on spice trade in Indonesia Establish Batavia, trading post in Java Less missionary activity

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Russian Expansion in Asia

Russians take over Mongol khanates, 16th c. Astrakhan becomes major trading city Caucasus absorbed in 18th century Siberian expansions in 16th-17th centuries Trade with indigenous Siberian peoples

Little success with missionary efforts Some local rebellions

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Russian Occupation of Siberia Criminals, prisoners of war exiled to Siberia Disgruntled peasants migrate east Trading posts develop Russian population expands dramatically

1763: 420,000 Russians in Siberia, outnumber indigenous peoples 2:1

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Russian Convict Village in Siberia

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The Seven Years’ War (1756-1763) Commercial rivalries between empires at sea Global conflict erupts: multiple theatres in

Europe, India, Caribbean, North America North America: merges with French and Indian War,

1754-1763 British emerge victorious, establish primacy in

India, Canada

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The Columbian Exchange

Named for Christopher Columbus Global diffusion:

Plants and crops Animals Human populations Disease pathogens

Links between previously independent biological zones Permanently alters human geography, natural

environmnet

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Epidemic Diseases and Population Decline Smallpox

Also measles, diphtheria, whooping cough, influenze No prior exposure to these diseases in western

hemisphere or Oceania No inherited, acquired immunities

1519 smallpox in Aztec Empire Population declines 90% within 100 years (17 million

to 1.3 million)

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Food Crops and Animals

Columbian exchange also increases overall food supply

Introduction to European animals to Americas Horses, cattle, pigs, chickens, etc.

Introduction of American foods to Europe, Asia, Africa Maize, potatoes, beans, etc.

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World Population Growth, 1500-1800 CE

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1500 1600 1700 1800

Millions

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Human Population Movements Enslaved Africans

To South America, North America, Caribbean European pioneers

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Origins of Global Trade

Transoceanic trade in Atlantic Ocean basin Manufactured goods from Europe Raw goods from Americas

The Manila Galleons 1565-1815 Spanish galleons dominate Pacific Ocean

trade Chinese luxury goods for American raw materials, esp.

silver

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Environmental Effects of Global Trade Fur-bearing animals hunted to extinction or near-

extinction Also whales, codfish, other animals with industrial uses

Relentless human exploitation of the natural environment