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COMPARATIVE INTERNATIONAL LAW? THE ROLE OF NATIONAL COURTS IN CREATING AND ENFORCING INTERNATIONAL LAW A  NTHEA R OBERTS* Abstract  Academics, practitioners and international and national courts are increasingly seeking to identify and interpret international law by engaging in comparativ e analy ses of variou s domestic court decisions. This emerging  phenomenon, which I term ‘comparative international law’, loosely fuses int ernational law (as a matter of substance ) wit h compar ative law (as a matter of process). However, this comparative process is seriously compli- cated by the ambiguous role that national court decisions play in the inter- national law doctrine of sources, under which they provide evidence of the  practice of the forum State as well as being a subsidiary means for de- termining international law. This article analyses these dual, and sometimes conflicting, roles of national courts and the impact of this duality on the comparative international law process. I. INTRODUC TION In introducing Using International Law in Domestic Courts, Lord Bingham of the UK House of Lords observed that international law used to be seen as an ‘esoteric preserve’ that did not feature significantly in the work of ‘ordinary  practitioners and national courts’, but that: Times have changed. To an extent almost unimaginable even thirty years ago, national courts in this and other countries are called upon to consider and resolve issues turning on the correct understanding and application of international law, not on an occasional basis, now and then, but routinely, and often in cases of great importance. 1 The growi ng signi ficanc e of inte rnati onal law befor e natio nal cour ts requi res consideration of the converse trend, namely, the increasing importance of * Department of Law, London School of Economics and Political Science. Email: [email protected]. I would like to thank Nehal Bhuta, Jacco Bomhoff, Christine Chinkin, Jesse Clarke, Rosalind Dixon, Hazel Fox, Chime `ne Keitner, Jan Kleinheisterkamp, Andre ´ Nollkaemper, Karen Knop, Robert McCorquodale, Lorna McGregor, Jo Murkens, Cedric Ryngaert, Yuval Shany, Ganesh Sitaraman, Sandesh Sivakumaran, Paul Stephen and Ingrid Wuerth for comments on earlier drafts, and Radha Govil for research assistance. 1 Lord Bingham, ‘Foreword’ in S Fatima,  Using International Law in Domestic Courts  (Hart Publishing, Oxford, 2005). [  ICLQ vol 60, January 2011 pp 57–92] doi:10.1017/S0020589310000679

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