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• With more advanced microscopes, scientists
discovered that all cells can be grouped into two types:
• prokaryotic cells
• eukaryotic cells
Cell Types
Prokaryotes: NO NUCLEUS!• 1st cells
to evolve• No Nucleus!• The hereditary information
(circular DNA) is contained within the cytoplasm.
• Examples: Archae and Bacteria
Eukaryotes• Evolved from
prokaryotes• Organisms whose cells have a nucleus.• Hereditary information (Linear DNA) is contained within the
nucleus• Examples:
– Animals– Plants– Protists– Fungi– “You” have Eukaryotic cells.
• A cell without a membrane-bound nucleus is a prokaryotic cell.
• A eukaryotic cell has a membrane-bound nucleus and many other specialized organelles.
Unicellular Organisms (cont.)
-Surrounds all cells
– In a plant cell, it lies beneath the cell wall
– In animal cells, it is the outer boundary (made of cholesterol)
– Serves as a gateway which helps to control materials going in and out of the cell
• It’s like the border of a city!
• Found in both plant and animal cells
• Centrally located in cell
•The nucleus acts as the “brain” of the cell, controls all the activities of the cell and contains genetic information stored in DNA.
• It’s like the Mayor’s Office in City Hall!
In most cells, the nucleus is the largest organelle.
Nucleus (cont.)
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• DNA in the nucleus is organized into structures called chromosomes.
• The nucleolus is also contained in the nucleus and makes ribosomes, organelles involved in the production of proteins.
• The nuclear envelope is a two-membrane structure that surrounds the nucleus.
Nucleus (cont.)
• Found in both plant andanimal cells
• Network of tubes that transports materials throughout the cell
• Two types– Smooth (no ribosomes)– Rough (covered withribosomes)
It’s like a city’s subway!
• Found in both plant and animal cells
• Can be attached to the ER Membrane or floating free in the cytoplasm
• The smallest organelles
•Function: Synthesis- Produce proteins and pass them to the interior of the ER.
• It’s like the brick yard that supplies a city with bricks!
• Found in both plant and animal cells
• Powerhouse of the cell
• Breaks down sugar molecules to release energy
• Function: Respiration- Releasing energy stored in food food is “burned” (combined with oxygen) to produce energy for the cell in the form of ATP
It’s like a city’s powerplant!
It’s like a city’s warehouses, water towers and landfills!
• Fluid-filled sacs found in both plant and animal cells
– In plant cells: very few and very large– In animal cells: many little ones
• Store food, water and waste
• Only found surrounding plant, fungal and bacterial cells
• A cell wall is a stiff structure outside the cell membrane that protects a cell from attack by viruses and other harmful organisms.
• Made of cellulose- a tough, yet flexible material
• Provides support, structure, and protection for the cell
•It’s like the wall that surrounds a medieval city!
• Found in plant cells only
• Green in color due to a pigment called chlorophyll
•They capture energy from the sun and use it to produce food (sugar) for the cell during photosynthesis
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PFtzs_cUddI
It’s like the solarpanels on a city’sbuildings!
• Found in both plant and animal cells
• Coiled structures of DNA & protein; found in the nucleus
•City planning office that works
with the Mayor’s office
Lysosomes• Found in both plant and animal
cells
• Function: contains digestive enzymes that digests old cell parts.
• They are the cell’s clean-up crew. They have their own membrane to protect the cell from their chemicals. It’s like a city’s street
sweeper!
Golgi Apparatus• Found in both plant and
animal cells
• Looks like a flattened stack of membranes (or pancakes!)
• They receive proteins from the ER and package them into vesicles .
• Vesicles are organelles that transport substances from one area of a cell to another area of a cell.
• It’s like a city’sPost Office!
Cytoplasm• Surrounds and protects
cell organelles
• Found in both plant and animal cells
• Clear, thick, jelly-like material
• Located beneath cell membrane
• Also contains the cell’s cytoskeleton- a network of threadlike proteins that give a cell its shape
• It’s like the air in a city!
ribosomes
Golgi bodies or ER Mitochondri
a
chloroplasts
Lysosomes
nucleus
Cell wall or cell membrane
vacuoles