2.1.3 Classification of minerals2.1.3 Classification of minerals

http://www.wou.edu/las/physci/ch462/element%20abundance.gif

http://www.indiana.edu/~geol105/images/gaia_chapter_5/crust_composition.jpg

Mineral classificationsMineral classifications11 groups of classification based on anion 11 groups of classification based on anion ––anionic group anionic group

1.1. Native elementsNative elements2.2. SulphideSulphide & & sulphosaltsulphosalt3.3. OxidesOxides4.4. HalidesHalides5.5. CarbonatesCarbonates6.6. NitrateNitrate7.7. BorateBorate8.8. SulphatesSulphates & chromates& chromates9.9. PhospatesPhospates10.10. TungstateTungstate & & MolybdatesMolybdates11.11. SilicatesSilicates

Native elementsNative elements

~ 20 elements are found in the native state~ 20 elements are found in the native stateMetals Metals –– Semimetals Semimetals –– NonmetalsNonmetals–– Metals Metals gold (Au), silver (Ag), copper (Cu), iron gold (Au), silver (Ag), copper (Cu), iron

(Fe), platinum (Pt)(Fe), platinum (Pt)–– Semimetals Semimetals arsenic (As), bismuth (Bi)arsenic (As), bismuth (Bi)–– Nonmetals Nonmetals sulfur (S), diamond (C), graphite (C)sulfur (S), diamond (C), graphite (C)

http://z.about.com/d/geology/1/0/Z/Q/1/stategold.jpg

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Native_Copper_(mineral).jpg

http://www.pegmatite.ru/My_Collection/exchange/sl212.jpg

http://www.museum-mineral.com/specimens/det1_74.jpg

gold

iron

copper silver

http://www.minerslunchbox.com/images/ml2621.jpg http://www.choudhery.com/graphite/graphite.jpg

http://keetsa.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2008/05/rough_diamonds_picture.jpghttp://www.kristalle.com/minerals/s_5041.jpg

arsenicgraphite

sulphur diamond

Sulfides & Sulfides & sulfosaltsulfosaltSulfides form majority of Sulfides form majority of ore mineralsore mineralsGeneral formula X (SGeneral formula X (S--nn), where X = metal), where X = metal–– Galena (Galena (PbSPbS))–– SphaleriteSphalerite ((ZnSZnS))–– Pyrite (FeSPyrite (FeS22))–– PyrrhotitePyrrhotite (Fe(Fe(1(1--x)x)S)S)–– Chalcopyrite (CuFeSChalcopyrite (CuFeS22))–– Cinnabar (Cinnabar (HgSHgS))–– RealgarRealgar ((AsSAsS))–– Stibnite (SbStibnite (Sb22SS33))–– ArsenopyriteArsenopyrite ((FeAsSFeAsS))

http://www.crystalradio.net/minerals/pyrite.jpghttp://fireflyforest.net/images/firefly/2006/April/galena.jpg

http://cmsc.minotstateu.edu/Labs/web%20minerals/Chalcopyrite.jpg http://www.gc.maricopa.edu/earthsci/imagearchive/sphalerite755.jpg

sphalerite

http://www.palagems.com/Images/mineral_news/stibnite.jpg http://www.uni-heidelberg.de/institute/fak12/ugc/antimon/Stibnite.jpg

http://www.mii.org/Minerals/Minpics1/Cinnabar.jpg http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/61/13361-004-7F27B853.jpg

cinnabar arsenic-orpiment-realgar

stibnitestibnite

OxidesOxides

Relatively hard, dense & refractoryRelatively hard, dense & refractoryAnion = OAnion = O22-- and OHand OH--

–– CassiteriteCassiterite (SnO(SnO22))–– PyrolusitePyrolusite (MnO(MnO22) ) –– PsilomelanePsilomelane (BaMn(BaMn99OO1616(OH)(OH)44))–– ChromiteChromite (FeCr(FeCr22OO44))–– IlmeniteIlmenite (FeTiO(FeTiO33))–– Magnetite (FeMagnetite (Fe33OO44))–– Hematite (FeHematite (Fe22OO33))–– Limonite (Limonite (FeO(OHFeO(OH))))–– Corundum (AlCorundum (Al22OO33) )

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Pyrolusite_dendritic_on_felsite.jpg/350px-Pyrolusite_dendritic_on_felsite.jpg

http://www.thunderhealing.org/rock/cassiterite.jpghttp://geology.com/minerals/photos/cassiterite-stream-tin-601.jpg

http://z.about.com/d/geology/1/0/s/C/1/psilomelane500.jpg

cassiterite

pyrolusite

psilomelane

http://www.earth.ox.ac.uk/~oesis/field/medium/chromite1.jpg

http://www.melworks.com.au/catalog/images/bhemv42212.jpghttp://www.mchenry.edu/depts/EAS/courses/eas170/Minerals/images/Magnetite.jpg

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Hematite.jpg

hematite banded chromite

magnetite hematite

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Several_corundum_crystals.jpg10 http://www.made-in-

china.com/image/2f0j00yvmaMiBqfTgkM/Brown-Corundum-for-Abrasives-and-Refractories.jpg

http://www.palagems.com/Images/ruby_thai_1pt21cts.jpg http://sapphirerings.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/sapphirering.jpghttp://www.gemeastcorporation.com/images/blue%20sapphire/star%20blue%20sapphire.jpg

HalidesHalidesHalogen ions, Halogen ions, ClCl--, Br, Br--, F, F-- and Iand I--

Pure ionic bondingPure ionic bondingRelatively low hardness, high melting pointRelatively low hardness, high melting pointExcellent electrical conductivity in molten Excellent electrical conductivity in molten statestate–– Halite (Halite (NaClNaCl))–– SylviteSylvite ((KClKCl))–– Fluorite (CaFFluorite (CaF22))–– CryoliteCryolite (Na(Na22AlFAlF66))

http://skywalker.cochise.edu/wellerr/mineral/halite/6halite1069.jpg

http://webmineral.com/specimens/photos/Fluorite.jpg

http://www.unseentourthailand.com/pgallery/datafiles/gallery/large/gallery_20090515_cab33ee.jpg

http://www.arrowwoodminerals.com/files/TurtleFluorite01b.JPG

CarbonatesCarbonates

Anionic (COAnionic (CO33))22--

React with acid React with acid ““fizzfizz””2H2H++ + CO+ CO33 HH22O + COO + CO22

–– CalciteCalcite (CaCO(CaCO33))–– Dolomite (CaMg(CODolomite (CaMg(CO33))22

–– Malachite (CuMalachite (Cu22COCO33(OH)(OH)22

–– Azurite (CuAzurite (Cu33(CO(CO33))22(OH)(OH)22

http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/jo/minerals/pix/calcite5.jpg

http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~adg/images/minerals/carb/dolomite.jpg

http://skywalker.cochise.edu/wellerr/minbis/malachite/6bzb-malachite-bandedq6.jpg

http://www.bitsofearth.com/images/azurite-34640-1.jpg

NitratesNitratesAnionic (NOAnionic (NO33))11--

–– Niter (KNONiter (KNO33))–– NitratiteNitratite (NaNO(NaNO33))

http://pics.manager.co.th/Images/551000008433508.JPEG http://mail.vcharkarn.com/uploads/70/70325.jpg

BoratesBorates

Anionic (BAnionic (B44OO77))22--, (B, (B55OO99))33-- or (Bor (B66OO1111))44--

–– Borax (NaBorax (Na22BB44OO77.10H.10H22O)O)

http://z.about.com/d/chemistry/1/0/D/R/borax.jpg http://food.truelife.com/content/Member/3806_3.jpg

Sulfates & ChromatesSulfates & Chromates

Anionic (SOAnionic (SO44))22-- and (CrOand (CrO44))22--

–– Gypsum (CaSOGypsum (CaSO44.2H.2H22O)O)–– Anhydrite (CaSOAnhydrite (CaSO44) ) –– Barite (BaSOBarite (BaSO44))–– CrocoiteCrocoite (PbCrO4)(PbCrO4)

http://www.pitt.edu/~cejones/GeoImages/1Minerals/2SedimentaryMineralz/Gypsum_Halite/GypsumSelenite.JPG http://www.hkbullex.com/english/bookpic/20082291062681483.jpg

http://csm.jmu.edu/MINERALS/minerals%5C+VaBarite.jpg http://www.exceptionalminerals.com/TUC2007-251crocoiteKW91.jpg

PhosphatesPhosphates

Anionic (POAnionic (PO44))33--, (VO, (VO44))33-- and (AsOand (AsO44))33--–– Apatite (CaApatite (Ca55(PO(PO44))33(F, (F, ClCl, OH), OH)–– Monazite (Monazite (CeCe, La, Y, Th)PO, La, Y, Th)PO44

–– Turquoise (CuAlTurquoise (CuAl66(PO(PO44))44(OH)(OH)88.4H.4H22O)O)

http://www.sbturquoise.com/images/kgmturquoise/Kingman-DkChks1-2in-800x.jpg

http://www.healingcrystals.com/images/cards/Apatite.jpg

TungstatesTungstates and and MolybdatesMolybdates

Anionic (WOAnionic (WO44))22-- and (MoOand (MoO44))22--

–– ScheeliteScheelite (CaWO(CaWO44))–– WolframiteWolframite (Fe,Mn)WO(Fe,Mn)WO44

–– Wulfenite (PbMoOWulfenite (PbMoO44))

http://www.thestarguide.com/images/scheelite_on_muscovite_from_pingwu_sichuan_province__china_c96u.jpg http://www.cfm-minerals.it/images/MineraliMiei/Wolframite334bis.jpg

Scheelite (glow blue under UV-light)

Wulframite

http://www.buyrockbitsonline.com/bit_images/Tungsten%20carbide%20insert%20tricone%2030%20INCH%20NEW%20GTX-C3MPS03D.jpg

Tungsten carbide

http://csm.jmu.edu/MINERALS/minerals%5C+Wulfenite.jpg

Wulfrenite

SilicatesSilicatesAnionic (Anionic (Si:OSi:O) in various ratio) in various ratioDominant minerals in the EarthDominant minerals in the Earth’’s crusts crust7 subclasses based on arrangement of SiO7 subclasses based on arrangement of SiO44 tetrahedratetrahedra–– NesosilicatesNesosilicates–– SorosilicatesSorosilicates–– CyclosilicatesCyclosilicates–– InosilicatesInosilicates (Chain silicates)(Chain silicates)–– PhyllosilicatesPhyllosilicates (Sheet silicates)(Sheet silicates)–– TectosilicatesTectosilicates

Augite(pyroxene)

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Aktinolith_Finnland.JPG

Hornblende (amphibole)

http://www.esrf.eu/UsersAndScience/Experiments/CRG/BM26/SaxsWaxs/Sxwxsample/AboutMica/Images/mica_2

Mica (Phyllosilicate)

http://www.soskids.arkansas.gov/supportfiles/state_symbols/lg-photos/quartz.jpg

http://vibrate.files.wordpress.com/2007/09/amethyst-geode1.jpg

Quartz (Tectosilicate)