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212

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213

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214

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215

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216

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[mdmS>ÁmVyZ Va e•ßJma cmdUrVyZ gmH$macm. `m cIZmV ]h˛Vmßer cIZ h [wÈfdJm©ZM H$cc

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cmdccm Zmhr, pÒÃ`mßZm Kam¿`m odoeÓQ> OJm[crH$S> [amH´$_mcm dmd ZgVm VgM e•ßJmamVrc

CŒmmZVm oV¿`m _Zmcm oVVH$ser [cV Zmhr ?''19 [aßVw emohamßZr _mà pÒÃ`mßMr ododY Í$[

dmL≤>_`mVyZ aImQ>cr AmhV. g_mO_ZmMr MmM[Ur H$aVmZm À`m g_mOmV Agcc pÒÃ`mßM ÒWmZ

d XOm© `mdÍ$Z H$cr OmV. `m—ÓQ>rZ emohar dmL≤>_`mVyZ aßJodcÎ`m ÒÃrXe©ZmVyZ VÀH$mcrZ

gm_moOH$ pÒWVr Am[Î`mg_ma gmH$maV.

o_eZË`mßM _amR>r gmohÀ`

od. ]m. ‡ wXgmB© `mß¿`m "OOwBV o_eZË`mßM _amR>r dmL≤>_`' `m cImVyZ o_eZË`mß¿`m

_amR>r gmohÀ`mMr AmiI hmV.

"OOwBV o_eZË`mßM _amR>r dmL≤>_`' hm od. ]m. [´^wXgmB© `mßMm cI. `m cImV

o‡`miH$amßZr OOwBV oºÒVr o_eZË`mßZr _amR>r gmohÀ`mV H$cÎ`m H$m`m©Mm [am_f© KVcm Amh.

_amR>r d BßJ´Or cIZmVyZ _amR>rodf`rM ‡ogX≤Y dmL>≤_` À`mßZr A‰`mgc. h gd© cIZ 17 Ï`m

eVH$mVrc Amh. maVmV AmÎ`mda o_eZË`mßZr Y_©‡gmam¿`m hVyZ _amR>r ]mctMm A‰`mg H$cm.

OOwBV JßWH$mamß¿`m JßWmVrc "gdÌdamMm kmZm[Xe' `m JßWmM H$mhr ^mJ "Zd^maV'_‹ ‡ogX≤Y

Pmc AmhV. hm JßW _amR>r mfm d gmohÀ`m¿`m BoVhmg —pÓQ>H$mZmVyZ _hŒdmMm Amh. À`mM]am]a

_hmamÓQ≠>m¿`m gm_moOH$ BoVhmgmMr AmiI W hmV. ‡mMrZ H$mimVrc Y_©‡gmaH$mßZr ÒWmoZH$

]mctMr Ï`mH$aU d e„XH$me H$a`mda a oXcm. 17 Ï`m eVH$m¿`m [yduM, _amR>r oºÒVr H$dt¿`m

hmVyZ _wo–V Pmcc Ag h cIZ AgÎ`mZ À`mcm EoVhmogH$ Ag _hŒdhr ‡mflV hmV.

Jm_rU gmohÀ`

J. ‡. [´YmZ `mßMm "J´m_rU gmohÀ`mMr H$mhr d°oeÓQ>Á' d gamoOZr ]m]a `mßMm "J´m_rU

dmL≤>_` H$mhr odMma' h XmZ cI J´m_rU gmohÀ`mM ‡oVoZoYÀd H$aVmV.

J. ‡. ‡YmZ `mßZr BßoS> Z H$o_Q>r \$m∞a H$ÎMac \´$sS>_, [wU W [nagßdmXmV dmMccm

"J´m_rU gmohÀ`' hm oZ]ßY "J´m_rU gmohÀ`mMr H$mhr d°oeÓQ>Á' Aem cImV ‡H$moeV H$cm Amh.

`m cImV J. ‡. ‡YmZ J´m_rU gmohÀ`mMm odMma H$aVmZm À`mM _yÎ`_m[Z H$aVmZm BVa cocV

263

dmL≤>_`mcm O oZH$f dm[ac OmVmV À`mM oZH$fm¿`m AmYma J´m_rU gmohÀ`mM _yÎ`_m[Z Ïhmd

Agm odMma _mßS>VmV. OrdZmM dmÒVd d H$cmÀ_H$ oMÃU, H$cmdßVmMr odf`mer EH$mÀ_H$Vm,

e°crMr AZwÍ$[Vm, e„Xgm_œ ©, dmMH$m¿`m _Zmda hmUmam EH$gßY [naUm_ Aem KQ>H$mß¿`m _XVrZ

J´m_rU gmohÀ`mMm AmÒdmX KVcm [mohO Ag ‡YmZ gmßJVmV. `m gmohÀ`modf`r A[jm Ï`∑V

H$aVmZm À`mßZm dmQ>V, J´m_rU ‡XemVrc ododYVm _amR>r gmohÀ`mV dU©Z H$cr Omdr. VgM \$∑V

dU©ZmEdOr [nagam¿`m [mÌd© y_rda OrdZZmQ>Á ocohc Omd H$maU J´m_rU gmohÀ`mV oZgJm©Mm

VmO[Um, Q>dQ>drV[Um hm AZw d`mg o_iV AgVm.

J´m_rU dmL>≤_` ÂhUO IS>ÁmVrc AS>mUr _mUyg AmnU À`mMr JmdßTi, h|JmS>r ^mfm

Aer g_OyV ehar cmH$mß_‹ [gaccr oXgV. [U IS>ÁmVrc _mUgmßM amhUr_mZ h ehar

_mUgmß[ mm dJi AgV. À`mM ‡oVq]] J´m_rU dmµL≤ _`mVyZ C_Q>V AgV. gamoOZr ]m]a `mßZr

"J´m_rU dmL≤ _` H$mhr odMma' `m cImV J´m_rU cmH$mßMr [maI H$aVmZm À`mß¿`m ^mfVyZ Ï`∫$

hmUmË`m mdZm,AmodÓH$ma, _Zmd•Œmr m JmÔ>tZm _hÀd oXc Amh. J´m_rU cmH$mßM "OrdZ, À`mß¿`m

JaOm d ^mfm hr ehar gßÒH•$Vr[jm oZamir AgV.' À`mßMm q[S> hm oZgJm©da [mgccm AgÎ`mZ

À`m [mÌd© y_rVyZM À`mß¿`m H$Î[Zm oZ_m©U hmV AgVmV. `m cIm¿`m edQ>r gamoOZr ]m]a

ÂhUVmV, "OrdZmVÎ`m VmÀ[waVm jUmßZr Ï`m[cÎ`m odf`mß[jm J´m_rU dmL≤ _`mM odf` AnYH$

oMaßVZ ÒdÈ[m¿`m _mZdr YmΩ`mXmË`mßZr Jwß\$cc AgVmV.'20

XocV gmnhÀ`

am.J. OmYd `mßMm "XocV gmohÀ` _amR>rM EH$ AmemÒWmZ' d gß mOr H$X_ `mßMm

"XocV gmohÀ`mVrc agemÒÃr` AW©' `m cImVyZ XocV gmohÀ`mMr oMoH$Àgm H$ccr Amh.

"XocV gmohÀ` _amR>rM EH$ AmemÒWmZ' `m cImV am.J. OmYd `mßZr XocV gmohÀ`mV

H$mhr ]Xc ‡`ÀZ[yd©H$ KS>dyZ AmUc [mohOV mM od˚cfU H$c Amh. XocV g_mO hm gmßÒH•$oVH$

gßH´$_UmdÒWVyZ OmVmZm À`mZ ¡`m dXZm ghZ H$Î`m À`mMr Vrd´Vm BVamßZm OmUdU H$R>rU Amh;

[aßVw `m gmßÒH•$oVH$ Ao^Ï`∑Vr¿`m H$mimVrc ‡ÌZ g_OyZ K`mgmR>r gmohpÀ`H$m[jmhr

odMmadßVmMr JaO Amh Ag OmYdmßZm dmQ>V. ]m°X≤Y VŒdkmZm¿`m _XVrZ Zd Y_©JßW oZ_m©U

H$Í$Z g_mOmcm Zdr oXem oXcr Omdr; À`mM]am]a [yd© o[T>rVrc g_mOmM AZw d Aja]X≤Y

H$c OmdV. gmohpÀ`H$m[jm g_rjH$ g_mOmMr mdZm OmÒV g_Oy eH$Vm. À`mZ H$cÎ`m Q>rH$VyZ,

264

oMoH$ÀgVyZ XocV gmohpÀ`H$mcm ‡aUm o_iy eH$V. À`m_wi XocV dmL≤>_`mcm cIH$m[jm

g_rjH$mMr JaO OmÒV AgÎ`mM am. J. OmYd gmßJVmV. Ag h XocV gmohÀ` _amR>rM AmemÒWmZ

Amh Ag _V À`mßZr cImV Ï`∑V H$c Amh.

_mM© 1989 _‹ Mß–[ya Wrc XocV gmohÀ`gß_cZmV dmMccm gß mOr H$X_ `mßMm

oZ]ßY "XocV gmohÀ`mVrc agemÒÃr` AW©' m ZmdmZ Zd^maV_‹ ‡H$moeV H$ccm Amh. od–mh

hm ag AmO¿`m gm_moOH$, gmßÒH•$oVH$ dmVmdaUmV aVm∑V agmBVH$mM _hŒdmMm Amh, h H$X_mßZr

gmXmhaU [Q>dyZ oXcc Amh. À`mgmR>r ^aVm¿`m [na^mf‡_mU cm°oH$H$m_‹ ^mdZm agÀd [mdy

eH$V Zmhr. [U gmohÀ`m_‹ À`m agÀd [mdVmV ÂhUyZ gmohÀ`mVrc AZw d hm cm°oH$H$mh>Z

dJim `m AWm©Z Vm Acm°oH$H$ Amh. XocV gmohÀ`m¿`m gßX^m©V hr [na^mfm dm[aVm V. C¤J hr

cm°oH$H$ ^mdZm AgyZ od–mh hm ag ÂhUyZ Vm Acm°oH$H$ Amh. Aem [’VrZ XocV gmohÀ`mVrc

agmM oddMZ gß mOr H$X_mßZr H$cc Amh.

darc oddMZmdÍ$Z [wT>rc oZarjU Zm|XdVm Vrc.

* cmH$OrdZmVrc gU, aroVnadmO, ZmVgß]ßY, Z•À`, Ii `mßM H$cmÀ_H$ Xe©Z, ‡VrH$mßMm

A›d`mW©, cmH$JrVmߤma _ZmaßOZ d CX≤]mYZ, `m jÃmVrc _m›`damßM gßemYZ,

H$Î[Zm]ßYmM CJ_ÒWmZ, cmd`m-[mdmS> `mßMr d°oeÓQ>Á hr cmH$gmohÀ`[a cImßMr

d°oeÓQ>Á AmhV.

* [am_mZgemÒÃmVrc gßH$Î[Zmß¿`m AmYma crimßMm A›d`, MnaÃZm`H$mMr Òd^md-

d°oeÓQ>Á, MH´$YamßMm ‡`mUH$mc, MnaÃH$mam¿`m H$m ©H$V•©ÀdmMm AmT>mdm, _hXmBgm¿`m

gmohÀ`mM odef, JßWH$mamß¿`m cIZmM _yÎ`_m[Z, d°oXH$-Ad°oXH$VMr MMm© hr _hmZw md

g߇Xm`m¿`m gmohÀ`mdarc cImßMr d°oeÓQ>Á AmhV.

* gßVmßZr ^mJdVY_m©cm oXcc `mJXmZ, kmZÌda, Zm_Xd, EH$ZmW, VwH$mam_ `mß¿`m

gmohÀ`mM _yÎ`_m[Z, cwflV AmÏ`mßM oddMZ, "kmZÌdar'odf`rMr ododY A‰`mgH$mßMr

_V, ododY gßVmßer dmaH$ar gßVmßMr H$ccr VwcZm hr dmaH$ar g߇Xm`mVrc gmohÀ`mdarc

cImßMr d°oeÓQ>Á AmhV.

* g_Wm™¿`m H$m ©H$V•©ÀdmMm AmT>mdm, ]woX≤Y`mJmM oddMZ, am_Xmgmß¿`m amOH$maUmMm

Chm[mh hr g_W© g߇Xm`mVrc gmohÀ`mdarc cImMr d°oeÓQ>Á AmhV.

265

* ]Ia e„XmMr Ï`wÀ[Œmr, Ï`mª`m, ]IarM _hŒd, ]Iar¿`m ÒdVßà Í$[mM oddMZ,

_ohH$mdVr¿`m ]IarM odef hr ]Ia dmL≤>_`mdarc cImMr d°oeÓQ>Á AmhV.

* emohar gmohÀ`mVrc cmdUrVrc A‹`mÀ_m¿`m _wimVrc ^maVr`Vm, ÒÃrXe©ZmVyZ

VÀH$mcrZ gm_moOH$ pÒWVrM KS>Uma Xe©Z hr emohar gmohÀ`mdarc cImMr d°oeÓQ>Á

AmhV.

* _amR>r¿`m ÒWmoZH$ ]mcrMr Ï`mH$aU d e„XH$me V`ma H$a`mVrc o_eZË`mßM `mJXmZ

hm o_eZË`mß¿`m _amR>r gmohÀ`mdarc cImMm odef Amh.

* OrdZmM dmÒVd d H$cmÀ_H$ oMÃU, oZgJm©Vrc VmO[UmM Xe©Z, ^mdmZw^dmVrc

oMaßVZVm, dmMH$m¿`m _Zmda hmUmam EH$gßY [naUm_ hr J´m_rU gmohÀ`mdarc cImMr

d°oeÓQ>Á AmhV.

* g_rjH$mM gmohÀ` odH$mgmgmR>rM `mJXmZ, odX´mh agmM _hŒd hr XocV gmohÀ`mdarc

cImMr d°oeÓQ>Á AmhV.

266

gßX © Q>r[m

1. od⁄m Ï`dhma, "cmH$gmohÀ` cmH$gßÒH•$Vr', [wU, 2002, [•. 19

2. od⁄m Ï`dhma, Vðd,[•. 136

3. (gß[m.)oX. od. H$mi, "_amR> gmohÀ` Xe©Z', [•. 64

4. am. qM. T>a, "cmH$gßÒH•$Vrodf`H$ A‹``Z', "Zd^maV', d. 30, Aß. 8, _ 1977, [•.37

5. a. ]m. _ßMaH$a, "lrMH$Ya B©Ìdar AdVmamMr yo_H$m', "Zd^maV', d. 54, d 1, Am∞∑Q>m]a

2000, [•. 9

6. a. ]m. _ßMaH$a, Vðd, [•. 9

7. Cfm Xe_wI, "H•$ÓU Èp∑_Ur Òd ßda H$Wm _hXß]m AmoU Za|–', "Zd^maV', d. 29,

Aß. 11, Am∞JÒQ> 1976, [•. 62

8. gwJ´m_ [wÎc, "XmZ MnaÃZm`H$ EH$ VwcZm', "Zd^maV', d. 26, Aß. 10, Owc° 1973, [•.

76

9. eß. Jm. Vwi[wi, "crimMnaà [ydm©Y© ^mJ XmZ', [wU, [•. 33-34

10. dm. c. Hw$cH$Uu, "kmZÌdamßMr A ßJdmUr', "Zd^maV', d. 26, Aß. 2, ZmÏh|]a-oS>g|]a

1975, [•. 57

11. Jm. _. Hw$cH$Uu, "kmZÌdamßMm gmohÀ`odMma EH$ [am_e©', "Zd^maV', d. 43, Aß.

11.12.1, Am∞JÒQ> V Am∞∑Q>m]a 1990, [•. 1

12. _hmXdemÒÃr oXdH$a, "kmZÌda d kmZÌdar', "Zd^maV', d. 19, Aß. 8, _ 1966,

[•.30

13. _m. Jm. Xe_wI, "_amR>rM gmohÀ`emÒÃ', [wU, 1940, [•. 167

14. odZm]m ^md, "EH$ZmWmßMr ^OZ', [dZma, 1984, [•. 31

15. oXcr[ [wÈfmŒm_ oMÃ, "[w›hm VwH$mam_', [wU, 1990, [•. 284

16. `edßV gmYw, "VwH$mam_ Xe©Z Amj[', "Zd^maV', d. 52, Aß. 5, \$]wdmar 1999,

[•. 38

267

17. gwZßXm IaS>, "VwH$mam_oeÓ`m gßV ]ohUm]mB©', "Zd^maV', d. 22, Aß. 3, oS>g|]a 1968,

[•. 1

18. Z. a. \$mQ>H$, "am_Xmgr dmXmMm [naM`', "Zd^maV', d. 17, Aß. 4, OmZdmar 1964,

[•. 1

19. gamoOZr ]m]a, "emohar dmL≤>_`mVrc g_mOXe©Z', "Zd^maV', d. 8, Aß. 8, _ 1955,

[•.23

20. gamoOZr ]m]a, "J´m_rU dmL≤>_` H$mhr odMma', "Zd^maV', d. 14, Aß. 4, OmZdmar

1961, [•. 57

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