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2.1
DNAReplication
Transcription
hnRNA
Splicing
Translation
Cell nucleus
Cell cytoplasmmRNA
Protein
2.2
Average Minimal Mutation Distance
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
CandidaSaccharomyces
NeurosporaMoth
Screw worm
TunaSnakeTurtle
PenguinChicken
DuckPigeon
Kangaroo
RabbitPig
DonkeyHorse
Dog
MonkeyMan
2.3
I
II
III
Fish Salamander Tortoise Chick Hog Calf Rabbit Human
2.4
Human Lizard Cat Whale Bat Frog Bird
Humerus
Ulna
RadiusCarpal
1
2345
2345 2
345
23
4
5
2
34
5
2345 2
31
1
1 11 1
2.5
Glyptodont (fossil)
Armadillo(living)
2.6
2.7
2.8
Generation 1,infants
Generation 1,reproductive age
Generation 2,infants
Spread of successful variants through inheritance
Differential death before reproduction
Variability in developmental
programs
2.9
t1
t2
Biased sample
Geographical barrier
2.10
Transcription
3’
5’
Stop codon
Transcription starts here
TATA box
GC box
CAAT box
GC box
Controls the start point of the transcription
Controls the binding of RNA polymerase
Promoter region:Controls the timing and
tempo of transcription
Exon 2
Exon 1
Intron 1
2.11
mammalsbirds
reptiles
frogs and toadssalamanders
apodalung fishbony fish
sharks
lampreyscephalochordates
urochordatesarthropods
mollusks
annelidsequinoderms
angiospermsgymnosperms
ferns
club mossesmosses
nematodes
cnidarianssponges
algae
protozoafungi
bacteria
Haploid Genome Size (nucleotide pairs)
Ap
pro
xim
ate
Nu
mb
er o
f C
ell
Typ
es
Ap
pro
xim
ate
Nu
mb
er o
f D
escr
ipti
ve
Mo
rph
olo
gic
al T
erm
s p
er G
rou
p
1000
300-500300
200
180
> 100
55
40
20
14-2011
1-5
1-2
107 108 109 1010 1011 1012106
2.12
Crossing over of homologous chromosomes
Paired chromosomes
Inversion Deletion Insertion
Males
0
1
2
3
4
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Coallition Size
Rep
rodu
ctiv
e S
ucce
ss
Females
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0 5 10 15
Pride Size
Mon
thly
Rep
rodu
ctiv
e R
ate
2.13
2.14
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 2 4 6 8
0
5
10
15
20
25
-1 1 3 5 7 9
0
5
10
15
20
25
-1 1 3 5 7 9
(a) Stabilizing (b) Directional (c) Disruptive
Fre
qu
en
cy o
f P
he
no
typ
es