Medicine Contributes to the Population Explosion

Between 1800 and 1900 the population in Europe more than doubled.

Population rose because the death rate decreased due to:Better nutrition Medical

advancements Improved sanitation

The Fight Against DiseaseScientists have known about

microbes since the 1600s. Some proposed that these

microbes caused diseasesMany “scoffed” at this idea. In 1870, Louis Pasteur clearly

showed the link between microbes and disease.

Pasteur later made contributions to science and medicine with is development of vaccines against rabies and anthrax.

The Fight Against DiseasesPasteur also discovered a

process to kill disease carrying microbes in milk, called pasteurization.

By 1880, Robert Koch, identified the bacterium which caused tuberculosis.

As people learned how germs worked many began to bath and change their clothing more often.

Hospital Care ImprovesHospitals during the early

part of the 19th century were dangerous.

Operations were often performed in dank rooms with dirty instruments.

Florence Nightingale, an army nurse, began to preach that a hospital should, “do no harm”.

Nightingale began to introduce sanitary measures in many hospitals.

Hospital Care ImprovesEnglish surgeon, Joseph

Lister, discovered antiseptics prevented infection.

He insisted surgeons sterilize instruments and wash their hand before surgery.

Focus Question: What factors caused population rates to soar between 1800 and 1900?

City Landscapes Change Growing wealth and

industrialization began to alter the layout of European cities.

The most extensive urban renewal took place in Paris in 1850.

Georges Haussman was the leading figure in this urban renewal.

Urban renewal put many people to work, decreased social unrest, and boosted moral.

In many cities the rich lived in outside areas where the poor lived in slums close to the center.

Improved transportation allowed many to work in one part and live in another.

Sidewalks, Sewers, and SkyscrapersPaved streets and gas

lamps allowed for safer and more livable cities.

Sewage systems made cities cleaner.

City planners knew clean water would reduce disease epidemics.

In Paris, sewer lines expanded from 87 miles in 1852 to 750 miles in 1911.

By 1900, architects began to use steel to construct soaring buildings.

Slum ConditionsUrban life remained harsh for the poor. In the worst tenements, whole families were often cramped

into a single room. Unemployment and disease meant lost wages. High rates of crime and alcoholism cursed the poor.

The Lure of Cities

Despite drawbacks cities attracted many.

The promise of work was the most attractive.

Many tourists also flocked to cities.

Music halls, operas, and theaters provided entertainment.

Museums and libraries offered educational opportunities.

Sports, like tennis and boxing, attracted many to the cities.

How did industrialization change the face of cities?

Labor Unions Begin to GrowWorkers began to form

mutual-aid societies Mutual-aid societies= self-help

groups to aid sick or injured workers

By the late 1800s, most western countries had granted all men the right to vote.

Workers also won the right to organize unions to bargain on their behalf.

Germany legalized labor unions in 1869, Britain, France, and Austria followed.

Labor Unions Begin to GrowThe main tactic of unions was the

strike, or work stoppage. Workers used strikes to demand better

working conditions, wage increases, or other benefits.

Governments passed laws to regulate working conditions.

Governments passed laws to regulate working conditions.

Early laws forbade employers to hire children under age 10.

Later no child could be hired and women weren’t allowed to work in mines.

Other laws limited work hours and improves safety.

Pensions and disability insurance were soon established.

Standard of Living RiseWages varied

throughout industrial world.

Skilled laborers earned more than unskilled.

Women made half the amount of men.

Living standards did increase.

Families ate more varied diets, lived in better conditions, dressed in inexpensive mass-produced clothing.

How did workers try to improve their living and

working conditions?