20Feb14 - Coevolution

8/12/2019 20Feb14 - Coevolution

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ANNOUNCEMENTS

Paper meetings have been going on this week- if youre not already aware of this, you may have missedyour chance - contact your grader

Nevada Field Trip - Tomorrow!- meet at Hedrick Summit by 2:15pm

- we will leave at 2:30pm- read Dr. Friscias email for more details


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Coevolution

A species constantly interacts with its environment,

which usually includes many other species


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Species Interactions

Species interactions can be good, bad or neutral

for the parties involved

www.beatricebiologist.com


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Competition

Two organisms compete for similar resources

Vultures and hyenas both subsist on carrion


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Predation

One organism kills and eats another


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Predation

One organism kills and eats another

video - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=irkYP8vxVzE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=irkYP8vxVzEhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=irkYP8vxVzEhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=irkYP8vxVzEhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=irkYP8vxVzEhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=irkYP8vxVzEhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=irkYP8vxVzEhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=irkYP8vxVzEhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=irkYP8vxVzEhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=irkYP8vxVzEhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=irkYP8vxVzEhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=irkYP8vxVzEhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=irkYP8vxVzEhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=irkYP8vxVzEhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=irkYP8vxVzEhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=irkYP8vxVzEhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=irkYP8vxVzEhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=irkYP8vxVzEhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=irkYP8vxVzEhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=irkYP8vxVzE


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Predator-Prey Coevolution

Moths use rapidclicks to jam bats

sonar...

Corcoran et al. 2013 PLoS ONE


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Predator-Prey Coevolution

...and they cantell when theyrebeing targeted as

opposed to

another nearbymoth

Corcoran et al. 2013 PLoS ONE


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Coevolution as a Mosaic

Strength of selection and gene flow can disrupt what

might otherwise be a strict pattern of coevolution


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Coevolution as a Mosaic

Coevolution becomes strongerin some areas than in others


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Trade-offs of Coevolution

Parasites vs. Hosts

Low to moderatevirulence better for

transmission

Highvirulenceadvantageous for

intraspecificcompetition


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Parasites vs. Hosts


transmission



Parasite growth inside host

P

arasite

fitness


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Parasites vs. Hosts


transmission




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Symbiosis

Close association between two unrelated species


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Symbiosis

Corals reefs are dependent upon photosynthetic symbionts

symbiotic relationship between corals and Symbiodinium


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Coral Bleaching

Stress can cause corals to expel their Symbiodinium

Low pH (oceanacidification) due

to increased CO2

Excessive heat


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Coral Bleaching

If conditions dont improve quickly enough for recolonization ofSymbiodinium, algal cover can take over a reef


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What would you call the relationship between coralsand their algal symbiont?

A. commensalism

B. mutualism

C. parasitism

D. predation


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Parasitism

One organism harms another for its own benefit

(doesnt necessarily kill the victim)


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Remoras hitch rides withsharks and eat leftover

scraps

Commensalism

One organism benefits, the other is not affected


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This hermit crab

carries

anemones on

its back eachnight as

protection from

predation

Commensalism

One organism benefits, the other is not affected


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Anemones protect clown fish, whose wiggle

dance oxygenates water for anemones

Mutualism

Two organisms benefit each other


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Mutualism

Leaf-cutter ants and fungus

video - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R5piJCyHwtw
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R5piJCyHwtwhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R5piJCyHwtwhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R5piJCyHwtwhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R5piJCyHwtwhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R5piJCyHwtwhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R5piJCyHwtw


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Cleaner wrasse feed on the parasites of other fishes

Mutualism


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Mutualism


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Mutualism


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Mutualism


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Mimicry

Cleaner wrasseLabroides dimidiatus

(feeds on parasites,tolerated by larger fishes)

False cleanerfish

Aspidontus taeniatus

(mimics behavior andappearance of cleaner, but

bites living tissue)


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Mllerian Mimicry

Unrelated toxic species evolve to have similaraposematic coloration(bright color = toxic)


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Mllerian Mimicry

Intraspecific variation inone broadly distributed

species of Apheloria

Mllerian mimicry in

several species in thegenus Brachoriawith

more restricted ranges

Cyanide-producing

millipedes in theAppalachian Mountains


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Batesian Mimicry

Poisonous

Non-poisonous mimics

*Frequency dependent - only works if mimic is rare comparedto poisonous species


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Why must a Batesian mimic always be rare relativeto its inspiration in order to avoid predation?

A. less likely to be eaten when youre rare

B. easier to hide from predators

C. only way to get away with dishonest signal

D. keeps your signal honest

Mi i Ki d
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yFftHXbjEQAhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yFftHXbjEQA


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Mimicry across Kingdoms

Bee orchids mimic the appearance and scent of a female bee,making the male bees randy

video - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yFftHXbjEQA

Th C l t A i l Y E S
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yFftHXbjEQAhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yFftHXbjEQAhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yFftHXbjEQAhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yFftHXbjEQAhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yFftHXbjEQAhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yFftHXbjEQAhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yFftHXbjEQAhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yFftHXbjEQAhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yFftHXbjEQAhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yFftHXbjEQAhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yFftHXbjEQAhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yFftHXbjEQAhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yFftHXbjEQAhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yFftHXbjEQAhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yFftHXbjEQAhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yFftHXbjEQAhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yFftHXbjEQAhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yFftHXbjEQAhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yFftHXbjEQAhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yFftHXbjEQAhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yFftHXbjEQAhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yFftHXbjEQAhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yFftHXbjEQAhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yFftHXbjEQAhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yFftHXbjEQAhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t-LTWFnGmeg


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The Coolest Animal Youve Ever Seen(and damn the internet for not having a higher quality video!)

Indonesian Mimic Octopus

video - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t-LTWFnGmeg

C l ti f ilit t S i ti
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t-LTWFnGmeghttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t-LTWFnGmeghttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t-LTWFnGmeghttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t-LTWFnGmeghttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t-LTWFnGmeghttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t-LTWFnGmeghttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t-LTWFnGmeghttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t-LTWFnGmeghttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t-LTWFnGmeghttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t-LTWFnGmeg


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Coevolution facilitates Speciation

Escape and Radiate

1. milkweed develops a noveldefense (escapes)2. increases in abundance and speciates (radiates)

3. beetle develops immunity, radiates along with new plant species

C l ti f ilit t E ti ti


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Coevolution facilitates Extinction

Corals with photosyntheticsymbionts more likely to go

extinct at K-T boundary

bricks = symbiotic black = non-symbiotic

symbiotic non-symbiotic


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Documents

20Feb14 - Coevolution