20CUS00589 108 63 INTRODUCTION TO HISTORIOGRAPHY TAMIL

KKd;Diu

nkhopf;F ,yf;fzKk;> fzpjj;jpw;Fr; R+j;jpuKk; vg;gbNah> mg;gbNa

tuyhw;Wf;F tuyhw;W tiutpay; tuyhw;wpd; juj;ij mwpe;J nfhs;s> curpg;

ghu;f;Fk; ciufy; tuyhw;W tiutpay;> fp.K. Ie;jhk; E}w;whz;by; tuyhW

rKjhaj;jpw;Fg; gbg;gpidahff; fUjg;gl;lJ. mf;fhyf; fl;lj;jpy; tuyhW

fijg;Nghf;fhf mike;jpUe;jJ. mJ tuyhw;W tiutpaypd; Jtf;ff;fhyk; vdyhk;.

fpNuf;f tuyhw;W Mrpupau;fs; n`NuhNlhl];> J}rpilb]; cUthf;fpa tuyhw;wpy;

Nfhl;ghL ,lk; ngwtpy;iy. ngUk;ghYk; ele;J Kbe;j epfo;Tfs; tuyhw;wpy; ,lk;

ngw;whYk;> J}rpilb]; vOjpa gpNyhNghdprpad; Nghu;fs; E}ypy; rkfhy tuyhW

,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ. J}rpilb]; KbT njupahj tuyhw;iw vOj Kw;gl;lhu;. ,J

tuyhw;W tiutpaypy; kw;WnkhU Gjpa gupkhzk; vdyhk;.

tuyhw;W tiutpaiy mwpe;J nfhs;Sk; NghJ ehk; INuhg;gpa mwpT

tl;lj;jpw;Fs; (Eurocentric) tuyhw;W Kiwfisg; ghu;f;fpd;Nwhk;. ,J Xu; mwpTj;jil

vdf;$wyhk;. Mrpah kw;Wk; Mg;gpupf;f ehLfspy; fhydp Mjpf;fj;jpdhy; Vw;gl;l

INuhg;gpa fy;tpapd; jhf;fNk ,jw;F fhuzk; MFk;. khwhf Mrpa ehLfspy;>

Kf;fpakhf rPdh> ,e;jpah Nghd;w ghuk;gupakpf;f ehfupfq;fs; jq;fs; ehLfspd;

tuyhw;iwg; gilj;Js;sd. ,j;jifa ehLfspd; Jtf;ffhy tuyhWfs;> tuyhw;W

Kiwfs;> tuyhw;W tiutpaypy; ,lk;ngwtpy;iy vd;gJ tUe;jj;jf;fJ.

,ilf;fhy INuhg;gpa tuyhw;W tiutpay; xU kjNghjidahff; fhzg;gl;lJ

mwptpyhf ,y;iy vd Nguhrpupau; $r; njuptpf;fpwhu;. MapDk;> kWf;f Kbahj

cz;ik ahnjdpy; tuyhw;W tiutpay; etPdkakhf;fg; gl;lJ INuhg;ghtpy; jhd;.

,j;jifa R+o;epiyia khw;wp mikj;jtu; mwpnthsp rfhg;jj;jpd; Kd;Ndhb

vdf;fUjg;gLk; thy;Nlu; Mthu;. n[u;kdpapy; n`fy;> ,q;fpyhe;jpy; fpg;gd; ,f;fhy

fl;lj;jpd; gpujpepjpfshff; fUjg;gLfpd;wdu;.

tuyhw;W Kiwfs; etPd kakhf;fg;gl;ljw;F ,Ufhuzq;fs; cs;sd. xd;W

khwp tUk; mwptpaypd; jhf;fk;; ,uz;L tuyhw;W Kiwfis EZfp Muha;e;j

mwpQu;fspd; fUj;Jf;fs;. gz;ila > ,ilf;fhy mwptpay; Kiwfs; khwp Nrhjid

Kiwapy; mwptpay; fUj;Jf;fs; ngwg;gl;ld. ,uz;lhtjhf> Nudp nlf;fhu;l; Nghd;w

mwpQu;fs; tuyhw;wpw;F Kiwahd top Kiwfs; ,y;iy vdf;$wp tuyhw;iw mwpTg;

ghriwapy; ,Ue;J tpyf;f Ntz;Lk; vd thjpl;ldu;. ,JNt> r%f mwptpay; Njhd;w

fhuzkhf ,Ue;jJ. mf];l]; fhk;Nl cld;ghl;Lf; Nfhl;ghl;bid cUthf;fp

r%fj;ij mwptpaYf;Fg; gad;gLj;jpdhu;. ,jd; %yk; r%fj;ij mwptpay;

mbg;gilapy; Ma;T nra;jdu;. tuyhw;W KiwfSk; khwj;Jtq;fpd. mwptpaypd;

jhf;fj;jpdhy; tuyhw;iw mwptpay; mbg;gilapy; vOj Ntz;Lk; kw;Wk; mZf

Ntz;Lk; vd;w fUj;Jf;fs; gutyhapd. ,q;fpyhe;jpd; jiy rpwe;j tuyhw;whrpupau;

N[.gp. gpAup "tuyhw;W Xu; mwptpay;> kpFjpAk; md;W> FiwTk; md;W" vd

ciuj;jhu;.

mwptpaypd; jhf;fk; nghJTilikr; rpj;jhe;jj;ij cUthf;fpaJ. fhuy;

khu;f;]; jd;Dila Gfo;ngw;w E}yhd %yjdk; thapyhf nghUs; Kjy; thjf;

Nfhl;ghl;bid cUthf;fpdhu;. ,J khu;f;rpa tuyhw;W tiutpaYf;F tpj;jpl;lJ.

mnkupf;fhtpy; rhu;y];gpahl;> ,q;fpyhe;jpy; vupf;̀ hg;];ghk;> ,gp.jhk;rd;> ,. vr;. fhu;>

,e;jpahtpy; b.b Nfhrhk;gp> Mu;. v];. ru;kh> gpgpd; re;jpuh Nghd;w tuyhw;W

Mrpupau;fs; khu;f;rpa Kiwapyhd tuyhw;wpidg; gilj;jdu;.

Nkw;$wpa tuyhw;W tiutpay; khw;wq;fs; RUf;fkhf ,e;E}ypy; $wg;gl;Ls;sd.

,e;j E}y; gjpidj;J mj;jpahaq;fshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mj;jpahaq;fspd;

njhlf;fj;jpYs;s Kd;Diu kw;Wk; Nehf;fq;fs; khztHfSf;F mwpKfj;ij

toq;FfpwJ. ghlj;ij ed;F Gupe;Jf; nfhs;tjw;F trjpahf mj;jpahaj;jpw;Fs;

~cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ijr; rupghHf;fTk;| vd;w jiyg;gpy; tpdhf;fSk; cupag;gjpy;fSk;

toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. xt;nthU myFfspYk; mj;jpahar; RUf;fk; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

khztHfSf;F ,e;j E}iy vspikahfTk; RUf;fkhfTk; mwpe;Jf; nfhs;sTjTfpwJ.

E}ypy; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s Kf;fpar; nrhw;fSk; mjd; tpsf;fKk; mj;jpahak;

njhlHghd Nkyjpf tpsf;fj;ij toq;FfpwJ. NkYk; gapw;rpf; Nfs;tpfs;

mj;jpahj;jpy; ,Wjpapy; toq;fg;gl;Ls;s ghlk; njhlHghd gy E}y; gl;bay;> ,e;jg;

ghlj;ijj; jhz;b NkYk; gapyNtz;Lk; vd;W epidg;NghUf;Fr; rpwe;j topfhl;bahf

cs;sJ.

mmyF-1

tuyhw;W fUj;jpay;

tuyhW kw;Wk; tuyhw;W tiutpaypd; nghUs; kw;Wk; tiuaiwfs;

cs;slf;fk;

1.1. Kd;Diu

1.2. Nehf;fq;fs; 1.3.tuyhW vd;why; vd;d ? What is History?

1.3.1. tuyhw;wpd; nghUs; (Meaning of History)

1.3.2.tuyhw;wpd; tiuaiwfs; (Definitions of History)

1.4.tuyhWk; tuyhw;W tiutpaYk; (History and Historiography)

1.5. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij rupghu;f;fTk;

1.6. cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;w Nfs;tpfis rupghu;f;f gjpy;fs;

1.7. mj;jpahar; RUf;fk;

1.8. Kf;fpa nrhw;fs;

1.9. Ra cjtp Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs;

1.10. $Ljy; thrpg;Gfs;

myF-2

tuyhw;wpd; Nehf;fk; kw;Wk; Fwpf;Nfhs;> mjDld; njhlHGila ghlq;fs

kw;Wk; tuyhw;wpd; tiffs;

2.1. Kd;Diu

2.2. Nehf;fq;fs;

2.3. tuyhw;wpd; vy;iyAk; ,yf;Fk; (Scope and Purpose of History)

2.3.1. tuyhw;wpd; vy;iy (Scope of History)

2.3.2. Guhz tuyhW

2.3.3. Nghu;fisg; gw;wpa tuyhW

2.3.4. NguuR gw;wpa tuyhW

2.3.5. gpugQ;r tuyhW

2.3.6.rkar; rhu;gw;w tuyhW

2.3.7. mwptpay; tuyhW

2.3.8. mwpnthsp tuyhW

2.3.9.fw;gidf; fhtpa tuyhW

2.3.10. $l;bizg;G tuyhW

2.4. tuyhw;wpd; ,yf;F (Purpose of History)

2.5. tuyhWk; kw;w r%f mwptpay;fSk; (History and other Social Sciences)

2.6. tuyhWk; murpay; tpQ;QhdKk; (History and Political Science)

2.7. tuyhWk; nghUshjhuKk; (History and Economics)

2.8. tuyhWk; r%ftpaYk; (History and Sociology)

2.9. tuyhWk; khdpltpaYk; (History and Anthropology)

2.10. tuyhWk; Jizj; JiwfSk; (History and Ancillary Disciplines)

2.11. tuyhWk; njhy;ypaYk; (History and Archaeology)

2.12. tuyhWk; fy;ntl;baYk; (History and Epigraphy)

2.13. tuyhWk; ehzatpaYk; (History and Numismatics)

2.14. tuyhWk; RtbapaYk; (History and Manuscriptology)

2.15. tuyhw;wpd; tiffs; (Kinds of History)

2.15.1. fhytud;Kiw tuyhW (Chronological History)

2.15.2. Gtpapay; tuyhW (Geographical History)

2.15..3. murpay; tuyhW (Political History)

2.15.4. murpayikg;G tuyhW (Constitutional History)

2.15.5. rl;l tuyhW (Legal History)

2.15.6. uh[je;jpu tuyhW (Diplomatic History)

2.15.7. uhZt tuyhW (Military History)

2.15.8. rKf tuyhW (Social History)

2.15.9. nghUspay; tuyhW (Economic History)

2.15.10. gz;ghl;L tuyhW (Cultural History)

2.15.11. tho;f;if tuyhW (Biographical History)

2.15.12. gpugQ;r tuyhW (Universal History)







mmyF-3

tuyhW xU fiyah my;yJ mwptpayh? 3.1. Kd;Diu

3.2. Nehf;fq;fs;

3.3. tuyhW fiyah? mwptpayh? (Is History Art or Science?)

3.3.1. tuyhW fiyjhd;

3.4. tuyhW mwptpay; jhd;

3.4.1. tuyhw;wpd; mwptpay; kuG







mmyF-4

tuyhw;wpd;; ghlq;fs;> tuyhw;wpd; gad;ghLfs; kw;Wk nfLgad;fs;> tuyhw;wpd;

jj;Jtk;

4.1. Kd;Diu

4.2. Nehf;fq;fs;

4.3. tuyhw;Wg; gbg;gpidfs; (Lessons of History)

4.4. tuyhw;wpd; gad;fs; (Uses of History)

4.5. tuyhw;Wj; jj;Jtk; (Philosophy of History)







myF-5

> tuyhw;wpak;;>

5.1. Kd;Diu

5.2. Nehf;fq;fs;

5.3. tuyhw;wpy; fhuz fhupak; (Causation in History)

5.4. tuyhw;wpak; (Historicism)

5.5. tuyhw;Wr; rhu;gpak; (Historical Relativism)

5.6. tuyhw;W Kd; epu;zaf; Nfhl;ghL (Historical Determinism)







mmyF-6

Gfo;ngw;w ntspehl;L tuyhw;whrpupau;fs;: n`NuhNlhl];> Jrpilb]; kw;Wk; vl;tu;l;

fpg;gd;

6.1. Kd;Diu

6.2. Nehf;fq;fs;

6.3. n`NuhNlh]; (Herodotus)

6.3.1. FiwghL

6.4. J}rpilb]; (Thucydides)

6.4.1. tuyhw;W tiutpaypy; fhzg;gLk; Fiwfs;

6.5. vl;tu;l; fpg;gd; (Edward Gibbon)

6.5.1. ,sikg;gUtk;







myF-7

: mu;dhy;l; N[hrg; lha;d;gP> fhu;y;

khu;f;];> ypNahNghy;L thd; uhq;Nf> n`fy; kw;Wk; tp.V. ];kpj;

7.1. Kd;Diu

7.2. Nehf;fq;fs;

7.3. mu;dhy;L N[hrg; lhapd;gp Arnold Joseph Toynbee (1889 - 1975)

7.4. fhuy; khu;f;]; Karl Marx (1818- 1883)

7.5. ypNahNghy;L thd; uhq;Nf Leopold Von Ranke, (1795 - 1885)

7.6. [hu;[; tpy;n`k; n`fy; George Wilhelm Hegal (1770 - 1831)

7.7. tpd;nrd;l; Mu;ju; ];kpj; (Vincent Arthur Smith)

7.7.1. ,tuJ E}y;fs;

7.7.2. tuyhw;W Kiwfs;







mmyF-8

Gfo;ngw;w ,e;jpa tuyhw;whrpupau;fs;: fy;`hdh> my;-gpUdp> mGy; /gry;

8.1. Kd;Diu

8.2. Nehf;fq;fs;

8.3. fy;fzu; (Kalhana)

8.4. my;g&dp Muhammad Ibn Ahmad Alberuni (973 - 1048 A.D)

8.5. mGy; ghry; Abul Fazl (1551 - 1602)







myF-9

Gfo;ngw;w ,e;jpa tuyhw;whrpupau;fs;: [Jehj; ru;f;fhu;> Nf.V. ePyfz;l rh];jpup>

Nf.Nf. gps;is> b.b. Nfhrhk;gp

9.1. Kd;Diu

9.2. Nehf;fq;fs;

9.3. rhJehj; ru;fhu; (Jadunath Sarkar)

9.3.1. ,sikg;gUtk;


9.4. Nf.V. ePyfz;l rh];jpup (K.A.Nilakanta Sastri)

9.4.1. ,sikg;gUtk;

9.4.2. etPd tuyhw;Wg; ghu;it

9.4.3. tuyhW mwptpayh?

9.5. fdfrig gps;is (K.K.Pillai)

9.5.1. ,sikg;gUtk;

9.5.2. ,tu; vOjpa E}y;fs;

9.6. jhNkhju; ju;khde;j Nfhrhk;gp (D.D. Kosambi)

9.6.1. rhjthfdu;fisg; gw;wpa Nfhrhk;gpapd; fUj;J







mmyF-10

Gfo;ngw;w ,e;jpa tuyhw;whrpupau;fs; : Mu;.rj;jpaehja;au;> b.tp.rjhrpt gz;lhuj;jhu;>

vd;. Rg;ukzpad;> fp.uh[a;ad;

10.1. Kd;Diu

10.2. Nehf;fq;fs;

10.3. ,uh. rj;jpaehj ma;au; (R.Sathyanathaiyar)

10.3.1. ,sikg; gUtk;


10.4. b. tp. rjhrpt gz;lhuj;jhu;

10.5. vd;. Rg;ukzpad;

10.6. Nf.uh[a;ad;







mmyF-11

Muha;r;rp Kiw

11.1. Kd;Diu

11.2. Nehf;fq;fs;

11.3. tuyhw;W Ma;T (Historical Research)

11.3.1. tuyhw;W Ma;tpd; gug;ngy;iy

11.3.2. Ma;T topfhl;b (Research Guide)

11.3.3. jw;fhypf Cff; Nfhl;ghL (Hypothesis)

11.3.4. E}w;gl;bay; ml;il (Bibliography Card)

11.3.5. Fwpg;ngLj;jy; fiy (The Art of Making Notes)

11.3.6. fhy ml;ltiz (Time - Schedule)







myF-12

tuyhw;wpd; Mjhuq;fs; Kjy; epiy ,uz;lhk; epiy kw;Wk; ,iza Mjhuq;fs;

12.1. Kd;Diu

12.2. Nehf;fq;fs;

12.3. tuyhw;Wr; rhd;Wfs;

12.3.1. tuyhw;W milahsq;fs; (Historical Traces)

12.3.2. tuyhw;W Mjhuq;fs; (Historical Evidences)

12.3.3. rhd;Wfspd; jd;ik (Nature of Sources)

12.3.4. tuyhw;Wr; rhd;Wfisj; jpul;Ljy;

12.4. kjpg;gha;T kw;Wk; mwpf;iffs;

12.5. murit tuyhw;Wf; fhtpaq;fs;> E}y;fs;

12.6. FLk;g kw;Wk; jdp egu;fsJ Mtzq;fs;

12.7. ,iza Mjhuq;fs;







mmyF-13

Ma;Tj; jiyg;ig Njh;e;njLj;jy;> Gwepiy kw;Wk; mfepiy

13.1. Kd;Diu

13.2. Nehf;fq;fs;

13.3. Ma;Tj; jiyg;igj; Nju;e;njLj;jy; (Selection of Research Topic)

13.4. eLepiy Nehf;F

13.4.1. eLepiy Nehf;fpd; Kd;Njitfs; (Pre Requisities of objectivity)

13.5. tuyhw;Wr; RaNehf;F (Historical Subjectivity or Bias)

13.6. tuyhw;Wj; ju;f;f thjj; jtWfs; (Historical Fallacies)







myF-14

jpwdha;T mfk; Gwk;

14.1. Kd;Diu

14.2. Nehf;fq;fs;

14.3. tuyhw;Wj; jpwdha;T (Historical Criticism)

14.3.1. Gwj; jpwdha;T (Heuristics or External Criticism)

14.3.2. mfj;jpwdha;T (Hermeneutics or Internal criticism)







mmyF-15

mbf;Fwpg;Gfs; kw;Wk; Jiz E}y; gl;bay;

15.1. Kd;Diu

15.2. Nehf;fq;fs;

15.3. fhyg; ngl;lfk; (Time Frame)

15.4. ju;f;f thjk; (Reasoning)

15.5. Ma;Tf; fl;Liuahf;fk; (Exposition of A Thesis)

15.6. mj;jpahaq;fs; gpupj;jy; (Chapterisation)

15.7. jiyg;GfSk; fpisj; jiyg;GfSk;

(Headings and Sub Headings)

15.8. nghUsOj;jj;Jf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

(The Importance of Emphasis)

15.9. njhlu; tupirapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

(The Importance of Serialisatin)

15.10. vOj;J eil (The Writing style)

15.11. Mtz Nkw;Nfhshl;rp

15.12. Kd;Diu (Preface)

15.13. mbf;Fwpg;Gfs; (Footnotes)

15.14. Nkw;Nfhs;fs; (Quotations)

15.15. gl;bay;fs;> tiuglq;fs;> Njrg;glq;fs;

(Tables, charts and Maps)

15.16. E}w;gl;bay; (Bibliography).

15.17. gpw;Nru;f;iffs; (Apendixes).

15.18.; ml;ltiz (Index).

15.19. Mjhuq;fs; gl;bay; (Bibliography)







myF-1

tuyhw;W fUj;jpapay;

tuyhW kw;Wk; tuyhw;W tiutpaypd; nghUs; kw;Wk;

tiuaiwfs;

cs;slf;fk;

1.1. Kd;Diu

1.2. Nehf;fq;fs; 1.3. tuyhW vd;why; vd;d ? What is History?


1.3.2. tuyhw;wpd; tiuaiwfs; (Definitions of History)

1.4. tuyhWk; tuyhw;W tiutpaYk; (History and

Historiography)







1.1. Kd;Diu

tuyhW vd;gJ xU Fwpg;gpl;l ehl;bd; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f Njrpa

epfo;Tfs; Kjy; Gfo;ngw;w MSikfs; kw;Wk; mtu;fspd;

gilg;Gfs; tiuapyhd kdpj tptfhuq;fspd; tupirAld;

njhlu;Gila fle;j fhy epfo;Tfspd; Ma;itf; Fwpf;fpwJ.

tuyhw;W tuyhW vd;gJ vOjg;gl;l tuyhWfspd; Ma;T MFk;.

tuyhw;Wg; gjpTfs; kw;Wk; tpsf;fq;fs; fhyg;Nghf;fpy; vt;thW

khWfpd;wd vd;gij ,J Ma;T nra;fpwJ rpj;jhe;jj;jpd; khw;wk;

kw;Wk; rpy epfo;Tfspd; tpisT. tuyhw;Wf; Fwpg;G Kf;fpakhdJ>

Vnddpy; tuyhW Vd; ntt;NtW fhyq;fspy; tpj;jpahrkhf

tpsf;fg;gLfpwJ vd;gij Gupe;Jnfhs;s cjTfpwJ. ,J

tuyhw;wpd; gilg;GfSf;F R+oiy toq;FfpwJ kw;Wk; tuyhw;W

R+oy;fisg; Gupe;Jnfhs;tJ tuyhw;whrpupau;fSf;F mtu;fspd;

ghu;itia ghjpf;fpwJ fle;j fhy epfo;Tfs; kw;Wk; kf;fs;.

2

1.2. Nehf;fq;fs;

,e;j mj;jpahaj;ij gbg;gjd; %ykhf fPo;fhz;gdtw;iw Ghpe;J

nfhs;s ,aYk;

� tuyhw;wpd; nghUs; kw;Wk; tiuaiwia tpsf;fkhf mwpe;J

nfhs;s ,aYk;

� tuyhw;wpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; nrhy;yhly;fisg; Ghpe;J nfhs;s ,aYk;

1.3. tuyhW vd;why; vd;d ? What is History?


kdpjd; ,ay;ghfNt mwpthu;tkpf;ftd;. $b thOk;

FzKilatd;. mtidg; gw;wpAk; mtdJ fle;j fhyj;ijg;

gw;wpAk; mwpe;J nfhs;Sk; Mu;tk; nfhz;ltd;. fle;j fhyj;ij

topfhl;bahff; nfhz;L> epfo; fhyj;ijg; Gupe;J nfhz;L> vjpu;

fhyj;ij Kd;fzpg;G nra;af;$ba Mw;wy; gilj;jtd;. kdpjdplk;

,ay;gha; mike;Js;s mwpTk; Mu;tKk; Mw;wYk; khdpl

Kd;Ndw;wj;Jf;Fk; tuyhw;W tsu;r;rpf;Fk; fhuzkhFk;. tuyhW

my;yJ rupj;jpuk; vd;w nrhy; vspikahdJ. Mdhy; mjd;

nghUs; fbdkhdJ. Vnddpy; tuyhW vd;w nrhy;Yf;Fg; gy

nghUs;fs; cs;sd! Kjd; Kjypy; tuyhw;iw mwpTG+u;tkhf

mZfpatu;fs; gz;ila fpNuf;fu;fs; Mtu;. tuyhW (History) vd;w

nrhy;Ny ',];Nlhupah' (istoria) vd;w fpNuf;fr; nrhy;ypypUe;J

gpwe;jJjhd;. ,f;fpNuf;fr; nrhy;Yf;F Ma;T> tpdtpawpjy;>

cz;ikia ehly;> GJg; nghUs; Njly;> jfty; jpul;ly;> fw;wy;

vd;W nghUs;. ,];Nlhupah vd;w fpNuf;fr; nrhy;Yf;F ,izahd

n[u;kd; nrhy; nf];rpnrl; (Geschichete) MFk;. ,r;nrhy;Yf;Ff;

fle;j fhy epfo;r;rpfis mwpthu;j;jkhfg; Gupe;J nfhs;sf;

$bathW $WjyhFk;. "jhupf;" vd;w mNugpar; nrhy;Yf;Ff;

fhytud;Kiw (Chronology) vd;W nghUs;. “,jpfhrk;” vd;w

rk];fpUjr; nrhy; Guhz fhtpa tuyhw;iwf; Fwpf;fpwJ. tuyhW

my;yJ rupj;jpuk; vd;w jkpo;r; nrhy;Yf;F xU ehl;L epfo;r;rpfspd;

njhFg;G vd;W nghUs; nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ! Nkw;fz;l ,];Nlhupah>

nf];rpnrl;> jhupf;> ,jpfhrk;> tuyhW Mfpa nrhw;fspd;

nghUs;fis itj;Jg; ghu;f;Fk; NghJ tuyhW vd;gJ 1).

tpdtpawpjy;: 2). fle;j fhyj;ijf; $wy;; 3). fhy tud;Kiwg;

gLj;Jjy;; 4) tuyhW fye;j fw;gidf; fhtpak;; 5). epfo;r;rpj;

njhFg;G vd;W gythwhfg; nghUs; nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. fhyg;

Nghf;fpy; tuyhw;wpd; nghUs; NkYk; tpuptile;jJ FWfpa

3

fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy; ghu;f;Fk; NghJ tuyhW vd;gJ gjpT nra;ag;gl;l

fle;j fhyk; vd;w nghUSilaJ. tpupthd fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy;

Nehf;Fk; NghJ tuyhW vd;gJ fle;j fhyj;jpd; Jiznfhz;L>

epfo; fhyj;ijg; Gupe;J nfhz;L> vjpu; fhyj;ij Kd; fzpg;G

nra;tjhFk;. fhu; (E.H.Carr) $Wtijg; Nghd;W fle;j fhyj;ij

epfo; fhy ntspr;rj;ijf; nfhz;L ghu;j;jhy; jhd; mwpTf;Fg;

GydhFk;. mNjNghd;W vjpu;fhy xspapy; jhd; epfo;fhyj;ijf;

fhz KbAk;.

1.3.2. tuyhw;wpd; tiuaiwfs; (Definitions of History)

tuyhW vd;gJ kf;fspd; nray;fs; kw;Wk; rhjidfisg; gw;wpa

Ma;tpd; tpisthFk; - n`Nuhnlhl];. tuyhw;wpd; je;ij vd;W

Nghw;wg;gLk; fpNuf;f tuyhw;W tiutpay; Kd;Ndhbahd

n`Nuhnlhl]; (fp.K.484-425) tuyhW kdpjid ikakhff;

nfhz;lJ> kdpj nray;fs; - rhjidfisg; gw;wpa Ma;T vd;W

tiuaWj;Js;shu;. mj;jifa Ma;tpd; Nehf;fk; mjprapf;fj;jf;f

kdpj rhjidfisg; gw;wpa fhyj;jhy; mopf;f Kbahj

Mjhuq;fis vjpu;fhy re;jjpapdUf;F tpl;Lr; nry;tjhFk; vd;W

$wpdhu;.

tuyhW vd;gJ epidT $wj;jf;f epfo;r;rpfisg; gw;wpa

fijahFk; - J}rpilb];. mwptpay; tuyhw;wpd; je;ij vd;W

mwpag;gLk; J}rpilb]; (fp.K.456. 396) tuyhW Fwpg;gplj;jf;f

rpwg;ghd epfo;r;rpfisg; gw;wpajhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W

tiuaWj;jhu;. tuyhW fle;j fhy epfo;r;rpfs; midj;ijAk;

cs;slf;fpa jfty; fplq;fy;y khwhf mJ epidT $wj;jf;f

Kf;fpaj;JtKila epfo;r;rpfisg; gw;wpa tptupg;ghFk;. kdpj

eltbf;iffs; tuyhw;wpy; ,lk; ngwj;jf;f jFjpiaAk;>

rpwg;igAk; ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gijf; Nfhbl;Lf; fhl;bdhu;

J}rpilb];.

tuyhW vd;gJ vd;Wk; khwhj fle;j fhyj;ijg; gw;wpa

tpsf;fkhFk; - mup];lhl;by;. fpNuf;f jj;Jt Nkijahd

mup];lhl;by; kdpj ,ay;G khwhjjhy; kdpj eltbf;iffSk;

khwhjit vd;W $wpdhu;. Vnddpy; epfo;e;jit epfo;e;jitNa;

mtw;iwf; flTNs te;jhYk; khw;w KbahJ vd;whu; mup];lhl;by;!

kdpj cs; Nehf;fq;fs;> ce;Jjy;fs;> vjpu;ghu;g;Gfs; epiyahf

,Ug;gjhy; epfo;r;rpfSk; khWglhkNyNa ,Uf;Fk; vd;gJ mtuJ

thjkhFk;. kdpj ,ay;G khwhky; ,Ug;gjhy;jhd; NghUk;

rkhjhdKk; Gul;rpAk; kPl;rpAk; Kd;Ndw;wKk; gpd;dilTk;

vOr;rpAk; tPo;r;rpAk; flyiyfs; Nghd;W khwp khwp tUfpd;wd!

4

nghypgpa]; (Polybius) vd;w gpw;fhy fpNuf;f tuyhw;whsu;

mup];lhl;bypd; tiuaiwf;F typitAk; nghypitAk; nfhLj;jhu;.

tuyhW vd;gJ vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs; %yk; ngwg;gLk; mDgtkhFk; -

lNahdprpa];. kw;nwhU gpw;fhy fpNuf;f tuyhw;whsuhd

lNahdprpa]; (fp.K.4008) tuyhw;iwj; jj;Jtkhff; fUjpdhu;.

tuyhw;Wf;F ,tu; nfhLj;Js;s tiuaiwapy; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;>

jj;Jtk; Mfpa ,U nrhw;fSf;Fk; mOj;jk; nfhLj;Js;shu;. ,tu;

tho;f;ifapd; cz;ikahd cjhuzq;fis vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfshff;

nfhz;lhu;. mtw;wpypUe;J ngWk; gbg;gpidfisj; jj;Jtkhff;

fUjpdhu;. kdpj Kd;Djhuzq;fshy; ngwg;gLk; mDgtg;

gbg;gpid kdpj Fyj;Jf;F vd;nwd;Wk; gad;gLk; vd;W fUjpdhu;

lNahdprpa];. ,tiug; gpd;gw;wpg; gyUk; tuyhw;Wf;Fg; gy;NtW

jj;Jt tpsf;fk; nfhLj;Js;sdu;.

tuyhW vd;gJ kf;fis tpNtfKilatu;fshf;Fk; mwpTj;

JiwahFk; - ru;. gpuhd;rp]; Ngf;fd; (fp.gp.1561 - 1626). ,tu;

,q;fpyhe;J ehl;ilr; Nru;e;j kWkyu;r;rpf;fhy khngUk; gupNrhjid

tpQ;Qhdp Mthu;. Ngf;fd; tuyhw;iw Kiwahd mwpTj;

Jiwahff; fUjpdhu;. mNjhL tuyhw;W mwpT kf;fis kjp

El;gKilatu;fshf;f ty;yJ vd;Wk; typAWj;jpdhu;.

kdKaw;rpNa tpNtfkhFk;. tpNtfkpf;ftu;fshy;jhd; ed;ik

jPikfis NtWgLj;jpg; ghu;f;f KbAk;. mDgtg; gl;liuapy;

mbf;fg;gl;L> rpe;jidahy; nrJf;fg;gl;L> fz;Lzu;jyhy;

filag;gl;L cUthFk; tuyhw;W mwpT kf;fis

tpNtfKilatu;fshf;Fk; vd;W cWjpahff; $wpdhu; Ngf;fd;.

mtuJ thu;j;ijfspy; $w Ntz;Lkhapd; je;jpurhypfs; tuyhw;iw

epe;jpg;gu;; rhkhdpau;fs; tuyhw;iw tpae;J Nehf;Ftu;; tpNtfpfs;

tuyhw;iw kdpjFy Nkk;ghl;Lf;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jtu;.

tuyhW vd;gJ khkdpju;fspd; vz;zpwe;j Rarupijfspd; rhuk;

MFk; - jhk]; fhu;iyy;. ];fhl;yhe;J tuyhw;W mwpQuhd jhk];

fhu;iyy; (1795 - 1881) tuyhw;W khkdpju;fs; Nfhl;ghl;il (Great

Men Theory of History) cUthf;fpatu;. ,tu; tuyhw;iw

khkdpju;fspd; tho;f;ifapd; ntspg;ghlhff; fUjpdhu;.

khkdpju;fspd; vz;zq;fNs tuyhw;W epfo;r;rpfshfTk;> mtu;fspd;

rhjidfNs tuyhw;wpd; tpisTfshfTk; cUg;ngWfpd;wd vd;W

$wpdhu; fhu;iyy;. fhyj;jpd; rthy;fisj; JzpTld; vjpu;

nfhs;tjhy;jhd; khkdpju;fspd; ngaUk;> GfOk; fy;Nky;

vOj;njd mopahky; cs;sd. mnkupf;f mwpQu; vku;rd;

(Emerson) ,f;fUj;ijNa tuyhW vd;gJ rhd;Nwhu;fspd;

tho;f;ifj; njhFg;G vd;W $wpdhu;.

5

tuyhW fle;j fhy murpay;; epfo;fhy murpaNy tUq;fhy

tuyhW - [hd; rPyp. Nfk;gpupl;[; tuyhw;Wg; gs;spiaj; Njhw;Wtpj;j

[hd; Mu;.rPyp (1834 - 1885) murpaNy tuyhw;wpd; Ftp ikak;

vd;W fUjpdhu;. eilKiw murpaNy tuyhW vd;w Jzpapd;

CLk; ghTk; (warpand woof) MFk; vd;gJ rPypapd; JzpG.

murpay; vd;w %yg; nghUspypUe;Jjhd; tuyhW vd;w nra;nghUs;

cUthf;fg;gLfpwJ. murpay; kuk; vd;why; tuyhW fdpahFk;.

murpay; vd;w fUg;igapypUe;Jjhd; tuyhW vd;w Foe;ij

gpwf;fpwJ; ,f;Foe;ij tUq;fhyj;Jf;fhd fUitj; jd;dfj;Nj

jhq;fpf; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ! tuyhw;wpd; Nehf;fk; Ml;rpahsu;fSf;Fj;

Njitahd murpay; mwpitf; nfhLg;gjhFk; vd;W fUjpdhu; rPyp.

mJkl;Lky;y> mtu; Kf;fhyq;fSf;fpilNaahd njhlu;igAk;

fhl;bAs;shu;.

tuyhW vd;gJ kdpj tpLjiyapd; kyu;r;rpahFk; - Mf;ld; gpuG.

Nfk;gpupl;[; gy;fiyf; fofj;jpd; tuyhw;Wg; Nguhrpupauhd Mf;ld;

gpuG (1834 - 1902) tpLjiyNa tuyhw;wpd; Ftpikak; vd;gij

typAWj;jpdhu;. Rje;jpukhd R+o;epiyapy;jhd; kdpj Fyj;jplk;

kiwe;J fplf;Fk; Mw;wy;fs; midj;Jk; ntspg;gLk;. mwpthw;wy;>

Mf;fj;jpwd;> Gj;jikg;G Kaw;rpfs; gyg;gLk;. muru;fs; kw;Wk;

Ml;rpfspd; vOr;rp tPo;r;rpfis tptupg;gij tpl;L> kdpj cupik

kw;Wk; tpLjiyiag; gw;wp tuyhW tiuag;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;

vd;gij typAWj;jpdhu; Mf;ld; gpuG. kdpj Rje;jpuk; kjpf;fg;gLk;

NghJk; tuyhw;W epfo;r;rpfs; Vw;gLfpd;wd vd;gijr; Rl;bf;

fhl;bdhu; Mf;ld; gpuG.

tuyhW vd;gJ mwptpay;; mjw;Ff; Fiwe;jJky;y> $baJky;y -

N[.gp.gpA+up. Mq;fpNya tuyhw;whsuhd gpA+up (1861 - 1927)

Mo;GyikAilatu;. mwptpay; Afj;jpd; gpujpepjp. ,Ugjhk;

E}w;whz;bd; Jtf;fj;jpy; (1903) ,tu; Mw;wpa tuyhw;Wr; rpwg;G

kpf;f Nfk;gpupl;[; Jtf;fr; nrhw;nghoptpy; tuyhW xU mwptpaNy

vd;gij Mzpj;jukhf vLj;Jiuj;jhu;. tuyhW ntWk; tptuf;

fplq;F vd;w fUj;ijAk; tuyhW xU fiy my;yJ

,yf;fpaj;jpd; fpis vd;w $w;iwAk; kWj;jhu;. khwhf tuyhW

mwptpay; $Wfisf; nfhz;l RNar;irahd jdpj;jd;ik tha;e;j

mwpTj;Jiw vd;gij typAWj;jpdhu;. $u;e;J ftdpj;jy;>

tpsf;fkspj;jy;> Jy;ypak;> ek;gfj;jd;ik> nry;yj;jf;f jhf;fy;

Mfpa mwptpay; Kiwfs; tuyhw;Wf;Fk; nghUe;Jk; vd;gij

vLj;Jf; fhl;bdhu;. RUq;ff; $wpd; tuyhw;Wf;F mwptpay;

me;j];ijf; nfhLj;j ngUik gpA+upiar; NrUk;.

midj;J tuyhWk; rkfhy tuyhNwahFk; - ngdpnll;Nlh FNuhNr.

,j;jhypa tuyhw;whsuhd FNuhNr (1866 - 1952) tuyhw;W

tiuaiwf;Fg; Gjpa gupkhzj;ijr; Nru;j;jhu;. fle;j fhy

6

epfo;r;rpfs; jhd; epfo;fhy eltbf;iffspy; mjpu;TWfpd;wd vd;W

fUjpdhu; FNuhNr. Vnddpy;> epfo;r;rpfs; fhyj;jhy;

Ke;jpajhapDk; cz;ikapy; mit gpw;fhy eltbf;iffSf;F

topfhl;Lgitahf cs;sd. ,ijNa fle;j fhy epfo;Tfs;

epfo;fhy epfo;r;rpfshf kWcU nfhs;fpd;wd vd;W $wyhk;.

mjhtJ epfo;fhy epfo;r;rpfspd; %yk;jhd; fle;j fhy

epfo;Tfisg; Gupe;J nfhs;s KbAk;.

tuyhW vd;gJ vz;zj;jpd; tuyhNwahFk; - Mu;.[p.fhypq;Tl;.

Mq;fpNya tuyhw;whsuhd fhypq;Tl; (1889 - 1943) FNuhNrapd;

tiuaiwf;F ciu vOjpdhu;. fle;j fhy epfo;r;rpfSf;Fg;

gpd;dhy; cs;s vz;zq;fis mwpe;1J nfhs;shky; tuyhw;iwg;

Gupe;J nfhs;s ,ayhJ vd;W $Wfpwhu; fhypq;Tl;.

tuyhw;whsu;jhd; fle;j fhy epfo;r;rpfis tuyhwhf cUkhw;wk;

nra;fpwhu;. mt;thW nra;ifapy; mtuJ kdk; me;epfo;r;rpfisg;

gw;wp epidj;Jg; ghu;f;fpwJ. me;epfo;Tfs; mtuJ kdNkilapy;

kPz;Lk; epfo;j;jpg; ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wd. mjhtJ tuyhw;whsupd;

kdj;jpd; topahfj;jhd; tuyhW ntspg;gLfpwJ. tuyhw;whsupd;

vz;zj;Jf;F ntspNa ve;j tuyhWk; ,y;iy vd;gJ fhypq;Tl;bd;

JzpG. tuyhW vd;gJ fle;j fhyj;ijg; gw;wpaJ kl;LNkh

my;yJ fle;j fhyj;ijg; gw;wpa tuyhw;whsupd; vz;zj;ijg;

gw;wpaJ kl;LNkh my;y; mJ ,t;tpuz;bd; gu];gu njhlu;G

gw;wpaJ vd;W $Wfpwhu; fhypq;Tl;. ,f;fUj;ijNa gpd;du; gyUk;

gytpjkhf tpsf;fpAs;sdu;.

tuyhW vd;gJ tuyhw;whsUf;Fk; mtUila

Mjhuq;fSf;FkpilNa eilngWk; ,ilawhj; njhlu;ghFk;; epfo;

fhyj;Jf;Fk;> fle;j fhyj;Jf;FkpilNa eilngWk; Kbtpy;yhj

ciuahlyhFk; - ,.vr;.fhu;. tuyhW vd;why; vd;d? vd;w rpwpa

E}ypd; %yk; ngUk; Gfo; ngw;w fhu;> Mjhuq;fis Ma;tjw;F

Kd;du; tuyhw;whsiu Muha Ntz;Lk; vd;W $wpAs;shu;. tuyhw;W

cz;ikfs; J}a;ikahditay;y! Vnddpy; mit vg;NghJk;

mtw;iwg; gjpgtupd; kdk; vd;w gl;lfj;jpd; (Prism) topNa

neLkhw;wk; (Refract) milfpd;wd. ,ij tuyhw;whsu; fw;gidf;

fz;nfhz;L ghu;j;J Gupe;J nfhs;fpwhu;. mjhtJ tuyhw;whsu;

fle;j fhyj;ijg; gw;wpa Mjhuq;fisj; Njbj; Nju;e;njLj;J>

Kiwg;gLj;jp> fw;gid top Gupe;J nfhz;L gpwUf;Fg; Gupa

itf;fpwhu;. Mjhuq;fspd;Nwy; tuyhw;whsupd; Kaw;rp tPz;.

tuyhw;whsu; ,y;yhj Mjhuq;fs; nghUsw;wit. vdNt

tuyhw;whsupd; topahf epfo;fhyj;Jf;Fk; fle;j fhyj;Jf;Fk;

,ilNa ciuahly; njhlu;fpwJ.

gpw tiuaiwfs; tuyhW gw;wpa gpw Kf;fpa tiuaiwfs;

gpd;tUkhW: tuyhW vd;gJ ehfupf rKjhaq;fspy; thOk;

7

kf;fspd; mDgtq;fisg; gw;wpa fijahFk; vd;W tiuaWf;fpwhu;

[p.N[.nudpau;. tuyhW vd;gJ G+Nfhsr; R+o;epiyapy; thOk;

kf;fspd; tho;f;if gw;wpaJ vd;W $Wfpwhu; v.vy;. nus];. tuyhW

vd;gJ xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;l kdpjFy epidthw;wy; vd;gJ

gpnunlupf; `huprd; nfhLf;Fk; tiuaiwahFk;. tuyhW xU fiy;

vOjg;gl;l tuyhW kdpjdpd; moFzu;r;rp gw;wpa fw;gid vd;W

$Wfpwhu; Mu;ju; ];nyrpq;fu;. tuyhW rkaf; nfhs;iffspd;

nfhs;fyd; vdf; $wpdhu; yPg;dpl;];. tuyhW kdpj Kd;Ndw;wj;ij

msg;gjw;fhd msTNfhy; vd;W fUjpdhu; Ju;Nfh> fz;lhu;Nr

Nghd;w gpnuQ;Rg; Gul;rpahsu;fs;. tuyhW tu;f;fg; Nghuhl;lj;jpd;

glg;gpbg;G vd;whu; fhuy; khu;f;];. tuyhW vd;gJ mwpTf;Fg;

Gyg;glf;$ba nray; jsq;fisg; gw;wpa Ma;thFk; vd;W

tiuaWj;Js;shu; v.N[.lhapd;. 1.2.14 vjpu;kiw tiuaiwfs;

tuyhw;Wf;Fg; gy vjpu;kiw tiuaiwfSk; (Negative Definitions)

nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. murpay; kw;Wk; rkaj;Jf;F mjPj

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLf;fg;gl;lijf; fz;L mjpUg;jpAw;w thy;Nlu;>

tuyhW vd;gJ mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l fl;Lf;fij; ,we;Njhiuf; nfhz;L

nra;ag;gLk; Vkhw;W tpj;ij ; kdpjidg; gw;wpa Fw;wk; kw;Wk;

Jd;gg; gl;bay; vd;W $wpdhu;. gy ngha;fspypUe;J xd;iwj;

Nju;e;njLg;gJjhd; tuyhW vd;whu; &N]h. kdpj ,dj;jpd;

Fw;wq;fs;> klikfs;> ,ilA+Wfs; gw;wpa gjpNtNl tuyhW vd;W

$wpAs;shu; vl;tu;L fpg;gd;. tuyhW xU nfhLq;fdT vd;W

epidf;fpwhu; N[k;]; [ha;];. tuyhW kp]p]pgp Mw;iwg; Nghd;w

ngha;g; gputhfk; vd;W tu;zpj;jhu; khj;A+u; Mu;dhy;L. tuyhw;ijj;

Jd;g ,d;gpayhff; fUjpdhu; khu;yp. tuyhW xU fplq;F vd;whu;

ngl;Nuhy; fplq;NfhL rk;ge;jg;gl;l mnkupf;f tzpfu; Nghu;L.

,j;jifa vjpu;kiw tiuaiwfs; tuyhw;wpd; xU gFjpia

kpifg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lgitahf cs;sd. ,it tuyhw;wpd; ,ay;G>

Nehf;fk;> gzp Mfpatw;iwj; jpupj;Jf; $Wgitahf ,Uf;fpd;wd.

kjpg;gPL

Nkw;fz;l tuyhw;W tiuaiwfs; tuyhw;whsu;fspd;

kdg;ghd;ikiag; gpujpgypg;gdthf cs;sd. ,tw;Ws; rpy

rpwg;ghfTk;> rpy mwpnthspA+l;LtjhfTk;> rpy

vOr;rpA+l;lf;$bajhfTk;> NtW rpy fUj;Jg; Gul;lhfTk; cs;sd

Mdhy; ve;j xU tiuaiwAk; midtuhYk; Vw;Wf;

nfhs;sj;jf;fjhf ,y;iy; ,Uf;fTk; ,ayhJ. Vnddpy; tuyhW

,ay;ghfNt capu;j; Jbg;Gs;sJ; tsuf; $baJ; kdpj Fy

Kd;Ndw;wj;ijg; gw;wpaJ. vdNt mjd; tiuaiwAk;

fhyj;Jf;Nfw;g khwpf; nfhz;bUg;gjpy; tpag;gpy;iy.

8

1.4. tuyhWk; tuyhw;W tiutpaYk;

Jtf;fj;jpy; tuyhW tha;top kughf ,Ue;jJ. ehl;Lg; ghly;fs;

Nfl;Nghiug; gutrg;gLj;jpd. vOj;Jf;fiy fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;ljw;Fg;

gpd;du; tuyhW ftpij tbtk; ngw;wJ. mjd; gpd; tuyhW

ciueilapy; vOjg;gl;lJ. tuyhW 1) r%f Kf;fpaj;JtKila

fle;j fhyg; gjpTfs;; 2) mg;gjpTfs; %yk; mwpag;gLk;

epfo;r;rpfs;; 3) epfo;r;rpfisg; gw;wpa tpsf;fk; Mfpa

Kg;gupkhzq;fisAk; nfhz;lJ. tuyhw;Wg; gjpTfs; kw;Wk;

epfo;r;rpfisg; gw;wpaJ tuyhW vd;Wk;> epfo;r;rp tpsf;fk;

tuyhw;Wj; jj;Jtk; vd;Wk; mwpag;gLfpwJ. ,it vt;thW

vOjg;gLfpd;wd vd;gNj tuyhw;W tiutpay; MFk;. tuyhw;W

tiutpay; vd;why; tuyhw;whsu;> mtu; tuyhw;W Mjhuq;fisf;

ifahSk; ghq;F> vOj;Jg; ghzp> mZFk; Kiw> vLj;Jf;

nfhs;Sk; jiyg;G> jPu;Tfhz tpioAk; gpur;ridfs;> jj;Jt

tpsf;fk;> fUj;jpay;fs;> Nfhl;ghLfs;> gug;ngy;iy> gad;ghL

Nghd;wit gw;wpa tptupg;ghFk;. RUq;ff; $wpd;> tuyhw;W

tiutpay; tuyhw;W vz;zj;ijg; gw;wpa tuyhW MFk;. tuyhw;W

tiutpay; 19-k; E}w;whz;Lf; fz;Lgpbg;ghFk;. mjw;F Kd;G

tuyhW kdpju;fs;> epfo;r;rpfs;> mikg;Gfs; my;yJ ,iw

ntspg;ghL gw;wpa tptupg;ghf ,Ue;jJ. 19-k; E}w;whz;by;

tuyhw;iw Muha;r;rp kdg;ghd;ikAld; mZfpdu;. fle;j

fhyj;ijg; gw;wpa gjpit tuyhw;wpay; (Historiology) vd;Wk;>

tuyhW vt;thW vOjg;gLfpwJ vd;gij tuyhw;W tiutpay;

(Historiography) vd;Wk; NtWgLj;jpdu;. tuyhw;W tiutpay; vd;gJ

fle;j fhy epfo;r;rpfisg; gw;wp vOJk; fiyahFk; vd;W

tiuaWj;Js;shu; rhu;y]; Xkd;. jw;NghJ tuyhw;W tiutpay;

jdpj;jd;ikAila> RNar;irahd> tuyhw;W ,ayhf

mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jd; Nehf;fk; tuyhw;W cz;ikiaf;

fhz;gjhFk;. ,jd; Ma;Tg; nghUs; tuyhW. ,jd; Kiw tuyhw;W

tiuT tsu;r;rpia mwptpay; top Ma;T nra;tjhFk;. ,J kdpj

,dj;jpd; Kd;Ndw;wk; gw;wpg; Gupe;J nfhs;s cjTfpwJ. RUq;ff;

$wpd; tuyhw;W tiutpay; epytpay; (Geography),

ifnaOj;Jf;fiy (Calligraphy), ehl;batpay; (Choreography),

Nghd;W jdpj;jd;ikAila mwpTj; JiwahFk;.


1. ‘tuyhW’ vd;w nrhy; ,g;NghJ vjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ?

9

2. tuyhw;W Nfs;tpfSf;F gjpyspf;f tuyhw;whrpupau;fs; vd;d

Mjhuq;fisg; gad;gLj;jpAs;sdu;?

3. tuyhw;W tiutpay; vij Muha;fpwJ?


1. 'tuyhW' vd;w nrhy; ,g;NghJ fhytupirg;gb tptupf;fg;gLk;

epfo;Tfspd; Mtzj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;L> fle;j fhyj;ij

ifahs;fpwJ.

2. tuyhw;whrpupau;fs; vOjg;gl;l Mtzq;fs; kw;Wk; tha;top

fzf;Ffspd; Ma;T %yk; tuyhw;W Nfs;tpfSf;F gjpyspf;f

Kad;wdu;. epidTr;rpd;dq;fs;> fy;ntl;Lfs;> ehzaq;fs; kw;Wk;

glq;fs; Nghd;w Mjhuq;fisAk; xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpw;F

epfo;Tfspd; fhytupir tupiria cUthf;f mtu;fs;

gad;gLj;jpAs;sdu;.

3. tuyhw;W Mjhuk; cUthFk; gy;NtW topKiwfs;> Fwpg;ghf

gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Mjhuq;fspd; ek;gfj;jd;ik> tuyhw;iw >aw;Wk;

tuyhw;whrpupaupd; Nehf;fk; kw;Wk; Mjhuq;fspd; ek;gfj;jd;ik

Mfpatw;iw tuyhw;W Ma;T Muha;fpwJ.


� mup];lhl;bypd; $w;Wg;gb> tuyhW vd;gJ ‘,aw;ifahd epfo;Tfspd; njhFg;gpd; Kiwahd fzf;F.’

� rpy tuyhw;whrpupau;fspd; $w;Wg;gb> 'tuyhW' vd;w

thu;j;ij fpNuf;f thu;j;ijahd '`p];lhupah' vd;gjpy;

Ntu;fs; nfhz;lJ> mjhtJ tprhuiz %yk; ngwg;gl;l

'tprhuiz' my;yJ 'mwpT'.

� ghuk;gupakhf> tuyhW vOj;jpy; gjpT nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ

my;yJ tha;top ghuk;gupaj;jhy; mDg;gg;gl;lJ.

tuyhw;whrpupau;fs; vOjg;gl;l Mtzq;fs; kw;Wk; tha;top

fzf;Ffspd; Ma;T %yk; tuyhw;W Nfs;tpfSf;F

gjpyspf;f Kad;wdu;.

� fhytupir> fyhr;rhu tuyhW> etPd tuyhW Nghd;wit

cl;gl tuyhW gw;wpa gy;NtW nrhw;fs; kw;Wk; fUj;Jfs;

cs;sd.

10

� ml;yhz;bf; ngUq;flYf;F mUfpy; thOk; kf;fspd;

rk;gtq;fisAk; fijfisAk; ml;yhz;bf; tuyhW

ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ.

� b[pl;ly; tuyhW vd;gJ tuyhw;wpd; rkPgj;jpa fpis MFk;>

,jd; fPo; fzpdpfs; kw;Wk; Nkk;gl;l njhopy;El;gq;fspd;

tuyhW gbf;fg;gLfpwJ.

� murpay; tuyhW vd;gJ murpay; epfo;Tfs; kw;Wk;

khw;wq;fs; cs;spl;l epfo;fhy kw;Wk; fle;jfhy murpay;

mk;rq;fisg; gw;wpa Ma;T MFk;.

� tuyhW vt;thW Mtzg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ my;yJ

fhyq;fhykhf fle;J nry;fpwJ vd;gij tuyhw;W tuyhW

ifahs;fpwJ.

� tuyhw;W Mjhuq;fspd; ,Ug;G fle;j fhyj;ijg; gw;wpa

kjpg;Gkpf;f cs;sPLfis toq;FfpwJ. tuyhw;whrpupau;fs;

,e;j Mjhuq;fis vOjg;gl;l kw;Wk; tha;top tuyhw;wpd;

gpd;dzpapy; NtWgLj;Jfpwhu;fs;.


� tuyhW: ,J epfo;Tfspd; fhytupirg; gjpT> my;yJ xU

Fwpg;gpl;l Nghf;F my;yJ epWtdk;.

� tuyhw;W tiutpay;: ,J tuyhw;iw xU fy;tpj; Jiwahf tsu;g;gjpy; tuyhw;whrpupau;fspd; Kiwfs; gw;wpa Ma;T

MFk;> NkYk; tpupthf;fj;jpd; %yk; xU Fwpg;gpl;l jiyg;gpy;

ve;jnthU tuyhw;Wg; gzpAk; MFk;.


FWfpa tpdhf;fs;;

1. tuyhw;whrpupau;fs; ahu;?

2. mwptpd; %d;W tiffis Fwpg;gplTk;.

tphpthd tpdhf;fs;

1. tuyhW gbg;gJ njhlu;ghd rpy nrhw;fs; kw;Wk; fUj;Jfis

tpthjpf;fTk;.

2. tuyhw;W tiutpay;: gw;wpa fUj;ij tpupthf tptupf;fTk;.

11


� thud;> [hd;. 1998. fle;j fhyk; kw;Wk; mjd; toq;Feu;fs;:

tuyhw;wpy; rpf;fy;fSf;fhd mwpKfk;. yz;ld;: Hodder &

Stoughton Educational.

� /ngNuh> khu;f;. 2003. tuyhw;wpd; gad;ghL kw;Wk;

J\;gpuNahfk;: my;yJ Foe;ijfSf;F fle;j fhyk;

vt;thW fw;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ mgpq;ld;: &l;nyl;[;.

� <.];uPjud;. 2004. tuyhw;Wg; ghlE}y;: fpK 500 Kjy; fpgp

2000. GJ nly;yp: Xupaz;l; gpshf;];thd;.

� ru;kh> mutpe;j;. 2003. ,e;J kjk; kw;Wk; mjd; tuyhw;W

czu;T. GJ nly;yp: OUP ,e;jpah.

� ,f;fu;];> [hu;[; [p. 2005. 20 Mk; E}w;whz;by; tuyhw;W

tuyhW: mwptpay; Fwpf;Nfhs; Kjy; gpd; etPdj;Jt rthy;

tiu. fndf;bfl;: nt];ypad; Adptu;rpl;b gpu];.

� ];̂ tu;l;> `pA+]; vr;. 1964. tuyhW fiy kw;Wk; mwptpay;.

epA+ahu;f;: N[hdh Nfhl;yu; Gf;];.

� /gpah> [hd;. 2013. Vd; tuyhw;iwg; gbf;f Ntz;Lk;? fle;j

fhyj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij gpujpgypf;fpwJ. th\pq;ld;:

Ngf;fu; gjpg;gfk;.

myF-2

tuyhw;wpd; Nehf;fk; kw;Wk; Fwpf;Nfhs;> mjDld;

njhlHGila ghlq;fs kw;Wk; tuyhw;wpd; tiffs;

cs;slf;fk;

2.1. Kd;Diu

2.2. Nehf;fq;fs;

2.3. tuyhw;wpd; vy;iyAk; ,yf;Fk; (Scope and Purpose of History)


2.3.2. Guhz tuyhW




2.3.6. rkar; rhu;gw;w tuyhW



12

2.3.9. fw;gidf; fhtpa tuyhW



2.5. tuyhWk; kw;w r%f mwptpay;fSk;

(History and other Social Sciences)





2.10. tuyhWk; Jizj; JiwfSk; (History and Ancillary

Disciplines)
























2.1. KKd;Diu

tuyhW vd;gJ mwpit toq;Fk; fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy; gy

Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf Nrit nra;Ak; xU JiwahFk;. ,J ekJ

tuyhW> Kd;Ndhu;fs; kw;Wk; kuGfs; gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;it

13

Vw;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; ekf;F milahs czu;it toq;FfpwJ>

,J vt;thW Njrq;fSk; ehfupfq;fSk; Njhd;wp fhyg;Nghf;fpy;

khw;wj;jpd; %yk; tsu;e;jd vd;gij tpsf;FfpwJ> ,J cyfpd;

gy;NtW r%fq;fs; kw;Wk; kf;fisg; gw;wpa mwpit toq;FfpwJ.

. murpay; tuyhW> ,uh[je;jpu tuyhW> r%f tuyhW>

nghUshjhu tuyhW> fyhr;rhu tuyhW> mwpTrhu; tuyhW kw;Wk;

gy: rpwg;G Ma;Tg; gFjpapd; mbg;gilapy; gy tifahd

tuyhWfs; cs;sd. tuyhw;wpd; Nehf;fk;> Nehf;fk; kw;Wk;

tiffs; Mfpait ,e;j myfpy; tpthjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

2.2. Nehf;fq;fs;


nfhs;s ,aYk;

� tuyhw;wpd; Nehf;fj;ijAk; ellaiyaiyum purinthu kolla iyalum

� tuyhW kw;Wk; mjDld; njhlu;Gila ghlq;fis mwpe;J

nfhs;s ,aYk;

� tuyhw;wpd; tiffisg; gw;wp tpthjpf;fT; ,aYk;

2.3. tuyhw;wpd; vy;iyAk; ,yf;Fk;


tuyhw;Wf;F tuk;Gz;lh? mjd; vy;iy vd;d? tuyhW

capNuhl;lKilaJ. tsUk; jd;ikaJ. njhlu;r;rpahdJ. murd;

,we;jhd;; murd; eP̂ op tho;f vd;W $Wtijg; Nghd;W jdp

kdpjd; rhfyhk;> Mdhy; kdpj ,dk; ,wg;gjpy;iy. mNjNghd;W

muRfSk;> r%fq;fSk;> ehfupfq;fSk; Njhd;wp kiwe;jhYk;

tuyhw;W MW ,lk; fhyk; Mfpa ,U fiufSf;fpilNa Xahky;

Xbf;nfhz;bUf;fpwJ! mjw;Nfw;g mjd; vy;iyAk; ,yf;Fk;

tpuptile;j tz;zk; cs;sd.

2.3.2. Guhz tuyhW

Mjpfhyj;jpy; tuyhw;wpd; vy;iy kpfTk; FWfpajhf ,Ue;jJ.

kuG topf; fijfSk;> ehl;Lg; ghly;fSk;> tha;topr; nra;jpfSk;

tuyhwhff; fUjg;gl;lJ. Guhz> ,jpfhr> fhg;gpaf; fijfs;

tuyhw;W epfo;r;rpfshf Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;ld. ,it KOj;

jiytu;fs;> FWepy kd;du;fs;> muru;fs;> mtjhuq;fs; gw;wp

14

kpifg;gLj;jpf; $wpd. mitahTk; epidthw;wy;> fw;gid> kuG

top te;jit. ,tw;Ws; ve;j msTf;Ff; fw;gidAk; tuyhWk;

fye;Js;sd vd;gijg; gw;wp vtUk; ftiyg;gltpy;iy. mit

midj;Jk; tuyhwhfNt Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;ld. ,g;Guhz

tuyhw;iw kf;fs; tuyhW (Folk History) vd;W $wyhk;.


gz;ila fpNuf;f tuyhw;whsu;fs; Kjd; Kjyhf tuyhw;Wf;F

vy;iy tFj;jdu;. tuyhW Nghu;fisg; gw;wpaJ vd;w vy;iyia

Vw;gLj;jpdu;. n`Nuhnlhl;l]; fpNuf;fg; - gu;rpag; Nghu;fisg; gw;wp

vOjp ,U ehLfSf;fpilNaahd Nkhjiy tuyhw;W vy;iyf;Fs;

nfhz;L te;jhu;. mNjNghd;W J}rpilb]; fpNuf;f efu; -

ehLfSf;fpilNaahd Nghuhl;lj;ij ikakhf itj;J

ngnyhg;gdPrag; Nghiug; gw;wp vOjpdhu;. ,t;tpU tuyhw;whsu;fSk;

rkfhyr; rk;gtq;fisg; gw;wpAk; kdpj epfo;r;rpfisg; gw;wpAk;

tptupj;jdu;. ,tu;fspd; gq;fspg;gpd; tpisthf tuyhW Guhzg;

gpbapypUe;J tpLgl;L ehLfSf;fpilNaahd njhlu;Gfisg; gw;wpa

vy;iyf;Fs; nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ.


fpNuf;fu;fisg; gpd;gw;wpa Nuhkhdpa tuyhw;whsu;fs; NkYk; xU

gb NkNy nrd;W Nuhk; efuk; Nguurhf tpuptile;j tuyhw;iw

vOjpdu;. tuyhw;wpd; vy;iy cyf ehLfis cs;slf;fpajhapw;W.

tuyhw;Wf; fUj;jpay; tpuptile;jJ. Nuhkpd; Njrpa vOj;jhsuhd

ill;l]; yptp Nuhkpd; <Lapizaw;w vOr;rp gw;wp me;efuk;

Jtq;fg;gl;ljpypUe;J mtuJ fhyk; tiu vOjpdhu;. nfhu;dPypa];

lhrpl]; murpay; tuyhW> gpupl;ldpy; Nuhkhdpag; Nghu;fs;>

n[u;khdpau; gz;ghL> mur guk;giu gw;wp tptupj;jhu;. [_ypa]; rPru;

Nghu;> mikjp> gof;f tof;fq;fs; gw;wpf; $wpdhu;. Nuhkhdpau;fspd;

tpupe;j fz;Nzhl;lj;jpd; fhuzkhf tuyhw;Wf; fUj;jpay; njspe;j

Jy;ypakhd epiyia mile;jjhff; $Wfpwhu; Mu;.[p.fhypq;Tl;.


,ilf;fhy INuhg;gpaf; fpwpj;Jt tuyhw;whsu;fs; tuyhw;wpd;

gug;ngy;iyf;Fg; Gjpa gupkhzj;ijf; nfhLj;jdu;. mtu;fs;

tuyhw;Wf;F flTs; nfhs;if tpsf;fkspj;jdu;. nja;tj; jPu;g;G

(Divine Will) jhd; kdpj eltbf;iffis newpg;gLj;Jtjhf

ek;gpdu;. kdpjid ikakhff; nfhz;l (Ethnocentric) tuyhW

vOJtjw;F gjpyhff; flTis ikakhff; nfhz;L (Theocentric)

nfhz;l tuyhw;iw tiue;jdu;. ,iwtd; cyf kf;fs;

15

midtUf;Fk; nghJthifahy; tuyhWk; kdpj ,d tho;itg;

gw;wpajhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;nwz;zpg; gpugQ;r tuyhw;iw

(Universal History) vOjpdu;. epy cyFk; NkYyFk; tuyhw;W

vy;iyf;Fs; nfhz;L tug;gl;ld. ,e;j Nehf;Fld; Gdpj mf];bd;

flTs; efuk; (The City of God) vd;w E}iy vOjpdhu;. fpwpj;Jt

tuyhw;W tiutpay; ,d> nkhop> kj> ehl;L NtWghbd;wp

mfpYyfg; nghJik Mapw;W.

2.3.6. rkar; rhu;gw;w tuyhW

kWkyu;r;rpf;fhy tuyhw;whsu;fs; fpNuf;f - Nuhkhdpa tuyhw;W

tiutpay; Kiwia kPz;Lk; GJg;gpj;jdu;. kdpj epfo;r;rpfis

kl;LNk ikakhf itj;J tuyhW vOjpdu;. ,ilf;fhy ,iwapay;

mZFKiwia epuhfupj;J rkar; rhu;gw;w tuyhw;iw tiue;jdu;.

epf;NfhNyh khf;fpanty;yp jdJ ,sturd; (The Prince) vd;w

E}ypy; ,j;jhypa efu; ehLfspd; murpay; mikg;G kw;Wk;

nray;ghLfisg; gw;wp tptupj;jhu;. tuyhw;W mwpit NkYk;

tpupTgLj;jpdhu;. epfo;r;rpfSf;Ff; fhuz - fhupa tpsf;fkspj;jhu;.

kWkyu;r;rpf; fhyj;jpy; tuyhw;W vy;iyapd; rkar; rhu;gw;w gf;fk;

NkYk; tpuptile;jJ.


17-k; E}w;whz;L mwptpay; E}w;whz;L. mwpTf; fhyj;jpy; ,aw;if

tpQ;Qhdk; (Natural Science) Vw;wk; ngw;wJ. mwpthw;wy; Gul;rp

Vw;gl;lJ. gupNrhjid Kiw gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ. gupNrhjidf;F

cl;glhj Mjhuq;fs; epuhfupf;fg;gl;ld. ru; gpuhd;rp]; Ngf;fd;>

nudp nlf;fhu;l]; Nghd;Nwhu; Gjpa mwptpay; mZFKiwiaf;

ifahz;ldu;. [hd; yhf;> Nltpl; `pA+k;> gp\g; ngu;f;Ny> fpahk;

gb];Nlh tpf;Nfh Nghd;Nwhu; tuyhw;Wf;F tpQ;Qhd tpsf;fk;

nfhLj;jdu;. fle;j fhyk; ek;gfkhd cWjp nra;ag;gl;l

Mjhuq;fisf; nfhz;L mwptpay; fz;Nzhl;lj;NjhL

Muhag;gl;lJ. tuyhw;W tiutpaypy; Gjpa jpUg;G Kid

Vw;gl;lJ. tuyhw;wpd; mwptpay; vy;iy tpuptile;jJ.


18-k; E}w;whz;L mwpnthspf; fhyk; (Age of Enlightenment) vd;W

miof;fg;gLfpwJ. mwpthw;wy; Gul;rpapd; tpisNt mwpnthspf;

fhyk;. ,f;fhyj;jpy; mwpNt r%fg; gpur;ridfisj; jPu;g;gjw;fhd

jpwTNfhy; vd;W fUjg;gl;lJ. mwpnthspf;fhy tuyhw;whsu;fs;

16

tuyhw;Wf;Fg; gFj;jwpT kw;Wk; gad;ghl;L tpsf;fk; nfhLj;jdu;.

khz;nl];f;A tuyhw;wpy; murpay; mikg;GfSf;Fk;> gz;ghl;Lf;Fk;

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspj;jhu;. thy;l;Nlu; tuyhw;iw rkar; rhu;gw;w

fz;Nzhl;lj;Jld; vOjpdhu;. &Nrh kdpj cupikf;F Kd;Dupik

nfhLj;jhu;. Nltpl; `pA+k; rKf cwTfs;> fiy> ,yf;fpak;>

xOf;fk; Mfpatw;Wf;F rpwg;gplk; mspj;jhu;. Mlk; ];kpj;

nghUshjhu tpsf;fj;Jf;F tuyhw;iwg; gad;gLj;jpdhu;. vl;tu;L

fpg;gd; Nuhkpd; mopitAk; tPo;r;rpiag; gw;wp vOjp mwpnthspf;fhy

Gjpa tuyhw;wpd; cr;r fl;lj;ij vl;bdhu;. n[upkp nge;jk;> N[k;];

kpy;> [hd; ];̂ tu;l; kpy; gad;ghl;Lf; fz;Nzhl;lj;NjhL tuyhw;iw

mZfpdu;. ,tw;wpd; tpisthf tuyhw;wpd; vy;iy gy

KidfspYk; tpupthf;fk; ngw;wJ.

2.3.9.fw;gidf; fhtpa tuyhW

19-k; E}w;whz;ilg; nghJthff; fw;gidf; fhtpaf; fhyk; (Age of

Romanticism) vdf; $wyhk;. ,f;fhyj;jpy; kdpj czu;TfSf;F

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. fw;gidf; fhtpak;> Njrpak;>

jhuhsf; nfhs;if> ajhu;j;jthjk;> nghUz;ik thjk;> Neu;f;fhl;rp

thjk; Nghd;w fUj;J tpsf;fq;fs; nfhLf;fg;gl;ld. jdpj;Jtk;>

kdpj cupikfs;> czu;r;rpfs;> fw;gid> ,aw;if epajp>

,ay;ghd kdpj elj;ij Kd;Dupik ngw;wd. fle;j fhyk;

fw;gidf; fhtpag; gpd;dzpapy; tpsf;fg;gl;lJ. n`fy;> fhz;l;>

\py;yu;> gpf;Nl> n\y;ypq;> fhk;Nl> fhuy; khu;f;]; Nghd;Nwhu;

fw;gidf; fhtpaf;fhy tuyhw;Wj; jj;JtQhdpfs; Mtu;. jw;fhy

tuyhw;wpd; je;ij vd;W Nghw;wg;gLk; uhq;Nf rhu;gw;w tuyhw;W

Muha;r;rpf;fhd mbj;jsj;ij mikj;jhu;. Fwpg;ghf fw;gidf;

fhtpaf; fhyj;jpy; tuyhw;Wj; jj;Jtj;jpd; vy;iy tpuptile;jJ.


20-k; E}w;whz;ilf; $l;bizg;Gf; fhykhff; (Age of Synthesis)

fUjyhk;. ,f;fhyj;jpy; mwpthw;wy;> mwpnthsp> rkar; rhu;gpd;ik>

fw;gidf; fhtpak;> cld;ghl;Lr; rpe;jid> nghUz;ikthj ejpfs;

,yl;rpaf; flypy; fyf;fpd;wd. ,tw;wpd; ew;gz;Gfspd; jpul;rp

my;yJ njhFg;Ng (Eclectic) ,e;E}w;whz;L tuyhw;W tiutpaypd;

rpwg;ghFk;. ,UngUk; cyfg; Nghu;fSf;fpilNaAk;> mjw;Fg;

gpd;dUk;> cyf xw;Wik> gd;dhl;Lr; rhu;Gilik> ru;tNjrg;

gz;ghL gw;wpa czu;Tfs; jiy J}f;fpd. tuyhw;whsu;fs; cyf

ehfupfq;fspd; vOr;rp tPo;r;rp gw;wp Muhaj; njhlq;fpdu;. tuyhw;W

epfo;r;rpfspilNa xw;WikiaAk;> xOq;ifAk;> tbtj;ijAk;

fz;ldu;. ];ngq;yu;> FNuhNr> nrhNuhf;fpd;> lhapd; Nghd;Nwhu;

17

,yl;rpa ,izg;G tuyhw;W tiutpay; fiyia tsg;gLj;jpdu;.

tuyhw;wpd; cyfshtpa vy;iy cWjp nra;ag;gl;lJ.

kjpg;gPL

tuyhW nefpOk; jd;ikAilaJ. fhy khw;wq;fSf;Nfw;g

khwty;yJ. tuyhW xU fhyf; fz;zhb. vdNt fhyj;jpd;

jd;ik> rpe;jid> nray;ghL Mfpatw;Wf;Nfw;g tuyhw;wpd; vy;iy

tpupe;Jk; RUq;fpAk; te;Js;sJ. mwpT> ek;gpf;if> czu;r;rp Mfpa

%d;Wk; gy;NtW fhy fl;lq;fspy; jdpj;Jk;> Nru;e;Jk; tuyhw;wpd;

vy;iyiaj; jPu;khdpj;Js;sd. gz;ila fpNuf;f - Nuhkhdpa

tuyhw;whsu;fs; mwpT G+u;tkhf tuyhw;iw vOjpdu;. ,ilf;fhy

tuyhw;whsu;fs; ek;gpf;ifapd; mbg;gilapy; tuyhw;W

tpsf;fkspj;jdu;. kWkyu;r;rp - mwpnthspf; fhyj;jpy; kPz;Lk;

mwpthw;wYf;F rpwg;gplk; mspf;fg;gl;lJ. fw;gidf; fhtpaf;

fhyj;jpy; kdpj czu;Tfs; rpwg;Gw;wd. ,e;j E}w;whz;by; mwpT>

ek;gpf;if> czu;r;rp Mfpait xUq;fpize;Js;sd. ,ij

tuyhw;Wr; rq;fkk; vd;wiof;fyhk;. RUq;ff; $wpd; tuyhw;wpd;

vy;iyf;F vy;iyapy;iy!


tuyhw;wpd; ,yf;F vd;d ? tuyhw;Wf;F Nehf;fk; cz;lh?

mjhtJ tuyhw;W epfo;Tfs; Fwpg;gpl;l ,yf;if vl;Ltjw;fhf

epfo;fpd;wdth? tuyhw;wpd; vy;iyiag; Nghd;Nw mjd; ,yf;F

gw;wpa tpsf;fKk; fhyj;Jf;Ff; fhyk; khWgLfpd;wJ. nghJthf

tuyhw;W epfo;r;rpfis ,U tifahfg; gpupf;fyhk;. 1)

jpl;lkplg;glhky; epfo;git. ,it jpBu;r; nray;fs;.

czu;r;rptag;gl;L cldbahf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLgit. ,yf;Fj;

njsptpd;wp epfo;git. 2) jpl;l kpl;L epfo;git. ,it Mo;e;J

muha;e;jgpd; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; eltbf;iffs;. kdjstpy; vz;zpg;

ghu;j;J> fhuz - fhupa njhlu;Gfis Muha;e;J> Jzpe;J

nra;ag;gLgit. ,j;jifa nray;fNs tuyhw;wpd; nghUslf;fk;

(Subject Matter of History) vd;W $Wfpwhu; fhypq;Tl;.

fw;Fk; Nehf;fk; jpl;lkpl;l tuyhw;W epfo;r;rpfspypUe;J mtw;wpd;

Nehf;fq;fisj; njupe;J nfhs;syhk;. cjhuzkhf murpay;

epfo;Tfis tuyhw;W uPjpahf Muhayhk;. Vnddpy; ,it

Nehf;fj;NjhL Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLgit. ,it ,yf;F Nehf;fpait.

,tw;wpd; ntw;wp Njhy;tpfs; nfhs;if epiwNtw;wj;ijg; nghWj;Nj

,Uf;Fk;. mNj Nghd;W ,uhZt eltbf;iffSk; nray;Nehf;Fld;

epiwNtw;wg;gLfpd;wd. ,uhZt Mtzq;fisf; nfhz;L ,tw;iw

kPz;Lk; GJg;gpf;f KbAk;. nghUshjhu kw;Wk; r%f

18

eltbf;iffSk; ,yf;F Nehf;fpaitNaahFk;. ,it ahTk;

mwpTf;Fg; Gyg;glf;$ba tuyhW MFk;.

fw;gpf;fg;gLk; Nehf;fk; jpl;lkplg;glhj tuyhw;W epfo;r;rpfspd;

Nehf;fj;ij mwptJ fbdk;. ,it jw;nray; epfo;Tfshifahy;

,tw;wpd; ,yf;F fw;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ. tuyhw;whsu;fs; cUthf;Fk;

fUj;jpay;fSf;F Vw;g tuyhw;W Nehf;fq;fis Cfq;fshff;

fw;gpj;Jf; $Wfpd;wdu;. mjdhy; jhd; tuyhw;wpd; ,yf;F gw;wp

xUkpj;j fUj;J cUthftpy;iy. cjhuzkhf ,iw epfo;r;rpfs;

my;yJ ,iwtd; ngauhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; epfo;r;rpfspd;

Nehf;fq;fis tiuaWg;gJ ,ayhj fhupak;. ,it tuyhw;W

tuk;Gf;Fs; tuhJ. ,iwikf; Nfhl;ghL> njhlu; epfo;r;rpfs;

Nfhl;ghL> Neu;f;Nfhl;Lf; Nfhl;ghL> Row;rp Nfhl;ghL> Gtpapay;

Nfhl;ghL> kdpj ,dj; Njhw;wf; Nfhl;ghL> khkdpju;fs; Nfhl;ghL>

tbtpay; Nfhl;ghL Nghd;wit fw;gpf;fg;gl;l Nehf;fq;fNshL

tuyhw;Wf;Ff; nfhLf;fg;gLk; jj;Jt tpsf;fq;fshFk;.

2.5. tuyhWk; kw;w r%f mwptpay;fSk; (History and other Social Sciences)

tuyhw;wpy; khDlj;jpd; xl;L nkhj;j $l;lwpT mlq;Fk;. tuyhW

kdpj tpQ;Qhdj;jpd; mr;rhzp MFk;. vy;yh r%f

tpQ;Qhdq;fSf;Fk;> fiyj;Jiwg; ghlq;fSf;Fk; tuyhW jhd;

mbg;gilahf mikfpwJ. Mjypd; mtw;wpw;fpilNaahd cwT

neUf;fkhditahk;. kdpj tho;f;ifapd; ntt;NtW mk;rq;fSk;

mDgtq;fSk; tuyhw;Wg; ghlq;fspy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLtjhy;>

vy;yh r%f tpQ;Qhdq;fSk; jq;fspd; mbg;gilfis

tuyhw;wpypUe;J ngWtJld;> mit tuyhw;iwr; rhu;e;jpUf;fpd;wd.

“tuyhW vd;Dk; khspifapy; vy;yh ghlq;fSk; tfpf;fpd;wd"

vd;w l;nuty;adpd; $w;W tuyhWk; kw;w ghlq;fSk;

nfhz;bUf;Fk; njhlu;gpid tpsf;Fk;. tuyhw;Wld; njhlu;Gila

r%f tpQ;Qhd ghlq;fshd murpay; tpQ;Qhdk;> nghUshjhuk;>

r%ftpay;> khdpltpay; Mfpatw;Wld; mJ nfhz;bUf;Fk;

njhlu;Gfis RUq;f fhzyhk;.


murpay; tpQ;Qhdk; vd;gJ murpay; Nfhl;ghLfs;> epWtdq;fs;

Mfpatw;iwg; gw;wpajhk;. mJ murpay; tuyhw;wpd; xU mk;rkhfpa

Kiwahd muR kw;Wk; mjd; Ml;rpKiw Mfpatw;iwg; gw;wpa

Ma;Nt murpay; tpQ;Qhdk; MFk;. murpay; tpQ;Qhdj;jpw;Fj;

19

Njitahd mbg;gilf; fUj;jpid mspg;gJ tuyhNw MFk;. mNj

Nghd;W murpay; epWtdq;fspd; gupzhk tsu;r;rpiaAk; murpay;

mjpfhuj;jpidr; nrYj;JjiyAk; rPuhf Gupe;J nfhs;s

tuyhw;wwpT mj;jpahtrpakhfpwJ. muRfspd; Njhw;wk; kw;Wk;

tsu;r;rpapidg; gw;wpa cjhuzq;fs; tuyhw;wpy; gyg;gy cz;L.

gz;ilf;fhy fpNuf;f> Nuhkhdpa ,e;jpa muRfs; kw;Wk;

kWkyu;r;rpf;fhd Njrpa muRfspd; Njhw;wj;jpidAk;>

tsu;r;rpapidAk; cyf tuyhW vLj;jpak;GfpwJ. ,e;j tuyhw;W

mDgt mbg;gilapy; jhd; murpay; mwpQu;fs; Nfhl;ghLfis

cUthf;fpdu;. fpNuf;f murpay; epWtdq;fspd; tuyhW jhd;

gpshl;Nlh> mup];lhl;by; Nghd;w mwpQu;fis rpwe;j

Nfhl;ghLfisAk;> cz;ikfisAk; ,aw;w toptFj;jJ. jd;

fhyj;J ntt;Ntwhd ,j;jhypa muRfspd; murpay; Kiwfisg;

gw;wpa Ma;T jhd; khf;fpaty;yp vd;w mwpQUf;F ,sturd; (The

Prince) vd;w E}iy vOj top tFj;jJ. Nkiy kw;Wk; fPio

ehLfspd; murpay; Kiwfisg; gw;wpa tuyhw;wwpT

khd;nl];f;A+it rl;lq;fspd; cs;Szu;T vd;w rpwe;j E}iyg;

gilf;f itj;jJ. murpay; Nfhl;ghLfis tpsf;ff; $ba

&Nrhtpd; rKjha xg;ge;jk;> yhf;fpd; rptpy; murhq;fk; (Civil

Government) M];bdpd; ,iwik vd;w E}y;fnsy;yhk;

tuyhw;wwptpd; mbg;gilapNyNa Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;litahk;. NkYk;

,e;E}y;fs; tuyhw;wpd; Nghf;fpy; Vw;gLj;jpa jhf;fq;fs;

kfj;jhdit. &Nrhtpd; rKjha xg;ge;jk; 18k; E}w;whz;L gpnuQ;R

rKjhaj;jpy; Vw;gLj;jpa tpopg;Gzu;T Nehf;fj;jf;fJ.

khngUk; tuyhw;whrpupau;fs; kw;Wk; mwpQu;fspd; rpy $w;Wf;fs;

tuyhw;Wf;Fk; murpay; tpQ;Qhdj;jpw;Fk; cs;s njhlu;gpid ed;F

Gyg;gLj;Jk;. tuyhW vd;gJ eilngw;w murpaNy. NkYk; murpay;

vd;gJ epfo;fhy tuyhNw vd;Dk; $w;Wfs; ,uz;bw;Fk; cs;s

njhlu;gpid tpsf;Fk;. rPypapd; (Seely) $w;whd 'murpay;

tpQ;Qhdk; ,y;yhj tuyhW gadw;wjhFk;> tuyhW ,y;yhj

murpay; tpQ;Qhdk; Mjhukw;wjhFk;" vd;gJ ,U

ghlq;fSf;fpilapyhd neUq;fpa kwtpid ed;Fzu;j;Jk;. murpay;

fiyia mwptjpy; jhd; tuyhw;wpd; gadikfpwJ vd;W

nghypgpa]; (Polybis) mDgtg; G+u;tkhff; fUj;jspf;fpwhu;.

''tuyhW vd;Dk; Mw;wpd; fPo; kzw;gFjpapy; nghd;jhJf;fis

tbj;J epw;gJ murpay; vd;Dk; fiynahd;W jhd;" vd;W Mf;ld;

vOJfpwhu;. Nkw;$wpa fUj;Jf;fs; tuyhw;Wf;Fk; murpay;

tpQ;Qhdj;jpw;FkpilNa cs;s njhlu;gpid tpsf;FtJld; mit

vt;thW xd;Nwhnlhd;W tsu;e;Jk;> gpize;J Ks;sd vd;gjidj;

njs;sj; njspthf vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wd.

20


kdpjdpd; nghUshjhu eltbf;iffs; tuyhw;W tsu;r;rp fSld;

Neub njhlu;G nfhz;litahk;. ntt;NtW fhyj;jpy; kdpjdpd;

nghUshjhu eltbf;iffs;> nray;fs;> nghUshjhu epWtdq;fspd;

tsu;r;rp> nghUshjhu Nfhl;ghLfspd; cUthf;fk; Mfpatw;iwg;

gw;wpAk; Gupe;J nfhs;s tuyhw;wwpT mtrpakhfpwJ. Mjypd;

gz;ilf;fhy kw;Wk; ,ilf;fhy Mtzq;fs;> fy;ntl;Lf;fs;

Mfpatw;wpy; nghjpe;J fplf;Fk; nghUshjhuk; njhlu;ghd

tuyhw;Wr; rhd;Wfs; fle;j fhy nghUshjhuj;jpid Ma;T

nra;Ak; mwpQu;fSf;F kpfTk; gad;gLk;. mNj Nghd;W tuyhw;W

tiutpayhsu;fs; nghUshjhuf; Nfhl;ghLfis kdjpw; nfhs;s

Ntz;Lk;. cyfpd; ntt;NtW gFjpfspy; 1930 Mk; Mz;Lfspy;

Njhd;wpa nghUshjhu (Economic Depression)

ke;jj;ijAk; ,uz;lhk; cyfg;NghUf;Fg;gpwfhd nghUshjhu

tsu;r;rpfisAk; ,d;iwa tuyhw;whrpupau;fs; Gwf;fzpf;f KbahJ.

fhuy; khu;f;]; nghUs; Kjy; thjj;jpd; (Materialistic interpretation)

mbg;gilapy; tuyhw;Wf;Fk; tpsf;fk; nfhLf;f Kw;gl;ljpypUe;J

tuyhw;Wg; ghu;itapYk;> tiutpaypYk; xU Gjpa Nehf;F Vw;gl;lJ

vdyhk;. mjhtJ nghUshjhur; nra;iffs; kw;Wk; nghUshjhuf;

fhuzpfspy; tuyhw;wpd; xUq;fpizg;igf; fhzyhk; vd;gJ

khu;f;]pd; fUj;J. nghUshjhu nray;ghLfspd; tpisNt tuyhw;W

epfo;r;rpfs; vd;ghu; mtu;. rKjha khw;wj;jpid epu;zapg;gJ

nghUshjhuf; fhuzpfNs vd;ghu; rhypf;Nkd; (Saligman) vd;w

mwpQu;. mjhtJ tuyhw;W epfo;r;rpfSf;Fg; nghUshjhu

tpsf;fq;fs; nfhLg;gJ Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ. Mdhy;

nghUshjhuNk tuyhwhfptplhJ. nghUshjhu uPjpahf

tsu;r;rpAw;Ws;s rKjhaq;fs; vy;yhk; xNu khjpupahf

,Ug;gjpy;iy. vdNt tuyhw;whrpupad; nghUspay; mwpT

ngw;wpUj;jy; mtrpakhFk;.


r%f mwptpay;fspy; xd;whd r%ftpay; (Sociology) mwptpay;

G+u;tkhf rKjhaj;jpid Ma;T nra;fpwJ. tuyhNwh

rKjhaq;fspy; tho;e;J nfhz;bUf;Fk; kdpju;fisg; gw;wpa

Ma;thFk;. mf];l]; fhk;Nl r%ftpaiyj; jdpghlkhfg;

ghtpg;gjw;F Kd;ghf tuyhWk; r%ftpaYk; xd;Nwhnlhd;W

neUq;fpaj; njhlu;G nfhz;bUe;jJ. r%ftpaypd; fUj;Jg;

gupkhw;wq;fs; mjpfupj;Js;sd. tuyhw;W tiutpayhu;fs;

r%ftpay; Nfhl;ghLfis kdjpw; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. rKjha

21

epWtdq;fisj; jq;fsJ Ma;Tf;Fl;gLj;jpa r%ftpay;

ty;Yeu;fshd vkpyp Ju;fPk; (EmileDurkheim) kw;Wk; khf;];ntgu;

(Maxweber) MfpNahupd; nry;thf;fpid mDgtj;jpd; tuyhw;wpy;

fhzyhk;. tuyhw;Wr; nra;jpfis mDgtj;jpd; mbg;gilapy;

tuyhw;whrpupau;fs; mZFfpd;wdu;. Mdhy; r%ftpayhsu;fs; mNj

tuyhw;W cz;ikfisg; gw;wp mwptpaypd; mbg;gilapy; ju

Kw;gLfpd;wdu;. r%f tsu;r;rpf;fhd nghJthd tpjpfisf;fhz

tpUk;Gk; r%ftpayhsu;fs; tuyhw;iwr; r%fg; gupkhzj;

Njhw;wj;jpd; Kjd;ikahd gjpthf fUJfpd;wdu;. r%fg; gupkhz

tsu;r;rpf;F tpsf;fk; jUk; r%ftpaiy tuyhw;whrpupau;fs;

Mu;tj;Jld; tuNtw;fpd;wdu;. r%ftpay; tuyhw;W

epfo;r;rpfspilNa fhzg;gLk; nghJthd $Wfis Ma;T nra;a

Kw;gLfpwJ. Mdhy; tuyhW eilngw;w epfo;r;rpfspd;

jdpj;jd;ikfis tpsf;FfpwJ.r%ftpay; Nfhl;ghLfspd;

mbg;gilapy; ,e;jpa rKjha tuyhw;wpid MuhAk; nghOJ.

KOikahd kw;Wk; rPuhd tuyhw;iw tiua KbAk;. rKjha

epWtdq;fshd mbikKiw rhjpKiw kw;Wk; rKjha gof;f

tof;fq;fshd jpUkz Kiwfs; Mfpatw;wpidr; r%ftpaypd;

njhlu;Gld; MuhAk; NghJ gad; kpFk;. tuyhWk; r%ftpaYk;

rKjhaj;jpy; thOk; kdpjidg; gw;wpajhy; mit xd;Wld; xd;W

rhu;e;Jk; cgNahfKs;sjhfTk; cs;sJ. tuyhw;Wf;Fr;

r%ftpaypd; Njitiatpl r%ftpaYf;F tuyhw;wpd; Njit

mjpfNk vd;W fUj;jspf;fpwhu; nudpau; vd;w mwpQu;.


tuyhW> khdpltpay; Mfpa ,Ughlq;fSNk kdpju;fisg;

gw;wpajhk;. kdpjidg; gw;wpa tpQ;QhdNk khdpltpay;. mJ

tuyhw;Wld; Fwpg;ghf gz;ilf;fhy tuyhw;Wld; rpwg;ghd njhlu;G

nfhz;Ls;sJ. capupay; gpd;dzpAld; kdpj ,d tuyhw;iw

mwptjw;F khdpltpay; ngupJk; Jiz GupfpwJ. kdpj

,dq;fisg; gw;wpa NtWghLfs;> ntt;NtW $Wfs; mit

tuyhw;wpy; Vw;gLj;Jk; jhf;fq;fs; Mfpatw;iw Nehf;Fk; nghOJ

,Ughlq;fSf;F kpilapyhd njhlu;gpid mwpayhk;. gz;ila

tuyhw;W ikaq;fspy; fpilf;fg; ngw;w vYk;Gf;$Lfs;> kz;il

XLfs; Mfpatw;wpidg; gw;wp khdpltpayhupd; mwpf;iffs;

njhy;nghUs; Ma;thsUf;Fk;> tuyhw;whrpupau;fSf;Fk;

gz;ilf;fhy tuyhw;wpid khdpltpay; kw;Wk; kdpj ,d

gpd;dzpapy; Gupe;J nfhs;s toptFf;Fk;. ,J Nghd;w Ma;Tfs;

rpe;J ntsp ikaq;fshd ùg;gh> nkh`Q;rjhNuh> Nyhj;jy;

kw;Wk; fhspgq;fd; Mfpa ,lq;fspYk; fw;fhy ikaq;fshd

gu;N]hk;> nkfhypjpa ikaq;fshd rhJ}u;> mkpu;j kq;fyk; Nghd;w

22

,lq;fspYk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sd. ,t;tif Ma;Tfs; gz;ila

,dq;fSf;Fk; ,d;iwa kf;fl;njhiff;Fk; cs;s njhlu;G kw;Wk;

njhlu;Gtplg;gl;lepiy> Fbngau;g;G gw;wpa nra;jpfs; Mfpatw;iw

tuyhw;wha;thsUf;F mspf;fpd;wd. NkYk;> rKjha kw;Wk;

gz;ghl;L epWtdq;fs;> gof;f tof;fq;fs;> kuGfs; Mfpatw;iwg;

gw;wpa khdpltpay; ghu;it tuyhw;W tiutpaYf;Fg; ngupJk;

gad;gLk;.

2.10. tuyhWk; Jizj; JiwfSk; (History and Ancillary Disciplines)

cz;ikfisf; fz;lwpa KidAk; tuyhw;whrpupaupd; flik

jtiwj; jtpu;g;gjhFk;. mJ mtUila gzpapd; Kf;fpa

tpjpKiwahFk;. tuyhw;W cz;ikfisf; fz;lwpAk; gzpapy;

tuyhw;whrpupau;fs; jdf;F cjtp GupAk; tuyhw;wpd; Jiz

mwptpay;fisr; rhu;e;J ,Uf;f Ntz;bAs;sJ. mit cz;ikapy;

mwptpay;fisr; rhuhjpUg;gpDk; mit mwpthf;fj;jpd;

jdpj;JiwfshFk;. mtw;wpid KOikahfg; gad;gLj;jpf;

nfhs;tJ mtrpakhFk;. me;j Jiwfspy; tuyhw;whrpupaupd;

KOikahd mwpT ngwhtpbDk; mtw;wpd; fz;Lgpbg;Gfis

tuyhw;W tiutpaypy; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

tuyhw;whrpupadpd; njhopYf;F mit fUtpfshfg; gad;gLfpd;wd.

mj;Jiwfshtd njhy;ypay;> fy;ntl;bay;> fhrpay; kw;Wk;

Rtbapay; MFk;.


gz;ilf;fhy kf;fs; tpl;Lr; nrd;w rhd;Wfspd; (relics)

mbg;gilapy; mtu;fsJ tho;f;if Kiwfisg; gw;wpAk;

mk;kf;fsJ ehfupfj;ijg; gw;wpAk; vLj;jpak;GtJ njhy;ypayhFk;.

njhy;ypay; jd;dfj;Nj fy;ntl;bapay;> ehzatpay;> epidTr;

rpd;dq;fisg; gw;wpa ghlk; vd;W gyfpis ,ay;fisf;

nfhz;Ls;sJ. njhy;ypaypd; ,U Kf;fpaf; fs Kiwfs;

Nkw;gug;gsT Ma;Tk; (exploration) kw;Wk; mfoha;Tk; (excavation)

MFk;. ,e;j ,U fs Kiwfspd; (field methods)

mbg;gilapy; njhy;ypay; rhd;Wfs; ntspg;gLfpd;wd. mtw;iw

Kiwahfg; gad;gLj;j Ntz;baJ tuyhw;whrpupaupd; flikahFk;.

cz;ikapy; tuyhw;W khztu;fSk;> tuyhw;whrpupau;fSk;

njhy;ypaiy Efu;Nthu; Mtu;. kdpj tuyhw;wpy; kdpjd; vOj;jwpT

ngWtjw;F Kd;ghd fhyj;J tuyhw;wpid mwpa njhy;ypay;

KOikahfg; gad;gLfpwJ. fw;fhyj;jpypUe;J ,d;iwa tpQ;Qhd

23

fhyk; tiuapy; kdpju;fs; cgNahfpj;J tpl;Lr; nrd;w

nghUl;fspd; mbg;gilapy; tuyhw;wpid (Prehistory) mwpa

njhy;ypay; gadhfpwJ.

,e;jpahtpy; vOj;Jr; rhd;Wfspd; mbg;gilapy; mwpa tUk;

tuyhW E}wpy; xU gq;F vd;why; kpifahfhJ. ngUk;ghd;ikahd

tuyhW> Fwpg;ghf gz;ilf; fhy kw;Wk; ,ilf;fhy tuyhW>

njhy;ypay; rhd;Wfspd; mbg;gilapNyNa mikfpd;wd.

njhy;ypay; mfoha;T rhd;Wfspd; mbg;gilapy; jhd; ,e;jpa

tuyhw;wpd; Jtf;f ehfupfkhd rpe;Jntsp ehfupfj;jpid

mwpfpNwhk;. ,yf;fpaj;jpd; mbg;gilapyhd tuyhW xU Fwpg;gpl;l

ehfupfj;jpd; KOikahd epiyia vLj;jpak;gpaJ. xt;nthU

fhyfl;lj;jpYk; tho;e;j kf;fs; gad;gLj;jpa nghUs;fis>

ntspf;nfhzu;e;J> mtw;wpd; %yk; tuyhw;wpid mwpa

KbAnkd;why;> mJ njhy;ypay; mfoha;tpdhy; kl;LNk ,aYk;.

ehlhz;l kd;du;fsJ tuyhw;wpid mwpa njhy;ypay; Jiz

epw;fpwJ. tuyhw;W rhd;Wfspd; fUT+yq;fshfpa fy;ntl;LfSk;>

ehzaq;fSk;> kw;w epidTr;rpd;dq;fSk; mfoha;tpy;

fpilj;Js;sd. jkpofj;jpy; fq;if nfhz;l NrhoGuj;jpy;

Nrhou;fhy khspif ,Ue;jij mfoha;T thapyhf ntspf;

nfhzuKbe;jJ. nksupau; fhyj;J muz;kidiaAk; mt;thNw

mwpa Kbe;jJ. kdpj rKjhaj;jpd; gy;NtW gpuptpdu;

Nkw;nfhz;bUe;j njhopy;fisf; $l njhy;ypay; fs Kiwfshy;

mwpa Kbe;jJ. kf;fspd; fiy czu;T> czTKiw> thzpfk;>

,Wjpr; rlq;F> rka tsu;r;rp> nkhop vOj;Jf;fspd; tuptbtk;>

kdpjdJ ,dk;> may;ehl;Lj; njhlu;G Mfpatw;wpidj; njhy;ypay;

rhd;Wfs; %ykhf fz;lwpayhk;. tuyhw;whrpupau;fSk;> njhy;ypay;

epGzu;fSk; rhd;Wfis> fz;lwptJ kl;Lky;yhky; mtw;wpid

Muha;e;J rupahd tpsf;fj;Jld; fle;jfhy epfo;r;rpfis

tuyhwhf tiufpd;wdu;.


tuyhw;wpid tiua JizGupAk; %yr;rhd;Wfspy; Kf;fpakhd

fy;ntl;Lfs;> nrg;Gg;gl;laq;fs; Mfpatw;iwg; gw;wpa ghlNk

fy;ntl;bayhFk;. fy;ntl;Lfs; gz;ilf;fhy> ,ilf;fhy kw;Wk;

17k; 18k; E}w;whz;Lfspy; Ml;rp Gupe;j kd;du;fsJ tuyhw;wpidj;

njupe;J nfhs;tjw;Fj; JizGupfpd;wd. mt;turu;fsJ Ml;rpapd;

Njhw;wk;> tk;rtop> mJ vq;nfy;yhk; gutpapUe;jJ vd;gjidAk;

mwpayhk;. NkYk; xU guk;giuiar; rhu;e;j murd; Mz;l

gFjpapy; kl;Lkpd;wp kf;fspd; nghUshjhu> rKjha kw;Wk;

gz;ghl;L epiyfisAk; mwpa fy;ntl;Lfs; Jiz Gupfpd;wd.

fy;ntl;Lay; ,y;iynadpy; njd;dpe;jpa tuyhw;wpd; ngUk;gFjp

24

mwpag;glhkNy ,Ue;jpUf;Fk;. gy;ytu;> Nrhou; kw;Wk; tpraefu

kd;du;fspd; fy;ntl;Lfs; tuyhw;whrpupau;fSf;Fr; rhd;Wfis

ms;spj;jUk; %ykhf mikfpd;wd. ,ilf;fhy jkpof tuyhw;wpd;

ntt;NtW mk;rq;fSk; njs;sj;njspthf fy;ntl;Lr; rhd;Wfs;

%ykhf mwpag;gLfpd;wd. 17k; 18k; E}w;whz;L jQ;ir kuhj;jpau;>

,uhkehjGuk; NrJgjp kd;du;fs;> GJf;Nfhl;il njhz;ilkhd;

fy;ntl;Lf;fs; mf;fhyg;gFjpapd; rKjha> nghUshjhu> gz;ghl;L

tuyhw;wpid mwpa cjTk; %yr;rhd;WfshFk;. ngUk;ghd;ikahd

,f;fy;ntl;Lf;fis fz;Lgpbg;gjw;F Kd;ghf 17k;> 18k;

E}w;whz;by; jkpofj;jpd; epiy fpUj;Jt rhd;Wfspd; mbg;gilapy;

kl;Lk; jhd; tiuag;gl;lJ. fy;ntl;Lfisg; gad;gLj;Jk; tuyhw;W

khztu;fs; mtw;wpYs;s nrhw;fisAk; thrfq;fisAk; ed;fwpe;J

mit ,aw;wg;gl;l fhyj;jpd; nrhy; tof;fpd; mbg;gilapy;

MuhAk; nghOJ Kiwahd tuyhw;wpid ntspf;nfhzuyhk;.


ehzaq;fisg; gw;wpa ,ay; ehzatpay; MFk;. ehzaq;fspy;

fhzg;gLk; thrfq;fs; cUtq;fs; kw;Wk; FwpaPLfs; Mfpait

ekf;F tuyhw;W cz;ikfis tpsf;Ffpd;wd. %yr; rhd;Wfshd

ehzaq;fs; kd;du;fsJ Ml;rpf;Fl;gl;l vy;iyfis mwptjw;F

gad;gLfpd;wd. mtu;fsJ fhyj;J nghUshjhu> gz;ghl;L kw;Wk;

rka nra;jpfs; njhlu;ghd cz;ikfis tuyhw;W khztu;fSf;F

vLj;jpak;Gfpd;wd. rpy ,e;jpa tk;rq;fspd; tuyhw;wpid mwpa

ehzaq;fs; ngupJk; gad;gl;Ls;sd. ,e;jpa tuyhw;whrpupaDf;F

ehzatpay; xU jtpu;f;f Kbah Jiz mwptpayhFk;. ,e;jpa -

fpNuf;f ,e;jpa - ghu;j;jpad; Mfpa tk;rq;fspd; ,Unkhop

ehzaq;fs; ,e;jpa fy;ntl;Lfisg; gbj;jwpa ekf;F

cWJizahf mike;jd. rhfu;fs;> F\hzu;fs;> Fg;ju;fs;>

gy;ytu;fs;> Nrhou;fs;> tp[a efu kd;du;fs; kw;Wk;

Kfyhau; fhyj;jpa ehzaq;fs; ,e;jpa ehztpay; tuyhw;wpy;

rpwg;gplq;fisg; ngw;W tuyhw;W khztu;fSf;F ngupJk; cjTk;

%yr;rhd;Wfshf tpsq;Ffpd;wd. fpwp];Jt rfhg;jj;jpd; Jtf;f

E}w;whz;Lfspy; ,e;jpa Nuhkhdpa njhlu;gpid mwptjw;F

njd;dpae;jpahtpy; fpilf;fg;ngw;w Nuhkhdpa ehzaq;fspd; Jiz

rpwg;ghdjhFk;.


tuyhw;wpid tiutjw;Fr; Rtbfspd; gad; ,d;wpikahjjhFk;.

,e;jpa tuyhw;wpy; Fwpg;ghf jkpof tuyhw;wpy; Rtbfspd; Jizf;

25

nfhz;L gy tuyhw;W cz;ikfs; ntspf;nfhzug;gl;Ls;sd.

Xiyr;Rtbfs; kw;Wk; fhfpjr; Rtbfisg; gw;wpa gbg;Ng

Rtbapay; MFk;. gz;ilf;fhyj;jpypUe;J ,d;W tiuapy; gy

Rtbfs; ntt;NtW gFjpfspy; fpilj;Js;sd. Rtbapay;

epGzu;fs; ,tw;wpidg; gbj;J nra;jpfis Kiwahf ntspapLk;

NghJ mtw;wpid tuyhw;whrpupau; Mu;tj;Jld; ehLfpd;wdu;.

INuhg;gpa mwpQu;fspd; Rtbfs; njhFg;ghd nkf;fe;rp Rtbfs;>

Nlyu;Rtbfs; Mfpait ntt;NtW fhyj;J jkpofj;jpd; tuyhw;Wr;

nra;jpfis ms;spj; jUfpd;wd. gy;NtW rhjpfisg; gw;wpa

Rtbfs;> irt klq;fisg; gw;wpa Rtbfs; kw;Wk; gy jdpahu;

Rtbfs; jkpof tuyhw;wpd; rKjha> gz;ghl;L> rka epiyfis

tiua rpwg;ghf cjTfpd;wd. jQ;ir ru];tjp kfhy; E}yfj;jpy;

Nghw;wpf; fhf;fg;gLk; Rtbfs; jUk; tuyhw;W cz;ikfs; gyg;gy.

Rtbapay; epGzu;fSk; tuyhw;W khztu;fisg; Nghd;W tuyhw;Wr;

nra;jpfisj;jhd; Muha;fpd;wdu;. ,e;jpar; Rtbfs; gy;NtW

nkhopfspy; fpilf;fg; ngw;Ws;sd. Mq;fpNya Ml;rpf; fhyj;J

fhfpjr; Rtbfs; ,e;jpa Mtzf; fhg;gfq;fspy;

ghJfhf;fg;gLfpd;wd. mit ,e;jpa Mq;fpNya Ml;rpf;fhy

tuyhw;wpid tiutjw;F ngupJk; Jiz Gupfpd;wd.


tuyhW xd;Wjhd;; mjd; tbtq;fs; gy. tuyhW tw;whj ejpiag;

Nghd;wJ; mjd; cg ejpfs; gy. tuyhW My kuj;ijg; Nghd;wJ;

mjd; fpisfSk; tpOJfSk; gy tuyhW $l;Lf; FLk;gj;ij

xj;jJ; mjpypUe;J gpupe;J nrd;w FLk;gq;fs; gy! mjdhy; jhd;

tuyhW gy mwpTj; Jiwfspd; ciwtplk; vd;W tu;zpj;Js;shu;

bnuty;ad;. tuyhW kdpj ,dj;jpd; fle;j fhyj;ijg; gw;wpajhy;

mjd; gug;ngy;iy tpupthdJ. kdpj tho;tpd; njhlu;r;rpahd

tuyhW gy;NtW Jiwfshfj; jdpj; jd;ikAld; jpfo;tjpy;

tpag;gpy;iy. tuyhW gytpjk;. xt;nthd;Wk; xUtpjk;.


fhytud;Kiw tuyhW kpfTk; njhd;ikahdJ. tuyhw;iwg;

gz;ilf;fhyk; (Ancient), ,ilf;fhyk; (Medieval), etPdfhyk;

(Modern) vd;W tifg;gLj;Jk; Nkiy ehl;L kuG ,d;iwf;Fk;

gpd;gw;wg;gLfpwJ. ,g;ghFghl;il nusrpd; (Rausin) vd;gtu; jdJ

ypNahbak; (Leodium, 1639) vd;w E}ypy; mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhu;. ,ij

`hNy gy;fiyf; fofg; Nguhrpupau; nfy;yu; (Keller)

gpugyg;gLj;jpdhu;. ,e;jg; ghFghL kWkyu;r;rpf;fhy

kdpjhgpkhdpfshy; tYg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. n`d;wp gpuNd (Henri

26

Pirenne) vd;w lr;R tuyhw;whsu; gz;ila fhyk; kj;jpa jiuf;

fliyr; Rw;wpAk;; ,ilf;fhyk; kj;jpaj; jiuf;fly; kw;Wk; tlf;F

ghy;bf; fliyr; Rw;wpAk;; etPd fhyk; cyff; fly;fisr; Rw;wpAk;

epiyngw;wjhff; Fwpg;gpl;lhu;. Nkw;F Nuhkhdpa tPo;r;rp (fp.gp.476)

gz;ilf; fhyj;ij ,ilf; fhyj;jpypUe;J gpupf;Fk; NfhlhfTk;>

fhd;];lhd;bNehgpspd; tPo;r;rp (fp.gp.1453) ,ilf; fhyj;ij etPd

fhyj;jpypUe;J gpupf;Fk; NfhlhfTk; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. fpNuf;f

Nuhkhdpa ehfupfk; gz;ila tuyhw;Wf; fhyj;jpd;

cr;rfl;lkhfTk;> jpUr;rig Mjpf;fk; ,ilf;fhyj;jpd;

FtpikakhfTk;> kWkyu;r;rpAk; mijj; njhlu;e;j mwptpay;

njhopy; El;g tsu;r;rp etPd fhyj;jpd; milahskhfTk; Vw;Wf;

nfhs;sg;gl;ld. tuyhw;iwg; gz;ilf; fhyk;> ,ilf;fhyk;> etPd

fhyk; vd;W ghFgLj;jp epfo;r;rpfisf; fhytud; Kiwg;gLj;JtJ

vspikahdJ. vdpDk; ,g;ghFghL nraw;ifahdJ>

jd;dpr;irahdJ> epr;rakw;wJ. INuhg;gpa tuyhw;whsu;fshy;

xUjiy gl;rkhf Rkj;jg;gl;l ,g;ghFghL FWfpa

kdg;ghd;ikAilaJ. ,J Mrpa> Mg;gpupf;f> mnkupf;f

tuyhWfis xJf;fptpl;Lj; jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;l ghFghL MFk;. NkYk;

,e;jg; ghFghL gz;ila tuyhw;Wf;fhd kf;fs; fpNuf;f -

Nuhkhdpa mwpQu;fisg; Nghd;W mwpthspfshfTk;> ,ilf;fhy

kf;fs; fpwpj;Jt ek;gpf;ifapy; mkpo;e;J Nghdtu;fs; Nghd;Wk;>

etPdfhy kf;fs; mwptpay; kdg;ghd;ikAilatu;fs; Nghd;w

gpuikia Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. rpy rpwg;gpay;Gfisf; nfhz;L

,ilawhJ epfo;e;J nfhz;bUf;Fk; tuyhw;iw ,il epWj;jp

tifg;gLj;JtJ Gupe;J nfhs;tjw;Fg; gad;gLNkad;wp

cz;ikf;Fg; Gwk;ghdjhFk;. fhytud;Kiwg;gb vOjg;gLtJ

gLfpil tuyhW (Horizontal History) vd;Wk;> nghUslf;fj;ij

(Content or Theme) ikakhf itj;J vOjg;gLtJ nrq;Fj;J

tuyhW (Vertical History) vd;Wk; mwpag;gLfpwJ.

mNjNghd;W njhy;nghUs; rhd;Wfisf; nfhz;L vOjg;gLtJ

tuyhw;Wf; fhyj;Jf;F Kw;gl;l tuyhW (PreHistory) vd;Wk;>

vOjg;gl;l Mtzr; rhd;Wfisf; nfhz;L vOjg;gLtJ tuyhW

(History) vd;Wk; fUjg;gLfpwJ. mjhtJ tuyhw;W fhyk; 1).

tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhyk; ; 2) tuyhw;Wf; fhyk; vd;W

gpupf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,g;gpuptpidAk; nraw;ifahdNj. tuyhW capu;g;

nghUshdJ (Orgnic), gpupf;f KbahjJ (Indivisible)> mjd;

Nghf;fpy; nry;y ty;yJ. tuyhW kdpj mDgtj;ijg; gw;wpaJ.

nraw;ifg; ghFghL fle;jJ. vdpDk; tuyhw;W epfo;r;rpfisg;

gFj;jha;e;J ghFgLj;jpg; ghu;j;jhy; jhd; khDl epfo;Tfisj;

njhlu;r;rpahfTk;> njspthfTk;> mwpT G+u;tkhfTk; vOj ,aYk;.

FiwghLilajhapDk; fhytud; Kiw tuyhW Kiwg;gb mike;j

tuyhwhFk;. tuyhw;iw mwpthu;j;jkhfg; gpupj;Jr; Nru;j;jhy;

27

KOikiatpl mjpfkhf mwpe;J nfhs;syhk; vd;W $Wfpwhu;

nudpau;.


fhytud;Kiw tuyhw;iwg; Nghd;Nw Gtpapay; tuyhWk;

njhd;ikahdJ. kf;fs; kz;zpd; ike;ju;fs;. epy cyF

kf;fSf;Fg; nghJthdJ. epytpay; mikg;G kf;fspd; tho;f;if

KiwiaAk;> ehfupf epiyiaAk; fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ. vdpDk;

cyfk; vd;why; mJ INuhg;ghjhd; vd;w vz;zk; tuyhw;W

mwpit ntFthfg; ghjpj;J tpl;lJ. ,U INuhg;gpag; gpuhe;jpa

kdg;ghd;ikapd; (European Parochialism) ntspg;ghlhFk;. ,ij

tuyhw;Wf; Fiwg;ghu;it (Historical Astigmatism) vd;W $Wfpwhu;

nfhkhfu; (H.S.Commager) ,f;Fiwghl;ilg; Nghf;f 18-k;

E}w;whz;by; thy;Nlu;> Nudhd; Nghd;w tuyhw;W tpNtfpfs; ngU

Kaw;rp nra;jdu;. Fwpg;ghf thy;Nlu; kdpj ,dk; fhl;Lkpuhz;bf;

fhyj;jpypUe;J ehfupf epiyia mile;jjw;fhd gbfisg; gw;wp

mwpa tpUk;gpdhu;. fPio ehLfspd; ehfupfr; rpwg;ig

vLj;Jiuj;jhu;. vdpDk; INuhg;ghtpd; gpuhe;jpag; gw;W 19-k;

E}w;whz;by; gpuhe;jpa ntwpahapw;W! 20-k; E}w;whz;by; cyfg;

nghJikia typAWj;jp tuyhW tiutjw;fhd Kaw;rpfs;

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sd. tuyhw;W tiuTf;F Gtpapay; mZFKiw

Vw;Wf; nfhs;sf; $baNj. n`d;wp jhk]; gf;fps; vOjpa

,q;fpyhe;jpd; ehfupf tuyhW Gtpapay; tuyhWf;fhd rpwe;j

vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;. vdpDk; Gtpapay; R+o;epiyf;F kl;Lk;

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspg;gJ tuyhw;wpd; gpw gupkhzq;fisg;

Gwf;fzpg;gjhFk;. cyf kf;fspd; tuyhWfs; xd;Wf;nfhd;W

njhlu;Gilait. Gtpapay; R+o;epiyiag; Nghd;Nw kdpj

kuGupikAk; (Human Inheritance) Kf;fpaNk. Gtpapay; tuyhW

tuyhw;W epfo;r;rpfSf;Fg; Gtpapay; tpsf;fNkad;wp Ntwpy;iy.


murpay; tuyhW kuG top Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. gz;ilf;

fhyj;jpypUe;Nj murpay; epfo;r;rpfSf;Fr; rpwg;gplk; mspf;fg;gl;L

te;Js;sJ. muru;fs;> murpfs;> murit epfo;r;rpfs;

tuyhw;whsu;fspd; ftdj;ijf; ftu;e;Js;sd. n`Nuhnlhl];>

J}rpilb];> fpg;gd;> nkf;fhNy> fhu;iyy; Nghd;w tuyhw;whsu;fs;

murpay; epfo;r;rpfSf;Nf Kd;Dupik nfhLj;Js;sdu;. 19-k;

E}w;whz;by; Njr ehLfs; (Nation - States) tuyhw;whsu;fspd;

topghl;Lg; nghUshapw;W. tuyhW vd;gJ fle;j fhy murpay;

vd;W gpufldg;gLj;jpdhu; [hd; rPyp. nkf;fhNyapd; ,q;fpyhe;J

tuyhW> ikf;Nfyl;bd; gpuhd;]; tuyhW> [hd; Ky;yupd; ];tp];

$l;likg;G tuyhW> gPl;lu; Kd;r;rpd; ehu;Nt kf;fs; tuyhW>

28

gpuhd;rp]; ghyf;Nfapd; ngh P̀kpa kf;fs; tuyhW> Nkhl;Nyapd;

lr;Rf; Fbaurpd; Njhw;wk;> n`d;wp Mlk;rpd; mnkupf;f tuyhW

Mfpait murpay; tuyhWf;fhd rpwe;j Kd;Djhuzq;fshFk;.

murpay; tuyhW vOJtjpy; gpd;tUk; ed;ikfs; cs;sd: 1)

murpay; tuyhW midtUf;Fk; gof;fkhdJ. vspjpy; Gupe;J

nfhs;sf; $baJ. 2) ,J kf;fspilNa nry;thf;F ngw;Ws;sJ.

Vnddpy; ,j;jifa tuyhW kf;fspd; ,d> nkhop> rka> fyhr;rhu>

gpuhe;jpag; gw;Wzu;it tsu;f;fg; gad;gLfpwJ. 3) murpay; tuyhW

vOJtjw;F vspJ. mjw;Ff; fhuzk; murpay; rk;ge;jg;gl;l

Mtzr; rhd;Wfs; mjpfk;. ,it Mtzf; fhg;gfq;fspYk;>

E}yfq;fspYk; ed;F ghJfhf;fg;gl;L itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. 4)

murpay; tuyhw;Wf;F tbtk; nfhLg;gJ vspJ. ,ij Kd;

khjpupahff; nfhz;L fle;j fhy tuyhw;iw vOJk; Nghf;F

nry;thf;F ngw;wJ. 5) tuyhw;Wf;F murpay; mZFKiw

midtuhYk; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. 6) murpay; tuyhW epfo;fhy

elg;Gfisf; fle;j fhy epfo;r;rpfSld; xg;gpl;Lg; ghu;f;f

cjTfpwJ. murpay; tuyhw;why; tpisAk; jPikfs; tUkhW: 1)

Njrpa rhak; G+rg;gl;l tuyhW gpuhe;jpag; gw;iwAk; ntwpiaAk;

Cf;Ftpf;Fk;. 2) ,j;jifa tuyhW rhu;Gilajhf ,Uf;Fk;. 3)

murpay; tuyhw;W msTNfhiyf; nfhz;L fle;j fhyj;ijf;

fzpg;gJ jtWilajhFk;. 4) murpay; epfo;TfSf;F mjPj

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspf;fg;gLfpwJ. 5) tuyhw;Wf;F murpay;

tpsf;fkspg;gJ kdpj tho;tpd; gpw rhjidfisg;

Gwf;fzpg;gjhFk;. 6) Ml;rpahsu;fs; murpay; tuyhw;iwf; FWfpa

Raeyj;Jf;Fj; jtwhfg; gad;gLj;jf;$Lk;.


murpayikg;G tuyhW murpay; tuyhw;wpd; gpujhd fpisahFk;.

,J jdpj;jd;ikAld; jdpj;jpaq;FfpwJ. ,t;tuyhW murpay;

mikg;Gfs; gw;wpaJ. murpay; mikg;Gfis r%fj;jpd;

tof;fq;fs; (Habits of Societies) vd;W tu;zpj;jhu; nudpau;.

kdpjdpd; murpay; tof;fq;fs; jhd; mikg;Gfshf

cUg;ngWfpd;wd murpay; mikg;G tuyhW murhq;fj;ij

ikakhff; nfhz;lJ. rl;lkd;wk;> Ml;rpj; Jiw> ePjpj;Jiw

Mfpait murhq;fj;jpd; mq;fq;fs; MFk;. vdNt murpayikg;G

kw;Wk; murpay; epWtdq;fspd; Njhw;wk;> tsu;r;rp> ,ay;G>

Fbkf;fspd; cupikfs; flikfs; Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fkhff;

nfhz;lJ murpayikg;G tuyhW.

murpayikg;G tuyhw;wpd; gpwg;gplk; ,q;fpyhe;J vdyhk;.

vOjg;glh murpayikg;igf; (Unwritten constitution) nfhz;l

,q;fpyhe;jpd; murpayikg;G tuyhW cyfpd; gpwehLfSf;F Kd;

khjpupahf cs;sJ. Mlk;];> fPj;> ];lg;];> nkapl;yhe;J Nghd;Nwhu;

29

vOjpa ,q;fpyhe;J murpayikg;G tuyhW rhfhtuk; ngw;wit.

vdpDk; murpayikg;G tuyhW jd;dpiwT ngw;w tuyhW MfhJ.

ehlhSkd;w tuyhW (Parliamentary History) murpayikg;G

tuyhw;wpd; fpisahFk;. murpay; mikg;Gfspy; kpfTk;

Kf;fpakhdJ ehlhSkd;wk; MFk;. ,q;fpyhe;jpd; ehlhSkd;wk;

ehlhSkd;wq;fspd; jha; vd;W fUjg;gLfpwJ. ,q;fpyhe;J>

gpuhd;];> mnkupf;fh Nghd;w ehLfspy; ehlhSkd;w Ml;rp Kiw

cs;sJ. u\;ah> rPdh Nghd;w ehLfspy; $l ehlhSkd;wq;fs;

nray;gLfpd;wd. ehlhSkd;w mikg;G Kiw kf;fSf;F murpay;

fy;tpiaAk;> mDgtj;ijAk; nfhLf;fpwJ. ehlhSkd;w tuyhW

kf;fspd; rl;lkd;w rhjidfis mope;Jtplhky; ghJfhf;f

cjTfpwJ.


rl;l tuyhW murpayikg;G kw;Wk; ehlhSkd;w tuyhWfspd;

fpisahfj; Njhd;wp tsu;e;J jdp tuyhwhfj; jpfo;fpwJ. rl;l

tuyhw;whsu; rl;l epGzuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;baJ ,d;wpaikahjJ.

ehlhSkd;wk; ,aw;Wk; rl;lq;fs;> mit mKyhf;fg;gLk; Kiw>

mitfSf;Ff; nfhLf;fg;gLk; tpsf;fq;fs; tpisTfs; eilKiw

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jit. rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rp (Rule of Law) ehl;L

kf;fspd; murpay; gz;ghl;il mstpLtjw;fhd msTNfhyhFk;.

rl;l tuyhW ehl;bd; murpay; Kjpu;r;rp epiyia mwpe;J nfhs;sg;

gad;gLk;. ghgpNyhdpa `Kugp> ,e;jpa kD> gpnuQ;R

neg;Nghypad; MfpNahupd; rl;lj; njhFg;Gfs; tuyhw;W

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jit. nkapl;yhe;J> gpshf;];Nlhd;>

N`hy;];tu;j; > nghyhf;> n[d;dpq;];> yh];fp Nghd;w Mq;fpy rl;l

tuyhw;whsu;fspd; gq;fspg;Gfs; ngUikf;Fupait. M];jpupah>

n[u;kdp> gpuhd;];> ,j;jhyp> mnkupf;fh KiwNa Fk;g;Nshtp];>

fpu;Nf> ^Fapl; > tf;fhNuh> N`hk;]; Nghd;w rl;l tuyhw;whsu;fs;

gw;wpg; ngUikg;glyhk;.


uh[je;jpu tuyhW ,iwahz;ikAila ehLfSf;fpilNa

(Sovereign States) cs;s njhlu;Gfisg; gw;wpaJ. ,J Fwpg;ghfg;

gd;dhl;L cwTfspy; uh[je;jpupfspd; gq;F> tpisTfs; gw;wp

Ma;fpwJ. cld;gbf;iffs;> $l;Lfs;> mjpfhur; rkepiy> uhZtg;

gilf;Fiwg;G> gdpg;Nghu;> cyf mikjp Mfpait uh[je;jpu

tuyhw;wpy; ,lk; ngWk;. ehLfSf;fpilNaahd njhlu;GfSk;

cwTfSk; gbg;Gk; gapw;rpAk; ngw> eilKiw NtfKk; tpNtfKk;

cila uh[je;jpupfshy; Vw;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. tuyhw;W mDgtKk;

Kd;Djhuzq;fSk; uh[je;jpupapd; gykhFk;. ehLfSf;fpilNa

,zf;fkhd njhlu;Gfis Vw;gLj;j tuyhw;W mwpT

30

,d;wpaikahjJ. uh[je;jpu tuyhw;whsu; uh[je;jpupfspd;

nray;fisAk; ,tw;wpd; tpisTfs; gw;wpAk; vOJfpwhu;. xt;nthU

uh[je;jpu eltbf;ifAk; murpay;> rl;l> fyhr;rhu> tuyhW>

nghUshjhug; gpur;ridfSld; gpd;dpg; gpize;jpUg;gjhy; uh[je;jpu

tuyhW Kf;fpaj;JtkilfpwJ.

cyf ehLfspd; ehd;F E}w;whz;L uh[je;jpu tuyhw;iw

vOjpAs;s n`d;wp fp]pQ;ru; (Henry Kissinger, Diplomacy, 1994)

gpd;tUkhW $Wfpwhu;: 17-k; E}w;whz;by; gpuhd;rpd; fhu;bdy; up\;Y

(Cardinal Richelieu) gd;dhl;Lj; njhlu;GfSf;Fj; jw;fhy

mZFKiwiaf; nfhLj;jhu;. ehl;L eyidg; gpujhd Nehf;fkhff;

nfhz;l uh[je;jpuk; mJ. 18-k; E}w;whz;by; fpNul; gpupl;ld;

mjpfhur; rkepiyf; (Balance of Power) nfhs;iff;F mikg;G

tbtk; nfhLj;jJ. 19-k; E}w;whz;by; nkl;lu;dpf; (Metternich)

INuhg;gpa If;fpaj;ij (Concert of Europe) cUthf;fpdhu;. mij

n[u;kdpapd; gp];khu;f; (Bismarck) cUf;Fiyj;jhu;. uh[je;jpuk;

<tpuf;fkw;w mjpfhu murpay; tpisahl;lhapw;W. 20-k; E}w;whz;by;

gd;dhl;L uh[je;jpuj; njhlu;Gfspy; mnkupf;fh gpujhd

gq;Nfw;fpwJ. tpy;ypak; {kd;> Nfhjhd; fhu;b> fhu;> ghy;ku;>

ngu;fpd;];> Y}ap rPdplu; Nghd;NwhUk; gd;dhl;L uh[je;jpu tuyhW

vOjpAs;sdu;.


uhZt tuyhW uhZt eltbf;iffspd; midj;J

tbtq;fisAk; tpisTfisAk; gw;wpaJ. ,jpy; uhZtg;

nghwpapay; (Military Engineering), Jg;ghf;fpf; Fz;L Ntf Ma;T

(Ballistics), nghUs; kw;Wk; Nrit tpdpNahf mikg;G (Logistics)>

uhZtg; Nghf;Ftuj;J (Military Transport)> uhZtj; njhopy;

El;gk;> rhku;j;jpak;> nray; cj;jp Mfpait Kf;fpa ,lk; ngWk;.

Nghu;fs;> Nghu; Kiwfs;> gilaikg;Gfs;> Nghu;f;fUtpfs;> uhZtj;

jpl;lk;> Nghupd; jhf;fk; gw;wpnay;yhk; uhZt tuyhw;whsu; vOj

Ntz;Lk;. mjw;fhd tuyhw;Wr; rhd;Wfs; midj;ijAk; ftdkhfj;

jpul;b gFj;jha;e;J gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. ,tu; uhZtj;jpdu;

mDgtq;fis mwptNjhly;yhky; Jiz tuyhw;Wj; Jiwfspd;

cjtpiaAk; ehbg; ngw Ntz;Lk;. n`Nuhnlhl];> J}rpilb];>

ghypgpa];> ilyu;> ru;r;rpy; MfpNahu; vOjpa E}y;fs; uhZt

tuyhw;wpy; rpwg;gplk; ngw;Ws;sd.


r%f tuyhW kdpjdpd; fle;j fhy r%f rhjidfisg; gw;wpf;

$WfpwJ. “r%ftpaypd; je;ij”ahff; fUjg;gLk; fhk;Nl

tuyhw;Wr; rhd;Wfis r%f tuyhw;Wf;fhd %yg;nghUs;fshff;

31

nfhs;s Ntz;bajd; mtrpaj;ij typAWj;jpdhu;. r%f tuyhw;wpd;

Kd;Ndhbahd bnuty;ad; murpayw;w tuyhNw r%f tuyhW

vd;W tiuaWj;jhu;. lr;R tuyhw;whsuhd gp.[p.gpshf; (P.G.Block)

kf;fspd; vz;zk;> Ntiy> md;whl tho;f;if> ek;gpf;if>

Njitfs;> kuGfs; Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpaNj r%f tuyhW

vd;whu;. khu;f;rpa tuyhw;whsu;fs; r%f tuyhw;Wf;Fr;

rpwg;gplkspf;fpd;wdu;. r%f tuyhW kdpj ,dj;jpd; rKjhaf;

$Wfisg; gw;wpaJ. ,jpy; Fwpg;ghf r%f mikg;Gfspd; Njhw;wk;>

tsu;r;rp> jhf;fk; gw;wp Ma;T nra;ag;gLfpwJ. r%f tuyhW fle;j

fhy kf;fspd; rKjha tho;f;ifiag; gw;wpf; $Wtjhy;

tuyhw;whsu; ,jd; kPJ ftdk; nrYj;Jfpwhu;. ,J tuyhw;Wr;

rKjhaq;fis ikakhff; nfhz;bUg;gjhYk;> r%f khw;wq;fis

milahsk; fhl;LtjhYk; ,af;f Mw;wy; (Dynamic) kpf;fJ.

r%ftpay; tuyhwhtJk;> tuyhW r%ftpayhtJk; ,t;tpU

,ay;fSf;FkpilNa ,Utopg; Nghf;Ftuj;ij mjpfupf;Fk; vd;W

$Wfpwhu; ,.vr;.fhu;.


nghUspay; tuyhW r%f tho;tpd; Mjhukhd nghUshjhuj;ijg;

gw;wpaJ. r%fKk;> nghUshjhuKk; xU ehzaj;jpd; ,uz;L

gf;fq;fisg; Nghd;wit. lr;R tuyhw;whsu; thd; by;yd; (Van

Dillen) ,t;tpuz;ilAk; ,izj;J r%f - nghUspay; tuyhW

(Socio - economic History) vd;wioj;jhu;. murpay; - nghUspay;

(Political Econom gw;wp vOJtJk; tof;fj;jpy; ,Ue;jJ.

murpaYk;> r%ftpaYk; jdpj; Jiwfshfg; gpupe;j gpd;du;

nghUspay; tuyhW rpwg;Gw;wJ. ,q;fpyhe;jpy; Vw;gl;l njhopw;Gul;rp

(Industrial Revolution) nghUspay; rpe;jidia tsg;gLj;jpaJ.

Mlk; ];kpj;jpd; (Adam Smith) ehLfspd; nry;tk; (Wealth of

Nations) vd;w E}iy vOj tuyhw;W Mjhuq;fisg;

gad;gLj;jpdhu;. fhuy; khu;f;]; tuyhw;Wf;Fg; nghUspay; tpsf;fk;

nfhLj;jhu;. nghUspay; tuyhW vd;why; kdpj tho;tpd;

nghUshjhu mbg;gil gw;wpa ajhu;j;j eilKiwfisg; gw;wpaJ

vd;W tiuaWj;Js;shu; ru; tpy;ypak; M\;yp (Sir William Ashly).

kdpjd; jd; tho;f;iff;Fg; gy;NtW topfspy; nghUs; Njbf;

nfhz;l fijNa nghUspay; tuyhW vd;W $Wfpwhu; fpuh];

(N.S.5. Gras) nghUspay; tuyhW nghUshjhu mikg;Gfs;>

fUj;Jf;fs;> fUj;JUthf;fq;fs;> Nfhl;ghLfs;> nghUs; cw;gj;jp>

tpdpNahfk;> Efu;T> tptrhak;> njhopy;> tu;j;jfk;> r%f tho;tpy;

nghUspay; jhf;fk;> nghUshjhu Nkijfs; gw;wpnay;yhk;

tptupf;fpwJ. gz;ilf;fhy tuyhw;iw kf;fs; nghUspay;

njhlu;Gfs; vd;w Nfhzj;jpy; tpsf;fpdhu; n[u;khdpa Nguhrpupau;

P̀uhd;. ru; tpy;ypak; M\;ypapd; ,q;fpyhe;jpd; nghUshjhu

32

mikg;Gfs;> tpy;ypak; fd;dpq;̀ hkpd; ,q;fpyhe;jpd; njhopy;

thzpg tsu;r;rp> V.mg;ghj;Jiuapd; ,e;jpa nghUshjhu tuyhW

Mfpait rpwe;j nghUspay; tuyhWfshFk;.


gz;ghl;L tuyhW vd;gJ kf;fspd; kdk; kw;Wk; xOf;fk; gw;wpaJ;

Fwpg;gpl;l fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; r%fj;ij Ml;nfhz;l gpujhd

fUj;Jf;fisAk;> kf;fs; ek;gpf;iffisAk; elj;ijiaAk;

njhlu;GgLj;Jk; mikg;Gfisg; gw;wpaJ vd;W tiuaWf;fpwhu;

n`d;wp ];By; nfhkhfu;. gz;ghL tuyhw;whsu; fle;j fhyj;

jiyKiwapdupd; fUj;Jf;fisAk;> elj;ijfisAk;>

Mu;tq;fisAk; milahsk; fz;L tpsf;Ffpwhu;. Fwpg;ghff;

fUj;Jf;fs; ehL> ,d> nkhop> epw> rka vy;iyfisj; jhz;br;

nry;yf; $bait. fUj;Jf;fspd; Njhw;wk;> tsu;r;rpiaf; $w

Ntz;Lkhapd; fhyk; ,lk; Mfpa gupkhzq;fisf; fle;J nry;y

Ntz;Lk;. gz;ghl;L tuyhw;iw murpay; tuyhW Nghd;W

vspjhfTk; njspthfTk; vOjp tpl ,ayhJ. cioj;J vOjp

tpl;lhy; mijg;Nghd;W ftu;e;jpOf;ff; $ba tuyhW

NtnwJTkpy;iy. [hd; mbq;ld; irkd;l; ,j;jhypa kWkyu;r;rp

vd;gJ gw;wp VO njhFjpfs; vOjpdhu;. My;gpul; rpk;ku;dpd;

fpNuf;f fhkd;nty;j;> ntu;du; [hfupd; fpNuf;ff; fyhr;rhu Ma;T>

ghy; `]hu;bd; gjpndl;lhk; E}w;whz;by; INuhg;gpa rpe;jid> vbj;

`hkpy;ldpd; Nkw;F ehfupfj;Jf;F fpNuf;f top> My;gpul; ehu;j;

xapl; n`l;bd; vz;zq;fspd; jPur; nray;fs;> ntu;dhd;

ghupq;ldpd; mnkupf;f rpe;jidapd; gpujhd ePNuhl;lq;fs; Nghd;w

E}y;fs; rpwe;j gz;ghl;L tuyhWfs; MFk;. Gu;f; `hu;l;>

irkz;l;];> ny];yp ];Bgd;> l;Nuhay;]; Yz;l; MfpNahu;

Fwpg;gplj;jf;f gz;ghl;L tuyhw;whsu;fs; Mtu;.

kdpj ,dg; gz;ghl;L Ma;tpay; (Cultural Anthropology) mz;ikf;

fhyj;jpy; mnkupf;fhtpy; tuyhw;W mq;fPfhuj;ijg; ngw;Ws;sJ.

,t;tha;T Gjpjy;y. thy;l;Nlu;> lhf;Fty;> Nudhy;> n`d;wp khu;fd;>

nyf;fp> gpNuru;> FNuhd;ngf; > ntg;sd;> nù;gu;l; ];ngd;ru;>

ny];lu; thu;L> vku;rd; Nghd;Nwhu; ,j;Jiwapy; ngUk;

gq;fspg;Gfisr; nra;Js;sdu;. vdpDk; mz;ikf;fhy

mnkupf;fhtpy; Gjpa Ma;T Kiwfs; EZf;fq;fs; %yk;

,j;Jiwia tpupTgLj;jpAs;sdu;. goq;Fbr; rKjhaq;fis

Ma;tjw;fhf Nkw;nfhz;l Ma;TKiwfis ed;F tsu;e;j ehfupfr;

rKjhaq;fisg; gw;wp Muha;tjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jpdu;. cjhuzkhf

mnkupf;fu;fspd; fhjy; Kiwfs;> czTg; gof;fq;fs;>

,dkdg;ghd;ik> Foe;ij tpisahl;Lf;fs;> jd; kjpg;G Nghd;wit

tuyhw;W Ma;Tg; nghUshff; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. ,e;j Ma;T Kiw

33

Njrpa ,ay;GfisAk; (National Traits) milahsk; fhzg;

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.


tho;f;if tuyhW khkdpju;fspd; rhjidfisg; gw;wpaJ.

Guhzq;fs; fjhghj;jpuq;fspd; tho;f;if tuyhw;Wj; njhFg;ghfNt

cs;sd. tuyhw;whsu;fs; tuyhw;W ehafu;fspd; tho;f;iff;Fk;

gq;fspg;Gf;Fk; rpwg;gplk; mspj;Js;sdu;. GShl;lhu;f; (Plutarch)

fpNuf;f Nuhkhdpa khkdpju;fspd; tho;f;if tuyhw;iw tiue;jhu;.

fhu;iyy; tuyhw;Wj; jiytu;fspd; rhjidfs; %yk;

tuyhw;Wf;Fg; nghUs; tpsf;fk; nfhLj;jhu;. neg;NghypadJ

tho;f;if tuyhw;iw vOjpa kh]d; mk;khtPudJ xt;nthU

nraYk; tuyhw;Wr; rpwg;GilaJ vd;whu;. tho;f;if tuyhW

xUtuJ mDgtq;fis mtuJ rkfhyg; nghUshjhu> murpay;>

r%f> fyhr;rhur; R+oNyhL njhlu;GgLj;JfpwJ vd;W $Wfpwhu;

ngstu; (Bauer). tuyhW vJTk; nra;tjpy;iy> mjw;nfd nrhj;J

vJTkpy;iy> kdpjd; jhd; vijAk; nra;fpwhd;> nrhj;J

Nru;f;fpwhd;> NghuhLfpwhd; vd;whu; fhu;y; khu;f;];. jdp egu;fspd;

elj;ij mtu;fs; rhu;e;j FO elj;ijia tpl tuyhw;W

Kf;fpaj;JtKilaJ vd;W fUJfpwhu; nry;tp ntl;[;Tl;.

tho;f;if tuyhWfis khkdpju;fspd; ntw;wp Njhy;tpfSld;

njhlu;GgLj;jpf; $Wk; tof;fhW tYg;ngw;wJ. Kjyhk; N[k;];

,q;fpyhe;ij rupahfg; Gupe;J nfhs;shikahy; jhd; vyprngj;

Vw;gLj;jpa Kiw tPo;r;rpAw;wjhff; $Wfpwhu; nus];. mJkl;Lky;y>

nrq;fp];fhDk; ,l;yUk; Nkhrkhd kdpju;fshifahy; mtu;fis

tuyhw;whsu;fs; J}w;w Ntz;Lk; vd;W Nfl;Lf; nfhz;lhu;.

fk;A+dprk; fhuy; khu;f;rpd; mwpTf; Foe;ijahff; fUjg;gLfpwJ.

]hu; ,uz;lhk; epf;Nfhyrpd; %lr; nray;fNs 1917 Nghy;\;tpf;

Gul;rpf;Ff; fhuzkhf $wg;gLfpwJ. mNjNghd;W n[u;kdpapd;

,uz;lhk; tpy;ypak; kw;Wk; ,l;yupd; jPa nray;fs; ,uz;L cyfg;

Nghu;fspy; Kbe;jjhff; Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gLfpwJ. nydpd;> khNrJq;>

kfhj;kh fhe;jp KiwNa u\;ah> rPdh> ,e;jpah

tpLjiyaile;jjw;Ff; fhuzk; vd;W $wg;gLtjpy;iyah?

tho;f;if tuyhW tuyhw;W tbtk; ngWtjpy; gy ed;ikfs;

cz;L. 1)nry;thf;F kpf;f tho;f;if tuyhW gbg;gjw;F vspJ.

RitahdJ. 2) tho;f;if tuyhW gbg;gtuJ kdijr; nrk;ikg;

gLj;JfpwJ. mDgtj;ij tsg;gLj;JfpwJ. kdpju;fspd;

tho;f;ifapd; %ykhf tuyhw;W epfo;r;rpfisg; Gupe;J nfhs;tJ

vspJ. 4) tho;f;if tuyhW tuyhw;W ehafu;fis mtu;fs;

tho;e;j fhyj;NjhL njhlu;GgLj;jpf; fhl;LfpwJ. 5) khkdpju;fs;

tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzpapy; rpj;jupf;fg;gLtjhYk;> gpujhd

fUj;Jf;fNshL ,izf;fg;gLtjhYk; tuyhw;Wf; fhyk; xsp

34

ngw;Wj; jpfo;fpwJ. 6) rl;lk;> mwptpay;> itjpfj; Jiwfs;

tho;f;if tuyhw;W mZFKiwahy; mu;j;jKs;sjhfpd;wd.

vdpDk; tho;f;if tuyhW tuyhW MfhJ. Vnddpy; tho;f;if

tuyhW jdp kdpjiug; gw;wpaJ. khwhf tuyhW jdpegiu

tuyhw;W KOikapd; xU gFjpahfg; ghu;f;fpwJ. jdp kdpj

,ay;Gfs; my;yJ gq;fspg;Gfisf; nfhz;L tuyhw;W

epfo;r;rpfis tptupf;f my;yJ tpsf;f KidtJ FiwghLilaJ.

,j;jifa mZFKiw 'tuyhw;Wg; ghu;it” iag; ghjpj;JtpLk;

vd;W vr;rupj;Js;shu; Mf;ld; gpuG. tho;f;if tuyhW ,yf;fpa

tbtk; ngWtjhy; tuyhw;Wf;Fg; Gwk;ghdJ. fhypq;Tl;bd;

thu;j;ijfspy; $Wtjhapd;> tho;f;if tuyhW mjd; cau;e;j

epiyapy; ftpijahFk;; mjd; Nkhrkhd epiyapy; gyte;jkhd

nrWf;fhFk;; vg;gbg; ghu;j;jhYk; tho;f;if tuyhW tuyhwhfhJ.

tho;f;if tuyhW FiwghLilaJ. vdpDk; ,J tpUk;gj;jF

tuyhw;W tbtk; vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy. tho;f;if tuyhW

mZFKiw fhyj;ijf; fle;J ePbf;fpwJ. khkdpju; topghL

Njitaw;wJ. mjw;fhf mtu;fspd; rhjidfisf; Fiwj;J

kjpg;gpLtjw;fpy;iy. tuyhw;Wj; jiytu;fis tuyhw;W

tl;lj;Jf;F ntspNa js;StJ Fspg;ghl;ba jz;zPNuhL

Foe;ijiaf; nfhl;btpLtijg; Nghd;wJ. n`fy; $Wfpwhu;:

khkdpjd; fhyj;jpd; tpUg;gq;fis thu;j;ijfspy; tbj;Jf;

fhl;Lfpwhu;; mt;tpUg;gk; vd;d vd;gijf; $Wfpwhu;; mt;tpUg;gj;ij

epiwNtw;Wfpwhu;; mtuJ nray; fhyj;jpd; ,jakhfTk; rhukhfTk;

cs;sJ.


gpugQ;r tuyhW kdpj cyifAk; ,iw cyifAk;

cs;slf;fpaJ. ,j;jifa tuyhW gz;ila fpNuf;f Nuhkhdpa

tuyhw;whsu;fs; mwpahj xd;W. gpugQ;r tuyhW> ,ilf;fhy

fpwpj;Jt tuyhw;whsu;fspd; fw;gidg; gilg;ghFk;. ,J

,iwahw;wypd; ntspg;ghNl tuyhW vd;w rpe;jidapd;

tpisthFk;. gpugQ;rj;ijg; gilj;jtd; ,iwtd;. ,iwtd; capu;

tho;td midj;Jf;Fk; nghJthdtd;. vdNt ,iwtdpd;

ntspg;ghlhd tuyhWk; kdpj Fyj;Jf;Fg; nghJthdJ. gpugQ;r

tuyhW Cf tuyhW MFk;. Gdpj mf];l;bd; gpugQ;r

tuyhw;Wf;F vOj;J tbtk; nfhLj;jhu;. gpugQ;r tuyhW gw;wpa

rpe;jid 18-k; E}w;whz;L INuhg;ghtpy; Gj;Japu; ngw;wJ.

,r;rpe;jid tuyhw;W epfo;r;rpfSf;fpilNaahd njhlu;ig

jj;Jthu;j;jkhf tpsf;fg; gad;gl;lJ. fhz;Lk; n`fYk; jj;Jtr;

rpe;jidfis xq;fpizj;Jg; gpugQ;r tuyhw;Wf;F tpsf;fk;

nfhLj;jdu;. 19-k; E}w;whz;L tuyhw;Wj; jj;Jt tpj;jfu;fs;

gpugQ;r tuyhw;iw NkYk; tsg;gLj;jpdu;. fhk;NlAk; fhuy;

35

khu;f;fk; jq;fSf;NfAupa ghzpapy; gpugQ;r tuyhw;Wf;F tbtk;

nfhLj;jdu;. 20-k; E}w;whz;by; ,g;gzpia ];ngq;yu;> FNuhNr>

lhapd;gp Nghd;Nwhu;fs; Nkw;nfhz;ldu;.

kjpg;gPL

tuyhW gy miwfisf; nfhz;l khspifiag; Nghd;wJ. tuyhW

r%f - murpay; = nghUshjhu ,ay;fspd; Njhw;Wtha;. ve;j

mwpTj; Jiwf;Fk; tuyhW cz;L. tuyhW gy tifg;gl;lJ.

tuyhw;Wf; fhyg; ghFghL KiwikahdJ (Methodological).

vdpDk; tuyhw;whsu; ve;j xU fhyg; ghFghl;Lf;Fs;Sk; jd;id

rpiwg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;syhfhJ. xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhyg; gFjp my;yJ

,lk; my;yJ epfo;r;rp gw;wpa ty;yik (Specialisation) ,Ug;gjpy;

jtwpy;iy . Mdhy; mJ tuyhw;Wg; ghu;itiag; (Historical

Perspectives) ghjpj;J tplf;$lhJ. nraw;ifahd jj;Jt

tbtq;fisr; Rkj;jp tuyhw;iwr; rgyj;jpd; rpR (Offspring of

Caprice) thf;fptplf; $lhJ vd;W vr;rupf;fpwhu; fhypq;Tl;. ,ij

khaj; Njhw;wk; (will-owisp) vd;W $Wfpwhu; gp.fy;yp. jy

tuyhW (Local History) ,d;Dk; mjw;Fupa rpwg;igg; ngwtpy;iy.

lr;Rf; Fbaurpd; ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;ifiag; Gupe;J nfhs;s jy

tuyhW gaDilajhf ,Ue;jjhff; $wpAs;shu; nudpau;. jy

tuyhw;wha;T gpnuQ;Rg; Gul;rp tuyhw;wpd; juj;ij cau;j;jpaJ. jy

tuyhWfs; xd;Wf;nfhd;W njhlu;Gila fle;j fhy epfo;Tfisf;

Nfhu;itahfj; njupe;J nfhs;s cjt Ntz;Lk; vd;W tpUk;Gfpwhu;

fpshu;f; (G.N.Clark)


1. ve;j ,uz;L R+oy;fspy; ‘tuyhW’ vd;w nrhy;

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ?

2. tuyhw;Wf;F Ke;ija kdpj ,dk; gw;wpa Ma;T vt;thW

tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ?

3. ,e;jpa tuyhw;iw gbf;Fk; khztUf;F fhytupir gw;wpa

rupahd mwpT Vd; ,d;wpaikahjjhfptpl;lJ?

4. cyf tuyhw;wpy; vz;zw;w mj;jpahaq;fis ntspr;rj;jpw;F

nfhz;L te;jJ vJ?

5. mdhf;]pkhz;lu; ve;jf; fz;Lgpbg;Gf;Fg; ngUik Nru;j;jhu;?

36

6. gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;by; tsu;e;j rpy Gtpapay; r%fq;fspd;

ngaiuf; Fwpg;gplTk;.

7. csnkhopapay;> euk;gpay; nkhopapay; kw;Wk; nkhop Nghd;w

Jiwfs; vd;d?

8. ,aw;if mwptpay; Vd; ‘fbd mwptpay;’ vd;W

Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ?

9. murpayikg;G tuyhw;wpd; fPo; ve;j fUj;Jf;fs;

tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sd?

10. rl;l tuyhw;wpy; rpy Kf;fpakhd gilg;Gfisf; Fwpg;gplTk;.


1. 'tuyhW' vd;w thu;j;ij ,uz;L R+oy;fspy; ngUk;ghYk;

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. xd;W> fle;j fhy epfo;Tfis tptupf;fpwJ.

kw;nwhd;W me;jf; fUj;Jf;fisr; Rw;wpAs;s fUj;Jk;

ghu;itfSk;.

2. tuyhw;Wf;F Ke;ija kdpj ,dk; gw;wpa Ma;T ehd;F

gFjpfshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ> mjhtJ:

1. goikahd fw;fhyk; 2. Kd;dhs; fw;fhyk;

3. tl fw;fhyk; 4. cNyhf fhyk;

2. ,e;jpa tuyhw;iwg; gbf;Fk; khztUf;F fhytupir gw;wpa

ey;y mwpT ,d;wpaikahjjhfptpl;lJ> Vnddpy; gjpTfspy;

NjjpfSk; fhyq;fSk; kpfTk; Fog;gkhf ,Ug;gjhy;> gz;ila

,e;jpa tuyhw;wpd; gy tk;rq;fisg; nghWj;J rupahd

fhytupiria epu;zapg;gJ ngupa Muha;r;rpahf khwpAs;sJ


� fle;j fhyj;jpd; rhd;Wfs; vt;tsT mjpfkhf

Nrfupf;fg;gLfpwNjh> mt;tsT rpwg;ghfTk; vspjhfTk;

tuyhw;whrpupau; fle;j fhyj;jpd; glj;ij tiuayhk;. vdNt>

NtW thu;j;ijfspy; $Wtjhdhy;> tuyhW vd;gJ fle;j

fhyj;ij Mjhuj;Jld; tpsf;FtJ> fij nrhy;gtupd;

ghu;itapy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

37

� ,e;jpahtpy;> tuyhw;wpd; Mjhuq;fs; Gfo;ngw;w Ntjq;fs;-

upf;Ntjk;> rk;Ntjk;> a[{u;Ntjk; kw;Wk; mju;t Ntjk;

kw;Wk; Guhzq;fs;. ,it tuyhw;Wr; rhd;Wfs; kw;Wk;

fiyg;nghUl;fs; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.

� Vwf;Fiwa midj;J ehfupfq;fSk; jq;fspd; tsu;r;rpf;F

VJthd ejp gs;sj;jhf;Ffis xl;bNa tsu;e;J nropj;J

tsu;e;jd vd;gJ epr;rakhf cyfk; mwpe;jJ. rpe;J

rkntsp ehfuPfk; kw;Wk; nkrgNlhkpa ehfupfj;jpd;

vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs; midtUk; gbf;Fk; tifapy; ed;F

Mtzg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.

� ehk; epiyahd kw;Wk; tpiuthd khw;wj;jpd; rfhg;jj;jpy;

,Uf;fpNwhk;. vd;w msTNfhy;fs;

� mstPLfs; mry; %yq;fspypUe;J (ehk; ntspg;gLk;

,lj;jpypUe;J) ju;f;fuPjpapy; ,Ue;J ntF njhiytpy;

cs;s xd;Wf;F khwptpl;ld> NkYk; vjpu;fhyj;jpy; ehk;

vq;F ,Uf;fg; NghfpNwhk;. ,J ek; tho;tpy; ,Ue;J

Kd;Ndhu;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij gwpj;J tpl;lJ.


� NgypNahfpuhgp: ,J goq;fhy my;yJ goikahd

vOj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; fy;ntl;Lfspd; Ma;T kw;Wk; tuyhw;W

vOj;J Kiwfs; kw;Wk; ifnaOj;Jg; gpujpfis

Gupe;Jnfhs;tJ kw;Wk; tpsf;FtJ.

� rpfpNyhfpuhgp: fhg;gf Mtzq;fis mq;fPfupf;fg;

gad;gLj;jg;gLk; nkOF> <ak;> fspkz; kw;Wk; gpw

Kj;jpiufisg; gbg;gJ mwpthu;e;j JiwahFk;.

� ehzatpay;: ,J ehzaq;fs;> Nlhf;fd;fs; kw;Wk; fhfpj

gzk; kw;Wk; rpy rkaq;fspy; njhlu;Gila nghUs;fs;

(gjf;fq;fs; Nghd;wit) Ma;T my;yJ Nrfupg;G MFk;.

� Gtpapay; Gs;spapay;: ,J ve;j tifahd ,lQ;rhu;e;j /

jw;fhypfj; juitAk; khjpupahf;Ftjw;fhd xU xyp

fl;likg;ghFk;. ,J njhlu;Gila epr;rakw;w jd;ikapd;

mstPLfSld;> khjpup ,y;yhj ,lq;fspy; epfo;Tfspd;

Jy;ypakhd kjpg;gPLfis toq;Ftij Nehf;fkhff;

nfhz;Ls;sJ.

� jd;dyf;FO: ,J xU rpyupd; murhq;fk;> Fwpg;ghf

ru;thjpfhu rf;jp Coy; my;yJ Raey Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf

xU rpwpa kw;Wk; rYif ngw;w FOthy;

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

38


FWfpa tpdhf;fs;

1. tuyhw;iw kPl;nlLg;gjw;Fk; mij jpwk;gl tptupg;gjw;Fk;

Kf;fpakhdJ vJ?

2. tuyhw;wpy; fhytupirapd; gq;F vd;d?

3. Gtpapay; Muha;r;rpapy; ehd;F tuyhw;W kuGfs; ahit?

4. nkhopapd; nghUs; gw;wpa Ma;T vijg; gw;wpaJ?

5. ,aw;if mwptpaypd; Ie;J gpupTfs; ahit?

tphpthd tpdhf;fs;

1.NgypNahfpuh/gpapd; tuyhW kw;Wk; ed;ikfisg; gw;wp

tpthjpf;fTk;.

2. rpfpy;Nyhfpuhgpapd; fUj;ij gFg;gha;T nra;Aq;fs;.

3. tiuglq;fspd; tuyhW kw;Wk; gupzhkj;ij tpsf;Fq;fs;.

4. tuyhw;wpw;Fk; murpaYf;Fk; cs;s cwit tptupf;fTk;.

5. r%ftpaypy; tuyhw;wpd; gq;fspg;ig MuhAq;fs;.


Warren, John. 1998. The Past and Its Presenters: An Introduction to

Issues in Historiography. London: Hodder & Stoughton Educational.

Ferro, Marc. 2003. The Use and Abuse of History: Or How the Past is

Taught to Children. Abingdon: Routledge.

E. Sreedharan. 2004. A Textbook of Historiography: 500 BC to AD 2000. New Delhi: Orient Blackswan.

Sharma, Arvind. 2003. Hinduism and its Sense of History. New Delhi:

OUP India.

Iggers, Georg G. 2005. Historiography in the 20th Century: From Scientific Objectivity to the Postmodern Challenge. Connecticut:

Wesleyan University Press.

39

Stuart, Hughes H. 1964. History as Art and as Science. New York:

Joanna Cotler Books.

Fea, John. 2013. Why Study History? Reflecting on the Importance of the Past. Washington: Baker Publishing Group.

myF-3

tuyhW xU fiyah my;yJ mwptpayh?

cs;slf;fk;

3.1. Kd;Diu

3.2. Nehf;fq;fs;











3.1. Kd;Diu

tuyhw;wpd; jd;ik Fwpj;J tpthjk; ele;J tUfpwJ. tuyhW

vd;gJ fiyah my;yJ mwptpayh vd;gJjhd; Nfs;tp. tuyhw;iw

xU mwptpay; vd;W ep&gpg;gjw;fhf gy thjq;fs; nfhLf;fg;gl;L>

me;j Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf ,uz;bw;Fk; ,ilNa xw;Wikfs;

tiuag;gl;Ls;sd. kWGwk;> tuyhW xU fiy vd;w fUj;ij

Mjupg;gtu;fSk; cs;sdu;. mwpQu;fspd; $w;Wg;gb mwptpaYf;Fk;

fiyf;Fk; cs;s xw;Wikfs; gy. tpQ;Qhdk; kw;Wk; tuyhW

Mfpa ,uz;Lk; cz;ikia epiyehl;Ltjw;fhd ,Wjp

Nehf;fj;Jld; njhlu;Gilait> ,uz;Lk; jq;fs; tshfj;jpd;

nry;Ygbia ep&gpf;f fz;fhzpg;G kw;Wk; gupNrhjidia ngupJk;

rhu;e;Js;sJ> ,uz;Lk; epfo;TfSf;F vy;yh Neuq;fspYk;

40

nghUe;jf;$ba nghJthd rl;lq;fis cUthf;Ftij Nehf;fkhff;

nfhz;Ls;sd. .

mwptpaYk; fiyAk; tuyhw;wpy; xd;Nwhnlhd;W JizGupfpd;wd>

Vnddpy; tpQ;Qhdk; Kd;du; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l gy gzpfisr;

nra;fpwJ kw;Wk; tuyhw;whrpupau; gy Mz;Lfhy tuyhw;whrpupau;

mDgtj;jpd; %yk; Ma;T> Ma;T kw;Wk; njhlu;GgLj;Jk; gue;j

mZFKiwiaf; nfhz;LtUfpwJ> cz;ikahd fiy

mZFKiwahf ku;kq;fisj; jPu;f;Fk; jpwd;.

3.2. Nehf;fq;fs;


nfhs;s ,aYk;

• N[.gp.Gup kw;Wk; mf];l]; fhk;Nl MfpNahuhy;

Kd;nkhopag;gl;l xU tpQ;Qhdk; vd;gJ tuyhW gw;wpa

fUj;jhf;fj;ijg; gw;wp tpthjpf;fTk; ,aYk;

• tuyhW xU fiy vd;w ghu;itiaAk; mjd;

Mjuthsu;fspd; fUj;Jf;fisAk; Muha ,aYk;



tuyhw;wpd; fiy kuG tuyhW fiyahfg; gpwe;J>

mwptpayhf kyu;e;J> jdpj; jd;ikAila mwpTj; Jiwahfj;

jpfo;fpd;wJ. Jtf;fj;jpy; ehl;Lg; ghly;fSk; Guhzf; fijfSk;

tuyhwhff; fUjg;gl;ld. tuyhw;wpd; je;ijahff; fUjg;gLk;

n`Nuhnlhl;rpd; tuyhW ,d;Wk; Ngrg;gLtjw;Ff; fhuzk; mjd;

fijf; $Wfs; jhd; fiyapd; tbtk;jhNd fij? 19-k;

E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpapy; by;NjAk;> rpk;nkYk; tuyhw;iwf;

fiyNahL xg;gpl;ldu;. gpd;du; nus]; vd;djhd; tuyhW mwptpay;

Kiwfisf; ifahz;L vOjg;gl;lhYk; mJ vd;iwf;FNk

fiyahf ePbf;Fk; vd;W cWjpahff; $wpdhu;. ghuf;sh tuyhw;iw

,aw;if tpQ;Qhdj;jpd; msTf;Fj; jho;j;jp tplf;$lhJ vd;W

vr;rupj;jhu;. FNuhNr> fhypq;Tl; Nghd;w tuyhw;whsu;fs; mwptpay;

Nfhl;ghLfisf; ifahz;lhYk; tuyhw;iwf; fiy eaj;NjhL vOj

KbAk; vd;gjw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;LfshFk;.

41

tuyhW tuyhw;whsupd; MSik ntspg;ghL tuyhW vd;gJ

kdpjDf;F ntspNa ,Ug;gjd;W; mJ kdpj kdk; kw;Wk; fw;gid

topNa tbfl;lg;gl;L ntspg;gLtjhFk; vd;W $Wfpwhu; nfhkhfu;.

tuyhw;W tptuq;fSf;F tbtk; nfhLf;Fk; NghJ tuyhw;whsu;

fiyQu; Mfpwhu;. NkYk; tuyhw;Wf;Fg; nghUs; tpsf;fk;

mspg;gjw;F mwpthw;wy;> ciog;G> tplhKaw;rp Mfpatw;iwtpl

Ez;zwpTk;> jdpj;njz;Zk; jpwDk;> jPu;khdpf;Fk; jFjpAk;> fiy

czu;Tk; mjpfk; Njit. tuyhw;iw tiutjw;F tuyhw;whsUf;F

Kd; Nehf;Fk;> njhiy Nehf;Fk; Ntz;Lk;. Vnddpy; tuyhw;whsupd;

fz;Lgpbf;Fk; jpwd; FiwT; Mdhy; mtuJ Ez;zwpTf;F vy;iy

,y;iy vd;W $Wfpwhu; Mu;ju; ];nyrpq;fu;.

tuyhW ,yf;fpag; gilg;G tuyhW ,yf;fpag; gilg;ghFk;. tuyhW

,yf;fpa tpjpfSf;Ff; fl;Lg;gl;lJ. rpwe;j tuyhw;Wg; gilg;Gfs;

Kd;khjpup ,yf;fpaq;fshfg; Nghw;wg;gLfpd;wd. FiwghLila

tuyhw;W E}y;fs; $l ,yf;fpa eilf;fhfg; gbf;fg;gLtJz;L!

vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf fpshuz;ld; gpuG ,q;fpyhe;jpd; cs;ehl;Lg;

Nghiug; gw;wp xUjiy rhu;Gila tuyhw;iw vOjpdhu;. Nkhl;Ny

];ngapd; vt;thW neju;yhe;ij Nkhrkhf Ml;rp nra;jJ vd;W

eLepiy gpwo;e;J vOjpdhu;. vdpDk; ,tu;fsJ tuyhw;W E}y;fs;

,yf;fpa eaj;Jf;fhf tpUk;gpg; gbf;fg;gl;ld. ,yf;fpa eaj;NjhL

vOjg;glhj tuyhw;W E}y;fs; gbf;fg;gLtjpy;iy.

tuyhW Xtpak; Nghd;wJ tho;f;if Xtpak; tiutijg; Nghd;wJ;

fzf;Fg; NghLtjy;y vd;W $wpdhu; gpugy mnkupf;f ePjpgjp

N`hk;];. kdpj epfo;Tfisg; gw;wp tuyhW vOJtJ Xtpak;

jPl;Ltijg; Nghd;wJ. Gifg;glk; vLg;gjy;y fle;j fhy

epfo;r;rpfis epfo;e;jthNu glk; gpbj;Jf; fhl;l KbahJ. Mdhy;

mtw;iw ,t;thW jhd; epfo;e;jpUf;ff; $Lk; vd;W fw;gidj;

jpwNdhL vOjpf; fhl;l ,aYk;. tuyhW epfo;r;rpj; NjhuzNkh

my;yJ Gs;sp tptuj; njhFg;Ngh my;y. khwhf tuyhW vd;gJ

tptuq;fs;> epfo;r;rpfs;> rhd;Wfs; Mfpatw;iwf; fyitg;

nghUs;fisf; nfhz;L tiuag;gLk; vopy;kpF vOj;NjhtpakhFk;.

fpg;gd;> fhu;iyy;> nkf;fhNy> bnunty;ad;> ^f;s];> gpuPkd;> Myd;

netpd;];> gpuhd;rp]; ghu;f;kd; Nghd;Nwhu; tuyhw;iw

vOj;Njhtpakhf tiue;J ngUk; Gfo; ngw;wdu;.

tuyhw;wpd; jdpj;jd;ik ,j;jhypa tuyhw;W mwpQuhd

ngdpnll;Nlh FNuhNr tuyhW fiy jhd; vd;W thjpl;lhu;. mtuJ

$w;Wg;gb fiy vd;gJ Gydpd;gj;Jf;fhd topNah> ,aw;if

cz;ikapd; gpujpepjpj;JtNkh> njhlu;Gfisg; gw;wpa KiwNah

my;y. khwhf fiy vd;gJ jdpj;jd;ikiag; (Individuality)

gw;wpaJ. fiyQd; ,j;jdpj;jd;ikiaj;jhd; ghu;f;fpwhd;.

gpujpgypf;fpwhd;. tuyhW jdpj;jd;ikAila rhd;Wfisg; gw;wpaJ.

42

mwptpaiyg; Nghd;W nghJit (General) gw;wpajy;y. vdNt

FNuhNr tuyhW tpsf;fkhd tpQ;Qhdk; (Descriptive Science) vd;w

$w;iw Vw;ftpy;iy. ,r;nrhw;nwhlu; Kuz;gl;l thu;j;ijfisf;

nfhz;lJ vd;whu;. tuyhw;whsu; Mjhuq;fspd; jdpj;jd;ikia

kl;LNk ghu;f;fpwhu;. xU Nju;e;j fiyQiug; Nghd;W Mjhuq;fspd;

jdpj;jd;ik khwhky; tuyhW vd;w fiyg;gilg;igj; jUfpwhu;.

tuyhW xU rpwg;Gf; fiy mwptpay; mZFKiwAld; tuyhw;iw

vOj Ntz;Lk; vd;W typAWj;Jk; fhypq;Tl; tuyhw;iwr; rpwg;ghd

fiy vd;gij Vw;Wf; nfhs;fpwhu;. mjhtJ tuyhW xU fiy

vd;gij epge;jidAld; xj;Jf; nfhs;fpwhu;. tuyhiwf;

fiynad;W fUj Ntz;Lkhapd; mij kpfTk; rpwg;Gg; gz;Gila

fiyahfg; ghu;f;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W $Wfpwhu; fhypq;Tl;. mjw;Ff;

fhuzk; tuyhW cz;ikiaf; fw;gidf; fz; nfhz;L ghu;f;fpwJ.

Mdhy; fiy fw;gidiaNa cz;iknadf; fhl;lf;$Lk;. tuyhW

epfo;e;jij tptupf;fpwJ. fiy epfohjijAk; rhj;jpakhdjhff;

fhl;lty;yJ. vdpDk; tuyhw;whsUk; fiyQUk; jhq;fs; fz;l

fhl;rpfisg; gpwUf;Fk; fhl;Ltjhy; tuyhWk; fiyAk; nghJg;

gz;igf; nfhz;Ls;sd vdyhk;. [p.N[.nudpau; Fwpg;gpLtijg;

Nghd;W tuyhw;W mwpT fhyj;jpd; Nfhyq;fisj; jhz;b efu;e;J

nfhz;bUf;fpwJ; tuyhw;Wf; fiy fhyj;jhy; mopah kyuhFk;.



tuyhW vd;w nrhy; Muha;jy; vd;w nghUSila ,];Nlhupah

vd;w fpNuf;fr; nrhy;ypypUe;J gpwe;jJ. gz;ilf;fhy fpNuf;f

tuyhw;whsu; J}rpill]; mwptpay; tuyhw;wpd; je;ij vd;W

Nghw;wg;gLfpwhu;. J}rpillrpd; mwptpay; mZFKiw

,ilf;fhyj;jpy; iftplg;gl;lhYk; kWkyu;r;rpf; fhyj;jpy; Gj;Japu;

ngw;wJ. 17> 18-k; E}w;whz;Lfspy; tuyhW mwptpay; jhf;fj;Jf;F

cs;shapw;W. epA+l;ldpd; fz;Lgpbg;G> ];ngd;rupd; r%f mwptpay;>

lhu;tpdpd; gupzhk tsu;r;rpf; Nfhl;ghL Mfpait tuyhw;W

tiutpaiy mwptpay; Mjpf;fj;jpd; fPo; nfhz;L te;jd.

tpQ;Qhdj;jpd; tsu;r;rp kdpj Kd;Ndw;w tuyhw;iw topnkhope;J

cWjp nra;jJ vd;W $Wfpwhu; ,.vr;.fhu;. tuyhW xU mwptpay;;

mjw;Ff; $baJk; my;y> Fiwe;jJk; my;y vd;W cWjpahff;

$wpdhu; N[.gp.gpA+up. tuyhW fle;j fhyj;jpy; epfo;e;jtw;iw

epfo;e;jthNw $wNtz;Lk; vd;W mwptpay; tiuaiw nfhLj;j

fhk;Nl fzpj mwptpaiyf; nfhz;L tuyhw;W tpjpfis tFj;jhu;.

43

tuyhW vd;w mwptpaYf;Fk; ,yf;fpaj;Jf;Fk; rk;ge;jkpy;iy

vd;W thjpl;lhu; [hd; rPyp. tuyhW mwptpaNy vd;W mwptpj;jhu;

vu;d];l; ngu;d; P̀k;.

tuyhw;wpy; mwptpay; $Wfs; tuyhW xU mwptpay; vd;W

fUjg;gLtjw;Fg; gy fhuzq;fs; cs;sd. mitahtd :

1. tuyhW cz;ikiaf; fz;lwptjw;fhd Kaw;rpahFk;. Gjpa

rhd;Wfisf; fz;Lgpbg;gjpy; Fwpahf cs;sJ tuyhW. tuyhW

cz;ikiaf; fz;lwptjw;fhd khu;f;fNkad;wp Kbe;j Kbty;y.

2. tuyhW mwptpaiyg; Nghd;Nw Mjhuq;fisj; Njbr; Nrfupj;J>

tifg;gLj;jp> gFj;jha;e;J fle;j fhy epfo;Tfis cWjp

nra;fpwJ.

3. tuyhW fle;j fhyj;ijg; gw;wpa gy tpdhf;fSf;F tpil

fhz;gjw;fhd Ma;it Nkw;nfhs;fpwJ. xt;nthU mwptpaYk;

mjd; topapy; tpil fhz tpiofpwJ. mNjNghd;W tuyhWk;

mjd; jdpj; jd;ikf;Nfw;g tpil fhz;gjpy; <LgLfpwJ. Fwpg;gpl;l

fhyj;jpy; - ,lj;jpy; vd;d epfo;e;jJ vd;gijf; fz;Lgpbf;fpwJ.

4. tuyhW mwptpaiyg; Nghd;Nw mwpahikapypUe;J mwpTf;Fk;>

njupahj epiyapypUe;J njupe;j epiyf;Fk;> Cfj;jpypUe;J

cz;ikf;Fk;> tiuaiwapy;yh epiyapypUe;J tiuaWf;fg;gl;l

epiyf;Fk; topNfhYfpwJ.

5. tuyhW vd;w khspif Mjhuq;fs; vd;w mbj;jsj;jpd; kPJ

vOg;gg;gLfpwJ. nfhl;bf; fplf;Fk; fw;fs; fl;llk; MfhJ.

mNjNghd;W Nrfupf;fg;gl;l rhd;Wfs; kl;Lk; tuyhW ,y;iy.

rhd;Wfs; mwptpay; Kiwiaf; nfhz;L Muhag;gl;L cz;ikia

cWjp nra;ag;gLfpwJ. tuyhW ju;f;f uPjpahd gilg;ghFk;.

6. tuyhW mwptpay; Kiwfisg; gpd;gw;WfpwJ. $u;e;J ftdpj;jy;>

jfty;fisj; jpul;ly;> mtw;iwg; gFj;jha;e;J xg;gpl;Lg; ghu;j;jy;>

jw;fhypff; Nfhl;ghl;L cUthf;fk;> mij ep&gpj;jy; Nghd;w

mwptpay; Kiwfis tuyhw;whsu;fs; filg;gpbf;fpd;wdu;.

tuyhw;wpd; ju;f;f mwptpay; Kiw (Inductive Method)

gpd;gw;wg;gLfpwJ.

7. tuyhW Kiwg;gLj;jg;gl;l mwpT (Systematised Knowledge)

MFk;. tuyhW jfty; NjhuzNkh my;yJ fijfs; fplq;Nfh

my;y. khwhf tuyhW fle;j fhy epfo;r;rpfs;> eltbf;iffs;>

epiwTfs; gw;wpa xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;l mwpthFk;.

8. tuyhW fle;j fhyj;ijg; gw;wpa fhuz - fhupaj; njhlu;G

gw;wpa tpsf;fkspf;fpwJ. tuyhw;W epfo;Tfisg; gw;wp kl;Lk;

44

tptupf;fhky; mtw;Wf;fhd fhuzq;fSk; mtw;wpd; tpisTfSk;

$wg;gLfpd;wJ.

9. tuyhw;whsu; mwptpay; czu;Tld; tuyhw;iw vOJfpwhu;.

Jy;ypaKk; (Accuracy)> eLepiyAk; (Objectivity)> ek;gfj;

jd;ikAk; (Reliability)> mwptpay; czu;tpd; ntspg;ghLfshFk;.

cz;ik> KO cz;ik> cz;ikiaj; jtpu NtnwJTkpy;iy

vd;w mwptpay; newp tuyhw;W tiutpy; gpd;gw;wg;gLfpwJ.

10. tuyhw;whsu; tuyhw;Wr; nray;ghq;FfSf;F (Historical

Processes) xsp nfhLf;fpwhu;. gpur;ridfSf;Fj; jPu;T fhz;fpwhu;.

tuyhw;whsu; tuyhw;W epfo;r;rpfspy; kl;Lk; mf;fiw

nfhs;tjpy;iy. mtw;wpd; nray;KiwapYk; Fwpahf cs;shu;.

tuyhW mwptpay; my;y vd;gjw;fhd fhuzq;fs; tuyhW

mwptpay; my;y vd;W $WNthu; fhl;Lk; fhuzq;fshtd :

1. tuyhw;W cz;ikfs; midtUf;Fk; nghJthdit my;y.

2. nghJ tpjpfisf; fz;Lgpbg;gJ tuyhw;whsupd; Ntiyay;y.

3. tUq;fhy tuyhw;W epfo;r;rpfis Kd;fzpg;G nra;a KbahJ.

4. tuyhw;Wr; rhd;Wfs; KOikahdit my;y. Mtzq;fs;

FiwghLilait.

5. tuyhW tuyhw;whsupd; kdk;> fw;gid topahf tbfl;lg;gl;Nl

ntspg;gLfpwJ.

6. mope;j rhd;Wfis kPz;Lk; cUthf;f KbahJ. cjhuzkhf

nghypgpa]; vOjpa 40 Gj;jfq;fspy; 5 kl;LNk vQ;rpAs;sd.

yptpapd; 142 Gj;jfq;fspy; 35 kl;LNk fpilj;Js;sd.

mnyf;rhz;bupa E}yfk; vupf;fg;gl;lJ. cyfg; Nghupd; NghJ

mope;J Nghd Mtzq;fSf;Ff; fzf;fpy;iy.

7. nghUj;jkhd rhd;Wfs; tuyhw;whsupd; fl;Lg;ghl;by; ,y;iy.

tuyhw;whsu; jdJ tpUg;G ntWg;Gf;Nfw;g rhd;WfSf;F tbtKk;

tpsf;fKk; nfhLf;fpwhu;.

8. tuyhW ntw;wp ngw;Nwhuhy; jPu;khdpf;fg;gLfpwJ. Nuhkhdpau;fs;

jhd; gpA+dpf; Nghu;fs; gw;wp vOjpdu;. fpwpj;Jtu;fNs fpwpj;Jtj;jpd;

ntw;wp gw;wpf; $wpdu;. ];ghdpau;fs; jhd; nkf;rpNfh> ngU

ehLfis ntw;wp fz;lij tptupj;jdu;.

9. tuyhw;wpy; jj;Jtk; jpzpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

45

10. tuyhWk; fw;gidAk; gpupf;f Kbahjit.

tuyhW rpwg;ghd mwptpay; ',Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; Jtf;fj;jpy;

N[.gp. gpA+up (1903) tuyhW mwptpaNyad;wp Ntwpy;iy vd;W $wp

ru;r;irg; Gaiyf; fpsg;gptpl;lhu;. mr;ru;r;irapy; fye;J nfhz;l

fhypq;Tl; tuyhW xU rpwg;ghd mwptpay; (A Special Science)

vd;W $wpdhu;. fhypq;Tl;bd; fUj;J midtuJ ftdj;ijAk;

ftu;e;jJ. ,tu; ,aw;if cyF (World of Nature)> kdpjdpd;

fle;j fhy cyF (World of Human Past) Mfpa ,UNtW

cyfq;fSf;fpilNaahd NtWghl;ilf; Nfhbl;Lf; fhl;bdhu;.

Kd;dJ mwptpay; Mjpf;fj;Jf;Fl;gl;lJ. gpd;dJ tuyhw;W

Ml;rpf;Fl;gl;lJ. vdpDk; tuyhW xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;l mwpT

vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy. Mdhy; me;j mwpT Fwpg;gpl;l Kiwapy;

xOq;FgLj;jg;gLfpwJ. Nghu;fSk; Gul;rpfSk; epfo;git;

tuyhw;whsu;fshy; cUthf;fg;gLgit my;y. ,tw;iw kPz;Lk;

Neupy; fhzNth> epfo;j;jpf; fhl;lNth> Ma;Tf; $lj;jpy;

gupNrhjid nra;aNth KbahJ. R+whtspfisAk; R+upa

fpufzq;fisAk; xg;gpl;L Ma;tijg; Nghd;W tuyhw;W

epfo;Tfis Muha ,ayhJ. Nuh[hg;G+g; Nghu;fis (Wars of Roses)

ikR+u;g; Nghu;fSld; (Mysore Wars) xg;gpl KbAkh? vdNt

mwptpaYk; tuyhWk; mjdjd; topfspy; mwpit Kiwg;gLj;jpf;

nfhs;fpd;wd. tuyhw;W mwpit epfo;e;jtw;NwhL kl;LNk njhlu;G

gLj;j KbAk;. vdNt tuyhW rpwg;ghd mwptpayhfj; jpfo;fpwJ.

r%f mwptpay; kdpjd; $bthOk; FzKilatd;. tuyhW

r%fkhff; $b thOk; kdpjdpd; eltbf;iffisg; gw;wpaJ. r%f

tho;tpd; nray;fs; midj;Jk; tuyhw;W vy;iyf;Fs; tUk;. vdNt

tuyhw;whsu; kdpj rKjhaj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpw rpwg;Gkpf;f

nraw;ghLfis Muha;fpwhu;. gz;ilf; fhy kf;fspd; tho;f;ifAk;

tho;f;if KiwfSk; mtuJ Ma;Tk; nghUshfpd;wd. gpnuQ;R

tuyhw;W mwpQuhd mf];Nl fhk;Nl (Auguste Comte) capupay;

gupzhk tsu;r;rpiag; Nghd;Nw r%fg; gupzhk tsu;r;rpAk;

eilngWtjhff; $wpdhu;. ,f;fUj;ij typAWj;j r%f

rPuikg;Gf;Fj; Njitahd mwptpay; gzpf;fhdj; jpl;lk; vd;w

E}iy vOjpdhu;. mJ kl;Lky;y. mtu; tuyhw;iw r%f ,aw;gpay;

(Social Physics) vd;W mioj;jhu;. fhk;Nl r%ftpaypd; je;ij

vd;W Nghw;wg;gLfpwhu;. vq;fy;]; FLk;gj;jpd; Njhw;wk; jdp egu;

nrhj;J kw;Wk; muR gw;wp vOjpdhu;. N[k;]; gpNu]u;]; kdpj

rKjhaf; fyhr;rhuk; gw;wp Ma;Tiufs; epfo;j;jpdhu;. nytp];

khu;fd; mnkupf;fu;fspd; r%f tho;f;if gw;wp Muha;r;rp

nra;Js;shu;. bnuty;adpd; ,q;fpyhe;jpd; r%f tuyhW

,d;iwf;Fk; r%f mwptpaYf;fhd Kd;khjpupahf tpsq;FfpwJ.

46

“,uz;Lf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l ,y;yk;” fiy fiy jhd;. mwptpay;

mwptpay;jhd;. mNjNghd;W tuyhW tuyhW jhd;! fiyf;Fk;

mwptpaYf;Fk; tuyhW ,Ug;gijg; Nghy; tuyhw;wpYk; fiy

kw;Wk; mwptpay; $Wfs; cs;sd. tuyhW ,yf;fpar; RitNahL

vOjg;gLtjhYk;> fle;j fhyj;ij cUtikg;gjw;Ff; fw;gidiag;

gad;gLj;JtjhYk;> tuyhw;W cz;ikfis tptupg;gjw;Fj; jdpg;

ghzpiag; gpd;gw;WtjhYk;> tuyhw;W epfo;r;rpfSf;fpilNa

rkepiyiaf; fhz;gjhYk;> tuyhw;W czu;TfisAk;

ce;Jjy;fisAk; kjpg;GfisAk; ntspg;gLj;JtjhYk;>

tuyhw;Wf;Fk; tuyhw;whsUf;FkpilNa NtWghbd;ikahYk;

fiyahf fUjg;gLfpwJ. mNj Nghd;W tuyhW cz;ikiaf;

fhz tpiotjhYk;> njupe;jtw;wpypUe;J njupahjtw;iwf;

fz;Lgpbf;f Kaw;rpg;gjhYk;> fle;j fhyj;ijg; gw;wpa

tpdhf;fSf;F tpilfhz Kw;gLtjhYk;> mwpT top

Muha;tjhYk;> mwptpay; czu;NthL ju;f;f Kiwfisg;

gpd;gw;WtjhYk;> eLepiyNahL Ma;T KbTfis ntspapLtjhYk;

mwptpay; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. vdpDk; tuyhW ,aw;gpay;

(Physics) Nghd;W KOikahd mwptpayd;W ,yf;fpak; (Literature)

Nghd;W KOikahd fiyAky;y. tuyhW fiyjhd; vd;W nus];

Nghd;Nwh my;yJ tuyhW mwptpay; jhd; vd;W gpA+up Nghd;Nwh

cWjpahff; $w ,ayhJ. Vnddpy; tuyhW fiy kw;Wk;

mwptpay; $Wfisf; nfhz;l jdpj;jd;ikAila ,ay; MFk;.

[p.vk;.bnuty;ad; $Wtijg; Nghd;W tuyhW mwptpaYf;Fk;

fiyf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l ,y;yk; (History is a half-way house between

science and art) MFk;. tuyhw;shsu; cz;ikiaf; fz;Lgpbf;f

mwptpay; KiwiaAk; mij tptupf;ff; fiy eaj;ijAk;

jpwikAld; gad;gLj;Jfpwhu;.

kjpg;gPL

tuyhW fiyah my;yJ mwptpayh vd;w ru;r;ir gadw;wJ

vd;W fUJfpwhu; nghl;uz;L u];]y;. fiyAk;> mwptpaYk;

fye;jNj tuyhW. bnuty;adpd; ,q;fpyhe;jpd; r%f tuyhW

,jw;fhd rpwe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;L vd;W $Wfpwhu; u];]y;. vdpDk;

tuyhw;Wf;nfd mbg;gilahd mwptpay; jdpj;jd;ikfs;

vJTkpy;iy vd;W $WNthUk; csu;. ,tu;fs; Neu;f;fhl;rpthjpfs;

(Positivists) Mtu;. khwhf ,yl;rpathjpfs; (Idealists) tuyhw;wpd;

jdpj; jd;ikia typAWj;Jfpd;wdu;. tuyhW mwptpay;> fw;gid>

,yf;fpaf; $Wfs; Nru;e;j ,uhradf; fyit (Chemical

combination) MFk;. tuyhW fiyfspy; goikahdJ;

mwptpay;fspy; ,sikahdJ vdNt tuyhW xU fiy my;yJ

47

mwptpay; vd;W $WtJ fhyq;fle;j fUj;J (an outdated concept)

MFk;.


1. tuyhW xU tpQ;Qhdk; vd;w fUj;jpd; gpujhd ghjpupahu; ahu;?

2. tuyhw;iw xU mwptpayhff; fUJtjpy; njhiyNehf;F

jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpa rpy gilg;Gfisf; Fwpg;gplTk;.

3. lhu;tpdpd; ‘capu;tho;f;if’ vd;w nfhs;ifia Kd;itj;jtu;

ahu;?

4. mwptpay; Kiwiaj; jtpu> cz;ikiaf; fz;lwpAk; kw;w

,uz;L Kiwfs; ahit?

5. ,aw;gpay; mwptpaypd; nray;ghL vd;d?


1. tuyhW vd;gJ xU tpQ;Qhdk; vd;w fUj;jpd; gpujhd ghjpupahu;

N[.gp.Gup> (yhu;l; Mf;lDf;Fg; gpwF Nfk;gpupl;[; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd;

Gfo;ngw;w tuyhw;Wg; Nguhrpupau;).

2. ,q;fpyhe;jpy; gf;fpspd; ehfuPf tuyhW (1857) jtpu> vq;fsplk;

lhu;tpdpd; capupdq;fspd; Njhw;wk; (1859) kw;Wk; kdpjdpd;

tk;rhtsp (1871) Mfpait tuyhw;iw mwptpayhff; fUJtjpy;

ngUk; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ.

3. lhu;tpdpd; ‘cWjpahdtu;fspd; capu;tho;jy;’ vd;w nfhs;if

gpu\;au;fshy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;lJ> mtu;fs; ePl;Nrapd; kdpjdhfTk;

R+g;gu;Nkd; MfTk; ey;y khztu;fshf ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

eh[pf;fs;> ghrp];Lfs; kw;Wk; [g;ghdpau;fs; ,ijg; gpd;gw;wpdu;>

NkYk; igf; kw;Wk; Jg;ghf;fpapd; Gdpj E}ypd; kPJ jq;fs;

ek;gpf;ifia tsu;j;J> lhu;tpdpd; gilg;Gfis jq;fs; iggpshf

khw;wpdu;.

4. mwptpay; Kiw vd;gJ %d;W Kiwfspy; xd;W> kw;w ,uz;L

jj;Jt Kiwfs;> fUJNfhis fUtpahfg; gad;gLj;Jjy;> kw;Wk;

cs;Szu;T Kiw vd;gJ mfepiy czu;itg; gad;gLj;jp

cau;e;j cz;ikfisg; ngWjy;.

48

5. ,aw;gpay; mwptpaypd; nray;ghL Kf;fpakhf eilKiwj;

Jiwfspy; Neubg; gad;ghlhFk;> NkYk; mwpTrhu; Jiwfspy;

fhuzk; kw;Wk; tpisT tpjpfspd; Jg;gwpAk;.

3.7. mmj;jpahar; RUf;fk;

� [dtup 1903 ,y; Nfk;gpupl;[; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; jdJ

njhlf;f ciuapy;> 'tuyhW xU mwptpay;> FiwahJ kw;Wk;

mjpfkhf ,y;iy' vd;W $wpdhu;. ,e;j ijupakhd kw;Wk;

jpl;ltl;lkhd $w;W kpfTk; ru;r;iria fpsg;gpAs;sJ.

� xU rPdg; gonkhopapd;gb> 'ngupa kdpju; xU nghJ

Jujpu;\;lk;'> NkYk; ngupa kdpju;fs; tuyhw;wpy; ,Ue;J

kiwe;J Nghf Ntz;Lk; vd;gij Neu;kiwthjpfSk;

xg;Gf;nfhs;thu;fs;. mtu;fs; fhyj;jpd; tpisnghUs;> xU

mw;Gjkhd KOg; gFjp> xU ngupa kuj;jpd; gok;> mtu;fs;

jdpikapy; epw;f KbahJ.

� gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;bd; rpe;jidahsu;fs; Rw;Wr;R+oy;

fhuzpfs; kPJ ngUk; mOj;jk; nfhLj;jdu;. xU ehL

vupkiy my;yJ G+fk;gj;jpw;F cl;gl;lhy;> kf;fs;

%lek;gpf;if kw;Wk; mw;Gjq;fis ek;Gthu;fs;. vfpg;J>

nkrgNlhkpah kw;Wk; rpe;J rkntsp Nghd;w ehfupfq;fs;

epyk; tskhdjhfTk;> ngupa MWfs; jfty;njhlu;Gfis

vspjhf;Fk; NghJ cUthfpd;wd.

� tuyhW kw;Wk; mwptpay; ,uz;bd; Fwpf;Nfhs; xd;Nw>

mjhtJ cz;ikia epWTjy;. tpQ;Qhdk; vd;gJ

epfo;Tfspd; mbg;gilapyhd cz;ikfis mtpo;g;gjw;Fk;>

tuyhW fle;j fhyj;jpd; ajhu;j;jj;ij ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;>

fle;j fhyj;ij cz;ikapy; ele;jijg; NghyNt

Gduikg;gjw;Fk;> mjd; cz;ikahd cUtk;

Gwf;fzpf;fg;gLtjw;F fz;zhbia fle;j fhyj;jpw;F

cau;j;Jtjw;Fk; Nehf;fkhf cs;sJ.


� ghrpl;btprk;: ,J xU jj;Jtf; Nfhl;ghlhFk;> ,J

"cz;ikahdJ" mwpT (tiuaiwapd;gb cz;ikapy;yhj

vijAk; gw;wpa mwpT) MFk; ,aw;if epfo;Tfs; kw;Wk;

mtw;wpd; mDgtj;jpypUe;J gpuj;jpNafkhf ngwg;gl;lJ

gz;Gfs; kw;Wk; cwTfs;.

� mfepiythjk;: gfpug;gl;l my;yJ tFg;Gthjj;jpw;Fg;

gjpyhf> "ek; nrhe;j kd nray;ghL kl;LNk ekJ

49

mDgtj;jpd; Nfs;tpf;Fwpahj cz;ik" kw;Wk; Gwepiy

my;yJ Gwepiy cz;ik ,y;iy vd;gJ Nfhl;ghL.

� nghUs;Kjy;thjk;: ,J ,aw;ifapy; cs;s mbg;gilg;

nghUs; vd;Wk;> kd epiyfs; kw;Wk; czu;T cl;gl

midj;Jk; nghUs; njhlu;Gfspd; tpisTfs; vd;Wk; $Wk;

jj;Jt Nkhdprj;jpd; xU tbtkhFk;.

� Md;kpfk;: ,we;jtu;fspd; Mtpfs; ,Ug;gjhfTk;> capUld;

njhlu;Gnfhs;tjw;fhd jpwd; kw;Wk; ehl;lk; ,uz;ilAk;

nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd vd;w ek;gpf;ifapd; mbg;gilapy; ,J

xU Kiwrhuh kj ,af;fkhFk;.

� n`fypadprk;: ,J [p.lgps;A+.v/g;. n`fypd; jj;JtkhFk;>

,J "gFj;jwpT kl;LNk cz;ikahdJ"> mjhtJ midj;J

ajhu;j;jKk; gFj;jwpT tiffspy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; jpwd;

nfhz;lJ. KOikahd ,yl;rpathjj;jpd; mikg;gpw;Fs;

ajhu;j;jj;ij NkYk; nraw;ifahd xw;Wikf;F Fiwg;gNj

mtuJ Fwpf;Nfhshf ,Ue;jJ.Ra cjtp Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk;

gapw;rpfs;


FWfpa tpdhf;fs;

1. mwptpaYf;Fk; tuyhw;wpw;Fk; cs;s xNu tpj;jpahrk; vd;d?

2. Nguhrpupau; l;nunty;ad; tuyhw;iwg; gw;wp vd;d ftdpj;jhu;?

3. tuyhW xU mwptpay; vd;gij ep&gpf;f Mz;fs; Nkw;nfhz;l

Kaw;rpfs; vij czu;j;jpd?

4. Njrpathjk; tuyhw;wpy; mfepiy gpur;ridfis vt;thW

cUthf;FfpwJ?

5. tuyhw;iw mwptpay; vd;W nrhy;gtu;fis tpku;rpg;gtu;fs; vd;d

thjpLfpwhu;fs;?

tphpthd tpdhf;fs;

1. tuyhW gw;wpa gup kw;Wk; Nuq;fpd; fUj;Jfisg; gw;wp

tpthjpf;fTk;.

2. xU Njrj;jpd; kf;fs; kPJ Rw;Wr;R+oy; fhuzpfspd; jhf;fj;ij

tptupf;fTk;.

3. tuyhWf;Fk; mwptpaYf;Fk; cs;s xw;Wikfis tpsf;Fq;fs;.

50

4. tpQ;Qhdp kw;Wk; mtu; tuyhw;whrpupau; mtu;fspd;

mZFKiwapy; vt;thW NtWgLfpwhu;fs; vd;gij gFg;gha;T

nra;Aq;fs;.








OUP India.






myF-4

tuyhw;wpd;; ghlq;fs;> tuyhw;wpd; gad;ghLfs; kw;Wk nfLgad;fs;>

tuyhw;wpd; jj;Jtk;

cs;slf;fk;

4.1. Kd;Diu

4.2. Nehf;fq;fs;



51








4.1. Kd;Diu

tuyhW> xU xOf;fkhf> kdpj ,ay;igg; gw;wpa Ez;zwpit

toq;FfpwJ> fle;j fhyj;jpy; nra;j jtWfspypUe;J xUtu;

fw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba gbg;gpidfis toq;FfpwJ> re;jjpapdUf;F

xU r%fk; my;yJ fyhr;rhuj;jpd; $l;L epidtfj;ij epWTfpwJ

kw;Wk; gy. mjd; gad;ghL gue;j mstpy; ,Ug;gJ NghyNt>

tuyhw;wpd; J\;gpuNahfk; kw;Wk; jtwhd gad;ghL. gjpT nra;Ak;

NghJ tuyhw;W epfo;Tfs;> mfepiy cz;ikfis rpijf;f

CLUtyhk;. ,J vOj;jhsupd; rhu;G> jg;ngz;z kw;Wk; Kd;KbT

fhuzkhf epfoyhk;. xU tuyhw;W vOj;jhsu; tuyhw;W

Muha;r;rpia Nkw;nfhs;Sk;NghJ> mtu; me;jj; jftiy

,iwahl;rp my;yJ kjj;jpd; fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy; ghu;f;fyhk;. ,e;jf;

fhuzpfspd; fhuzkhf> tuyhw;wpd; ,j;jifa Mtzq;fis

KOikahf ek;g KbahJ. ,j;jifa gpiofisj; jLf;f>

tuyhw;W vOj;jhsu;fs; Gwepiyf; fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy; vOj

Ntz;Lk;.

4.2. Nehf;fq;fs;


nfhs;s ,aYk;

tuyhw;wpd; gad;ghLfs; kw;Wk; J\;gpuNahfq;fs; gw;wp

tpthjpf;fTk; ,aYk;

tuyhw;wpd; jj;Jtj;ij gFg;gha;T nra;a ,aYk;

52


tuyhW mDgtf; fsQ;rpak;. kdpjd; mDgtj;jpypUe;J mwpe;J

nfhs;Sk; Mu;tKilatd;. kdpjDf;Fg; gbg;gpidfisg; Gfl;Lk;

Nehf;fj;NjhL tuyhw;W epfo;r;rpfs; epfo;tjpy;iy. Mdhy; kdpjd;

me;epfo;TfspypUe;J fw;Wf; nfhs;s tpUk;Gfpwhd;. tuyhW ,we;j

fhyj;ijg; gw;wpaJ. vdpDk; epfo;fhy kdpjd; mjpy; Mu;tk;

nfhs;fpwhd;. Vnddpy; tuyhW ,wg;gjpy;iy. ,ijj;jhd; ,wg;gpy;

tho;T (Life-in-Death) vd;W $Wfpwhu; ngu;l;uz;L u];]y;. rupahd

thOk; topiaf; fz;Lgpbg;gNj gz;ilf; fhyk; njhl;L kdpjdpd;

Kaw;rpahf cs;sJ vd;W $Wfpwhu; lhapd;gp. ciog;G>

murhq;fk;> xOf;fk;> rkak;> mwptpay;> jj;Jtk;> ,yf;fpak;> fiy

Mfpa vl;Lk; ehfupfj;jpd; %yq;fs; (Elements of Civilizatin) vd;W

gl;baypl;Ls;shu; tpy;̂ uz;l;. ,k;%yq;fNs tuyhw;Wg;

gbg;gpidfSf;fhd fsq;fshFk;. xUtuJ gz;ghL> kd kw;Wk;

mDgt Kjpw;rpf;Nfw;g tuyhw;wpypUe;J gbg;gpidfisg; ngwyhk;.

mj;jifa gbg;gpidfspy; Kf;fpakhdit gpd;tUkhW

kdpj ,ay;gpy; khw;wkpy;iy kdpjd; ehl;lhy;> epwj;jhy;>

elj;ijahy;> epidg;ghy; NtWgl;bUe;jhYk; ,ay;ghy; xd;whfNt

,Uf;fpwhd; fpNuf;f tuyhw;W tpj;jfu; kdpjd; ,ay;ig

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L gpd;tUk; tuyhw;Wg; gbg;gpidfisf;

$wpAs;shu;. 1). xt;nthU tPuDk; Nghiu tpUk;Gtjpy;iy. 2). rk

ePjpNa re;ju;g;gthjj;ij tplr; rpwe;jJ. 3). ey;y fhyj;ijf;

nfl;l fhyk; njhlu;fpwJ. 4). Gfohir mopTf;fhd ghijahFk;.

5) gok; thq;Fk; Nghf;F epahakhfj; Njhd;wpdhYk; vg;NghJk;

ntw;wp ngWtjpy;iy. 6) kuz jz;lid vjpu; tpisitNa jUk;.

7). murpay; mePjp td;Kiwia tpl NkhrkhdJ. 8). kdpj ,ay;G

khwf;$baJ. 9). Nghu; ek;gpf;ifia mopj;J xOf;fj;ijf; nfLj;J

tpLk;. 10). ey;Nyhiuf; flTs; fhg;ghw;Wthu; ,itahTk;

cyFf;Fg; nghJthd gbg;gpidfshFk;.

ghjfr; R+oypd; rhjfkhd gad;fs; Rygkhd rhjfkhd

R+o;epiyapy; jhd; ehfupfq;fs; Njhd;wp tsu;fpd;wd vd;W

neLq;fhykhf ek;gg;gl;lJ. vfpg;jpa> nknrhnghlhkpa> ùg;gh -

nkhfQ;rjhNuh> rPd ejpf;fiu ehfupfq;fs; rhjfkhd R+oypy;

cUthditahff; fUjg;gl;lJ. Mdhy; me;ehfupfq;fs; epiyj;J

epw;ftpy;iy. 23 tsu;r;rpaile;j ehfupfq;fis Muha;r;rp nra;j

ghapd;gp rhjfkhd Gtpapay; R+o;epiyNah my;yJ ,dj;

jpwikNah kdpj Kd;Ndw;wj;Jf;Ff; fhuzky;y vd;W KbTf;F

tUfpwhu;. khwhf ghjfr; R+oy; rthyhf mikAk; NghJ jhd;

r%f Mw;wy; KOikahf ntspg;gLfpwJ ehfupfk; jiofpwJ.

,ij ghjfr; R+o;epiyapd; rhjfkhd gad;fs; (Virtues of

53

Adversity) vd;W $Wfpwhu; lhapd;gp. mjhtJ ciof;Fk; rKjhak;

caUk;.

rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rpNa rpwe;jJ Rje;jpuk;> rkj;Jtk;> rNfhjuj;Jtk;>

rl;lj;Jf;F Kd; rkk; Nghd;w fUj;Jf;fs; gz;ilf; fhy ehLfs;

mwpahj xd;W. kf;fshl;rp Kiwapd; ehw;wq;fhyhff; fUjg;gl;l

fpNuf;f Vnjd;rpy; $l mbikfis itj;jpUg;gJ ,ay;ghff;

fUjg;gl;lJ! ,ilf; fhyj;jpy; rka FUkhu;fs;> epyg; gpuGf;fs;>

Ml;rpahsu;fs; kl;LNk cupikfisAk;> rYiffisAk;

mDgtpj;jdu;. ,q;fpyhe;jpd; 1688 Mz;Lg; Gul;rpapd; tpisthf

ePjpj;Jiwapd; ,d;wpaikahik czug;gl;lJ. 1787-k; Mz;L

mnkupf;fg; Gul;rp murpay; mikg;G top $l;lhl;rp mikg;G

Kiwiag; gpugyg;gLj;jpaJ. 1789 gpnuQ;Rg; Gul;rp kdpj

cupikfis cWjpg;gLj;jpaJ. mjd;gpd; rl;lj;Jf;F Kd;

midtUk; rkk; vd;w fUj;J eilKiwg; gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rp Kf;fpa tuyhw;Wg; gbg;gpidfspy; xd;whFk;.

xOf;fk; tpOg;gk; jUk; xOf;fNk vy;Nyhu;f;Fk; Nkd;ikiaj;

jUk; vd;gJ tuyhw;wpypUe;J ngwf;$ba ghlq;fspy; xd;whFk;.

xOf;fk; vd;gJ rup - jtW gw;wpa czu;T> Rafl;Lg;ghL>

tpUg;gj;jpy; xOq;F > kdrhl;rpf;F kjpg;G> Nghw;Wjw;Fupa gof;f

tof;fq;fs; MFk;. Fwpg;ghf mfpr;ir topNa mwtop> topiag;

nghWj;Nj tpistpUf;Fk;. td;KiwapypUe;J ,d;Kiwf;F tUtNj

Kd;Ndw;wkhFk;. Gj;ju;> kfhtPuu;> tRehju;> kfhj;kh fhe;jp

Nghd;Nwhu; mfpk;ir mwtop epd;W tho;e;J fhl;bAs;sdu;.

jPikiar; nra;J ed;ikiag; ngw KbahJ. gpnuQ;R uhgp];gpaUk;

u\;a nydpDk; td;Kiw %yk; mtw;iw milayhk; vd;W

vz;zpdu;. jtwhd topapy; nrd;W rupahd Kbitf; fhz

KbahJ vd;gij tuyhW czu;j;jpAs;sJ. rupahd top nrd;W

rhahd ,yf;if vl;l KbAk; vd;gij kfhj;kh fhe;jp

nrhy;yhYk;> nrayhYk; ep&gpj;Jf; fhl;bdhu; vd;gJ lhapd;gpapd;

fzpg;G

rkag; nghiwapd;ikapd; gadpd;ik gak; (Religion) kdpjf;

fz;Lgpbg;GfSs; kfj;jhdJ. kdpj Jauq;fis Jilf;fTk;>

elj;ijia cau;j;jTk;> r%f xOq;if typikg;gLj;jTk;> rkak;

gUthf;fg;gl;lJ. Mdhy; rkag; nghiwapd;ikAk; (Religious

Intolerance) nfhLikAk; (Oppression) tuyhw;wpd; gf;fq;fisf;

fiwgLj;jp tpl;ld. A+ju;fs; jq;fisf; flTshy;

Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;ltu;fs; vd;W fUjpf; nfhz;lJ mtu;fspd; ghgh

nghiwapd;ikiaAk;> nfhLikiaAk; epiyg;gLj;jp tpl;lJ.

fpwpj;Jt rkak; Njhd;Wtjw;F Kd;G A+ju;fs; jtpu NtW

vtuplKk; Jd;GWj;Jk; kdg;ghd;ik (Irosecuting Attitude)

,Ue;jjpy;iy vd;W $Wfpwhu; ngu;l;uz;L u];]y;. fpwpj;Jt gak;

54

Njhd;wpa gpwF rkar; rpj;utij cr;rfl;lj;ij vl;baJ. rka

tprhuiz rhu;Gak; (Inquisition)> rpYitg; Nghu;fs; (Crusades)>

Gdpj ghu;j;jNyhkpNah gLnfhiy (Mansucre of St. Bartholomew),

Clocor Gowo Curri (War of the Three Henrys)> Kg;gjhz;L Nghu;

(Thirty Year War) Mfpait rkag; nghiwapd;ikapd;

ntspg;ghLfshFk;. ,];yhKk; ,e;J rkaKk; nghiwapd;ikf;F

tpyf;fy;y. cyfg; ngupa rkaq;fs; midj;J tuyhWk; rkag;

nghiwapd;ik kw;Wk; nfhLikapd; gadpd;ikiag;

giwrhw;WjhfNt cs;sJ.

jFjpahditNa jiof;Fk; tuyhw;wpy; mwptpaypd; jhf;fk;

msg;gwpaJ. tuyhw;W cz;ikfis tpsf;f mwptpay;

Nfhl;ghLfs; if nfhLf;fpd;wd. rhu;y]; lhu;tpd; capupdj;

Njhw;wq;fspd; jd;ikiag; gw;wp Muha;e;jhu;. mtuJ Ma;tpd;

NghJ mwptpay; Nrhjid KiwfNshL tuyhw;Wg; gFg;gha;T

KiwfisAk; Nru;j;Jf; nfhz;lhu;. lhu;tpdpd; gupzhkf; Nfhl;ghL

tuyhw;Wg; gbg;gpidia tpsf;fg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. Fwpg;ghf

mtuJ jFjpahditNa jiof;Fk; (Survival of the Fittest) vd;w

fUj;ijf; nfhz;L gy tuyhw;W epfo;TfSf;F

tpsf;fkspf;fg;gl;lJ. ,aw;ifj; Nju;Tf; nfhs;if> tho;f;ifg;

Nghuhl;lf; Nfhl;ghL Mfpaitfisf; nfhz;L r%f tho;tpd;

mbg;gilf; fhuzpfis milahsk; fhl;lyhk;. gyUk;

NknyOe;jthupahf tuyhw;wpd; Nky; Kfl;by; njupAk;

Fog;gq;fisNa fhz;fpd;wdu;. khwhf epA+l;ld;> lhu;tpd;> Id;];bd;

Nghd;w mwptpayhsu;fs; Fog;gj;jpw;Fg; (Chaos) gpd;dhy; cs;s

xOq;iff; (Order) fhl;Lfpd;wdu; vd;W $Wfpwhu; lhapd;gp. mwpT>

md;G xOf;fj; jFjpfSilaitNa ePbj;J epiyf;Fk; vd;gJ

tuyhw;Wg; gbg;gpidfspy; xd;whFk;.

khwhj khw;wk; khw;wk; (Change) ,aw;if epajp. tuyhW

,e;epajpf;F cl;gl;lJ. capu; tho;td midj;Jk;

khw;wkilfpd;wd. khw;wk; kl;LNk khwhky; cs;sJ. kdpj ,dk;

khwpf; nfhz;Nl ,Uf;fpwJ. New;iwa ehfupf epiy ,d;W etPd

cUkhw;wkile;Js;sJ. fle;j fhyj;jpy; ehl;L eyNd kf;fs;

eydhff; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. jw;NghJ kf;fs; eyNd ehl;L eydhff;

fUjg;gLfpwJ. taJ te;NjhUf;F thf;Fupik rYif tFg;ghupd;

Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij ntFthff; Fiwj;J tpl;lJ. tsu;e;j kw;Wk;

tsUk; ehLfspy; fPo;j;jl;L kf;fspd; eyDf;fhf Nkw;nfhs;g;gLk;

Kaw;rpfSf;fpizahd vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs; cyf tuyhw;wpy;

,jw;FKd; ve;j fhy fl;lj;jpw;Fk; fhz ,ayhJ. ,k;khw;wk;

<Lapizaw;wJ.

55

NtWghLfs; Mokw;wit xt;nthU ehLk; jdpj; jPthf ,Uf;f

,ayhJ. R+o;epiyf;Nfw;g ehLfs; Nru;e;Jk;> gpupe;Jk;> gpzq;fpAk;>

Nghupl;Lk; tUfpd;wd. ek;gpf;if> nfhs;if> Nfhl;ghl;L

NtWghLfSk; khWghLfSk; ,ay;ghdit> Nkw;Nghf;fhdit.

lhapd;gp $Wtijg; Nghd;W ehLfs; jq;fs; trjpf;fhff; nfhs;if

milnkhop (Ideological - Epithet) vd;w Kf%bia mzpe;J

nfs;fpd;wd. mt;tsNt. Kw;fhyj;jpy; \pah K];yPk; ehlhd

,uhd; fpwpj;Jt ntdp]; efUld; $l;Lr; Nru;e;jJ. `hg;];gu;f;

FbauR rd;dp K];yPk; ehlhd JUf;fpNahL if FYf;fpaJ.

fj;Njhypf ehlhd gpuhd;Rk; kWg;gpaf;f n[u;kdpAk; $l

JUf;fpia el;G ehlhff; fUjpa fhyKz;L. gdpg;Nghupy;

%o;fpapUe;j mnkupf;fhTk;> u\;ahTk; jw;NghJ el;G

ghuhl;ltpy;iyah? fk;A+dprj;jpd; fpisfshd u\;ahTk; rPdhTk;

vjpUk; GjpUkhf ,y;iyah? ,];yhk; K];yPk; ehLfis xU

Filapd; fPo; nfhz;L tutpy;iyNa? vdNt rka> murpay;>

nfhs;if NtWghLfs; Mokw;wit vd;gij tuyhW

nka;g;gpf;fpwJ.

tuyhW cUthf;fg;gLfpwJ tuyhW cUthtjpy;iy.

cUthf;fg;gLfpwJ. tuyhW kdpj Kaw;rpapd; tpisT. ghdp jd;

Rarpe;jid cilatd;. tuyhw;iwj; jd; topapy; nfhz;L

nry;yf; $ba Mw;wy; ngw;wtd;. tuyhw;W Kd; epu;zaf; Nfhl;ghL

lhu;tpDf;Fg; gpd; jfu;e;J tpl;lJ. kdpjd; tuyhw;iw cUthf;Fk;

ty;yik gilj;jtd; vd;w vz;zk; tYg;ngw;wJ. r%f

vOr;rpf;Fk;> tPo;r;rpf;Fk; kdpjNd fhuzk; vd;w cz;ik

cWjpahapw;W. r%fk; vd;gJ kdpjdpd; nraw;fsk; (Field of

Action) MFk;.

Kjhar; nray; Cw;W (Source of Action) kf;fsplNk cs;sJ.

Mf;fr; rpWghd;ikapdu; (Creative Minority) kf;fspd; Mf;fj;

jpwikfis xd;W jpul;b tuyhw;W tsu;r;rpf;F top tFf;fpd;wdu;.

Mf;fr; rpWghd;ikapdu; Mjpf;fr; rpWghd;ikapduhfj; jhOk;

NghJ tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dilT Vw;gLtjhff; $Wfpwhu; ghapd;gp.

kdpjd; jd; jiytpjpiaj; jhNd epu;zapj;Jf; nfhs;fpwhd; vd;gJ

tuyhw;Wg; gbg;gpidfspy; xd;whFk;.

kf;fshl;rpAk; ru;thjpfhuKk; ehl;Lg;gLj;jpdhy; kdpjdhy; Kd;Ndw

KbahJ. fl;Lg;gLj;jg;glhtpby; kdpjd; Kd;Ndw khl;lhd;.

mwnewp jtwp mjpfhuj;ijj; jtwhfg; gad;gLj;jpajhy; uPjpia

kf;fshl;rp Kiw tPo;e;jJ. jw;fhy kf;fshl;rp Kiwapy;

mjpUg;jpAw;w kf;fs; fpsu;r;rp nra;tJ gw;wp ];ghdp\;

rpe;jidahsu; xw;nlfh fhrl; (Ortega Gasset) ftiy

njuptpf;fpwhu;. vupf; GNuhk; (Eric Fromm) kf;fs; md;dpag;gLtij

56

Rje;jpuj;jpypUe;J jg;gp ru;thjpfhuj;ij Nehf;fpr; nry;tjhf

vr;rupf;fpwhu;. Nltpl; fiu];kd; (David Riesman) kf;fs; gw;wpf;

ftiyg;gLfpwhu;. ,tu;fs; kf;fshl;rpf;Fk;>

ru;thjpfhuj;Jf;FkpilNaahd njhlu;igg; gw;wp Muha;e;Js;sdu;.

neUf;fbapypUe;J jg;gpf;f kf;fs; ru;thjpfhuj;ij Mjupf;fpd;wdu;

vd;gij tuyhw;W epfo;r;rpfs; cWjp nra;fpd;wd. neUf;fb

Neuj;jpy; kf;fs; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l Ml;rpahsu;fs; mjpfhuj;ijj;

Jwe;J ru;tjpfhupia epakpf;f Kjd; Kjypy; Kbahl;rp Nuhkpd;

rl;l mikg;gpy; tif nra;ag;gl;lJ. ru;thjpfhu Kiw fp.K.133

tiu Nuhkpd; neUf;fbia rkhspf;fg; ngupJk; gad;gl;lJ.

[g;ghdpy; fplNah\pf;Fg; gpd; te;j NlhFfthTk;> rPdhtpy; \p

`_thq;bf;Fg; gpd; te;j `hd; ypA ghq;Fk; ru;thjpfhuj;jpd; %yk;

ehl;bd; ];jpuj; jd;ikia epiyehl;bdu;. uPdhtpy; `hd; ypA ghq;

Vw;gLj;jpa Ml;rp 21 E}w;whz;Lfs; ePbj;jJ vd;gJ

Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. vdNt mikjpf; fhyj;jpy; kf;fshl;rpAk;>

neUf;fb Neuj;jpy; ru;thjpfhuKk; rpwe;jJ vd;gJ tuyhw;wpypUe;J

ngwf;$ba gbg;gpidahFk;.

ntw;wpAk;> Njhy;tpAk; epue;juky;y ntd;w ehLfs;

Njhy;tpailtJk;> Njhw;w ehLfs; ntw;wpailtJk; ,ay;G. ntw;wp

fz;L nrWf;filtJk;> Njhy;tp fz;L Jts;tJk; Njitaw;wJ.

ntd;w ehLfs; tho;e;jJkpy;iy. Njhw;w ehLfs; tPo;e;jJkpy;iy.

mnyf;rhz;lu;> [{ypa]; rPru;> neg;Nghypad;> ,l;yu; Nghd;w

tuyhw;W tPuu;fspd; rhjidfs; Nghuhy; fpilf;Fk; ntw;wp

epue;juky;y vd;w gbg;gpidiaf; nfhLf;fpwJ. mnyf;rhz;lu;

Nlupairj; Njhw;fbj;j NghJ ,Ue;j <uhd; ,d;W tpaj;jF

cUkhw;wk; mile;Js;sJ. JUf;fpau; Mf;fpukpj;jNghJ ,Ue;j

fpNuf;fj;ijj; jw;NghJ milahsk; fz;L nfhs;s KbahJ.

,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghupy; mZFz;Lj; jhf;FjYf;Fs;shfp

rPu;Fiye;j [g;ghDk;> Njhy;tpAw;w n[u;kdpAk; ,d;W jiy

epkpu;e;J epw;fpd;wd.

Mjpf;f Ml;rp mopAk; Vfhjpgj;jpa Ml;rpahy; xU ehL gpw

ehLfis mbikahf itj;jpUf;f KbahJ vd;gJ tuyhw;Wg;

gbg;gpidfspy; xd;whFk;. Vfhjpgj;jpaj;Jf;F Kd;Ndhbahf

,Ue;jJ gz;ila fpNuf;f Vj;jd;]; MFk;. ,q;fpyhe;J Nuhkhdpa

Vfhjpgj;jpapd; fPo; 400 Mz;Lfs; mlq;fp ,Ue;jJ. ,e;jpah

gpupl;b\; Nguhjpf;fj;jpd; fPo; 200 Mz;Lfs; mbikg;gl;bUe;jJ.

nrd;w E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpapy; Mg;gpupf;fh KOtJk; INuhg;ghtpd;

Mjpf;fj;jpd; fPo; ,Ue;jJ. njd;fpof;F Mrpah gpupl;ldhYk;>

gpuhd;rhYk; gq;fpl;Lf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. lr;Rf;fhuu;fs; fpof;fpe;jpaj;

jPTfisf; ifg;gw;wpf; nfhz;ldu;. gpypg;igd;];> Nghu;l;Nlh upNfh>

`tha; Mfpait mnkupf;fh trkhapw;W. cyfpd; ehd;fpy; xU

gFjp gpupl;ld; trkpUe;jJ. "gpupl;\; Vfhjpgj;jpak; nghUshjhuj;

57

Njit kl;Lky;y; Md;kPf mtrpaKk; $l'' vd;W

epahag;gLj;jpdhu; ngQ;rkpd; b];Nuyp. vd;dthapw;W?

Mjpgj;jpaj;Jf;F mbikg;gl;bUe;j ehLfs; Nghuhb ntw;wp ngw;W

Rje;jpu ehLfshapd.

kdpj cupikfs; gw;wpa mf;fiw kdpjd; Rje;jpukhfg; gpwf;fpwhd;;

Mdhy; vq;Fk; fl;Lz;L fplf;fpwhd; vd;W tUj;jg;gl;lhu; &N]h .

VRehju; gpwg;gjw;F 2000 Mz;LfSf;F Kd; vOjg;gl;l

`Kugpapd; rl;lj; njhFg;G (Code of Hammurabi) kd;dd; ePjp

toq;fp jPNahiuj; jz;bj;J> typNahu; vspNahiu mlf;fp

itg;gijj; jLj;J> kf;fs; eyidg; Ngzpf;fhf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W

mwpTWj;JfpwJ. gpwg;nghf;Fk; vy;yh capu;f;Fk; vd;W $WfpwJ

Fws; (972). nfsby;aUk; Rf;uhr;rhupahUk; kf;fisr; rkkhff;

fUj Ntz;bajd; ,d;wpaikahikia typAWj;jpdu;. 1215-y;

khf;dh fhu;l;lh (Magna Carta) kdpj cupikf;F

cj;jputhjkspj;jJ. 1789-y; gpuhd;rpy; ntspaplg;gl;l kdpj

cupikfs; gpufldk; tpl;Lf; nfhLf;f Kbah cupikfisg;

(Inalienable Rights) gpufldg; gLj;jpaJ. mnkupf;fhtpy; mbik

Kiwia xopf;f Mgpufhk; ypq;fd; cs;ehl;Lg; Nghiu

vjpu;nfhs;sj; jaq;ftpy;iy. 1948y; If;fpa ehLfs; mit

ntspapl;l kdpj cupikfs; gpufldk; (Declaration of Human

Rights) kdpjdpd; r%f> nghUshjhu> fyhr;rhu cupikfs; cyf

ehLfSf;Fg; nghJthdit vd;W mwptpj;jJ. ,e;jpahtpd; kdpj

cupikfs; fkp\d; (Human Rights Commission, 1993) ,e;jpa

kf;fSf;F cupik kPwy;fspypUe;J ghJfhg;gspf;fpwJ. tuyhw;wpd;

Nghf;fpy; kdpj cupikfs; gw;wpa mf;fiw Mokhf

Nt&d;wpapUg;gJ fz;$L. rpyuJ VfNghfr; rYiffshf ,Ue;j

mbg;gil kdpj cupikfs; ,d;W midtUf;Fk; mspf;fg;gl;Ls;s

rhjid kdpj ,dj;jpd; khngUk; Kd;Ndw;wq;fspy; xd;whff;

fUJfpwhu; lhapd;gp.

kdpj kupahijapd; khz;G Rje;jpuKk;> rkj;JtKk;> cupikAk;

kdpj kupahijiag; (Human Dignity) ghJfhg;gjw;fhd mbg;gilj;

NjitfshFk;. kdpj kjpg;Gk; kupahijAk; Gwf;fzpf;fg;gLk; NghJ

kdpjd; fpsu;e;njOfpwhd; vd;w NgUz;ikia tuyhW

czu;j;JfpwJ. kdpj kupahijNa khdpl Kd;Ndw;wj;Jf;fhd

msTNfhyhFk;. ve;j xd;Wf;Fk; kjpg;Gz;L. kjpg;Gs;s vjw;Fk;

khw;Wg; nghUs; ,Uf;Fk;. ve;j rKjhaj;jpy; kdpj kjpg;Gf;Fk;>

kupahijf;Fk;> ngUe;jd;ikf;Fk; ghJfhg;G mspf;fg;gLfpwNjh

mq;F cupikfs; gj;jpukhf ,Uf;Fk; vd;gJ tuyhw;Wg;

gbg;gpidahFk;.

58

ek;gpf;if el;rj;jpuk; tuyhW vjpu;fhyj;Jf;F topfhl;Lk; tlkPd;

(Pole-Star) Nghd;wJ. epfo;fhy kdpjd; fle;j fhy mDgtj;ijf;

nfhz;L tUq;fhyj;ij ek;gpf;ifNahL vjpu;nfhs;fpwhd;. Mdhy;

rpZq;fpfs; (Cynics) tuyhw;why; vg;gaDk; ,y;iy vd;gu;. gpnuQ;R

G+u;ghd; kd;du;fisg; Nghd;W kf;fs; tuyhw;wpypUe;J

vg;ghlj;ijAk; fw;gJkpy;iy kwg;gJkpy;iy vd;W $Wtu;.

tuyhw;wpypUe;J xUtu; fw;Fk; ghlk; vd;dntd;why; ve;jg;

ghlj;ijAk; fw;gjpy;iy vd;gJ jhd; vd;W $wpdhu; n`fy; .

mtNu tuyhw;wpypUe;J fw;w ghlj;jpd; tpisT jhd; mtuJ

Gfo;kpf;f tuyhW ,af;fk; (Historical Dialactic) gw;wpa fUj;J

MFk;. Nghu;fSk;> Nghuhl;lq;fSk;> gpur;idfSk; njhlu;tjhy;

rpZq;fpfs; ek;gpf;if ,of;fpd;wdu;. kdpj ,dk; vz;zpwe;j

rthy;fis rkhspj;J Kd;NdwpAs;sJ. kdpjdplk; capu;tho

Ntz;Lk; vd;w czu;T (Survival Instinct) Mog; gjpe;jpUg;gjhYk;>

gpd;thq;fp Kd; nry;Yk; jpwd; (Resilience) cs;sjhYk; kdpj

,dj;Jf;F moptpy;iy. rpZq;fpfs; Fog;gj;ijf; (Chaos)

fhz;fpwhu;fs;. tpNtfpfs; Fog;gj;Jf;Fg; gpd;dhy; cs;s

xOq;ifg; (Order) ghu;f;fpwhu;fs;.

vr;rupf;iff; Fuy; tuyhW ek;gpf;if el;rj;jpuk; kl;Lky;y.

vr;rupf;iff; FuYk; $l. gpnuQ;R G+u;Nghd; kd;du;fs;

tuyhw;wpypUe;J fw;gJkpy;iy> kwg;gJkpy;iy vd;W

$wg;gLtJz;L. gjpide;jhk; Y}ap mz;bg; gpiog;Nghupd;

GfOiuapy; kaq;fp kjpapoe;jhu;. gjpdhwhk; Y}ap muz;kid

Mlk;gu tho;thy; gpuhd;Rg; Gul;rpf;F topNfhypdhu;. 1192-y; KfkJ

Nfhup ,e;jpahtpd; kPJ gilnaLj;j NghJ uh[Gj;jpu kd;du;

fNdh[; [are;jpu gpupjptpuh[; nrsfhNdhL Nru;e;J Nghuplhky;

ehl;ilf; fhl;bf; nfhLj;jhu;. gjtpf;F Mirg;gl;L kPu; [hgu;

gpshrpapy; Mq;fpNyauplk; ruzile;jhu;. 12-k; E}w;whz;bd;

gpw;gFjpapy; tPughz;baDk; FyNrfug; ghz;baDk; mur gjtpf;Fg;

Nghl;bapl;Lg; ghz;ba ehl;ilg; gytPdg; gLj;jpdu;. ehboe;j Re;ju

ghz;bad; khypf;fhG+upd; Jizia ehbj; jkpofj;jpy; mayhu;

gilnaLg;Gf;F topfhl;bdhu;. xw;Wikapd;ikNa me;epau;

Mjpf;fj;Jf;fhd miog;gpjo; vd;gJ tuyhW tpLtpf;Fk;

vr;rupf;iff; FuyhFk;.


tuyhw;wpd; gad; kdpjd; trpf;f kl;Lk; tpUk;ghJ thoTk;

tpiofpwhd;. cz;L> cLj;jp> cwq;fpdhy; kl;Lk; NghjhJ.

rpe;jpj;J> czu;r;rpia ntspg;gLj;jp moif mDgtpj;J

tho;f;ifia mu;j;jKs;sjhfTk; Mf;f Ntz;Lk;. kdpjd;

59

cs;sij cs;sthW mwpa mwptpf;f Kidfpwhd;. mNj rkak;

cs;sij czu;e;jthW czu;j;jTk; tpUk;Gfpwhd;. vdNt mwpTk;

czu;r;rpAk; KO tho;f;if vd;w ehzaj;jpd; ,U gf;fq;fshFk;.

mwptpd; ntspg;ghL mwptpay;. cs;sj;jpd; gpujpgypg;G fiy.

mwptpid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L kdpj ,dk; Kd;NdWfpwJ.

fiyfs; %yk; Kd;Ndhupd; mDgtq;fisg; ngw;Wg; gadilfpwJ.

,ir> Xtpak;> rpw;gk;> ,yf;fpak;> tuyhW kdpj kdij

nrk;ikg;gLj;Jfpd;wd> tsg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. kdpj r%fj;Jf;Fg;

nghUspay; NjitfNshL r%f> fyhr;rhu> mwpTj; NjitfSk;

cs;sd. ,it fhy ,l khw;wq;fSf;Nfw;g cUkhw;wkilfpd;wd.

Mdhy; moptjpy;iy. mijg;Nghd;W tuyhW fhyj;jpd;

Njitf;Nfw;gg; nghUs; nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. mjd; gad; kf;fspd;

kdg;ghd;ik> Kjpu;r;rp> mZFKiw Mfpatw;Wf;Nfw;g mikfpwJ.

tuyhw;wpd; nghJg; gad;fs; tUkhW:

tuyhW kdpjdpd; Ra mwpTf;fhd jpwTNfhy; tuyhw;W mwpTf;F

Ntypapy;iy. mJ midtUf;Fk; nghJ. tw;whj tuyhw;W

kfhejpapy; ePuhbj; jpisj;jtu;fs; jhq;fs; ngw;w ,d;gj;ij

,t;itafKk; ngw Ntz;Lk; vd;W tpUk;gpdu;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf>

tuyhW kdpjdpd; mwpthu;tj;ijj; J}z;lty;yJ vd;W fUjpdhu;

n`Nuhnlhl];. tuyhW mwpTf; $u;ikf;Fk; mwnewpf;Fk;

toptFf;Fk; vd;W vz;zpdhu; J}rpilb];. tuyhW fw;fhtpby;

Foe;ijahfNt ,Uf;f Ntz;baJ jhd; vd;W vr;rupj;jhu; rprNuh.

tuyhW KbAk; mbAkw;w fhtpaj;ijg; Nghd;W ftpij

,d;gj;ijf; nfhLf;f ty;yJ vd;whu; bnuty;ad;. kdpjd; vd;d

nra;jhd; vd;gijf; $Wtjd; %yk; kdpjd; vd;dthf ,Uf;fpwhd;

vd;gij tuyhW fw;gpf;fpwJ vd;gJ fhypq;Tl;bd; fzpg;G. tuyhW

kdpj vz;zj;Jf;Fk;> czu;Tf;Fk;> epiyj;jd;ikf;Fk;>

Moj;ijAk; mOj;jj;ijAk; nfhLg;gjhff; $Wfpwhu; ngu;l;uz;L

u];]y;. RUq;ff; $wpd; tuyhW kdpjdpd; Ra mwpTf;fhd

jpwTNfhy; MFk;.

tuyhW r%f epidthw;wy; xUtUf;F epidthw;wy; vg;gbNah

mg;gbg;gl;lJ r%fj;jpw;F tuyhW MFk;. tuyhW ,y;yhj kdpj

rKjhak; epidthw;wy; ,oe;j epiyf;Fj; (Societal Amnesia)

js;sg;gLk;. tuyhw;W epidthw;wy; %yk; fle;j fhy mDgtk;

ghJfhf;fg;gLfpwJ> ghuk;gupakhfpwJ. jiyKiwfis

,izf;fpwJ. tuyhW vd;w Kiwg;gLj;jg;gl;l epidthw;wy;

kf;fspd; ,d r%f fyhr;rhu Rakupahijf;Fk;> Ra tsu;r;rpf;Fk;>

Ra jPu;khdj;Jf;Fk; ,d;wpaikahj; NjitahFk;.

tuyhw;Wr; Nrkpg;Gf; fplq;F tuyhW xU mDgt Nrkpg;Gf; fplq;F

Nghd;wJ. kdpjd; fhl;Lkpuhz;b epiyapypUe;J ehfupf epiyia

mile;J njhopy; El;g r%fkhf tsu;e;j tiuahd mDgtq;fs;

60

tuyhw;wpy; Nrkpj;J itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Nghuhl;lq;fs;>

nghw;fhyq;fs;> Nrhjidfs;> rhjidfs;> ehfupfq;fspd; vOr;rp>

tPo;r;rp Mfpa midj;Jk; tuyhw;wpy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd.

tuyhw;NwhL njhlu;G nfhz;ltu;fs; cyfk; Njhd;wpajpypUe;J

tho;e;jtu;fNshL njhlu;G nfhz;ltu;fshtu; vd;W $Wfpwhu;

Nltpl; `pA+k;. fle;j fhyj;jpd; cz;ikj; jd;ikia

mwpe;jtu;fs; epfo;fhy ajhu;j;jj;ijg; gw;wpj; jg;Gf; fzf;F Nghl

khl;lhu;fs; vd;W fUJfpwhu; nyf;fp. vdNt tuyhw;W mDgtf;

fplq;fpypUe;J mtutu; jpwikf;Fk; jFjpf;Fk; Vw;gg; gad;

ngwyhk;.

tuyhW tho;f;iff;F topfhl;b tuyhW kdpj tho;f;ifg;

gazj;ijg; gw;wpaJ. kdpj ,dk; njhlu;e;J gazk; nra;tjw;F

tuyhW Njhd;whj; Jizahf cs;sJ. kdpjd; jpir njupahJ

jtpf;Fk; NghJ tuyhW xsptpsf;fhfg; gad;gLfpwJ; ey;top

fhl;LfpwJ. tuyhW ntspehLfspy; gazk; nra;tijg; Nghd;wJ.

Gjpa ,lq;fs;> Gjpa kdpju;fs;> Gjpa mDgtq;fs;. ,j;jifa

gazq;fshy; mwpT tpuptilfpwJ. kdk; gz;gLfpwJ. njhiyg;

ghu;it njspthfpwJ. n`Nuhnlhl;rpypUe;J lhapd;gp tiuahd

tuyhw;W tpj;jfu;fs; gaz topfhl;bfshf cs;sdu;. nkf;fhNy

$Wfpwhu;> gy tpjq;fspy; tuyhw;wpd;gk; ntspehl;Lg; gazj;ijg;

Nghd;W kdjpw;F kfpo;r;rpiaf; nfhLf;fpwJ. tuyhw;W khztu;

GjpanjhU rKjhaj;Jf;Fs; mioj;Jr; nry;yg;gLfpwhu;. Gjpa

tho;f;if ghzpfisg; ghu;f;fpwhu;. gy;NtWgl;l rl;lq;fs;> xOf;f

Kiwfs;> gof;f tof;fq;fs; gw;wpj; njupe;J nfhs;tjhy; mtuJ

kdk; tpuptilfpwJ.

tuyhW xU ,izg;Gg; ghyk; tuyhW fle;j fhyj;ijAk; epfo;

fhyj;ijAk; ,izf;Fk; ghyk; Nghd;wJ. fle;j fhyj;ij

Ntu;fshff; nfhz;L jhd; epfo;fhyk; vd;w Mykuk; tpOJfs; gy

tpl;Lj; jioj;Js;sJ. fle;j fhyk; vd;w mbj;jsj;jpd; kPJjhd;

epfo;fhyk; vd;w ehfupf khspif vOg;gg;gl;Ls;sJ. fiyfs;>

fyhr;rhuq;fs;> ,yf;fpaq;fs;> rkaq;fs;> jj;Jtq;fs;> tho;f;if

ghzpfs;> epWtdq;fs; Mfpa midj;Jk; fle;j fhy tpijg;gpd;

epfo;fhy tpisr;ryhFk;. vdNt ,d;iwa cyfj;ijg; Gupe;J

nfhs;s Ntz;Lkhapd; New;iwa cyifg; gw;wpj; njupe;J nfhs;s

Ntz;baJ ,d;wpaikahjJ. ,t;tpU cyfq;fisAk;

xUq;fpizg;gJ tuyhW MFk;. mjdhy;jhd; tuyhW vd;gJ

fle;j fhyj;Jf;Fk; epfo;fhyj;Jf;FkpilNaahd Kbtw;w

ciuahly; vd;W $Wfpwhu; fhypq;Tl;.

tuyhW fhyj;jpd; Fuy; tuyhW fhyf; Fuyhf xypj;J

nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. ahu; ,f;Fuiyf; Nfl;fpwhu;fs; vd;W tuyhW

ftiyg;gLtjpy;iy. gad; fUjhJ Fuy; nfhLj;Jf;

61

nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. ,f;FuYf;Fr; nrtpkLg;Nghu; gad; ngWfpd;wdu;.

,f;Fuiyf; Nfl;fhjtu;fs; Kd;du; nra;j jtWfis kPz;Lk;

nra;J jz;lidiag; ngWtu;. tuyhw;W Xl;lj;NjhL xj;Jg;

Nghfhjtu;fs; tuyhw;why; xJf;fg;gLfpwhu;fs;. tuyhW vg;gb

thoNtz;Lk; vd;W fw;gpf;ftpy;iy; Mdhy; tho;thq;F

tho;tjw;fhd topfisf; fhl;LfpwJ. jdp kdpju;fSk;>

Ml;rpahsu;fSk;> epWtdq;fSk; tuyhw;wpd; Fuy; Nfl;Lg;

gadilayhk;. tuyhW khngUk; Mw;wy;. mJ kf;fSf;Fg;

gad;gLk; NghJ mijg; gw;wp kwe;J tpLfpd;wdu;. jq;fs;

ey;tho;Tf;Fj; jhq;fNs fhuzk; vd;W $wpf; nfhs;tu;. Mdhy;

jq;fSf;Fg; ghjfk; Vw;gLk; NghJ tuyhw;wpd; FuYf;F

nrtpkLg;gu; vd;W $Wfpwhu; u\;a tuyhw;whsu; fpspAnrtp];fp

(V.O.Kiychevsky) tuyhw;wpd; fy;tpg; gad; tuyhw;W epfo;r;rpfs;

epue;jukhditay;y. Mdhy; mjd; fy;tpg; gad; epiyahd

gaidj; juty;yJ. tuyhw;wpd; fy;tpg; gad;fs; tUkhW:

1.kf;fSf;F kdg; gapw;rpiaAk;> kdg; gf;Ftj;ijAk;>

kdKjpu;r;rpiaAk; nfhLf;fpwJ. 2. tuyhw;W epoy;fSf;Fg;

gpd;dhy; cs;s ep[j;ij mwpe;J nfhs;s cjTfpwJ. 3.

gFjpfspd; Nru;f;ifia tpl KOik ngupaJ rpwe;jJ vd;w

cz;ikia czu;j;JfpwJ. 4. fw;gidiaj; J}z;b rpe;jidia

tsu;j;J ,yf;fpa ,d;gj;ijf; nfhLf;fpwJ. 5. ehlfq;fs;>

fijfs;> ftpijfSf;fhd fUitAk;> nghUisAk; toq;FfpwJ.

6. gpw mwpTj; JiwfSf;Fg; gpd;GykhfTk; mtw;iwg; Gupe;J

nfhs;tjw;Ff; fhuzkhfTk; cs;sJ.

tuyhW Ez;zwpitf; nfhLf;fpwJ tuyhW kdpj ,ay;igg;

gw;wpa Ez;z zwpitf; (insight) nfhLf;fpwJ. kdpj ,ay;G

Fzf; fyit. mtdJ ew;nray;fSk; jPr;nray;fSk; tuyhw;wpy;

gjpthfpAs;sd. ePjp - mePjp> rkj;Jtk; - rkj;Jtkpd;ik> cz;ik

- ngha;> vspik - Mlk;guk;> mikjp - Nghu;> ,d;Kiw -

td;Kiw> mlf;FKiw - Gul;rp> mwpthw;wy; - czu;r;rpg; ngUf;F>

Njrg;gw;W - cyf xw;Wik> Kd;Ndw;wk; - gpd;dilT Nghd;w

cld;ghl;L vjpu;kiwg; Nghf;F tuyhw;wpy; njhlu;e;J

fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,jw;Ff; fhuzk; vd;d? ,itahTk; Kuz;gl;l

kdpj ,ay;gpd; ntspg;ghLfNs vd;gij tuyhW

njspTgLj;JfpwJ.

tuyhW gpur;ridfSf;Fg; gupfhuk; fhz cjTfpwJ tuyhW

Kd;Djhuzq;fisf; fhl;LfpwJ. fle;j fhyj;jpy; gpur;ridfSf;F

vt;thW jPu;T fhzg;gl;lJ vd;gjw;fhd tuyhw;W vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;

Vuhsk;. gyjug;gl;l cs;ehl;L ntspehl;Lj; jfuhWfisj; jPu;f;f

tuyhw;wpd; Jiziaj;jhd; ehl Ntz;bAs;sJ. ,ilf;fhy

INuhg;ghtpy; gy efuq;fs; epyr; nrhe;j Mtzq;fspd;

mbg;gilapy; epyg; gpuGf;fspd; gpbapdpd;Wk; tpLjiy ngw;wd.

62

,d;iwf;Fk; Ml;rpahsu;fs; ehl;nly;iyiag; ghJfhf;fNth>

mz;il ehl;bd; epyg;gFjpapd; kPJ nrhe;jk; nfhz;lhlNth>

my;yJ kPl;fNth tuyhw;Wr; rhd;Wfisj;jhd; fhl;l Ntz;bAs;sJ.

,e;jpah - ghfp];jhd;> rPdh - ijthd;> tlf;F - njw;F tpal;ehk;>

tl - njd; nfhupah> gh];]pa - nru;gpa - nù;rnfhtpdj;

jfuhWfs; tuyhw;Wg; gpur;ridfs; jhNd? tuyhw;W

Kd;Djhuzq;fisf; nfhz;L ehLfSf;fpilNaahd

jfuhWfSf;Fj; jPu;T fhz;gJ ,d;iwf;Fk; mjpfhug; G+u;tkhd

eilKiwahf Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ.

tuyhw;W mwptpd; nghJik tuyhw;W mwpTk; mDgtKk;

cyFf;Fg; nghJthdJ. ,e;j mwpT kf;fspilNa mfpYyff;

fz;Nzhl;lj;ijf; (Universal outlook) nfhLf;fpwJ. 17-k;

E}w;whz;by; ,Ue;J vOjg;gl;L tUk; gpugQ;r tuyhW ,g;gue;j

kdg;ghd;ikia tYg;gLj;JtjhfNt cs;sJ. Ml;Nlh n`dpk;

uPdpd; nghJg; gz;ghl;L tuyhW> vr;.[p. nty;rpd; cyf tuyhW>

`hku;l;ldpd; gpugQ;r tuyhW> tpy;ûz;bd; ehfupfj;jpd; fij>

And];Nfhtpd; ntspaPlhd kdpjFy tuyhW Mfpait tuyhw;W

mwptpd; nghJikia mbf;Nfhbl;Lf; fhl;Lfpd;wd.

tuyhW tUq;fhyj;ij vjpu;nuhs;s cjTfpwJ vjpu;fhyk; xU

Gjpu;fhyk;. ,g;Gjpu; fhyj;ijg; Gupe;J nfhs;tjw;fhd jpwTNfhy;

fle;j fhyj;jpy; cs;sJ. fle;j fhyj;ijg; gw;wpa mwptpd;

JizNahL epfo;fhyj;jpy; fhY}d;wp epd;why; jhd; tUq;fhyj;ij

ntw;wpfukhf vjpu;nfhs;s KbAk;. vjpu;fhyj;ijg; gw;wp Kd;

fzpg;G nra;tJ r%f cs;spaf;fkhf (Social Urge) cs;sJ. 1)

Kd;fzpg;Gfisj; Nju;e;njLj;jy;; 2) khw;W Kd;fzpg;Gfis KbT

nra;jy;; 3) Kd;fzpg;Gfisj; njhlu;e;J rup ghu;j;jy;; 4) Kd;

fzpg;Gfisg; gw;wp kf;fSf;F vLj;Jiuj;jjy; Mfpait tuyhw;W

Kd;fzpg;gpd; (Historical Forecasting) ehd;F fl;lq;fshFk;.

tUq;fhy tuyhW (Fuistory) Gjpa mwpTj; Jiwahf cUthfp

tUfpwJ.

tuyhw;wpd; nghUspay; gad; tuyhw;Wf; fy;tpahy; cyfpay;

nghUspay; gad; cz;lh? cz;L. murhq;fg; gjtpfspYk;>

ntspehl;Lj; J}jufg; gzpfspYk; Nru;tjw;F tuyhw;Wf; fy;tp

nghUj;jkhdJ. kj;jpa khepy muRg; gzpfSf;fhd EioTj;

Nju;Tfspy; ntw;wp ngw ,f;fy;tp ifnfhLf;Fk;. tuyhw;Wg;

gl;ljhupfs; mUq;fhl;rpafq;fs;> fiyf; $lq;fs;> mwepiya

kw;Wk; Rw;Wyhj; Jiwfspy; Nru;e;J gzpahw;wj;

jFjpAilNahuhtu;. tuyhw;W KJepiy kw;Wk; Muha;r;rpg;

gl;ljhupfs; gy;fiyf; fofq;fspYk;> fy;Y}upfspYk;> tuyhw;W

Ma;T epiyaq;fspYk; gzpahw;w rpwg;Gj; jFjp ngw;Nwhuhtu;.

,it ahTk; tuyhw;wpd; ntspg;gilahd nghUspay; gad;fshFk;.

63

tuyhw;wpd; cz;ikahd mbg;gilahd gad; kdpj kdij

tsg;gLj;Jtjpy; jhd; cs;sJ.

tuyhw;wpd; nfLgad; (Abuse of History) tuyhW rupahf

vOjg;glhj NghJ my;yJ jtwhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; NghJ

nfLgad; tpisfpwJ. ,j;jtW gpd;tUk; ehd;F epiyfspy;

Vw;glf; $Lk;: 1). Nghjpa ek;gfkhd rhd;Wfspd;wp tuyhW

vOJjy;> 2) tuyhw;whsu; jdJ tpUg;G ntWg;Gf;Nfw;g tuyhW

vOJjy;; 3). tuyhw;W epfo;TfSf;F Nehf;fk; fw;gpj;jy;; 4).

tuyhw;W tpsf;fq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; jPu;g;Gfisf; $wy;. vdNt

tuyhw;W cz;ikfspd; jd;ik> tuyhw;whsupd; FiwghL>

tuyhw;W tpsf;fk; kw;Wk; jPu;g;G tuyhw;wpd; nfLgaDf;fhd

fhuzq;fshFk;. thyhw;wpd; nfLgaDf;fhd tuyhWfs; tUkhW:

Guhz tuyhW (Mythological History) Guhzf; fijfs; fw;gidg;

GidTfs;> Guhz epfo;Tfs; fhy - ,l tuk;Gf;F mg;ghw;gl;lit.

rupghu;j;J xg;gpl;L mwpaf;$ba Mjhuq;fsw;wit. gz;ila

ghgpNyhdpau;fSk;> vfpg;jpaUk;> vgpNuau;fSk;> ,e;Jf;fSk;

Guhzf; fijfis tuyhw;W epfo;r;rpfs; vd;W vz;zp kaq;fpdu;.

Guhz tuyhW vd;w nrhw;nwhlu; Kuz;ghLilaJ. ,J

Njhw;wj;jhy; tuyhNwad;wp cz;ik tuyhwy;y. Guhzf; fijia

tuyhwhff; fUJtJ tuyhw;Wf; nfLgad; MFk;.

,iwaUs; ntspg;ghl;L tuyhW (Apocalyptic History)

mg;Nghfhypg;]; (Apocalypse) vd;gJ iggpspd; ,Wjpg; gFjp. ,jpy;

Gdpj [hd; cyfk; Kbag; NghFk; nra;jpia ntspg;gLj;Jfpwhu;.

tuyhw;iw rka ek;gpf;ifapd; %yk; tpsf;f Kay;tJ ,iwaUs;

ntspg;ghl;L tuyhW MFk;. mjhtJ ,iwtdhy; gilf;fg;gl;l

,e;j cyif ,iwtdhy; kl;LNk jpUj;jp mikf;fNth> khw;wk;

nra;aNth > NtWgLj;jNth KbAk; vd;w ek;ggpf;ifapd; kPJ

tiuag;gLtjhFk;. ANrgparpd; Mz;L epfo;r;rpj; njhFg;Gk;> Gdpj

mf];bdpd; flTspd; efuKk; ,j;jifa tuyhw;Wf;fhd

cjhuzq;fshFk;. ,J tuyhw;wpd; nfLgad;.

rhu;G tuyhW (Biased History) rhu;G tuyhW Guhz kw;Wk;

,iwaUs; ntspg;ghl;L tuyhw;wpdpd;Wk; NtWgl;lJ. rhu;G tuyhW

rhd;Wfisf; nfhz;L vOjg;gLfpwJ. Mdhy; rhd;Wfs;

rhjfkhfNth my;yJ ghjfkhfNth gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. rkar;

rPu;jpUj;jf; fhyj;J INuhg;ghtpy; fj;Njhypf;fu;fs; tuyhw;iwj;

jq;fSf;Fr; rhu;ghfTk;> kWg;gpaf;fj;jhu; mtu;fSf;F MjuthfTk;

vOjpf; nfhz;ldu;. 1752y; ntspaplg;gl;l flTs; top neju;yhe;J” vd;w E}y; kWg;gpaf;f tuyhw;W mZFKiwf;fhd cjhuzkhFk;.

bnuty;ad; vOjpa Md; murpapd; fPo; ,q;fpyhe;J vd;w E}iy

tpf; (Whig) fl;rpf; fz;Nzhl;lj;NjhL vOjpdhu;. FNuhNr> khk;rd;>

64

nkf;fhNy> Nekpau;> fpg;gd;> fhu;iyy;> nka;d;Nf Nghd;Nwhu; rhu;G

tuyhw;whsu;fs; Mtu;. 1973-y; ,e;jpuh fhe;jp muR xU rhu;G fhyg;

ngl;lfj;ij (Time Capsule) nrq;Nfhl;ilapy; Gijj;J NeU

FLk;gg; ngUikia epiyehl;l Kw;gl;lJ. Fwpg;gpl;l

fz;Nzhl;lj;Jld; vOjg;gLk; ve;j tuyhWk; nfLgaid

tpistpf;ff; $baNjahFk;.

cs;Shf;f tuyhW (Motivated History) rkfhy r%f vOr;rpahy;

Cf;fk; ngw;W vOjg;gLtJ cs;Sf;f tuyhW MFk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf 19-k; E}w;whz;by; gpupl;ld; ngw;w nghUs; tsKk;

NguuRg; ngUf;fKk; tuyhw;whsu;fis Kd;Ndw;w topghl;il (Cult

of Progress) Cf;Ftpf;fr; nra;jJ. cyfpy; xt;nthU fhyj;jpYk;

cz;ikahd nry;tKk;> kfpo;r;rpAk;> mwpTk;> ew;gz;Gk;

mjpfupj;Js;sJ vd;W vOjpdhu; fpg;gd;. tuyhW xU Kd;Ndw;w

mwptpay; vd;W fUjpdhu; Mf;ld; gpuG. tUq;fhyj;jpy; ,aw;if

tsq;fspd; kPJs;s kdpj Mw;wYf;Fk;> mt;tsq;fis kdpj ,d

eyj;Jf;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fkhd mwpTf;Fk; vy;iyapy;iy

vd;W vz;zpdhu; lhapd;. 'ehd; epuk;gp tope;j tpf;Nlhupad;

ek;gpf;ifAfj;jpy; tsu;e;Njd;; ,e;j ek;gpf;ifapy; tho;fpNwd;” vd;W vOjpdhu; ngu;l;uz;L u];]y;. ,t;thW cs;Shf;f

ce;Jjyhy; vOjg;gLtJ tuyhw;wpd; nfLgadhFk;.

tho;f;if tuyhW (Biographical History) tuyhw;W khkdpju;fs;

jq;fsJ mbr;RtLfis fhy kzw;gug;gpy; gjpj;Jr; nry;tjhfg;

gutrj;Jld; ghbdhu; yhq;ngNyh. "khkdpju; Nfhl;ghl;ilf;

nfhLj;jhu; fhu;iyy;. mtiug; gpd;gw;wpg; gyUk; tho;f;if

tuyhw;iw tuyhW vd;W vz;zp kaq;fpdu;. jdp kdpjiu

tuyhw;W epfo;Tf;Fg; nghWg;ghf;FtJ tuyhw;Wf;Fg; Gwk;ghdJ.

khkdpju;fspd; rhjidj; njhFg;Ng tuyhW vd;w vz;zk;

jtwhdJ. tho;f;if tuyhW rhd;Wfisf; nfhz;L vOjg;gl;lhYk;

nfLgaDilaJ.

,d tuyhW (Racial History) ,d tuyhW tuyhw;wpd;

nfLgaDf;fhd rpwe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;. ,d cau;Tf;

Nfhl;ghl;Lf;F tpj;jpl;ltu; gpnuQ;R ehl;L Nky; Fbkfdhfpa

fhk;Nl (Comte de Gobineau) Mthu;. mtuJ fw;gidf; $w;Wf;F

n[u;khdpa nkhop E}yhu; ,dthj tbtk; nfhLj;jdu;. nts;is

epwj;jtiu> ehu;bf;> My;igd;> nkbl;lNudpad; ,dj;jtu; vd;Wk;

mtu;fSf;nfdj; jdpj;jpwd; cz;L vd;Wk; thjpl;ldu;. n[u;khdpa

ehu;bf; ,dNk cyfpy; cau;e;j ,dk; vd;whu; ,l;yu;. kq;Nfhypa

,dj;ijr; Nru;e;j rPdu;fs; jdpj;jpwd; nfhz;l ehfupfj;Jf;Fr;

nrhe;jk; nfhz;lhbdu;. gz;ila ,e;jpa Mupau; tu;zhrpuk

mbg;gilapy; jq;fsJ ,d Nkd;ikia epiy ehl;bdu;. jpuhtpl

65

,dg;gw;W jdpj; jpuhtpl ehL Nfhupf;if msTf;Fr; nrd;W

mlq;fpaJ. jkpod; vd;nwhU ,dKz;L; jdpNa mtu;f;nfhU

jpwKz;L vd;w $w;Wk; ,e;j tifiar; Nru;e;jNj. cyf

ehfupfq;fspd; Njhw;wk; gw;wp Muha;e;j lhapd;gp ,d Nkk;ghl;Lf;

Nfhl;ghl;il epuhfupj;jhu;. ,d tuyhW mwptpay; mbg;gilaw;wJ.

murpay; Nguhgj;J' vd;W $Wfpwhu; fhypq;Tl;.

ehl;Lg;gw;W tuyhW (Patriotic History) ehl;Lg; gw;Wld; vOjg;gLk;

tuyhWk; jtwhdNj. Njrpak; gpuhe;jpag; gw;iw Cf;Ftpf;fpwJ.

“Njrpak; vd;gJ jy r%fj;jpd; $l;L mjpfhug; gl;liu" vd;W

$Wfpwhu; lhapd;gp. nrhe;j ehl;bd; epiwfis cau;j;jp vjpup

ehLfspd; Fiwfis kpifg;gLj;jpf; $wr; nra;fpwJ. gpnuQ;Rg;

Gul;rpf;Fg; gpd; INuhg;ghtpy; ehl;Lg; gw;Wld; vOJk; tof;fk;

Nt&z;baJ. kpf;rnyl;bd; gpuhd;];> bnua;l;];Nfapd; n[u;kdp>

gpuhd;rp]; ghyNfapd; ngh P̀kpa kf;fs; tuyhW> [hu;[;

ghd;fpuhg;bd; mnkupf;f tuyhW> Njrpa ntwpiaj; J}z;lf;

$bait. ,j;Njrpa itu]; gpw ehLfspd; tuyhw;whsu;fisAk;

gw;wpf; nfhz;lJ. Njrpak; jw;fhy tuyhw;wpd; mrhjhuz

Mw;wyhfp tuyhw;W tiutpaiy Mf;fpukpj;J tuyhw;whsu;fis

mbikg;gLj;jp tpl;lJ vd;W $Wfpwhu; nfhkhfu;.

Nfhl;ghl;L tuyhW (Theoretical History) Nfhl;ghl;ilf; nfhz;L

tuyhw;W epfo;Tfis tpsf;FtJ tuyhw;Wf; nfLgad; MFk;.

tuyhw;iw epfo;e;jthW $WtJ tuyhw;whsu; epidj;jthW $WtJ

jtwhd mZFKiwahFk;. cjhuzkhf gz;ila vfpg;jpau;

tuyhw;iwf; flTs;fspd; fhyk;> tPuu;fspd; fhyk;> kdpju;fspd;

fhyk; vd;W gpupj;jdu;. ,e;Jf;fs; jpNujhAfk;> JtguAfk;>

fypAfk; vd;W gpupj;jdu;. ,j;jifa vz;zk; tuyhw;W tl;lr;

Row;rpf; Nfhl;ghl;by; (Cyclical Theory of History) Kbe;jJ.

,f;Nfhl;ghl;by; tpf;Nfh> n`fy;> khu;f;];> ];ngq;yu;> lhapd;

Nghd;Nwhu; mwptpay; rhak; G+rpdu;. ,j;jifa Nfhl;ghl;L tpsf;fk;

tuyhw;iwj; jtwhfg; gad;gLj;JtjhFk;.

fw;gid tuyhW (Imaginative History) fw;gid tuyhWk;

tuyhw;Wf; nfLgaDf;fhd vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;. ,yl;rpa r%fj;ij

vl;Ltjw;fhff; fw;gidf;F tuyhw;W tbtk; nfhLf;fg;gLfpwJ.

gpNsl;Nlhtpd; FbauR> ru; jhk]; %upd; fw;gid cyF> jhk];

`hg;rpd; nytajhd;> [hd; yhf;rpd; rptpy; murhq;fk;>

khz;nl];f;Atpd; rl;lq;fspd; rhuk;> &Nrhtpd; rKjha xg;ge;jk;

Nghd;wit fw;gis tuyhWfs; MFk;. ,it

fUj;JUthf;fj;Jf;Fk; mwpTg; Gul;rpf;Fk; fhuzkhf ,Ue;jd.

Mdhy; ,it tuyhwy;y. fw;gid tuyhW kdpj ek;gpf;iffis

Vsdk; nra;tjhf cs;sJ vd;W fUjpdhu; tpy;̂ uz;l;.

66

jj;Jt tuyhW (Philosophical History) tuyhw;Wf;Fj; jj;Jt

tpsf;fkspg;gJ tuyhw;Wf; nfLgaDf;fhd kw;WnkhU

vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;. ek;gpf;if Kiwfis (Systems of Beliefs)

rhd;Wfshff; nfhz;L tiuag;gLtJ tuyhwy;y. jj;Jt tl;lj;

Jisf;Fs; tuyhw;Wr; rJuf; fl;ilia Eiog;gJ tuyhw;iwj;

jtwhfg; gad;gLj;JtjhFk;. NkYk; jj;Jt tuyhw;W mbg;gilAk;

fhyj;Jf;Ff; fhyk; khwpf; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. gz;ila fpNuf;f

jj;Jt Qhdpfs; fzpj mwpit ikakhff; nfhz;L rpe;jpj;jdu;.

,ilf;fhyj;jpy; ,iwaUs; jj;Jtk; tuyhw;wpd; Ftpikakhf

,Ue;jJ. jw;fhyj;jpy; tuyhw;Wj; jj;Jtj;Jf;F mwptpay;

tpsf;fk; mspf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,j;jifa jj;Jt Cf tpsf;fq;fs;

tuyhw;W tiuthfhJ.

kjpg;gPL tuyhw;wpd; gaDk; nfLgaDk; mijg; gad;gLj;Jtijg;

nghWj;Nj cs;sJ. tuyhW vd;w r%f Ma;Tf; $lj;jpy;

,ilawhJ gupNrhjidfs; ele;j tz;zk; cs;sJ. mjdhy;

tuyhw;W mZFKiwAk; fhyj;Jf;Ff; fhyk; khWgLfpwJ.

mwptpay; tpjpfs; $l mrhjhuz R+o;epiyfspy;

jtwhfptpLfpd;wd. ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; gpw;gFjpapd; khngUk;

fz;Lgpbg;ghff; fUjg;gLtJ Fog;gf; Nfhl;ghL (Chaos Theory)

MFk;. Gs;sp tptu tpjpfspy; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,f;Nfhl;ghl;bd;

gb cyfpy; epfOk; ve;j rk;gtj;ijAk; ve;j epfo;r;rpNahLk;> ve;j

tpisitAk; ve;jf; fhuzj;NjhLk; ,izf;fyhk;. vdpDk;

,f;Nfhl;ghLk; Kbe;j Kbty;y. vdNt tuyhW cl;gl ve;j

mwpTj; Jiwapd; gaDk; nfLgaDk; mijf;

fhykhWghLfSf;Nfw;gg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjpy;jhd; cs;sJ.


"tuyhw;Wj; jj;Jtk;" vDk; njhlupid cUthf;fpatu; /gpnuQ;Rj;

jj;Jtuhd thy;Nlu; (18Mk; E}w;whz;L) Mthu;. ,j;njhliu ve;jg;

nghUspy; thy;Nlu; toq;fpdhu; vd;gij Mu;.[p. fhypq;Tl;

fPo;tUkhW $Wthu;. thy;Nlu; tuyhw;Wj; jj;Jtk; vd;W $wpaJ

Ma;T Kiw tuyhW my;yJ tpQ;Qhd Kiw tuyhW

vd;gNjahk;. mjhtJ tuyhw;whsd; jdJ gFj;jwptpidf; nfhz;l

vk;KbitAk; fhzy; vd;gjhk; vd;Wk; mtu; tpsf;fk; $wpdhu;.

rkathjpfs; tuyhw;wpw;Fg; ghuk;gupa Kiwapy; nghUs; toq;Ftu;.

mg;nghUspdpd;Wk; thy;Nlupd; fUj;ij NtWgLj;jpf; fhz;gjw;Nf

fhypq;Tl; ,t;thW tpsf;fk; $wpdhu;. 18Mk; E}w;whz;bd;

,Wjpapy; n`fy; Nghd;w n[u;khdpa tuyhw;whsu;fSk; tuyhw;Wj;

jj;Jtk; vd;Dk; njhliug; gad;gLj;jpdhu;fs;. Mdhy;>

67

mj;njhlUf;F mtu;fs; cyf tuyhW my;yJ gpugQ;r tuyhW

vd;Nw nghUs; fz;l du;.

$wpa nghUisNa Nkw;nfhs;Stu;. Nyhtpj; (Lowith) vd;Dk;

tuyhw;whsu; tuyhw;W epfo;r;rpfs;> njhlu;r;rpfs; vd;gtw;iw

xd;wpj;J Xu; Mjhuj; jj;Jtf; Nfhl;ghl;bidnahl;bg; gpugQ;r

tuyhw;wpw;F xU Kiwahd tifapy; nghUz;ik fhzy;

tuyhw;Wj; jj;Jtk; MFk; vd $wpdhu;. ,t;thW fhzg;Nghdhy;

tuyhw;Wj; jj;Jtk; vd;gJ tuyhw;Wr; rka kugpy; nfhz;L

Ngha;tpLk;. fpwp];Jt rka kugpd;gb kdpj tuyhW Kjw;ghfk;>

fUtha;> epiwT > tPL vd;W gupzkpj;J tUtjhk;. MfNt>

tuyhw;Wj; jj;Jtk; vd;gJ rkar; rhu;ghfNth> NtW tpjkhfNth

tuyhw;wpw;F xU nghUz;ik fz;L mg;nghUz;ikapidj;

jj;Jtepiyf;F cau;j;Jjy; vd;gjhFk;.

19Mk; E}w;whz;L (tpQ;Qhd) cld;ghl;Lf; Nfhl;ghl;lhsu;fs;

(Positivists) tuyhw;Wj; jj;Jtj;ij tuyhw;wpy; $wg;gLk;

epfo;r;rpfisnay;yhk; nghUs;jUk; tifapy; gpizf;Fk; xU

jj;Jtk; vd;W nfhz;ldu;.

tuyhw;Wj; jj;Jtk; tuyhw;Wg; goikNahLk; mg;goikNahL

njhlu;Gila tuyhw;Wk; rpe;jidfNshL kl;Lk; njhlu;Gilajd;W>

mt;tpuz;bd; gu];gu cwthlyhy; Njhd;Wk; epiyikia Ma;tNj

tuyhw;Wj; jj;JtkhFk; vd;W Mu;.[p.fhypq;Tl; $Wfpwhu;.

18Mk; E}w;whz;by; tho;e;j mwpnthsp mwpQu;fs; ,ilf;fhy

(Enlighterment Philosophers) %lek;gpf;ifapypUe;J jhq;fs;

tpLgl;Ltpl;ljhff; fUjp mwpnthspj; jj;Jtj;ijg; gug;gpdu;.

mtu;fs; fzf;Fg;gb gFj;jwpT xd;iwNa %y Mjhukhff;

nfhz;L (mjhtJ jUf;f uPjpahf) Ma;e;jwpe;jitNa jtpu;f;f

Kbahj ,aw;if newp vd;W mtu;fs; fz;Lzu;e;jdu;.

tuyhw;Wj; jj;Jtk; vd;Dk; njhlUf;F %d;W tpjkhfg; nghUs;

$wyhk; (1) fhuz fhupaj; njhlu;G> Kd;dpaf;fk; Kjypa

tuyhw;W epfo; - Kiwfisg;gw;wp tuyhw;whsu; nfhz;Ls;s

mbg;gilf; nfhs;iffs; my;yJ jw;Nfhs;fs;> (2) tuyhw;W Ma;T

Kiwfisg; gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fSk; Muha;r;rpf; fl;Liu

tiutjw;fhd tpjpKiwfSk;> (3) tuyhw;wpd; Mjhuj; jd;ikiag;

gw;wpa cau;epiyf; Nfhl;ghLfs;. ngUk;ghYk; tuyhw;Wj;

jj;Jtj;ijg; gw;wp tiuNthu; ahtUk; %d;whtjhf

,f;fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpa fUj;Jfspy; Kf;fpakhdit %d;W (1)

kdpj Fyj;ijg; G+uzr; rpwg;gilar; nra;a KbAk; (2) tuyhw;W

epfo;Kiw jtpu;f;f KbahjJ (3) rKjha epfo;Kiwia kdpjd;

khw;wpaikf;f KbAk;. ,jpy; tpe;ij ahnjdpy; ,k;%d;W

68

fUj;Jf;fSk; xNu rkaj;jpy; gyupilNa gutpapUe;jikNa.

,f;fUj;Jfisg; gug;gpa Kd;Ndhbfs; vd;W fUj;jjf;ftu;fs;

lu;Nfh (Turgot), fz;lhu;n] (Condercet) vd;Dk; gpnuQ;R

mwpQu;fs;. mtu;fisg; gpd;gw;wp gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;bd;

nrapd;l; irkd; (SaintSimon)> fhkl; (Comte)> khu;f;]; vd;Nghu;

jkJ Nfhl;ghLfis cUthf;fpdu;.

,t;tif tpsf;fq;fisj; jtpu tpf;Nfh (Vico) nù;lu; (Herder)>

khd;nl];f;A+ (Montesquieu) vd;Nghu; NtW rpy nfhs;iffis

epWtpdu;. nlfhu;l; vd;Dk; gpnuQ;Rf; fzpjj; jj;Jtu; epWtpa

fhu;Brpadpr Nfhl;ghl;bid tpf;Nfh Vw;Wf;nfhs;s kWj;jhu;.

(nlfhu;l;apd; Mjhuf; Nfhl;ghl;bidf; fhu;Brpadpf; Nfhl;ghL

vd;gu;). fzpjj;jpYk; gpw tpQ;Qhd ,ay;fspYk; nghJ

cz;ikfisf; fz;lhy; mit vy;yh epfu;epiyfSf;Fk;

nghUe;Jtdthk; vd;gJ nlfhu;bd; $w;W

fhkl; Nghd;w gpnuQ;R mwpQu;fs; tpQ;Qhdj;jpd; nghJj;

jd;ikia tw;GWj;jpj; jkJ cld;ghl;Lf; Nfhl;ghl;bid epWtpdu;.

mf;Nfhl;ghL kpf tpiutpNyNa mwptpaYyfpy; kpFe;j nry;thf;Fg;

ngw;Wtpl;lJ. kw;nwhU INuhg;gpaj; jj;Jtuhd N`fy; ,aw;if

epfo;r;rpfSf;Fk; tuyhw;W epfo;r;rpfSf;Fk; ,ilNa vOk;

NtWghLfs; gy vd;whu;. N`fy; gFj;jwpT> gupzhkk;> (kdpj

,r;irahy; Njhd;Wk; tsu;r;rp) epfo;Kiw> Rje;jpuk; vd;Dk;

fUj;Jfs; ahitAk; tuyhw;W tsu;r;rpf;F kl;Lk; nghUe;Jgit>

,tw;iw tpQ;Qhd msitfshy; mstpaw;gLj;jp mse;J

fhzKbahJ vd;gJ ,jd; fpis KbT (Corollary). xU rpy

mwptpay; Jiwfspy; (cjhuzkhf> mstpaw;gLj;jw; nfspa

tpQ;Qhdj; Jiwapy;) gad;gLk; epfo;Kiwfs;> Nrhjidf;

fUtpfs; Kjypait gpw mwptpay; JiwfSf;Fk; (cjhuzkhf>

tuyhW) nghUe;Jtdthk; vd;Dk; fUj;ij xg;Gf; nfhs;s kWj;J

n`fy; jkJ Gfo;ngw;w tpthjf; Nfhl;ghl;bid (dialectics)

epWtpdhu;. fhkl; kw;Wk; n`fypd; jj;Jtq;fs; khu;f;];rpd;

Nfhl;ghl;bw;F Jizahf mike;jJ.


1. tuyhw;wpd; gad;ghL gw;wpa fUj;J Vd; rpf;fyhdjhfTk;

ru;r;irf;FupajhfTk; khWfpwJ?

2. Mu;.[papd;gb ‘mNghfhypg;bf;’ tuyhW vd;why; vd;d. fhypq;Tl;?

3. tuyhw;wpd; jj;Jtq;fspd; ,uz;L gpupTfs; ahit?

69

4. n`fyhy; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l ehd;F rfhg;jq;fis Fwpg;gplTk;.


1. tuyhw;wpd; gad;ghL vd;w fUj;J jdpegu;fs;> epWtdq;fs;

kw;Wk; FOf;fspd; mZFKiw kw;Wk; mZFKiwia

mtu;fshy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l my;yJ epuhfupf;fg;gl;l

Njitfis gpujpgypf;fpwJ vd;gjhy;> mJ rpf;fyhdJ>

rpf;fyhdJ kw;Wk; ru;r;irf;FupajhfpwJ.

2. fpwp];jt tuyhw;wpy;> flTs; kf;fisAk; ehLfisAk;

gilj;jhu; vd;W ek;gg;gLfpwJ. vdNt> tuyhw;W nray;Kiw

vd;gJ flTspd; Nehf;fj;jpd; nray;ghlhFk;> ,J kdpjdpd;

Nehf;fkhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. fhytupirapd; ikaj;jpy;

fpwp];Jtpd; gpwg;ig epu;zapj;J> tuyhW ,uz;L gFjpfshfg;

gpupf;fg;gl;lJ-fpwp];J gpwg;gjw;F Kd; (fp.gp.) kw;Wk; (fp.gp.) gpwF.

,e;j tif tuyhw;iw Mu;.[p fhypq;Tl; 'mNghfhypg;bf;' vd;W

mioj;jhu;.

3. tuyhw;wpd; jj;Jtq;fspy; ,uz;L gpupTfs; cs;sd; xd;W

tuyhw;wpd; Cfj; jj;Jtk;> kw;nwhd;W tuyhw;wpd; tpku;rd my;yJ

gFg;gha;Tj; jj;Jtk;.

4. cyf tuyhw;Wf; fhl;rpapy; ehd;F rfhg;jq;fis n`fy;

mq;fPfupj;jhu;. mit Xupaz;ly; rfhg;jk;> fpNuf;f rfhg;jk;

Nuhkhdpa rfhg;jk; kw;Wk; n[u;khdpa rfhg;jk;.


� n`NuhNlhl]pd; $w;Wg;gb> tuyhW Mu;tj;ijj;

J}z;LfpwJ> kfpo;r;rpAld; mwpTWj;JfpwJ> jftiy

mspf;fpwJ kw;Wk; Mu;tj;ijj; J}z;LfpwJ. Nuhkhdpa rl;l

mwpQu; rprNuh> ‘ePq;fs; gpwg;gjw;F Kd; vd;d ele;jJ

vd;gij mwpahky; ,Ug;gJ Foe;ijahfNt ,Ug;gNj’ vd;W $wpdhu;. R.G Collingwood fUj;Jg;gb>

‘tuyhw;wpd; kjpg;G vd;dntd;why;> kdpjd; vd;d nra;jhd;> mjdhy; kdpjd; vd;d vd;gij mJ ekf;Ff; fw;gpf;fpwJ.

� Gdpj mf];bd; kw;Wk; Ngh];A+l; fUj;Jg;gb> tuyhW xU

Neupay; tsu;r;rpia cWjpg;gLj;JfpwJ> mjhtJ nja;tPf

Qhdj;jpd; nry;thf;if jPu;khdpf;ff;$ba njhlu;r;rpahd

Kd;Ndw;wk;.

70

� ,k;khDNty; fhd;l; tuyhw;iw xU njhlu;r;rpahd>

vspikahdjhf ,y;yhtpl;lhYk;> xU rpwe;j epiyia Nehf;fp

Kd;NdWtjhff; fz;lhu;. ,aw;ifahdJ xU ePz;l fhyj;

jpl;lj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

� /gpnul;upf; Vq;nfy;]pd; $w;Wg;gb> cyf tuyhW mjd;

midj;J khwptUk; fhl;rpfSld; 'tsu;r;rpapd; nray;Kiw

kw;Wk; Mtpfspd; czu;jy;' MFk;. tuyhw;W epfo;Tfs;

me;j Mtpfspd; ntspg;ghLfs;.

� mf];Nl fhk;Nl (1798-1857) tuyhw;W nray;Kiwia tpsf;f

Kad;w %d;W epiyfspd; rl;lj;ij cUthf;fpdhu;. mtuJ

fUj;Jg;gb> kdpjFyj;jpd; tuyhW njspthf ftdpf;ff;$ba

%d;W epiyfspy; tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Kjy; fl;lk;

goikahd fhl;Lkpuhz;bj;jdj;jhy; Fwpf;fg;gl;l ,iwapay;

fhyk;.

� fhu;y; khu;f;]; (1818-1883) n`fyplk; ,Ue;J ,uz;L

Nfhl;ghLfis fld; thq;fp jdJ nrhe;j tuyhw;Wf;

Nfhl;ghl;bypUe;J kWtbtikj;jhu;. KjyhtJ ,aq;fpay;

gw;wpa Nahrid. ,aq;fpay; rpe;jid kz;lyj;jpw;F

kl;Lky;y> nghUs; tp\aq;fSf;Fk; nghUe;Jk; vd;W khu;f;];

ek;gpdhu;. ,uz;lhtjhf> xU r%fj;jpd; tho;f;ifapd;

gy;NtW mk;rq;fs; ,ay;ghfNt njhlu;Gilait vd;w

ghu;it.

� tuyhw;wpd; tpku;rdj; jj;Jtk; 19 Mk; E}w;whz;by;

cUthf;fg;gl;lJ kw;Wk; mJ 20 Mk; E}w;whz;by; rpwg;igg;

ngw;wJ. mjd; Kf;fpa Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tuyhw;whrpupau;fs;

jq;fs; nghUisr; nrayhf;Ftjpy; gad;gLj;Jk;

eilKiwfs; kw;Wk; tiffspy; cs;sJ.


� r%f kwjp: ,J xU FOtpduhy; Vw;gLk; $l;L kwjp. ,J

epidTfspd; "fl;lha mlf;FKiw"> mwpahik> khwptUk;

R+o;epiyfs; my;yJ khwptUk; Mu;tq;fspypUe;J tUk; kwjp

Mfpatw;wpd; tpisthf ,Uf;fyhk;.

� ,aq;fpay;: ,J xU tp\aj;ijg; gw;wp ntt;NtW

fz;Nzhl;lq;fisf; nfhz;l ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F

Nkw;gl;l egu;fSf;F ,ilapyhd ciuahlyhFk;> Mdhy;

epahakhd thj Kiwfs; %yk; cz;ikia epWt

tpUk;GfpwJ.

� yPdpau; nltyg;nkd;l;: ,J xU epiyapypUe;J kw;nwhU

epiyf;F Neuhf khWtJ my;yJ Kd;NdWk; xU

71

nray;KiwahFk;> NkYk; ,J xU njhlf;fg; Gs;sp kw;Wk;

KbTg; Gs;spiaf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

� rfhg;jk;: ,J xU epfo;T my;yJ xU Gjpa fhyk; my;yJ

tsu;r;rpiaj; njhlq;Fk; epfo;thy; Fwpf;fg;gl;l Neuk;.


FWfpa tpdhf;fs;

1. tuyhW gw;wp n`NuhNlhl]; vd;d $Wfpwhu;?

2. ‘tuyhw;wpd; jj;Jtk;’ vd;gjd; %d;W Kf;fpa mu;j;jq;fs;

ahit?

3. tuyhw;W vOj;Jf;fhd Cf mZFKiw vijf; Fwpf;fpwJ?

4. tuyhw;wpd; Cf jj;Jtj;jpw;fhd kj mZFKiw gw;wp xU rpW

Fwpg;ig vOjTk;.

5. ,k;khDNty; fhd;l; tuyhw;iw vt;thW ghu;j;jhu;?

tphpthd tpdhf;fs;

1. tuyhw;wpd; gad;ghl;il tpupthff; $Wq;fs;.

2. tuyhW jtwhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; rpy R+o;epiyfis gFg;gha;T

nra;Aq;fs;.

3. fhk;Nlapd; %d;W epiyfisg; gw;wp tpthjpf;fTk;> mjd; %yk;

mtu; tuyhw;W nray;Kiwia tpsf;f Kad;whu;.








OUP India.

72






myF-5

> tuyhw;wpak;>

cs;slf;fk;

5.1. Kd;Diu

5.2. Nehf;fq;fs;











5.1. Kd;Diu

xt;nthU epfo;Tk; mjd; Ke;ija epfo;Tfshy; Vw;gLfpwJ

my;yJ njhlq;fg;gl;lJ vd;W $Wk; fhuzf; nfhs;ifahy;

tuyhW epu;tfpf;fg;gLfpwJ. vdNt> rkfhyj;jpy; elf;Fk; xU

epfo;it tuyhw;W epfo;TfspypUe;J jdpj;J ghu;f;f KbahJ.

73

tuyhw;wpd; Ma;tpy; cs;s kw;nwhU Kf;fpakhd ek;gpf;if>

tuyhw;wpy; epfo;Tfspd; tpsf;fk; Kw;wpYk; Gwepiyahf ,Uf;f

KbahJ kw;Wk; tuyhw;W cz;ikapd; Gwepiy juepiy ,y;iy>

Vnddpy; mJ tuyhw;whrpupaupd; fUj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; fUj;Jf;fshy;

ghjpf;fg;gLk;. xU Fwpg;gpl;l tuyhW vOjg;gl;l fhyj;jpd;

jg;ngz;zq;fs; kw;Wk; ek;gpf;iffs;> filrpahf> tuyhw;W

epu;zathjk; vd;gJ tuyhw;iwg; gw;wpa kw;nwhU Kf;fpakhd

Nfhl;ghlhFk;> ,J midj;J epfo;TfSk; Vw;fdNt cs;s

gy;NtW rf;jpfshy; Kd;dNu jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;lJ vd;gij

ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ. ,e;jf; fUj;Jf;fs; ,e;j myfpy; tpupthf

tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

5.2. Nehf;fq;fs;


nfhs;s ,aYk;

� fhuzk; kw;Wk; khw;wk; gw;wpa fUj;Jfis gFg;gha;T

nra;a ,aYk;

� tuyhw;Wthjk;> tuyhw;W rhu;gpay;thjk; kw;Wk; tuyhw;W

epu;zathjk; Mfpatw;wpd; fUj;Jfisg; gw;wp

tpthjpf;fyhk;.


,ilf;fhyj;jpy; tuyhw;W epfo;Tfs; kdpj nraYf;F mg;ghw;gl;L

eilngw;wd vd;w fhuzk; $wg;gl;lJ. etPd fhyj;jpy;

mwptpaypd; jhf;fj;jpdhy; tuyhw;W epfo;Tfs;> Vd; ele;jd? vg;gb

ele;jd? vd;w tpdhf;fSf;F Ml;gLj;jg;gl;ld. kw;nwhU rhuhu;

tuyhw;wpy; re;ju;g;g R+o;epiyfSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspj;J

re;ju;g;g R+o;epiyfNs> epfo;TfNs tuyhw;W epfo;Tfis

mtw;wpw;Fupa ghijapy; mioj;Jr; nry;fpd;wd vdf;

Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdu;. Mdhy; Nguhrpupau; ,.vr;.fhu; jd;Dila "tuyhW

vd;why; vd;d? vd;w E}ypy; kpfj; njspthf xt;nthU tuyhw;W

epfo;Tf;Fk; gy fhuzq;fs; cs;sd. mtw;wpy; kpfj;njspthf

xt;nthU tuyhw;W epfo;Tf;Fk; gy fhuzq;fs; vit vd;gij

tuyhw;W Mrpupau; KbT nra;a Ntz;Lk;. rka re;ju;g;gq;fs;

tuyhw;wpidg; ghjpf;fpwJ vd;Dk; fUj;ij ,.vr;.fhu; kpf

Mzpj;jukhf typAWj;jpAs;shu;. vdNt tuyhw;W epfo;Tfs;

jd;dpr;irahf eilngWfpd;wd vd;Dk; fUj;jpy; ,Ue;J NtWgl;L

mit kdpj nray;fSf;F cl;gl;L> kdpj nray;fspd;

74

jhf;fj;jpdhy; cUthfpd;wd vd;gij tuyhw;wpy; fhuz fhupak;

vd;Dk; mj;jpahaj;jpy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. tuyhw;wpy; fhuzfhupak;

mwpe;J nfhs;Sk; Kiw> mwptpay; G+u;tkhd re;ju;g;g R+o;epiyfs;

tuyhw;iw cUthf;Ffpd;wd vd;Dk; nfhs;if> tuyhw;iw

mwptpay; mZF Kiwapy; ,Ue;J jpir jpUg;gptpLfpwJ.


tuyhw;wpak; vd;w nrhy; gutyhf n[u;kdpapy; murpay;> kw;Wk;

nghUspay; ty;Yeu;fspilNa gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. cjhuzkhf

fhuy; nkd;ru; vd;Dk; n[u;khdpa nghUspay; ty;Yeu; f];lht;

NrhNkyupd; nghUspay; Nfhl;ghl;ilf;Fiw $Wk; NghJ Kiwaw;w

tifapy; nghUshjhu tuyhw;wpidg; gad;gLj;jpAs;shu; vd;whu;.

,f;Fiwiar; Rl;bf;fhl;Lk; NghJ nkd;ru; tuyhw;wpak; vd;Dk;

nrhy;iyg; gad;gLj;jpdhu;. ,jd;gb ghu;j;jhy; tuyhw;wpak; vd;Dk;

nrhy; Kiwaw;w tuyhw;wpidg; gad;gLj;Jtijf; Fwpg;ghf

mike;jJ. Kjy; cyfg;NghUf;Fg; gpd; ntF gutyhf ,r;nrhy;

gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,r;R+o;epiyapy; vu;d];l; l;Nuhy;r; (Ernst Troeltsch) tuyhw;wpd; Jtf;fk;> jd;ikfs;> gad;fs; kw;Wk;

Fiwfis tpsf;fpdhu;. l;Nuhy; tuyhw;wpaj;ij gad;gLj;Jk; NghJ

midj;J mwptpay;fspd; tsu;r;rpiaAk; tuyhw;W khw;wj;jpd;

mbg;gilapy; fhz;gij tuyhw;wpak; vd tu;zpj;jhu;.

l;Nuh]; 19 kw;Wk; 20Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; jj;Jt Qhdpfs; kw;Wk;

r%ftpay; Ma;thsu;fs; MfpNahupd; fUj;Jf;fspy; tuyhw;wpak;

vt;thW gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gij tpsf;fpdhu;.

fhuy; Nkd;fpk; (KarlMannheim) "`p];lhup]p]k;” (Historicism)

vd;Dk; fl;Liuia 1924 Mz;L vOjpdhu;. ,f;fl;Liuapy;

,ilf;fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;J mwpnthsp rfhg;jj;jpw;F vt;thW

INuhg;gpa cyfk; khwpapUf;fpwJ vd;gijf; Fwpg;gpLk; khw;wj;ij

tuyhw;wpak; vd tu;zpj;jhu;.

1936Mk; Mz;L gpunlupf;nka;df; vd;Dk; n[u;khdpa tuyhw;W

mwpQu; tuyhw;wpaj;ijg;gw;wpa E}y; xd;wpid ntspapl;lhu;.

nka;df;> l;Nuhypr; kw;Wk; Nkd;fpk; Nghd;NwhuJ fUj;Jf;fspy;

,Ue;J NtWgl;L tuyhw;wpak; jdp kdpj jd;ik tha;e;jJ

vd;gijf; Fwpg;gpl;lhu;. ,j;jifa tuyhw;wpak; Nfhj;Nj kw;Wk;

uhq;Nf Nghd;Nwhu;fspd; fUj;Jf;fspy; fhzg;gLtijAk; nka;df;

Rl;bf;fhl;bAs;shu;. tuyhw;wpak; vd;gJ kdpj kjpg;Gfis

ghjpf;fty;yJ my;y vd;Wk;> kdpj kjpg;Gfis mjpub

khw;wj;jpw;Ff; nfhz;L nry;yhJ vd;Wk; mtu; ciuj;jhu;.

75

,j;jhyp ehl;ilr; rhu;e;j FNuh];> nka;df;fpd; fUj;ij

Vw;Wf;nfhz;lhu;. FNuh]pd; fUj;Jg;gb tuyhw;W mwpT> ,aw;if

mwpitg; Nghy nghJthdJ my;y. Mdhy; mJ jdpj;jd;ik

tha;e;jJ. mj;jifa jd;ikapd; mbg;gilapy; jhd; tuyhw;wpak;

mike;Js;sJ vd;W FNuh]; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.

fhu;y; ghg;gu; gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;by; cUthd tuyhw;wpak;

vd;Dk; fUj;ij kjpg;gpLk; NghJ r%f khw;wj;jpdhy; cUthd

r%ftpjpfs; vjpu;fhyj;ij mwpe;J nfhs;sg; gad;gLfpd;wd

vd;whu;. khwfy; jhk;Nl> khu;f;]; MfpNahupd; fUj;Jf;fis fhu;y;

ghg;gu; jdJ Nfhl;ghl;bd; tWik vd;Dk; E}ypy; rhbAs;shu;.


“tuyhw;Wr; rhu;gpak;" vd;why; vd;d? jj;Jt ,yf;fpaj;jpy;

"rhu;gpak; " vd;w nrhy; cz;ikf;Fk; kdtpay;Gf;Fk;

njhlu;Gs;sJ vd;gijf; Fwpg;gjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

'tuyhw;W rhu;gpak;" vd;w nrhw;nwhlu; tuyhw;W epfo;Tf;Fk; mJ

epfo;e;j fhyr; R+oYf;FkpilNaahd njhlu;igf; fhl;LfpwJ vd;W

$Wfpwhu; [p.ghu;f;yh (G.Barrclough). mjhtJ tuyhw;W epfo;Tfs;

mit epfo;e;j fhyj;NjhLk; R+oNyhLk; njhlu;Gilait.

fhyj;Jf;F kl;LNkh my;yJ R+oYf;F kl;LNkh cs;shu;e;j kjpg;G

(Inherent Value) ,y;iy. ,it ,uz;ilAk; njhlu;GgLj;jpg;

ghu;f;Fk; NghJjhd; ,tw;Wf;F kjpg;G Vw;gLfpwJ. tuyhw;Wr;

rhu;gpak; ,U nghUs;fspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ: 1). tuyhw;W

epfo;Tfs; xd;Wf;nfhd;W njhlu;Gilait; 2). xt;nthU

epfo;r;rpAk; fhyj;NjhLk; R+oNyhLk; njhlu;GilaJ. RUq;ff;$wpd;

tuyhw;Wr; rhu;gpak; tuyhw;W epfo;Tfspd; njhlu;Gfisg; gw;wpaJ.

,J My;gu;l; Id;];bdpd; njhlu;Gf; Nfhl;ghl;il (Theory of

Relativity) epidT+l;Ltjhf cs;sJ.

tuyhw;Wr; rhu;gpak; gw;wpa fUj;J tpsf;fq;fs; tuyhw;Wj;

jj;JtQhdpfs; tuyhw;Wr; rhu;gpaj;Jf;Fg; nghUs; tpsf;fk;

(Interpretation) nfhLj;Js;sdu;. Kf;fpa nghUs; tpsf;fq;fs;

tUkhW: 1. tpy;n`k; by;Nj (Wilhelm Dithey> 1833 - 1911)

vd;w n[u;khdpa tuyhw;Wj;jj;Jtu;" tuyhw;W cyF” (Historical

world) gw;wp tpsf;fpdhu;. ,tu; vOjpa 'kdpjtpay; Ma;TfSf;F

Kd;Diu” (Introduction to Human Studies) vd;w E}ypy; xt;nthU

tuyhw;Wf; fhyKk; mjd; tho;f;if gw;wpa kdg;Nghf;if

vz;zq;fs; kw;Wk; nray;fs; %yk; ntspg;gLj;jpaJ vd;gijj;

njspTgLj;jpdhu;. ,j;jifa ntspg;ghLfs; Fwpg;gpl;l epajpfSf;F

cl;gl;bUf;fpd;wd. ,e;epajpfs; rhu;Gilait; mit rhu;e;j

76

fhyj;ijg; nghWj;jtiu KOepiwthdit. tuyhw;W epfo;Tfs;

tuyhw;Wr; nray;ghq;fpd; (Historical Process) gFjpfNsahFk;.

RUq;ff; $wpd; by;Nj tuyhw;Wr; rhu;gpaj;ij tuyhw;wpaj;NjhL

rkg;gLj;jpdhu;.

2. fhu;y; ngf;fu; (Carl L.Beckar> 1873 - 1945) tuyhw;W cz;ikfs;

gw;wpr; rpe;jpj;j mnkupf;f tuyhw;whsu;. tuyhw;W cz;ikfs; r%f

khw;wq;fs; kw;Wk; mit nry;Yk; jpirfs; Mfpatw;NwhL

njhlu;GgLj;jg;gLk; NghJjhd; mu;j;jKs;sit Mfpd;wd.

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpd;wd. tuyhw;W epfo;TfSf;Fk; mit

epfo;e;j fhyj;Jf;Fk;> tuyhw;W cz;ikf;Fk; tuyhw;whsupd;

kdJf;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s njhlu;igj; njspTgLj;jpdhu; ngf;fu;.

mg;gbr; nra;jjd; %yk; tuyhw;W epfo;Tfs; ,iwikapay;

thjpfs; $Wtijg; Nghd;W KOepiwthditay;y mit

rhu;GilaitNa vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;jpdhu; ngf;fu;. 3. rhu;y];

M];bd; gpau;L (Charles Ausin Beard, 1874 - 1948) vd;w mnkupf;f

tuyhw;whsu; FNuhNrapd; tuyhw;wpak; gw;wpa fUj;jhy;

<u;f;fg;gl;lhu;. ,tu; tuyhW vd;gJ kdpj Mw;wypd;

Ratsu;r;rpahFk; vd;w tuyhw;wpaf; fUj;ij typAwj;jpdhu;.

tuyhW ,aw;if kw;Wk; ,aw;if mwptpay; tpjpfSf;F cl;glhJ.

tuyhw;W mZFKiw jw;fhypfkhdJ. ,iwikapay; thjpfs;

$Wtijg; Nghd;W tuyhw;W epfo;Tfs; Kd;$l;bNa

jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;litNah> khw;w KbahjNjh my;y. khwhf ,it

r%f murpay; tsu;r;rpNahL njhlu;Gilait. gpau;L tuyhw;Wr;

rhu;gpaf; fz;Nzhl;lj;NjhL mnkupf;f murpayikg;Gr; rl;l

tuyhw;iw vOjpdhu;.

kjpg;gPL tuyhw;wpaKk; tuyhw;Wr; rhu;gpaKk; xU ehzaj;jpd;

,uz;L gf;fq;fisg; Nghd;wit. by;Nj ,it ,uz;Lf;FkpilNa

NtWghby;iy vd;whu;. Mdhy; ngf;fu; > gpau;L Nghd;Nwhu; ,it

,uz;Lk; xd;iwnahd;W rhu;e;Js;sd vd;gu;. tuyhw;wpa -

tuyhw;Wr; rhu;gpaf; Nfhl;ghLfspd; gq;fspg;Gfshtd: 1).

tuyhw;Wr; nray; ghq;fpd; tsu;r;rp - njhlu;r;rpiaf; Nfhbl;Lf;

fhl;Lfpd;wd. 2). fle;j fhy - epfo;fhy - vjpu;fhy capupd

xw;Wik (Organic Unity) ,Ug;gjhy; tuyhw;W Kd;fzpg;G nra;tJ

rhj;jpaNk vd;gij typAWj;Jfpd;wd. 3) tuyhw;W epfo;Tfs;

rkfhyr; R+oNyhL njhlu;Gilait> xd;iwnahd;W rhu;e;jpUg;git

vd;W $Wfpd;wd. 4) tuyhw;Wf; fz;Nzhl;lk; jw;fhypfkhdJ>

fhyj;Jf;Nfw;g khwf;$baJ vd;gij vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wd. 5)

tuyhw;W cz;ikfs; KO epiwthdit> khw;w Kbahjit>

epue;jukhdit vd;w fUj;ij epuhfupf;fpd;wd. 6). ,aw;if cyFk;

tuyhw;W cyFk; ntt;Ntwhdit vd;gijj; njspT gLj;Jfpd;wd.

tuyhw;wpak; - tuyhw;Wr; rhu;gpaf; Nfhl;ghLfspd; FiwghLfshtd:

77

1) tuyhw;W tsu;r;rpAk;> njhlu;r;rpAk; mjPjkhf

kpifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. 2). jw;fhypf mZFKiwahy; tuyhw;wpd;

epiyahd gad;fisAk; gug;igAk; fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ. 3) tuyhw;W

cz;ik rhu;GilaJ vd;W $Wtjhy; tuyhw;W Ma;T

mu;j;jkw;wjhfpwJ. 4) KOepiwtw;w tuyhw;W cz;ikfs;

Kuz;gl;l tpsf;fq;fSf;F ,lkspf;Fk;. 5) tuyhw;W

Kd;Ndw;wj;ij tpsf;f ,f;Nfhl;ghLfs; Nghjh . vjpu;fhyj;ij

Kd;fzpg;G nra;tJ Kbahj fhupak;. 6. Kd;tpjpf;

Nfhl;ghl;lhsu;fs; ,f;Nfhl;ghLfisj; jtwhfg; gad;gLj;j

tha;g;Gz;L. vdpDk; tuyhw;wpa - tuyhw;Wr; rhu;gpaf; Nfhl;ghLfs;

tuyhw;wpd; Nghf;ifg; Gupe;J nfhs;tjw;fhd jj;Jt

tpsf;fkspf;fpd;wd.


tuyhw;W Kd; epu;zaf; Nfhl;ghL vd;gJ gz;ila fpNuf;f> Mrpa>

kf;fspilNa epytp te;j tpjpg;gad; vd;Dk; nfhs;ifapd;

mbg;gilapy; nray;gl;lJ. ,jpy; kdpj nray;fSf;F

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspf;fg;gltpy;iy. khwhf tuyhw;W epfo;Tfs;

kdpj rf;jpf;F mg;ghw;gl;L ",aw;ifapd; rf;jpahy;” eilngWfpd;wd vd;w thjk; epytp te;jJ. ,jDila

mbg;gilahnjdpy; vJ elf;f Ntz;LNkh mJ ele;Nj jPUk;

vd;gNj. Mdhy; tuyhw;W epfo;Tfs; jhkhf eilngwh. mit

1857-Mz;L rpg;gha; fyfkhf ,Ue;jhYk;> 1917-k; Mz;L u\;a

Gul;rpahf ,Ue;jhYk;> Kjy; kw;Wk; ,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghu;fshf

,Ue;jhYk; ,it midj;jpw;Fk; R+o;epiyf; fhuzq;fs; cz;L.

rka jj;Jt tuyhw;W Mrpupau;fs; Kd;epu;zaf; Nfhl;ghl;il

Kw;wpYk; filg;gpbj;Js;sdu;. ,tu;fSila tuyhw;wpy;

",iwtdpd; iftz;z j;ijf; " (Handof God in History)

fhzyhk;. ,j;jifa tuyhw;wpw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf nuapd;`hy;l;

ePju; (Reinhold Niether) vOjpa ek;gpf;ifAk; tuyhWk; (Faith and

History) vgp\g; NghNrhl; (Bishop Bossuet) vOjpa cyf

tuyhw;Wf; fUj;Jf;fs; (Discourse in Universal History)

Mfpatw;iwf; $wyhk;.

tuyhw;W Kd;epu;zaf; Nfhl;ghLld; gpize;J “jtpu;f;f Kbahj

tuyhw;W epfo;Tfs;” vd;Dk; Nfhl;ghL MFk;. ,f; Nfhl;ghl;bd;

thjk; tuyhw;W epfo;Tfs; Kd; $l;bNa epu;zapf;fg;gl;l jpiria

Nehf;fp efu;fpd;wd vd;gjhFk;. fpNuf;f tuyhw;W Mrpupau; ,ij

tuyhw;W tl;lr;Rw;W' vd;W mioj;jdu;. mwpnthsp rfhg;j

78

fhyj;jpy; tuyhw;wpd; ,j;jifa jd;ik Kd; Nehf;fp Kd;NdWk;

tsu;r;rp vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ. tpf;Nf tuyhw;wpd; ,j;jd;ikia

Nky; Nehf;fp efUk; tl;lr; Rw;W ghij vd Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;. n`fy;

tuyhw;wpd; ,j;jifa Kd;Ndw;wk;> Nky; Nehf;fpa tl;lr; Rw;W

ghijapy; ju;f;f Kiwapy; kdpj Rje;jpuj;ij Nehf;fp

Kd;NdWfpwJ vd Rl;bf; fhl;Lfpwhu;. mNj Nghy; ];ngq;yupd;

Nkw;fpd; tPo;r;rp (Decline of theWest) mu;dhy;l; lhaPd; gPapd;

tuyhW Xu; Ma;T (Study of History) ,tw;wpy; Mq;fhq;F Kd;

epu;zaf; Nfhl;ghl;bd; fUj;Jf;fs; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd. ru;r;irf;Fupa

tuyhw;W Mrpupau; fhu;y; ghg;gu; vOjpa tuyhw;wpaj;jpd; tWik

kw;Wk; <irah ngu;ypd; gilj;j tuyhw;wpy; jtpu;f;f apayhjit

(Historical Inevitability) Nghd;w E}y;fs; Nkw; $wpa fUj;Jfis

typAWj;Jfpd;wd.


1. 'fhuzk;' vd;w nrhy; Kjy; epfo;T (fhuzk;) kw;Wk; tpisthf

mLj;j epfo;T (tpisT) Mfpatw;Wf;F ,ilNaahd cwitg;

gpujpgypf;fpwJ.

2. fu;kh vd;gJ ekJ nray;fspd; KOikiaAk;> ,e;j kw;Wk;

Ke;ija tho;f;ifapy; mtw;Wld; ,ize;j vjpu;tpidfisAk;

Fwpf;fpwJ> ,it midj;Jk; ekJ vjpu;fhyj;ij jPu;khdpf;fpwJ.

3. Mgpufhk; ypq;fd; mnkupf;f mjpguhdNghJ njd;df kf;fs;

mr;RWj;jYf;F Mshdhu;fs;. tptrhaj;jpd; Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf

mbikj;jdk; Njitg;gLk; tptrhag; nghUshjhuk; vd;gjhy;

njw;fpy; mbikj;jdk; eilKiwapy; ,Ue;jJ kw;Wk; Gjpa

[dhjpgjp mbikj;jdj;jpw;F Kw;wpYk; vjpuhdtu;.

4. tuyhw;Wthjk; rhu;gpay;thjkhfTk; fUjg;glyhk;> Vnddpy; ,J

nghJthd> mbg;gil kw;Wk; KOikahd tpsf;fq;fspd;

fUj;Jf;fisf; nfLf;fpwJ.

5. Nrhgp];l; gpuptpd; epWtdu; GNuhl;lNfhu]; rhu;gpay;thjj;jpd;

je;ijahff; fUjg;gLfpwhu;.

6. Gwepiythjk; vd;gJ jdpg;gl;l rhu;G my;yJ ghugl;rk;

,y;yhky; tuyhw;W cz;ikfisg; gad;gLj;Jtijf; Fwpf;fpwJ.

tuyhw;Wg; Gwepiy vd;gJ tuyhw;W czu;jy; my;yJ cz;ik

tpsf;fj;ijf; Fwpf;fpwJ.

79

7. tuyhW vd;gJ rl;lq;fshy; jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;lJ vd;w ek;gpf;if>

kf;fisAk; fyhr;rhuq;fisAk; Gupe;Jnfhs;tjw;F mtu;fspd;

tuyhw;W epfo;Tfisg; Gupe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;w ek;gpf;if.

8. Kjy; tpj;jpahrk; vd;dntd;why;> etPd Mrpupau;fs; xU

Nfhl;ghl;il cUthf;fp mij mwptpay; vd;W mwptpf;ftpy;iy>

khwhf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l mwptpay; Nfhl;ghLfSld; njhlq;fp

mq;fpUe;J nray;gLfpwhu;fs;. ,uz;lhtjhf> 19 Mk; E}w;whz;bd;

tuyhw;W epu;zathjpfSf;F khwhf> etPd 'jPu;khdpg;ghsu;fs;'

vjpu;fhyj;ij fzpg;gjpy;iy.


1. tuyhw;wpd; gad;ghL vd;w fUj;J jdpegu;fs;> epWtdq;fs;

kw;Wk; FOf;fspd; mZFKiw kw;Wk; mZFKiwia

mtu;fshy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l my;yJ epuhfupf;fg;gl;l

Njitfis gpujpgypf;fpwJ vd;gjhy;> mJ rpf;fyhdJ>

rpf;fyhdJ kw;Wk; ru;r;irf;FupajhfpwJ.

2. fpwp];jt tuyhw;wpy;> flTs; kf;fisAk; ehLfisAk;

gilj;jhu; vd;W ek;gg;gLfpwJ. vdNt> tuyhw;W nray;Kiw

vd;gJ flTspd; Nehf;fj;jpd; nray;ghlhFk;> ,J kdpjdpd;

Nehf;fkhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. fhytupirapd; ikaj;jpy;

fpwp];Jtpd; gpwg;ig epu;zapj;J> tuyhW ,uz;L gFjpfshfg;

gpupf;fg;gl;lJ-fpwp];J gpwg;gjw;F Kd; (fp.gp.) kw;Wk; (fp.gp.) gpwF.

,e;j tif tuyhw;iw Mu;.[p fhypq;Tl; 'mNghfhypg;bf;' vd;W

mioj;jhu;.

3. tuyhw;wpd; jj;Jtq;fspy; ,uz;L gpupTfs; cs;sd; xd;W

tuyhw;wpd; Cfj; jj;Jtk;> kw;nwhd;W tuyhw;wpd; tpku;rd my;yJ

gFg;gha;Tj; jj;Jtk;.

4. cyf tuyhw;Wf; fhl;rpapy; ehd;F rfhg;jq;fis n`fy;

mq;fPfupj;jhu;. mit Xupaz;ly; rfhg;jk;> fpNuf;f rfhg;jk;

Nuhkhdpa rfhg;jk; kw;Wk; n[u;khdpa rfhg;jk;.


� fhuzq;fs; kw;Wk; tpisTfs; nghJthf khw;wq;fs;

my;yJ epfo;TfSld; njhlu;Gilajhf ,Ue;jhYk;>

tuyhw;whrpupau;fs; nghUs;fs;> nray;Kiwfs;> gz;Gfs;>

khwpfs;> cz;ikfs; kw;Wk; tptfhuq;fspd; epiyfis

fhuz cwit tifg;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;.

80

� fhuzk; tpisTf;F Kd;NdhbahFk;> ,J ngUk;ghYk; mjd;

tpisT vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. KO fhuzKk; xl;Lnkhj;j

tpisTf;F Kd;Ndhb vd;W fUjTk; $lhJ.

� ,e;jpa ek;gpf;iffspy;> midj;J nray;fspd; fu;k

tpisTfSk; fle;j fhy> epfo;fhy kw;Wk; vjpu;fhy

mDgtq;fis jPtpukhf tbtikf;fpd;wd. nray;fspd;

KbTfs; my;yJ 'gyd;fs;' fu;k-gyh vd;W

miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.

� \;ukz kjq;fspd; fhyj;jpy;jhd;> kWgpwg;igg; ghjpf;Fk;

G+kpapy; nray;fspd; jhu;kPfj; juk; vd;w fUj;ij ,e;jpah

ngw;wJ. gpuhkzu;fs; ,e;jf; fUj;ij kw;w kjq;fspypUe;J

cs;thq;fpajhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ.

� xt;nthU NghUk;> mJ ehLfSf;fpilNaahdhYk; my;yJ

cs;ehl;Lg; Nghuhf ,Ue;jhYk;> gy;NtW fhuzq;fspd;

tpisT kw;Wk; NghNu njhlUk; gy;NtW tpisTfSf;F xU

fhuzkhFk;. Nghu;fs; ngUk;ghYk; ePz;l fhyk; ePbf;Fk;

tpisTfis Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd.

� gpnuQ;Rg; Gul;rpahdJ ntF[dq;fspd; nghUshjhug;

gw;whf;Fiwapd; Neub tpisthFk;> ,J 'rkj;Jtk;-Rje;jpuk;-

rNfhjuj;Jtk;' vd;w Nghu; Kof;fj;jpw;F toptFj;jJ.

� 1990 fspy; ,e;jpa murhq;fj;jhy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l

jhuhskakhf;fy; nfhs;iffs;> murhq;fk; jd;idf;

fz;lwpe;j fbdkhd epYitj; njhifapd; Neub tpisthFk;.

,J ,e;jpahtpw;F nfhz;L te;j Neu;kiwahd ed;ikfs;

njhlq;fg;gl;l nghUshjhuj;jpy; Rakhfj; njupfpwJ. 1990f;F

Ke;ija nkJthd Mik Ntfj;jpy; ,Ue;J Xl;lk; gpbj;jJ.

� tuyhw;Wthjk; vd;gJ xU fhyfl;lk;> Gtpapay; ,Ug;gplk;

my;yJ Fwpg;gpl;l fyhr;rhuk; Nghd;w xU Fwpg;gpl;l R+oYf;F

xU Kf;fpa kw;Wk; ,d;wpaikahj Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij

xJf;Fk; xU rpe;jid ghzpahFk;.

� fhu;y; ghg;gu;> ed;F mwpag;gl;l M];jpupa-Mq;fpy

jj;JtQhdp> tuyhw;Wthjj;ij tpku;rpj;jhu;> NkYk;

tuyhw;Wthjj;jpd; mbehjkhf fbdkhd mbg;gil epu;zak;

,Ug;gjhf ek;gpdhu;.

� gpugQ;rj;jpd; midj;J $WfSk; khWk; jd;ik nfhz;lit.

khw;wq;fSf;F Vw;g khw;wq;fis Ma;T nra;tJ

rhu;gpay;thjj;jpd; Kf;fpa mk;rkhFk;. rhu;gpay;

fUj;jhf;fj;jpd; rpwg;G ,af;fk; kw;Wk; khw;wk;.

� tuyhw;W epu;zathjk; vd;gJ tuyhw;W nray;Kiwfs; vd;w

ek;gpf;if Kd;dNu jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;lJ my;yJ jw;NghJ

gy;NtW rf;jpfshy; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. mjd; gb>

tuyhw;W nray;Kiwfs; jdpg;gl;l kdpj mikg;gpd;

81

nry;thf;fpw;F mg;ghw;gl;l fhuzpfshy;

jPu;khdpf;fg;gLfpd;wd; (rpy rkaq;fspy;) Fwpg;ghf>

jPu;khdpf;Fk; fhuzpfspd; jd;ikia Gupe;J nfhz;lTld;

vjpu;fhy tsu;r;rpfis fzpf;f KbAk; vd;w ek;gpf;if.


� mDgtthjk;: midj;J mwpTk; Gyd;fspypUe;J ngwg;gl;l

mDgtj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ vd;gJ Nfhl;ghL.

� nù;kdpA+l;bf;];: ,J tpsf;fj;jpd; Nfhl;ghL kw;Wk;

topKiwahFk;> Fwpg;ghf tptpypa E}y;fs;> Qhd

,yf;fpak; kw;Wk; jj;Jt E}y;fspd; tpsf;fk;.

� rhu;gpay;thjk;: ,J KOikahd cz;ik ,y;iy vd;gJ

ek;gpf;if> xU Fwpg;gpl;l jdpegu; my;yJ fyhr;rhuk; ek;Gk;

cz;ikfs; kl;LNk.

� epu;zathjk;: jhu;kPf Nju;Tfs; cl;gl midj;J

epfo;TfSk; vd;W mJ $WfpwJ

� Vw;fdNt ,Uf;Fk; fhuzq;fshy; Kw;wpYk;

jPu;khdpf;fg;gLfpwJ. epu;zathjk; nghJthf Rje;jpukhd

tpUg;gj;ijj; jLf;Fk; vd;W Gupe;J nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ>

Vndd;why; kdpju;fs; mtu;fs; nra;tijj; jtpu

NtWtpjkhf nray;gl KbahJ.

� Nghyp mwptpay;: ,J mwptpay; kw;Wk; cz;ik vd $Wk;

Mdhy; mwptpay; Kiwf;F nghUe;jhj mwpf;iffs;>

ek;gpf;iffs; my;yJ eilKiwfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.


FWfpa tpdhf;fs;

1. Read’s ‘Theory of Causation’ $Wk; %d;W Gs;spfis

gl;baypLq;fs;.

2. \;ukz ghuk;gupaj;ijg; gw;wp xU rpW Fwpg;ig vOJq;fs;.

3. ek;gfj;jd;ikapd; nfhs;if vd;d $WfpwJ?

4. Fiwg;Gf; Nfhl;ghLfs; vij Kd;itf;fpd;wd?

5. lhu;nly; fUj;Jg;gb> Gwepiyj;jd;ik vt;thW

nghUj;jg;gLfpwJ?

82

6. ,uz;L tifahd tuyhw;Wthjk; gw;wp xU rpW Fwpg;ig

vOJq;fs;.

tphpthd tpdhf;fs;

1. Nltpl; `pA+kpd; ‘fhuzk;’ gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fis gFg;gha;T

nra;Aq;fs;.

2. 'fhuzk; kw;Wk; tpisT' mZFKiwAld; rpf;fy;fisg; gw;wp

tpthjpf;fTk;.

3. tuyhw;W epu;zak; fhzg;gLk; ek;gpf;if mikg;Gfis

tpsf;Fq;fs;.








OUP India.






83

myF-6

Gfo;ngw;w ntspehl;L tuyhw;whrpupau;fs;: n`NuhNlhl];>

Jrpilb]; kw;Wk; vl;tu;l; fpg;gd;

cs;slf;fk;

6.1. Kd;Diu

6.2. Nehf;fq;fs;


6.3.1. FiwghL




6.5.1. ,sikg;gUtk;







;66.1. KKd;Diu

tuyhw;Wj; JiwahdJ> mwpthw;wy;> tuyhw;Wf; Fwpg;Gfs; kw;Wk;

Fwpg;gplj;jf;f epfo;Tfs; kw;Wk; MSikfspd; gjpTfs;

Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; jiyrpwe;j tuyhw;W mwpQu;fspd;

gq;fspg;Gfshy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j gpuptpy;> n`NuhNlhl];>

Jrpbb]; kw;Wk; vl;tu;l; fpg;gd;> rpj;jhe;jk; kw;Wk; tuyhw;Wg;

gjpTfSf;fhd gq;fspg;Gfs; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. njhd;kq;fs;

kw;Wk; gof;ftof;fq;fisg; gjpT nra;j Kjy; fpNuf;f

tuyhw;whrpupau; n`NuhNlhl]; vd;W ek;gg;gLfpwJ> mNj Neuj;jpy;

kw;nwhU fpNuf;f tuyhw;whrpupauhd Jrpbb];> Ke;ijatw;wpypUe;J

Kw;wpYk; khWgl;l fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy; vOjpdhu;. ,itaidj;Jk;

,t;tj;jpahaj;jpy; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

84

6.2. Nehf;fq;fs;

,e;j mj;jpahaj;ij gbg;gjd; %ykhf fPo;fhz;gdtw;iw mwpe;J

nfhs;s ,aYk;

n`NuhNlhl]; kw;Wk; Jrpbb]; Nghd;w tuyhw;whrpupau;fspd;

gq;fspg;ig Muha;fpwJ.

vl;tu;l; fpg;gdpd; The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman

Empire (1776-88) cs;slf;fq;fs; kw;Wk; gz;Gfis tpthjpf;fpwJ.


,tu; fp.K. 5k; E}w;whz;ilr; Nru;e;j fpNuf;f tuyhw;W

Mrpupauhthu;. ,tu; fp.K. 484k; Mz;L rpwpa MrpahtpYs;s

`hypfhu;d]; (Halicarassus) vd;Dkplj;jpy; gpwe;jhu;. ypf;lhdp];

(Lygdanis) vd;Dk; nfhLq;Nfhy; kd;ddhy; ehL flj;jg;gl;lhu;.

rpwpJ fhyk; fopj;J n`NuhNlhl;l]; jha;ehL jpUk;gp ypf;lhdp];

Ml;rpiaf; ftpor; nra;jhu;. mijj; njhlu;e;J mq;F murpay;

rl;lj;jpw;Fl;gl;l Ml;rpia epWt n`NuhNlhl]; cjtp Gupe;jhu;.

,tu; fhtpaf; ftpahf tpsq;fpa gd;ahup]pd; (Panyaris)

cwtpduhthu;. n`NuhNlhl]; jk;Kila nrhe;j ehl;by; Gfo;

,oe;J ehl;il tpl;L ntspNawpdhu;. gpd;dhu; njw;F ,j;jhypapy;

cs;s J}up (Thurii) efupy; FbNawp jd;Dila tho;ehspd; ,Wjp

fhyq;fis mq;NfNa fopj;J ,we;jhu;. ,tiug; gw;wpa tho;f;if

tuyhW vJTkpy;iy. Mdhy; 10Mk; E}w;whz;by; igrd;ild;

efupy; ,tu; vOjpa tuyhw;wpy; mwptpay; Kiwahd Muha;r;rpf;

Nfhl;ghL fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,tu; Muha;r;rpf;F mbg;gilahf cs;s

tpdhf;fis vOg;gp mjd; %yk; mtuJ Muha;r;rp KbTfis

czu;j;Jfpwhu;. cjhuzj;jpw;Fg; ghurPfg; Nghu;fisg; gw;wp vOJk;

NghJ> Muha;r;rpg; G+u;tkhd Nfs;tpfshd Vd; ghurPfg; Nghu;fs;

eilngw;wd? ,tw;why; Vw;gl;l tpisTfs; ahit? Nghd;w

tpdhf;fSf;Fupa tpilfis ,tuJ tuyhw;W E}ypy; fhzyhk;.

,tu; gy ,lq;fSf;Fk; nrd;W Mjhuq;fisr; Nrfupj;jf;

fhuzj;jpdhy; mtuJ tuyhw;W E}ypy; mjpfg;gbahd tuyhw;W

Mjhuq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,j;jifa tuyhw;W Mjhuq;fis

mjpf mstpy; gad;gLj;jpajd; %yk; ,tu; Nfhitahd

tuyhw;iwj; njhFj;jspj;Js;shu;. n`NuhNlhl;rpd; vOj;J eil

czu;r;rp epiwe;jjhfTk; tpWtpWg;ghfTk; mike;Js;sJ.

85

6.3.1. FiwghL

,tu; jdJ E}ypy; KO mwptpay; G+u;tkhd Muha;r;rp Kiwfisg;

gpd;gw;wtpy;iy. cjhuzkhf fpNuf;f Guhzj;jpy; fhzg;gLk;

nly;/gp (Delphi) vd;Dk; Fwpnrhy;Yk; Njtijapd; MUlq;fis

mbg;gilahf itj;J jdJ E}iy vOjpAs;shu;. NkYk; mtu;

kdpj Mw;wYf;F mg;ghw;gl;l ,aw;ifapd; rf;jp tuyhw;iw khw;wp

mikg;gjhfTk; $wpAs;shu;. fpNuf;f rkaq;fis MuhAk; NghJ

,tuJ mZFKiw mwptpay; G+u;tkhf ,y;iy. mNjNghy

tho;f;ifapy; Vw;gLk; Kf;fpakhd epfo;r;rpfs; fdTfspd;

mbg;gilapy; mike;Js;sd vd;gijAk; Rl;bf; fhl;bAs;shu;.

cjhuzkhf ghurPf kd;duhd iru]; jd;Dila kfd; Nlupa];

xU rpwe;j kd;ddhtijg; gw;wpf; fdT fhz;gjhf ,tuJ E}ypy;

Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. nru;]]pd; (Xerses) fdtpy; ,dk; Gupahj

Njtij xd;W Njhd;wp fpNuf;f ehl;bd; kPjhd gilnaLg;ig

vf;fhuzj;ijf; nfhz;Lk; gpd;thq;ff; $lhJ vd;W

gaKWj;Jtjhf vOjpAs;shu;. ,j;jifa mZFKiw mwptpay;

G+u;tkhd mZFKiwahff; fUjg;glkhl;lhJ.

NkYk; gpw ehLfSf;F ,tu; nrd;wpUe;jhYk; me;ehl;by;

epytpankhopfs; midj;Jk; n`NuhNlhl];]{f;Fj;

njupe;jpUf;ftpy;iy. vdNt mtu; Nrfupj;j Mjuhq;fis

KOikahd Nrhjidf;F cl;gLj;j Kbatpy;iy. ,tuJ

vOj;Jf;fspy; tuyhw;W Mrpupau;fSf;Fj; Njitahd Gw Nehf;Fj;

jd;ik njd;gltpy;iy. ,tiug;gw;wpa kkjpg;gPL

,tuJ tuyhw;wpy; gy Fiwfs; ,Ug;gpDk; tuyhw;W

Mrpupau;fspilNa ,tu; xU cau;e;j ,lj;jpy; cs;shu;. Vnddpy;

,tuJ tuyhW vOJk; Kaw;rp Kjy; Kaw;rpahFk;. mtuJ

fhyj;jpy; fle;j fhyj;ijg; gw;wp vOJtjw;F mwpQu;fs; jaq;fpa

NghJ ,tu; vLj;Jf;nfhz;l KO Kaw;rpg; ghuhl;lg;gl

Ntz;bajhFk;. xU tuyhw;W MrpupaUf;F ,Uf;f Ntz;ba

Fzeyd;fs; Mjhuq;fisr; Nrfupj;j tpjk; kw;Wk; ,tUf;F Kd;

,Ue;j Mrpupau;fspd; E}y;fisg; gad;gLj;jpa tpjk; ,uz;Lk; xU

tuyhw;W MrpupaUf;F ,Uf;f Ntz;ba Fzeyd;fis

vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wd. vdNt ,tiu tuyhw;wpd; je;ij vd;W

$WtJ kpifahfhJ.


,tu; jiy rpwe;j fpNuf;f tuyhw;W Mrpupauhthu;. ,tu; Vnjd;];

efupy; fp.K. 460y; gpwe;jhu;. ,sikf;fy;tpf;Fg; gpwF ,uhZt

ftu;duhfg; gjtp cau;T ngw;whu;. mNj Vnjd;]; efupy; rpwe;j

86

,uhZtj; jsgjpahd kpy;bahb]; (Miltiades) ,tuJ

cwtpduhthu;. fp.K. 430-429 ,ilNa Vnjd;]; efupy; nfhs;is

Neha; gutpapUe;j

NghJ J}rpilb]; me;Nehahy; J}rpilb]; ghjpf;fg;gl;lhu;. Mdhy;

mjpu;\;ltrkhf capu; jg;gpdhu;. gpd;du; fg;gw;gilf;Fj;

jsgjpahf;fg;gl;L jh]]; (Thasos) efupy; Kfhk; mikj;jhu;.

Vnjd;]; efupd; vjpupahd ];ghu;lh ehl;bd; jsgjp gpuh]plh];

(Brasidas) Mk;/gp (Amphi) efiu ,tuplkpUe;J ifg;gw;wpdhu;.

,j;Njhy;tpia mLj;J J}rpilb]; jd;Dila gzpia ,of;f

Neupl;lJ. mijaLj;J ehL flj;jg;gl;lhu;. 20 Mz;L fhyk;

ntspehLfspy; Rw;wp miye;jhu;. mg;nghOJ jhd; ,tu; kpfg;ngupa

tuyhw;W E}iy vOjpdhu;. ,tu; vOjpa tuyhw;W E}y;

,tu; vOjpa gpNyhNghdpa]pad; Nghu;fs; vl;L ghfq;fisf;

nfhz;lJ. filrp ghfkhd vl;lhtJ ghfk; fp.K. 411y; Kbe;J

tpLfpwJ. ,tuJ tuyhw;W E}y; gpNyhNghdp]pad; (Peloponnesian)

Nghu;fisg; gw;wpaJ. ,e;E}y; ,uhZtk; kw;Wk; murpay;

nra;jpfis myrp Muha;fpwJ. Kf;fpakhf Vnjd;]; efUf;Fk;

];ghu;lh efUf;FkpilNa fp.K. 431-404 tiu ele;j Nghu;fisg;

gw;wp cstpay; uPjpahf tpupthf vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ.

J}rpilb]; ,t;tuyhw;W E}iy vOj gpd;tUk; %d;W epiyfis

filg;gpbj;jhu;. Kjy; epiyapy; tuyhw;Wf; Fwpg;Gfisr;

Nrfupj;jhu;. ,uz;lhtJ epiyapy; mt;thW Nrfupj;j tuyhw;Wf;

Fwpg;Gfisj; njhFj;J Kiwg;gLj;jpdhu;. ,Wjp epiyapy;

Nfhitahd tuyhw;iw cUthf;fpdhu;.

,tupd; tuyhw;W E}y;> mtUila fhyj;jpy; epfo;e;j tuyhw;W

epfo;r;rpfisg; glk; gpbj;Jf; fhl;LfpwJ. mj;jifa tuyhw;W

epfo;r;rpfspy; tuyhw;W Mrpupauhd J}rpilb]; gq;F

nfhz;Ls;shu;. ,tu; vOjpa tuyhW 27 tUlk; ele;j Nghupd;

Jtf;fk; kw;Wk; mjd; Nghf;F Nghd;wtw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

MapDk; J}rpilb]; Nghu; KbAk; tiu capUld; ,y;yhj

fhuzj;jpdhy; ,tUila tuyhw;W E}y; KOik ngwtpy;iy.

,e;E}iy KOik ngwr;nra;jtu; n[dNghd; Mthu;.

,e;E}ypy; tuyhw;W kw;Wk; murpay; fhuzq;fs; jtpu ,U

ehLfisr; rPu; J}f;fpg; ghu;f;fpd;w ghj;jpug; gilg;igg; fhz

KbfpwJ. Vnjd;]; ehl;ilg; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLk; NghJ me;ehl;L

kf;fs; vg;NghJk; tpUtpUg;Gf; nfhz;ltu;fshf ,Ue;jhu;fs; vd;Wk;

];ghu;lhitg; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLk; NghJ me;ehl;L kf;fs;

mikjpahfTk; ftdkhfTk; ele;J nfhs;Sk; ghq;fpidf;

nfhz;ltu;fs; vd;Wk; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;. ,tuJ tuyhw;W E}ypy;

87

ehd;F Kf;fpa tuyhw;W ehafu;fisf; fhz KbfpwJ. mtu;fs;

jpkp];lhf;sp]; (Themistocles)> ngupf;sp]; (Pericles) my;rpigahb];

(Alcibiades) gpuhrplh];(Brasidas) MfpNahu; Mthu;.

J}rpilb]; ,uhZtj;jpy; gzpahw;wpa fhuzj;jpdhy; Nghupd;

EZf;fq;fis mwpe;jpUe;jhu;. ,tuJ E}ypy; Nghupd; ntw;wpf;fhd

fhuzq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLk; NghJ Nghupy; <Lgl;NlhUf;Fj;

jilglhky; czT mspg;gJ kw;Wk; ,uhZtj; jsthlq;fs;

mikg;gJk; Kf;fpak; vd;gijf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. mNj Nghy;

Kw;Wifg; NghUf;Fupa EZf;fq;fisf; Nfhbl;Lf; fhl;Lfpwhu;.

];ghu;lh kw;Wk; Vnjd;]pd; Nghu;j; jpwikfisr; rPu;jhf;fpg; ghu;j;J

];ghu;lh jiug;Ngupy; ty;yik ngw;w ehL Mdhy;> Vnjd;]; fly;

Nghupy; ty;yik ngw;w ehL vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. ,tuJ

tuyhw;W tiutpay; Kiw J}rpilb];tuyhw;wpy; mtu;fhyj;jpy;

tho;e;j mwpQu;fspd; jhf;fk; mtuJ vOj;Jf;fspy;

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Cjhuzkhf Nrhg];sp]; (Sophocles)> A+upgpb];

(Euripidis) kw;Wk; mndf;];Nfhu]; (Anexagoras) kw;Wk; rhf;uB];

(Socrates) MfpNahiuf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. ,tuJ vOj;J eil

RUf;fkhfTk; NeubahfTk; mike;Js;sJ. ,tu; vOjpa tuyhW

mwptpay; uPjpahd mZFKiw nfhz;ljhfTk; ghugl;rkpd;wpAk;

vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tuJ tuyhw;W E}iyf; Fwpg;gpLk; NghJ xU

Kiwahd tuyhw;iw vOj tha;nkhop nra;jpfis jPu tprhupj;J

cz;ikia mwpa gy Kaw;rpfis vLj;Jf; nfhz;lJ gw;wpf;

Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.

,j;jifa mZFKiwahy; ,tuJ tuyhw;wpy; nra;jpfs;

Mjhuj;Jld; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. tuyhw;Wr; nra;jpfs; kpifg;gLj;jpf;

fhzg;gltpy;iy. tuyhw;W epfo;r;rpfisf; Fwpg;gpLk; NghJ vd;d

ele;jJ vd;gijAk; fhuzk; fhl;b tpsf;fpAs;shu;. tuyhw;W

Mjhuq;fSf;fpilNaAs;s cwT Kiwfisg; gw;wpf; $wpAs;shu;.

,tu; vOjpa tuyhw;wpy; kdpj tho;tpaypd; KOj;jd;ikiaAk;

tpsf;fpAs;shu;. NkYk; nghUshjhu tuyhw;iwAk; ,tuJ E}ypy;

fhzyhk;. tuyhw;Wr; nra;jpfspypUe;J nghJ tuyhw;W

cz;ikfis cUthf;fpdhu;. RUq;ff; $wpd;> jw;fhy tuyhw;W

tiutpaYf;F tpjpj;jpl;ltu; ,tu; vdyhk;. ,tu; E}ypy; fhzg;gLk;

tuyhw;Wj; jj;Jtq;fs;

J}rpilb]; tuyhw;wpy; gy tuyhw;Wj; jj;Jtq;fs; mlq;fpAs;sd.

mj;jifaj; jj;Jtq;fs; jdp kdpj tho;tpaYf;Fj; Njitahd

nghd;nkhopfs; vdf;$wpdhy; kpifahfhJ. cjhuzkhfg; gpd;tUk;

tuyhw;Wj; jj;Jtq;fisf; $wyhk;. m) mQ;rhneQ;rk; gilj;j

midtUk; Nghiu tpUk;Gtjpy;iy. M) jw;fhypfkhd jPu;ittpl

epiyahd ePjp NkyhdJ. ,) nghw;fhyq;fisAk; mopT jhf;Fk;.

<) GfOk; mbikahFk; NghJ mopT NeupLk;. c) gopf;Fg;gop

88

,dpikahf ,Ue;jhYk; vg;NghJk; ntw;wpiaj;juhJ. C) ,iwtd;

ey;ytu;fisf; fhg;ghd;; mjpfhuk; ed;ik gaf;fhJ.


J}rpilb]; vOjpAs;s tuyhw;wpy; tuyhw;W Mrpupau;fs;

rpyFiwghLfisr; Rl;bf;fhl;bAs;shu;. ,tuJ tuyhw;wpy; fhy

tiuaiw (Chornology) Kiwg;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy . J}rpilb]pd;

vOj;J eil tpWtpWg;ghfTk;> Rthu];akhfTk; mikatpy;iy.

,tuJ vOj;ijg; Gupe;J nfhs;Sjy; kpfTk; fbdkhf cs;sJ.

,f;fhuzq;fspy; mwpQu;fs; jtpu rhjhuz kf;fspilNa

J}rpilb]pd; tuyhW gpugyilatpy;iy .

kjpg;gPL

,tu; xU rpwe;j gz;ila fpNuf;f tuyhw;W Mrpupauhthu;. ,tu;

EZf;fkhd tuyhw;W tiutpay; Kiwiaf; fz;lhu;. Gw Nehf;Fj;

jd;ikAld; $ba mwptpay; uPjpahd mZFKiwia ,tuJ

tuyhw;wpy; fhzyhk;. vdNt> J}rpilb]; ,tiu mLj;J te;j

tuyhw;W Mrpupau;fSf;F xU topfhl;baha; mike;jhu; vd

$WtJ kpifahfhJ.


6.5.1. ,sikg;gUtk;

mwpnthsp rfhg;gjj;ijr; rhu;e;j rpwg;G tha;e;j Mq;fpNya

tuyhw;W Mrpupau; fpg;gd; Mthu;. ,tu; 1737 Mk; Mz;L Vg;uy;

27Mk; ehs; ,q;fpyhe;jpYs;s Gl;dp vd;Dlkplj;jpy; gpwe;jhu;. ,tu;

,sikg; gUtj;jpy; fLikahf Neha; tha;g;gl;bUe;jhu;. ,tUld;

gpwe;j mWtupy; ,tu; xUtNu gpioj;jhu;.

vl;tu;l;fpg;gd; kw;wtu;fs; khz;L Nghapdu;. ,sikg; gUtj;jpy;

,tUila jha; ,tiu ftdpf;ftpy;iy. ,tUila rpj;jpahd

Nfj;jupd; Nghu;bd; ,tuplk; md;G fhl;b ,tiu tsu;j;jhu;. vdNt

fpg;gd; gpw;fhyj;jpy; ,tiu epidTf;$Wk; nghOJ jd;Dila

mwptpd; jha; vd ngUkpjj;NjhL miof;fpd;whu;. rpW tajpNyNa

Gj;jq;fis fw;Fk; Mu;tk; ,tuplk; mjpfkhff; fhzg;gl;lJ.

Kjypy; Gl;dpapYs;s xU gs;spapy; gapd;whu;. gpd;du; 1746 Mk;

Mz;L fpq;];ld; ,yf;fzg; gs;spapy; gapd;whu;. ,q;Fjhd;

fz;zPUf;Fk;> FUjpf;FkpilNa ,yj;jPd; nkhopia ,tu;

fw;whnud jk;Kila Rarupijapy; Fwpg;gpfpd;whu;. cly; eyf;

Fiwthy; ,uz;lhz;Lfhyk; jdpahf Mrpupau;fsplk; gapd;whu;.

89

,tUilaj; je;ij gy CUf;F ,tiu mioj;J nrd;w NghJ

mt;T+u;fspd; E}yfq;fspy; cs;s E}y;fis Mu;tj;Jld; fw;whu;.

,j;jUzj;jpy; jhd; ,tuJ Rarupijapy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sJ Nghy

jk;Kila 12 MtJ tajpy; jk; mwptpw;F rupahd czT

tuyhW vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. kpfg;ngupa tuyhw;W E}Yf;F

Ntz;ba m];jpthuj;ij mikj;Jtpl;lhu;. fpg;gd; jk;Kila mwpT

tsu;r;rpf;Fj; jdpikia ehbdhu;. ,tu; gilj;j khngUk; E}yhd

Nuhkhdpag; Nguurpd; rPu;FiyAk;> tPo;r;rpAk; vd;Dk; E}iy kw;w

ve;j mwpQu;fisAk; fye;jhNyhrpf;fhky; vOjp jk;Kila jdp

Kj;jpiuiag; gjpj;jhu;. 15 tajpw;F Nky; fpg;gDila cly;

eyj;jpy; Nju;r;rp ngw;whu;. ,ijj; njhlu;e;J Vg;uy; 1752 Mk;

Mz;L Mf;/Nghu;l;bYs;s Nkf;lyd; fy;Y}upapy; Nru;e;jhu;. ,q;F

rkaj;Jiwapy; Mu;tk; fhl;bdhu;. fj;Njhypf;f kjj;jpYs;s

fUj;Jf;fis Vw;W mk;kjj;ijj; jOtpdhu;. ,r;nray; mtila

je;ijf;Ff; fLk; Nfhgj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ. Vnddpy; mg;nghOJ

,q;fpyhe;jpy; epytpa rl;lj;jpd; gb fj;Njhypf;f kjj;ijj;

jOtpdhy; mtu;fs; murhq;fg; gzpfSf;Fj; jFjpaw;wtu;fs; vd;w

rl;lk; epytpaJ. vdNt ,tuJ je;ij ,tiu gpuhd;R ehl;bYs;s

ngtpyhu;L (Rev.Daniel PavillardDas Capital) ghJfhg;gpy; tpl;lhu;.

ngtpyhu;bd; md;Gk;> MjuTk; ,tUila fw;Fk; Kiwia

rPu;gLj;jpd. ,q;F yj;jPd; ,yf;fpaq;fis fw;wwpe;jhu;. fzpjk;>

jUf;fk; Nghd;wtw;wpy; Nju;r;rpg; ngw;whu;. ,jd; gpd; 1754 Mk;

Mz;L kWgbAk; Guhl;l];lz;l; rkaj;ijj; jOtpdhu;. ,tu;

gpnuQ;R ehl;by; jq;fpapUe;j nghOJ mg;nghOjpapUe;j gpuQ;R

mwpQu;fspd; el;igg; ngw;whu;. cjhuzkhf thy;Nlu;>

Rtpl;ru;yhe;ijr; Nru;e;j [hu;[]; nltptu;ld; kfshd R+rd;

fu;rhLld; fhjy; tag;gl;lhu;. 1758 Mk; Mz;L mtu;

,q;fpyhe;jpw;F miof;fg;gl;lhu;. mtUila fhjYf;F mtUila

ngw;Nwhu; kWg;G njuptpj;jdu;. 1760 ypUe;J 1762 tiu N`k;i\au;

uhZtj;jpy; Nfg;ldhfg; gzpGupe;jjdhy; fy;tpj;Jiwapy; ehl;lk;

Fiwe;jJ. [dtup 1763 Mk; Mz;L ghup]; efUf;Fr; nrd;W

jq;fpape;jhu;. mg;Nghija jj;Jt Nkijfshf tpsq;fpa nll;Nuh

kw;Wk; [pd;ypNuhz;Lb Myk;ghl; (JeanLRondAlembert) Nghd;wuJ

el;igg; ngw;whu;. ,j;jUzj;jpy; jdJ tho;ehspy; Kf;fpakhd

ez;guhd [hd;Ngf;fu; `hy; uha;L el;gpidg; ngw;whu;. 1764Mk;

Mz;L Nuhk; efUf;Fr; nrd;whu;. mf;Nlhgu; khjj;jpy; Nuhk; efupd;

epidTr; rpd;dq;fis ghu;itapl;Lf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; NghJ

Nuhkhdpa tuyhw;wpd; rPu;FiyTk;> tPo;r;rpAk; gw;wp vOj Ntz;Lk;

vd;w vz;zk; Njhd;wpaJ. 1794 Mk; Mz;L yz;ld; efupy;

[dtup 16 Mk; ehs; fpg;gd; capu; ePj;jhu;. ,tUila E}y;fs;

,tu; vOjpa kpfr;rpwe;j tuyhw;W E}y; MW njhFjpfisf;

nfhz;l Nuhkhdpag; Nguurpd; rPu;FiyTk;> tPo;r;rpAkhFk;. gpg;utup

90

1776 Mk; Mz;L ,e;E}ypd; Kjy; njhFjp ntspaplg; gl;lJ.

cldbahf ,e;E}y; mwpQu;fspilNa gugug;ig Vw;gLj;jpaJ.

Kf;fpakhf ,tu; fpwpj;Jt kjj;ijj; jhf;fp vOjpa tpjk; gyiu

mjpu;r;rpf;Fs;shf;fpaJ. ,tu; 1779 Mk; Mz;L gpupl;b\;

murhq;fj;jpy; tu;j;jf kw;Wk; fhydpfSf;F Mizauhf

epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;. mNj jUzj;jpy; mnkupf;fhtpy; gpupl;b\;

murhq;fj;jpy; nfhs;ifia vjpu;j;J xU rpwe;j fl;Liuia

vOjpAs;shu;. 1781Mk; Mz;L Nuhkhdpag; Nguurpd; rPu;FiyTk;

tPo;r;rpAk; vd;Dk; tuyhw;W E}ypd; ,uz;L kw;Wk; %d;whtJ

njhFjpfis ntspapl;lhu;. ,jw;fpilNa ,tiu Mjupj;J te;j

gpujk ke;jpup ehu;j; gpuGtpd; murhq;fk; tPo;r;rpAw;wJ. mijj;

njhlu;e;J yhNrd; efUf;Fr; nrd;W jk;Kila ez;gu; nlyptu;ld;

tPl;by; ,Wjp %d;Wj; njhFjpfis (Nuhkhdpag; Nguurpd;

rPu;FiyTk;> tPo;r;rpAk; [_d; khjk; 1787Mk; Mz;L vOjp Kbj;jhu;.

,tuJ 51MtJ tajpy; (Nk> 1788) ,e;E}y;fs; ntspaplg;gl;ld.

,tupd; tuyhw;W Kiwfs;

fpg;gd; gFj;jwpTg; gs;spiar; rhu;e;j tuyhw;W Mrpupau;fshd

thy;Nlu;> `pA+k; kw;Wk; Nghypq;g;&f; (Boling Broke) top te;jtu;.

,tuJ tuyhw;W tiutpay; Kiwapy; kdpj Mw;wYf;F

mg;ghw;g;gl;l ,aw;ifapd; jj;Jtj;jpypUe;J khWgl;lhu;. mJ

NghyNt nra;jpfis kl;Lk; njhFj;J toq;fg;gLk; tuyhw;W

KiwapypUe;J khWgl;lhu;. mjw;F khwhf Mjhuq;fis

$u;ikahfr; Nrhjid nra;J jj;Jtj;jpdbg;gilapy; Kiwahf

tuyhw;iw vOj Kw;gl;lhu;.

,tUila Nuhkhdpag; Nguurpd; rPu;FiyTk;> tPo;r;rpAk; vd;w E}iy

,U gFjpfshfg; gpupf;fyhk;. Kjy; gFjp 300 Mz;LfSf;fhd

Nkw;fpypUe;j Nuhkhdpag; Nguurpd; tuyhw;iwg; glk; gpbj;Jf;

fhl;LfpwJ. ,uz;lhltJ gFjp> 1000 Mz;LfSf;fhd tuyhw;iwj;

njhFj;J toq;FfpwJ. RUq;f $wpdhy; Nkw;fpy; Njhd;wpa

Nuhkhdpag; NguuR vt;thW fpof;F INuhg;ghtpy; tPo;r;rp mile;J

vd;gij tpupthff; $wpAs;shu;. ,tUila ,e;E}y; mjpf

mstpyhd tuyhw;W Mjhuq;fisf; nfhz;L jpwe;j eilapy;

Kf;fpakhf fhd;];lhd;b Nehgpy; vt;thW tPo;r;rp vdTk;

vOjpAs;shu;. Kjy; njhFjpapy; ,tu; kjj;jpw;F vjpuhff;

fUj;Jf;fisf; $wpajw;Ff; fhuzk; ,tu; fpwpj;Jt kjj;ij kdpj

mDgtkhff; nfhz;L mjpf mwptpay; G+u;tkhd Muha;r;rpf;F

nghUshf mZfg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;w fUj;ij fpg;gd;

typAWj;Jfpd;whu;. ,tu; fpof;F INuhg;gpy; jioj;Njhq;fpapUe;j

Nuhkhdpag; Nguurpd; Ml;rp nkhopahf ,Ue;j> fpNuf;f

91

nkhopapypUe;J tuyhw;W Mjhuq;fs; kw;Wk; ,yf;fpaq;fs; rupahd

Kiwapy; gad; gLj;jg;gltpy;iy vdf; Fw;wk; rhl;bdhu;.

kjpg;gPL

fpg;gd; vOjpa Nuhkhdpa Nguurpd; rPu;FiyTk;> tPo;r;rpAk;> fp.gp.

,uz;lhk; E}w;whz;bypUe;J fp.gp. 1453Mk; Mz;L tiu epytpa

Nuhkhdpag; Nguurpd; tuyhw;iw fhtpakhf tbj;Js;shu;. ,tu; xU

jiy rpwe;j tuyhw;W MrpupaUf;Fupa Kiwfis ifahz;Ls;shu;.

jd; tho;tpy; Vw;gl;l mDgtq;fspd; jhf;fj;jpd; fhuzkhf

jpUr;rigapd; kPJ fho;g;Gzu;r;rp nfhz;L Nuhkhdpag; Nguurpd;

tPo;r;rpf;Ff; fpwpj;Jt kjKk;> jpUr;rigapd; tsu;r;rpAkhFk; vd

Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. Nfk;gpupl;[; gy;fiyf;fof tuyhw;W Mrpupau;

n[.gp. gpAup $WtJg; Nghy "gy tuyhw;W Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j

nra;jpfisg; nghWj;jtiu (fpg;gd;) gpd; jq;fpAs;shu;. mtu;

$WtJ Nghy; ek; Kd;Ndhu;fs; Kw;wpYk; jFjpaw;w cyfpy;

tho;e;jpltpy;iy . MapDk; mtu; vt;tsT jhd; gpd; jq;fp

,Ue;jhYk; Kf;fpakhd gytw;wpy; mtu; ek;Kila Mrdhfj;

jpfo;fpwhu;. ,f;$w;W nka;ahdJ.


1. n`NuhNlhl]; Vd; ftdpf;fj; jFjpahdtu;?

2. JrpbBi]g; gpd;gw;wpa ,uz;L tuyhw;whrpupau;fspd; ngaiuf;

Fwpg;gplTk;.

3. 'Nuhkhdpag; Nguurpd; rupT kw;Wk; tPo;r;rpapd; tuyhW (1776-88)'

,d; ,uz;L gFjpfs; vijf; nfhz;Ls;sd?

4. tuyhw;W Gyikapy; mrhjhuzkhd tuyhw;iwg; gw;wp fpg;gd;

vd;d Gupe;J nfhz;lhu;?


1. n`NuhNlhl]; jdJ eyd;fisg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;F ftdpf;fj;

jFjpahdtu;; mtu; fl;Lf;fijfisg; gjpT nra;jhu;>

gof;ftof;fq;fis tptupj;jhu;> NkYk; A+fq;fisAk; nra;jhu;.

2. Jrpbb]; cau; kjpg;igg; ngw;whu;> NkYk; Nuhkhdpa fhyj;jpd;

,uz;L Kf;fpakhd fpNuf;f tuyhw;whrpupau;fshd ghypgpa];

kw;Wk; bNah fhrpa];> mjpfkhfNth my;yJ FiwthfNth

JirilLfisg; gpd;gw;wpdu;.

92

3. Kjy; gFjp 460 tUl tuyhw;iwAk;> ,uz;lhk; gFjp Rkhu; 800

Mz;Lfspd; RUf;fkhd tuyhw;iwAk; toq;FfpwJ.

4. tuyhw;Wg; Gyikj; Jiwapy; tof;fj;jpw;F khwhd

njhiyNehf;Fg; ghu;it kw;Wk; KOikahd mwpthw;wYld;

tuyhw;wpd; njhlu;r;rp gw;wpa fUj;ijg; Gupe;Jnfhz;l Kjy;

vOj;jhsu; fpg;gd; Mthu;.


� fpK 6 Mk; E}w;whz;by; fpilj;j xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l gjpTfs;.

NyhNfhfpuhNghapd; njhFg;Gfshf ,Ue;jd. vt;thwhapDk;>

epahakhd Kiwapy;> n`NuhNlhl]; Kjy; tuyhw;whrpupauhf

Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLfpwhu;> Vnddpy; mtuJ gilg;gpy; epfo;Tfspd;

njhFg;igr; Rw;wpAs;s midj;J Kf;fpakhd kw;Wk;

Fwpg;gplj;jf;f R+o;epiyfisAk; gjpTnra;J me;j epfo;Tfspy;

kf;fspd; nray;fis ghjpf;Fk; edthd tpUg;gk; Njhd;WfpwJ.

� kw;w ngupa fpNuf;f tuyhw;whrpupauhd Jrpbb];>

n`NuhNlhl]pypUe;J kpfTk; NtWgl;ltu;. ngNyhnghd;Ndrpag;

Nghupd; tuyhw;wpy;> Jrpbb]; muR kw;Wk; Nghiug; gw;wp kl;LNk

vOjpdhu;; n`NuhNlhl]pd; jpirjpUg;gy;fisg; Gwf;fzpj;J>

fhytupir kw;Wk; cz;ikfis Jy;ypakhd tbtj;Jld;

,izf;f Kad;whu;.

� vl;tu;l; fpg;gd; (1737-94) xU Mq;fpy tuyhw;whrpupau; kw;Wk;

cWg;gpdu; ghuhSkd;wk;. mtu; jdJ fhyj;jpd; rpwe;j

tuyhw;whrpupau;. mtu; mwpnthsp rfhg;jj;jpd; tuyhw;iw

gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jfpwhu;.

� fpg;gdpd; mopahg; gilg;G> rupT kw;Wk; tPo;r;rpapd; tuyhW

Nuhkhdpag; NguuR (1776-88) INuhg;ghtpypUe;J Mrpah tiuapyhd

xU ngupa Gtpapay; ,lj;ij cs;slf;fpaJ> ,e;j Ntiyapd;

tuk;G kw;Wk; ,ilntsp kfj;jhdJ. ,J Nuhkhdpau;fs;>

igrz;ild;fs; kw;Wk; tlf;F goq;Fbapdu; kPJ ftdk;

nrYj;JfpwJ. etPd INuhg;ghtpd; Njhw;wk; kw;Wk; tsu;r;rpapd;

fijiaAk; ,J tptupf;fpwJ> ,J cyfpd; gpw gFjpfis tpl

cau;e;jjhf cs;sJ.

� fpg;gd; tuyhw;whrpupau;fspd; gFj;jwpTg; gs;spiar; Nru;e;jtu;>

mjd; Nehf;fkhf tuyhw;iw ,aw;iff;F mg;ghw;gl;l

tpsf;fq;fspd; gpbapy; ,Ue;J tpLtpg;gJk;> tuyhw;iw vOJk;

gioa tuyhw;W Kiwia khw;WtJk;> mjpfhupfspd; tpku;rd

Ma;T kw;Wk; fyhr;rhu kjpg;gpd; mbg;gilapy; epahakhd

jj;Jtf; fij %yk; Mjhuk;.

93

� fpg;gd; tuyhw;whrpupau;fspd; gFj;jwpTg; gs;spiar; Nru;e;jtu;>

mjd; Nehf;fkhf tuyhw;iw ,aw;iff;F mg;ghw;gl;l

tpsf;fq;fspd; gpbapy; ,Ue;J tpLtpg;gJk;> tuyhw;iw vOJk;

gioa tuyhw;W Kiwia khw;WtJk;> mjpfhupfspd; tpku;rd

Ma;T kw;Wk; fyhr;rhu kjpg;gpd; mbg;gilapy; epahakhd

jj;Jtf; fij %yk; Mjhuk;.

� fpg;gd; Nghu;fspy;> ntw;wpahsu;fs;> khtPuu;fs; kw;Wk; jsgjpfs;

tuyhw;wpd; Kf;fpa ghlq;fshf ,Ue;jdu;. 'Kd;Ndw;wk;'>

,aw;if tpjp kw;Wk; r%f ,aw;gpay; kw;Wk; gpw fUj;Jf;fs;

midj;Jk; fw;gidfs;.


rpL%Q;rpj;jdk;: ,J kw;wtu;fspd; Nehf;fq;fs; kPjhd nghJthd

mtek;gpf;ifahy; tifg;gLj;jg;gLk; xU mZFKiw. xU ,ope;j

egUf;F nghJthf ek;gpf;if my;yJ ek;gpf;ifapd;ik ,Uf;fyhk;

kdpj ,dk; my;yJ yl;rpak;> Mir> Nguhir Mfpatw;why;

J}z;lg;gl;l kf;fs; kdepiwT kw;Wk; nghUs;Kjy;thjk;.

Guhl;l];ld;brk;: ,J fpwp];jtj;jpd; xU tbtkhFk;> ,J 16 Mk;

E}w;whz;bd; rPu;jpUj;jj;Jld; Njhd;wpaJ> ,J fj;Njhypf;f

jpUr;rigapy; gpiofs; vd;W mjd; gpd;gw;Wgtu;fs; czu;e;jjw;F

vjpuhd ,af;fk;.

RtpNr\k;: ,J ntspehl;L tuyhw;whrpupau;fshd Guhl;l];ld;l;

fpwp];jtj;jpw;Fs; cyfshtpa buhd;];-nldpkpNd\dy;

,af;fkhFk;> ,J ew;nra;jpapd; rhuhk;rk; fpUigahy; kl;LNk

,ul;rpg;gpd; Nfhl;ghl;ilf; nfhz;Ls;sJ vd;w ek;gpf;ifiag;

guhkupf;fpwJ> ,J ,NaRtpd; gpuhar;rpj;jj;jpy; cs;s

ek;gpf;ifapd; %yk; kl;LNk.


FWfpa tpdhf;fs;;

1. n`NuhNlhl]; Vd; Kjy; tuyhw;whrpupauhff; fUjg;gLfpwhu;?

2. fpg;gd; vjw;fhff; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwhu;?

tphpthd tpdhf;fs;

1. vl;tu;l; fpg;gdpd; Muk;gfhy tho;f;ifiag; gw;wp tpthjpf;fTk;.

94

2. fpg;gdpd; mwpTrhu; tsu;r;rpapd; ehd;F fl;lq;fis gFg;gha;T

nra;Aq;fs;.








OUP India.






myF-7

: mu;dhy;l; N[hrg;

lha;d;gP> fhu;y; khu;f;];> ypNahNghy;L thd; uhq;Nf> n`fy; kw;Wk;

tp.V. ];kpj;

cs;slf;fk;

7.1. Kd;Diu

7.2. Nehf;fq;fs;

7.3. mu;dhy;L N[hrg; lhapd;gp Arnold Joseph Toynbee (1889 - 1975)

95


7.5. ypNahNghy;L thd; uhq;Nf Leopold Von Ranke, (1795 - 1885)

7.6. [hu;[; tpy;n`k; n`fy; George Wilhelm Hegal (1770 - 1831)


7.7.1. ,tuJ E}y;fs;








7.1. Kd;Diu

,e;j gpuptpy;> Gfo;ngw;w ntspehl;L tuyhw;whrpupau;fspd;

gq;fspg;Gfs; kw;Wk; Nfhl;ghLfs; Mfpait tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,tu;fs; mu;dhy;l; N[hrg; lha;d;gP> fhu;y; khu;f;];> ypNahNghy;l;

thd; Nuq;f;> n`fy; kw;Wk; tp.V. ];kpj;. NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s

tuyhw;whrpupah;fs; vj;jifa tuyhw;W Ma;TKiwfis gpd;gw;wp

jq;fSila gilg;Gfis ntspapl;lhHfs; vd;gijAk;

jq;fSila Ma;tpd; NghJ vjpHf;nfhz;l rthy;fSk; mtw;iw

ntw;wpf;fukhf vjpHf;nfhz;l tpjq;fSk; ,e;j mj;jpahaj;jpy;

njspthf tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

7.2. Nehf;fq;fs;


nfhs;s ,aYk;

� mu;dhy;l; N[hrg; lha;d;gPapd; gilg;Gfs; kw;Wk;

Nfhl;ghLfis gFg;gha;T nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ

� tuyhW kw;Wk; tuyhw;Wg; nghUs;Kjy;thjj;jpd; epiyfspy;

fhu;y; khu;f;rpd; fUj;Jf;fisg; gw;wp tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ

� ypNahNghy;l; thd; Nuq;fpd; 'ghuk;gupak;' kw;Wk; fUj;Jf;fs;

tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sd

96

� n`fy; kw;Wk; tp.V.];kpj;jpd; tuyhW gw;wpa; fUj;Jf;fs;

tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ

7.3. mu;dhy;L N[hrg; lhapd;gp Arnold Joseph Toynbee

(1889 - 1975)

tuyhw;Wj; Njtij lhapd;gp ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; tuyhw;Wj;

Njtij (Clio, the Muse)ahff; fUjg;gLfpwhu;. ,yz;ldpy; gpwe;j

,tu; Mf;];Nghu;bd; ngypNahy; fy;Y}upapy; fpNuf;f ,yj;jPd;

,yf;fpaq;fs; gapd;whu;. Vnjd;rpy; Xuhz;L njhy;nghUs;fiy

fw;whu;. ngypNahypy; %d;whz;Lfs; gz;ila tuyhW fw;gpj;jhu;.

mjd; gpwF ,tu; ,yz;ld; gy;fiyf; fofj;jpd; muru;

fy;Y}upapy; Mwhz;Lfs; (1919 - 1924) gy;fiyf; fofj;jpy;

Kg;gjhz;Lfs; (1925 - 1955) tuyhw;Wg; Nguhrpupauhfg; gzpGupe;jhu;.

gpupl;b\; murhq;fj;jpd; ntspAwTj; Jiw rhu;ghfg; ghup]; mikjp

khehl;by; gpupl;b\; FOtpd; cWg;gpduhff; fye;J nfhz;lhu;

(1946). ,uz;lhk; vyprngj; uhzpapd; gpwe;j ehsd;W 'thif tPud;

fTutg;gl;lk;" (Champion of Honour) nfhLj;J ghuhl;lg;gl;lhu;.

lhapd;gpapd; gilg;Gfs; lhapd;gp tskpf;f tuyhw;W tiuthsu;.

Vuhskhf vOjpdhu;. mtuJ Kf;fpa gilg;Gfshtd: 1)

ehl;LupikAk; NghUk;; 2). fpNuf;f tuyhw;Wr; rpe;jid; 3).

ehfupfj;Jf;Fr; Nrhjid ; 4). xU tuyhw;whsupd; rka Nehf;F ; 5)

mDgtq;fs;; 6) tuyhw;W Ma;T; 7) kW guprPyidfs;; 8). Gjpa

INuhg;gh; 9). rPdg; gazk;; 10) tho;f;ifj; Nju;T. ,itad;wpg; gy

Ma;Tf; fl;Liufs; vOjpAs;shu;. ,tw;Ws; tuyhw;W Ma;T (A

Study of History) vd;w E}y; lhapd;gpapd; ,yf;fpag;

ngUk; gilg;G (magnum opus) MFk;. 40 Mz;Lfhy

Muha;r;rpapd; tpisthf ,g;gilg;G 12 njhFjpfshf

tiuag;gl;Ls;sJ. Nrhku;nty; (D.C.Somervel) ,tw;iw ,U

njhFjpfshfr; RUf;fpj; je;Js;shu;. jw;NghJ ,it xNu

njhFjpahf ntspaplg;gl;Ls;sJ! lhapd;gpapd; tuyhw;Wg;

gq;fspg;Gfs; 1. cyf ehfupfq;f s; (World Civilizations). cyfpy;

kdpj ,dk; Njhd;wp ,d;W tiu ,Ue;j> ,Ue;J tUk; ehfupfq;fs;

28 vd;W milahsk; fz;lhu; lhapd;gp. ,tw;Ws; gpd;tUk; 6

ehfupfq;fs; kl;Lk; capu; tho;fpd;wd : 1. Nkw;fj;jpa rKjhak;

(The Western Society); 2.rdhjd fpwpj;Jt rKjhak; (The Orthodox

Christian Society); 3. mjd; u\;af; fpis (Its Russian Offshoot);

4.,];yhkpa rKjhak; (The Islamic Society); 5. ,e;J rKjhak;

(The Hindu Society); 6.rPd rKjhak; (The Chinese Society); gpw 22

ehfupfq;f s; fUtpy; rpije;Njh (Aborted)> tsu;r;rp jilg;gl;Nlh

97

(arrested) my;yJ tsu;e;J kiwe;Njh Nghapd. thOk;

ehfupfq;fspy; Nkiy ehfupfk; jtpu gpwnty;yhk; rpjWz;L

Nghtjw;fhd epiyapy; cs;sd vd;W $Wfpwhu; lhapd;gp. 2.

tuyhw;W Ma;T myF (The Unit of Historical Study). tof;fkhf

tuyhw;whsu;fs; ,q;fpyhe;J> gpuhd;];> n[u;kdp Nghd;w ehLfis

myFfshff; nfhz;L tuyhW vOjpdu;. ,k;kugpypUe;J khWgl;Lg;

gz;ghl;il (Culture) myfhff; nfhz;L Ma;e;jhu; ];ngq;yu;.

lhapd;gp ehfupfk; (Civilization) my;yJ rKjhak; (Society) vd;w

myiff; nfhz;L tuyhw;W Ma;it Nkw;nfhz;lhu;. cjhuzkhf

,q;fpyhe;jpd; tuyhw;iwg; gpd; Nehf;fpg; ghu;j;jhy; mJ gpuhd;];>

neju;yhe;J Mfpa ehLfis cs;slf;fpa xU nghJ ehfupfj;jpd;

gFjpNa vd;gJ njupa tUk; vd;W $Wfpwhu; lhapd;gp. vdNt

,q;fpyhe;J rKjhak; vd;gjw;Fg; gjpy; Nkw;fj;jpa rKjhak;

vd;gNj Gupe;J nfhs;sf;$ba Ma;Tf; fsk; (intelligible field of

study) vd;w KbTf;F tUfpwhu; lhapd;gp. vdNt lhapd;gpapd;

tuyhw;W Ma;Tf; fsk; gug;gstpy; kpfTk; ngupaJ.

ehfupfq;fspd; Njhw;wk; ehfupfq;fspd; Njhw;wk;> tsu;r;rp> KwpT>

rpjwy; (Origin, Growth, Breakdown and Disintergration of

Civilizations). ehfupfq;f spd; Njhw;wk; (Origin of Civilizations).

rthYk; rkhspg;Gk; (Challenge and Response). tof;fkhf ,dk;

(Race)> R+o;epiy (Environment) Mfpa ,uz;Lk; ehfupfk;

Njhd;Wtjw;fhd fhuzq;fshff; $wg;gl;L te;jd. Mdhy; lhapd;gp

,f;fhuzq;fis epuhfupj;Jtpl;L ehfupfk; Nkhjypd; (Encounter)

tpisthfj; Njhd;Wtjhff; $Wfpwhu;. rthiy ntw;wpfukhfr;

rkhspg;gjhy; ehfupfk; Njhd;WfpwJ. ,r;rthy;fs;: 1.fLikahd

epyg;gFjp (Hard Country); 2.Gjpa epyg;gFjp (New Ground); 3.

Nguplu;fs; (Blows) 4. mOj;jq;fs; (Pressures) 5. jz;l

idf;Fs;shjy; (Penalisation) Mfpa tbtpy; Njhd;wf;$Lk;.

rthy;fs; kpf mjpfkhfNth> kpff; FiwthfNth my;yJ

kpjkhfNth ,Uf;ff; $Lk;. cfe;j rthNy (Optimum challenge)

ehfupfk; Njhd;Wtjw;Fr; rhjfkhdjhFk;. ghjfq;fspd;

rhjfq;fspd; (Virtues of Adversities) gadhf ehfupfq;fs;

Njhd;Wfpd;wd. ,j;jq;f eLepiyf; Nfhl;ghl;Lf;fhd (Lawof Golden

Mean) gy cjhuzq;fisf; nfhLj;Js;shu;. 4. ehfupfq;f spd;

tsu;r;rp (Growth of Civilizations) Njhd;wpa ehfupfq;fs; njhlu;e;J

rthy;fis ntw;wpfukhfr; rkhspj;jhy; tsUk;. Gwj;jilfis

ntw;wp fz;L Njhd;wpa ehfupfk; mf Mw;wyhy; rthy;fis

vjpu;nfhz;L tsu;fpd;wJ. ,ij Ez;nghUs; khw;wk;

(Etherialisation) vd;W $Wfpwhu; lhapd;gp. ,k;khw;wfj;ij

Mf;fj;jpwd; kpf;fj; jdp kdpju;fNsh (Creative Individuals) my;yJ

Mf;fr; rpWghd;ikapdNuh (Creative Minority) Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;.

98

,tu;fs; fhl;Lk; topapy; (Mimesis) kf;fs; nry;tu;. Mf;fj;

jpwd;kpf;fj; jiytu;fs; r%fj;jpypUe;J gpd; thq;fpr; nrd;W

(Withdraw) rthy;fSf;fhd jPu;T fz;L Kd;te;J (Return)

kf;fis ey;top elj;jpr; nry;tu;. mg;NghJ ehfupfk; tsu;fpwJ. 5.

ehfupfq;f spd; KwpT (Breakdown of Civilizations) tsu;r;rp ngWk;

ehfupfq;fs; vy;yhk; tho;tjpy;iy. gy ghjpapy; Kwpe;J

tpLfpd;wd. Vnddpy; 1. Mf;fj;jpwd; kpf;fr; rpWghd;ikapdupd;

(Creative Minority) kd typikAk; gilg;ghw;wYk; Fiwe;J

tpLfpd;wd; 2. kf;fs; mtu;fis tpl;L tpyfp tpLfpd;wdu;

(Mimesis)> 3. mjd; tpisthfr; r%fr; rPu;FiyT Vw;gLfpwJ.

ehfupf KwpT tsu;r;rpiaj; jil nra;fpwJ. RUq;ff; $wpd; Raj;

jPu;khdj; jpwd; ,og;G (Loss of Self Determination) ehfupfj;jpd;

KwpTf;Ff; fhuzk; vd;W $Wfpwhu;.

lhapd;gp. ntw;wp kaf;fj;jpy; kjp ,oe;J khWk; R+oYf;Nfw;g

khwhky; ,Ue;J tpl;lhy; KwpT jtpu;f;f Kbahjjhfp tpLfpwJ.

tpisT? Njf;f epiy (Nemesis) ehfupfq;f s; rpjWz;L Nghjy;

(Disintegration of Civilization) Kwpe;J Nghd ehfupfq;fspy; rpy

rpjwpg; Nghfpd;wd. NtW rpy capuw;w capNuhL (Lifeless Life)

Cryhbf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd. ,J jilg;gl;lr; rpjwy; epiy (The

Period of Petrifaction) MFk;. cjhuzkhf vfpg;jpa rKjhak;>

,e;jpa n[a;du;fs;> ,yq;if> gu;kh> rahk;> fk;Nghbah `Pdahd

ngsj;ju;fs;. ,it ,tu;fs; ehfupfj;jpd; Gijg; gFjpfs;

(Fossilised Fragments) MFk;. rKjha clypy; Vw;gLk; gpsT (A

Schism inthe Body Social) ehfupfk; rpjWz;L ,Ug;gjw;fhd

mwpFwpahFk;. KwpTw;w rKjhak; %d;W $Wfshfg; gpsTgLfpwJ.

Mf;fr; rpWghd;ik (The Creative Minority) Mf;fj; jpwdpoe;J

Mjpf;fr; rpWghd;ik (The Dominant Minority)ahf khwptply;; 2.

Mjpf;ff; nfhLq;Nfhd;ikahy; cupikapoe;J> tho;tpoe;J>

kdf;FKwNyhL cs;s cl;gf;f vjpu;g;ghspfs; (The Internal

Proletariat) 3. md;dpag;gl;Lg; Ngha; r%fj;Jf;F ntspapypUe;J

Ml;rpf; nfjpuhfr; rjp nra;Ak; ntspg;gf;f vjpu;g;ghspfs; (The

External Proletariat). gpugQ;rg; NguuRk; (Universal State) gpugQ;rj;

jpUr;rigAk; (Universal Church) rpjWz;l ehfupfq;fspd;

rpd;dq;fshFk;. rpjwpg;Nghd ehfupfk; kPz;Lk; rPu;g;gl;L epiyf;f

KbAkh? KbahJ. Vnddpy; gpwe;j ehfupfk; ,wf;fj;jhd;

Ntz;Lk;. Ma;T KbTfs; cyf ehfupfq;fspd; Njhw;wk;> tsu;r;rp>

KwpT> rpjwy; gw;wp Ma;e;j lhapd;gp gpd;tUk; KbTfSf;F

te;Js;shu;. 1). vy;yh ehfupfq;fSk; rkkhdit; 2). Nkiy

ehfupfj;jpd; fPo; fPio ehfupfk; te;Js;sJ; 3) cyf tuyhw;wpy;

Kjd; Kiwahf kdpj ,dk; Gjpa cyf xOq;if (New World

Order) Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhd Kaw;rpia Nkw;nfhz;Ls;sJ. 4).

99

Nkiy ehfupfj;jpy; kl;Lk; ,d;Dk; ehfupfr; rpjWf;fhd

mwpFwpfs; Njhd;wtpy;iy; 5). mjw;Ff; fhuzk; fpwpj;Jtj;jpd;

nry;thf;NfahFk;. 'tpij tpijg;gtu; xUtNu. tpijfs;

jdpj;jdpNa tpijf;fg;gl;lhYk; mWtil xd;whfj;jhd; ,Uf;Fk;"

vd;W $Wfpwhu; lhapd;gp . lhapd;gpapd; FiwghLfs; lhapd; gpapd;

tuyhw;W Ma;T tpag;Gf;FupaJ. vdpDk; ,tuJ Ma;tpYk;

mZFKiwapYk; tuyhw;W tiuT mikg;gpYk; ntspg;gilahff;

fhzg;gLk; Fiwfshtd: 1) lhapd;gp Nkiy ehfupfk; kw;Wk;

fpwpj;Jtr; rkar; rhu;Gilatuhf cs;shu;. 2). ,tuJ

KbTfSf;Fr; rhjfkhd ehfupfq;fisNa Nju;e;njLj;Jf;

nfhs;fpwhu;. 3) tuyhw;Wr; rhd;Wfis ,tu; Kd;dNu KbT

nra;aj; jpl;lj;Jf;Fs; jpzpj;Js;shu;. 4). ehfupfq;fspd;

Njhw;wj;ij tpsf;fg; Guhzf; fijfisf; ifahs;fpwhu;. 5).

lhapd;gpapd; tuyhw;W tpsf;fk; Ez; nghUs; rhu;e;j ,iwapay;

tpsf;fkhf cs;sJ. 6). rthYk; rkhspg;Gk; Nghd;w fUj;jpay;fs;

Kd;tpjp epu;zaf; Nfhl;ghl;il cWjp nra;tdthf cs;sd. 7)

KbTfs; ek;gpf;ifaw;w tpuf;jp kdg;ghd;ikapd; gpujpgypg;ghf

cs;sd. 8). lhapd;gpapd; tuyhw;W khw;wq;fs; gw;wpa khjpupfs;

(models of historical changes) tuyhw;Wf;Fg;

Gwk;ghdit.

kjpg;gPL

lhapd;gp 20-k; E}w;whz;bd; khngUk; tuyhw;whsu; (Mega Historian).

,tu; Ma;Tf; vLj;Jf; nfhz;l nghUs; gug;gpy; kpfTk; tpupthdJ.

kdpj ,d tuyhw; mDgtj;jpd; ,ay;ig mwpTG+u;tkhf

tptupf;fpwhu;. ,tuJ thjq;fSf;F rhu;ghd rhd;WfisAk;>

cjhuzq;fisAk;> Nkw;Nfhs;fisAk; ifahSk; tpj

tpag;Gf;FupaJ. cyf tuyhw;wpd; %iy KLf;FfspypUe;njy;yh

vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfisf; $wpj; jd; fUj;Jf;fis tYg;gLj;Jfpwhu;.

thy;Ng tpj;jpl;l tuyhw;Wj; jj;Jtk; tpf;Nfh> fhk;Nl> fhd;l;>

n`fy;> khu;f];> ];ngq;f topahf te;J lhapd;gpaplk; GJ

cUg;ngUfpd;wJ. lhapd;gp kdpj Fy Nghjfuhff; fhl;rpaspf;fpwhu;.

kdpj ,dk; ,iwawpT ngw;W thoNtz;Lnkd; tpUk;Gfpwhu;.

lhapd;gp nrhy;tijj; njspthd ,dpa Neubahd Mq;fpy eilap

$Wfpwhu;. ,tuJ tuyhw;W tPr;Rf;Fk;> rpe;jidr; nrwpTf;Fk;> Gjp

mZFKiwf;Fk; ,izapy;iy. ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;by; kpf tpupth

tpkuprpf;fg;gl;l tuyhw;W tiuthsu; mu;dhy;L N[.lhapd;gp Mthu;.

100


mwptpay; Nrhryprj;jpd; je;ij (Father of Scientific Socialism)

fhuy; khu;f;]; n[u;kdpapy; l;nunt]; (Traves) vd;w ,lj;jpy; A+j

FLk;gj;jpy; tof;fwpQupd; kfdhfg; gpwe;jhu;. ghd; kw;Wk; ngu;ypd;

gy;fiyf; fofq;fspy; tuyhW> jj;Jtk; fw;whu;. [Pdh gy;fiyf;

fofj;jpypUe;J lhf;lu; gl;lk; ngw;whu;. n`fypd; fUj;Jf;fshy;

ftug;gl;l khu;f;]; jPtpu rpe;jidahsu;. khu;f;]; Gul;rp ,af;fj;jpy;

gq;Nfw;wikf;fhfj; Njrj;JNuhff; Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gl;L ehL

flj;jg;gl;lhu;. ehl;il tpl;L ntspNawpa fhu;y; khu;f;]; tho;tpd;

ngUk; gFjpia yz;ldpy;> Fwpg;ghf E}yfj;jpy; nrytpl;lhu;.

mg;NghJ nry;te;ju; kfdhd gpnunlupf; vq;fy;rpd; (Frederick

Angels) el;Gk; MjuTk; ,tUf;Ff; fpilj;jJ. ,UtUk; ,ize;J

fk;A+dp];l; gpufldj;ij (The Communist Manifesto, 1848)

ntspapl;ldu;. fhu;y; khu;f;rpd; jj;Jtj;jpd; tWik' (Poverty of

Philosophy> 1847) kw;Wk; %yjdk; (Das Capital> 1867) Mfpa

gilg;Gfs; mtUf;F mopahg; Gfioj; Njbj; je;jd. khu;f;];

mwptpay; Nrh\yprj;jpd; je;ij" vd;W mwpag;gl;lhu;.

mwptpay; Nrh\yprk; (Scientific Socialism) fw;gidAyF

Nrh\yp];Lfs; (Utopian Socialists) nghUshjhu Vw;wj;jho;TfSf;F

jj;Jthu;j;jkhd eilKiw rhj;jpakw;w tpsf;fkspj;jdu;. khwhf

khu;f;]; rKjhaj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; tu;f;f Ngjq;fSf;Fk;

Nghuhl;lq;fSf;Fk; njspthd njhlu;r;rpahd ajhu;j;jkhd

gFj;jwpTg;G+u;tkhd tuyhw;W tpsf;fkspj;jhu;. Fwpg;ghfj;

njhopw;rhiy ehfupfj;jpd; (Industrial Civilisation) vOr;rpahy;

Vw;gl;l rpf;fy;kpf;fg; gpur;ridfis tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzpapy;

tpthjpj;Jg; Gul;rpfukhd KbTfisf; $wpdhu;. fhuy; khu;f;];

n`fypd; ,af;ftpaypd; (Dialectic) mbg;gilapy;

tuyhw;Wf;Fg; nghUshjhu tpsf;fkspj;jhu;. mjw;F “mwptpay;

Nrh\yprk;” vd;W ngaupl;lhu;. mwptpay; Nrh\yprj;jpd;

rpwg;gpay;Gfshtd: 1) . nghUshjhuf; fhuzpfs; tuyhw;wpd;

Nghf;ifj; jPu;khdpf;fpd;wd. vdNt ,f;fhuzpfisf; nfhz;L

tuyhw;wpd; nray;ghq;if khw;wpaikf;fyhk;. 2) tu;f;fg;

Nghuhl;lj;jpd; %yk; tu;f;f Ngjkw;w rKjhaj;ij cUthf;fyhk;.

3) cw;gj;jpahFk; nghUs;fisAk; NritfisAk; rktpdpNahfk;

nra;tjd; %yk; ciog;ghspfSf;F ePjp toq;fyhk;. 4)

ciog;ghspfs; ngWk; Cjpaj;ijtpl mjpf kjpg;Gila nghUs;

cw;gj;jp nra;fpd;wdu;. vdNt cgup kjpg;G (Surplus Value)

ciog;gtu;fSf;Nf nrhe;jk;. 5) cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; tpdpNahf

rhjdq;fisg; nghJTlikahf;Ftjd; %yk; nghUshjhur;

101

Ruz;liy xopj;J tplyhk;. 6).Ruz;lyw;w tu;f;fq;fs; ,y;yhj

rkj;Jt rKjhaNk fk;A+dpr rKjhakhFk;.

,af;ftpay; nghUs;Kjy;thjk; (Dialectical Materialism) tuyhw;W

epfo;r;rpfs; ,d;W Nghy; jhd; vd;Wk; ,Ue;jdth? my;yJ mit

fhyg;Nghf;fpy; khw;wkile;Js;sdth? my;yJ ,it jq;fisg;

GJg;gpj;Jf; nfhz;L tsu;fpd;wdth? tuyhw;W khw;wq;fSf;fhd

ce;J rf;jp vJ? ,j;jifa tpdhf;fSf;F ,af;ftpay; nghUs;

Kjy; thjj;jpd; %yk; tpil fhz Kad;whu; khu;f;];. n`fypd;

,af;ftpaYf;Fk; (Dialectic) gpA+au;ghf; (Feuerback) fpd; nghUs;

Kjy; thjj;Jf;Fk; (Materialism) GJg;nghUs; tpsf;fk; nfhLj;jhu;.

fw;gidf; fhtpa mZFKiwia epuhfupj;Jtpl;Lg; gad;ghl;Lf;

Nfhl;ghl;L top ,af;ftpay; nghUs; Kjy; thjj;ij

tiuaWj;jhu;. fhuy; khu;f;]; tpz;Zyifg; gw;wpf; $whky;

kz;Zyifg; gw;wpf; ftiyg;gl;lhu;. kdpjDf;Fk; (Man)

nghUSf;FkpilNa (Matter) cs;s njhlu;ig Muha;e;jhu;.

Kuz;ghLfNs tuyhw;W khw;wj;jpd; Njhw;Wtha; vd;w KbTf;F

te;jhu;. ,k;Kuz;ghL ,uz;L vjpu;g; Nghf;FfSf;fpilNa Vw;gLk;

Nghuhl;lj;jpd; tpisNtahFk;. cjhuzkhf epykhdpa Kiw

(Feudalism)Ak; Kjyhspj;Jt Kiw (Capitalism)Ak; vjpu;kiwg;

Nghf;Ffs;. Kuz;ghLfisf; nfhz;l ,t;tpU nghUshjhu

KiwfSf;fpilNa Vw;gLk; Nkhjypd; tpisthf Nrh\yprk;

(Socialism) gpwf;fpwJ. epykhdpa Kiw Kjyhspj;Jt Kiw -

Nrh\yprk;. Kuz;ghlw;w fk;A+dprk; (Communism) ,af;ftpay;

Nghuhl;lj;Jf;F Kw;Wg;Gs;sp itf;Fk;.

tuyhw;Wg; nghUs;Kjy;thj tpsf;fk; (Materialistic interpretation of

History) fhuy; khu;f;Rf;F Kd;gpUe;Njhu; tuyhw;W tsu;r;rpiag;

gw;wp $wpait fUj;J Kjy; thj tpsf;fq;fshfNt (Theoretical

Explanations) ,Ue;jd. mit ahTk; ajhu;j;j epiyf;Fg;

Gwk;ghdit vd;W fUjpdhu; khu;f;];. Vnddpy; mj;jj;JtQhdpfs;

“cyf Md;kh”> “jd; Kjy; fUj;J”> “gpugQ;rg; Nguhw;wy;”> ,iwj; jpl;lk;> ",aw;if epajp” Nghd;w Gyd;fSf;F mg;ghw;gl;l

Mw;wy;fs; kf;fs; eltbf;iffis newpg;gLj;Jtjhf epidj;jdu;.

khu;f;]; ,j;jifa xU rhu;ghd nka;g;nghUs; tpsf;fj;ij

epuhfupj;jhu;. mjw;Fg; gjpy; tuyhw;Wg; nghUs; Kjy; thj

mZFKiwiaf; nfhLj;jhu;. nghUshjhuNk tho;f;ifapd; Mjhuk;

vd;gJ tuyhw;Wg; nghUs;Kjy;thjj;jpd; rhukhFk;. tuyhw;wpy;

murpay;> rka> jj;Jt> fiy rfhg;jq;fs; midj;Jk; nghUs;

cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; tpdpNahf Kiwfspd; tpisTfNsahFk;.

nghUspy;yhNjhUf;F ,t;Tyfkpy;iy. Mdhy; njhopw;rhiy

Kjyhspj;Jtk; epyr; nrhe;jf;fhuu;fisAk; ciog;ghspfisAk;

tQ;rpj;J 'cgup kjpg;ig" mgfupj;Jf; nfhs;fpwJ. ,r;Ruz;ly;

102

mgfupg;Ng Kjyhspj;Jtj;Jf;nfjpuhd mopthw;wyhf

cUntLf;fpwJ. Kjyhspj;Jtj;jpd; Kuz;ghLfshd kpif

cw;gj;jpAk; Ntiyapy;yhj; jpz;lhl;lKk; gpw neUf;fbfisg;

gyg;gLj;jp tu;f;fg; Nghuhl;lj;Jf;F toptFf;fpd;wd.

,g;Nghuhl;lj;jpd; tpisthf Kjyhspj;Jtk; Njhy;tpAw;W

Nrh\yprj;Jf;F toptpLk;. ,Wjpapy; tu;f;fg;Ngjkw;w fk;A+dpr

G+Nyhf Rtu;f;fk; Njhd;Wk;. ,JNt fhuy; khu;f;rpd; tuyhw;Wg;

nghUs; Kjy;thj tpsf;fkhFk;.

tuyhw;wpy; tu;f;fg; Nghuhl;lk; (Class Struggle in History) khdpl

tuyhW tu;f;fg; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; tuyhWjhd; vd;W $Wfpwhu; fhuy;

khu;f;];. tu;f;fg; Nghuhl;lNk tuyhw;Wr; rf;fuj;ijr; Row;Wk;

Mw;wy;. cw;gj;jpr; rhjdq;fspd; jdpAilik tu;f;fg;

Nghuhl;lj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpf;fpwJ. kf;fSf;Fk; cw;gj;jpr;

rhjdq;fSf;FkpilNa cs;s cwT mg;Nghuhl;lj;ijj;

jPu;khdpf;fpwJ. ,t;tu;f;fg; Nghuhl;l tuyhW gpd;tUk; MW

fl;lq;fisf; nfhz;lJ. 1. Mjpfhyg; nghJTilik (Primitive

Communism) Jtf;fj;jpy; nghUSw;gj;jpr; rhjdq;fs; r%fg;

nghJTilikahf ,Ue;jd. mbik Kiwr; rKjhak; (Society

with Slavery). cw;gj;jpr; rhjdq;fs; jdpAilikahf;fg;gl;ljhy;

Mz;lhd; - mbikr; rKjha mikg;G cUthdJ. 3. epykhdpa

Kiw (Feudalism). ,ilf;fhy epykhdpa mikg;G Kiwapy;

epyg;gpuGf;fs; Ruz;Lk; tFg;ghfTk;> tptrhaj; njhopyhspfs;

Ruz;lg;gLk; tu;f;fkhfTk; ,Ue;jdu;. 4. Kjyhspj;Jtk;

(Capitalism) njhopy; ka rKjhaj;jpy; (Industrial Society) njhopy;

Kjyhspfs; Ruz;Lk; tu;f;fkhfTk; njhopyhspfs; Ruz;lg;gLk;

tu;f;fkhfTk; cUkhw;wkile;jd. 5. Nrh\yprk; (Socialism)

Kjyhspj;Jtj;Jf;Fk; njhopyhsu; tu;f;fj;Jf;FkpilNa Vw;gLk;

Nkhjypd; tpisthf tu;f;fg; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; tbtk; khWk;. ghl;lhsp

ru;thjpfhuk; (Dictatorship of the Proletariat) Vw;gl;L Kjyhspj;Jtk;

gpd;Df;Fj; js;sg;gLk;. epyg;gpuGf;fs; tu;f;fk; kiwe;J tpLk;.

Nrh\ypr rKjhak; cUthFk;. 6. fk;A+dprk; (Communism)

fk;A+dprg; nghJTlikr; rKjhaj;jpy; njhopy; tptrhap> %is

ciog;Nghu; tu;f;f Ngjq;fs; ePq;fptpLk;. rKjhak; ,af;fk;

tu;f;fg; Nghuhl;l tl;lr; Row;rpapypUe;J tpLgl;LtpLk;. 20.2.6

tuyhw;W tsu;r;rpapd; ,af;F Mw;wy;fs; (Moving Forces of

Historical Development) kf;fs; rf;jpNa tuyhw;W tsu;r;rpapd;

,af;F rf;jp vd;W $Wfpwhu; fhuy; khu;f;];. ,r;rf;jpNa nghUs;

cw;gj;jpr; rf;jpahFk;. r%f rf;jpfs; rKjha eyd;fs;>

mtrpaq;fs;> Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpf;

nfhz;Ls;sd. kf;fs; Gul;rpfukhd rpj;jhe;jj;ijj; jd;tag;gLj;jpf;

nfhs;Sk; NghJ mJ nghUshjhu rf;jpahf khWfpwJ. tuyhW

103

tPuu;fshfNth my;yJ khkdpju;fshfNth cUthf;fg;gLtjpy;iy.

khwhf tuyhW kf;fs; Mw;wypd; nghUshjhu ntspg;ghlhFk;.

Vnddpy; kf;fspd; nghUspay; eyd;fs; jhd; tuyhw;W tpjpfspd;

Gwj; Njitfisg; gpujpgypf;fpd;wd. kf;fs; eltbf;iffspd;wpr;

r%f cwTfSk; tuyhw;W khw;wq;fSk; rhj;jpakpy;iy.

vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf xLf;fg;gl;l kf;fspd; Xahj Nghuhl;lj;jhy;

mbik KiwAk;> gz;iz KiwAk; xope;jd. Njrpa tpLjiyg;

Nghuhl;lq;fs; fhydp Mjpf;f Kiwia KbTf;Ff; nfhz;L

te;jd. mNjNghd;W njhopyhsp tu;f;fj;jpd; Nghuhl;lk;

Kjyhspj;Jt Kiwf;F khw;W Kiwahf Nrh\ypr fk;A+dpr

nghJTilikr; rKjha mikg;igf; nfhz;L tUk;. vdNt kf;fs;

Mw;wNy tuyhw;W ,af;fj;jpd; ce;J Mw;wyhFk;.

fhuy; khu;f;rpd; FiwghLfs; fhuy; khu;f;]; Nfhl;ghLfspy;

fhzg;gLk; FiwghLfshtd: 1. tuyhW nghUshjhuf;

fhuzpfshy; kl;Lk; cUthf;fg;gLtjpy;iy. fiyAzu;T> rka

ek;gpf;if> Njrpa vOr;rp> fUj;jhw;wy; Nghd;w fhuzpfSk; r%f

tho;f;ifiaj; jPu;khdpf;fpd;wd. vdNt khu;f;rpd; mwptpay;

Nrhryprk; KOikahd tuyhw;W tpsf;fkhfhJ. 2. khu;f;rpd;

,af;ftpay; nghUs; Kjy; thj tpsf;fk; INuhg;gpa tuyhw;W

mDgtj;ij kl;LNk Mjhukhff; nfhz;L gpd;dg;gl;ljhFk;. mij

cyf ehLfs; midj;Jf;Fk; nghJthd Nfhl;ghlhff; nfhs;s

,ayhJ. 3. khu;f;rpd; MWfl;l tu;f;fg; Nghuhl;l tuyhW khu;f;rpa

rpj;jhe;jr; rl;lj;Jf;Fs; milf;fg;gl;l nraw;ifahd

tiuglkhFk;. ,J tuyhw;Wf;Fg; Gwk;ghd tiuT. 4. khu;f;rpd;

,af;ftpay; (Dialectic) Row;rp fk;A+dpr rKjhak;

Vw;gl;lTld; epd;WtpLk; vd;W $WfpwJ. ,af;fkw;w rKjhak;

Njf;fKw;w rKjhakhfp tplhNjh? fk;A+dprk; mjd; vjpu;g;G

mikg;igj; Njhw;Wtpf;fhJ vd;gJ vd;d epr;rak;? fw;gidAyF

Nrh\yp];Lfisf; Fiw $wpa fhuy; khu;f;]; fw;gidf; fk;A+dpr

cyifg; gilj;Jtpl;lhu;. 5. nghUs; cw;gj;jpr; rhjdq;fisf;

fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjhy; jhd; Kuz;ghLfs; Njhd;wp tu;f;fg; Nghuhl;lk;

ntbj;J khw;wk; Vw;gLfpwJ vd;gJ tuyhw;W cz;ikay;y.

cjhuzkhf 1688-y; ,q;fpyhe;jpy; Vw;gl;l Gul;rp> 1789-y; Vw;gl;l

Rg; Gul;rp> 1868-y; [g;ghdpy; Vw;gl;l nka;[p Gul;rp tu;f;fg;

Nghl;lq;fspd; tpisty;y. cw;gj;jpr; rhjdq;fs; fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fk;

kyu;r;rp> mwpnthsp> fw;gidf; fhtpak; Nghd;w ,af;fq;fSf;Fk;

vd;d njhlu;G? xU rpy thyhw;W Kd;Djhuzq;fisf; nfhz;L

tuyhw;Wg; nghJ tpjpfis tFg;gJ Vw;Wf; nfhs;sf; $bajy;y.

kdpj Kd;Ndw;wk; jtpu;f;f KbahjJ vd;w khu;f;rpd; ek;gpf;ifia

epahag;gLj;jNt ,g;nghJtpjpfis type;J tFj;Js;shu;. 7.

tu;f;fg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; ghl;lhsp tu;f;fk; jhd; ntw;wp ngWk; vd;w

thjk; tuyhw;W Kd;tpjpf; Nfhl;ghlhFk; (Historical

104

Determinism). ,J tuyhw;W tpNuhjg; Nghf;fhFk;. 8. tu;f;fg;

Nghuhl;lj;jpd; tpisthf Nrh\ypr rKjhak; gpupl;ld;> gpuhd;];>

n[u;kdp Nghd;w njhopy; kakhd ehLfspy; jhd; Vw;gLk; vd;W

Kd;fzpg;G nra;jhu; khu;f;];. khwhf mg;Gul;rp tptrha ehlhd

u\;ahtpy; jhd; Vw;gl;lJ. tuyhw;wpy; Kd; fzpg;G nra;a

KbahJ. 9. ''ghl;lhspfs; ru;thjpfhuk;” nghJTlikr;

rKjhaj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk; vd;gjw;F cj;juthjky;y vd;gjw;F

u\;ahNt vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;. mz;ikapy; Nrhtpaj; u\;a

Nrh\yprf; Nfhl;il rupe;jJ mjw;fhd rhd;W. 10. tuyhw;wpy;

kf;fs; rf;jpNa khngUk; rf;jp vd;W $Wk; fhuy; khu;f;rpd;

Nfhl;ghL ru;thjpfhu mikg;Gf;Nf rhjfkhf cs;sJ. Njd;

$l;ilg; Nghd;w fk;A+dprg; nghJTlikr; rKjhaj;jpy; cupik

czu;Tf;F ,lNkapy;iy. kdpj NuhNghf;fisf; (Human Robots)

nfhz;l ,ae;jpuj;jdkhd mikg;G mJ.

kjpg;gPL

fhuy; khu;f;]; kdpj ,d Kd;Ndw;wj;ij ikakhff; nfhz;L

rpe;jpj;j khngUk; tuyhw;Wj; jj;JtNkij. jw;fhy tuyhw;Wr;

rpe;jid tsu;r;rpapy; ,tuJ jhf;fk; msg;gupaJ. khu;f;rpd;

tuyhw;W tpsf;fk; rKjha khw;wq;fSf;F nfhLf;fg;gl;l mwptpay;

fUj;JiuahFk;. ,J cyf Kf;fpaj;JtKila Kjy;

KOikahd tuyhw;W ,af;ftpay; nghUs;Kjy;thj tpsf;fkhFk;.

murpay; kw;Wk; nghUshjhu tuyhw;wpy; ,af;ftpaiyg;

gad;gLj;jp n`fiy kpQ;rp ntw;wp fz;ltu; khu;f;]; vd;W

$Wfpwhu; fhypq;Tl;. tuyhw;Wg; nghUs;Kjy;thjj; jj;Jt Qhdk;

xU kfj;jhd mwptpay; rhjidahFk; vd;W fUJfpwhu;

tp.fpugptpd;. khu;f;rpd; tuyhW gw;wpa fUj;jpay; " kpf Kf;fpa

Ma;T" vd;W kjpg;gPL nra;fpwhu; ngu;l;uhz;L u];]y;. tuyhw;Wj;

jj;Jtj;ij murpay; eltbf;iff;fhd nray; jpl;lkhf khw;wpa

ngUik khu;f;irNa NrUk; vd;Wg; Gfohuk; R+l;Lfpwhu; mu;dhy;L

lhapd;gp. mup];lhl;bYf;Fg; gpwF r%f mwpT KOtijAk;

jpwdha;e;J xd;WgLj;jpa mjpraj;ij epfo;j;jpatu; fhuy; khu;f;];

vd;W ghuhl;Lfpwhu;N\f; myp.

7.5. ypNahNghy;L thd; uhq;Nf Leopold Von Ranke, (1795 -

1885)

'mwptpay; tuyhw;wpd; je;ij” uhq;Nf n[u;kdpapd; tpaj;jF

mwptpay; tuyhw;whsu; Mthu;. ,tu; trjpahd Y}jupdpr

rkaj;ijr; Nru;e;j tof;fwpQu; FLk;gj;jpy; gpwe;jhu;. yPg;rpf; kw;Wk;

ngu;ypd; gy;fiyf; fofq;fspy; ,iwapay;> nkhopapay;> nrk;kuG

105

,yf;fpak; fw;whu;. gpuhq;gu;l; gy;fiyf; fofj;jpy; tuyhw;Wg;

Nguhrpupauhfg; gzpahw;wpdhu;. mg;NghJ mtu; fUj;juq;F Kiwia

(Seminar Method) ntw;wpfukhff; ifahz;L gpugyg;gLj;jpdhu;. ,tu;

fhd;l;> gpf;Nl> ePgu; Nghd;Nwhupd; tuyhw;Wr; rpe;jidahy;

ftug;gl;lhu;. ,sturu; nkl;lu;dpf;fpd; cjtpNahL ngu;ypd;>

tpad;dh> ghup];> Nuhk;> ntdp]; nrd;W muR Mtzq;fis Ma;T

nra;jhu;. tuyhW rQ;rpifapd; gjpg;ghrpupauhf ,Ue;jhu;. 70-tJ

tajpy; "thd; " vd;w fTut gpuGg; gl;lk; toq;fp

ngUikg;gLj;jg;gl;lhu;. mnkupf;f tuyhw;Wf; fofj;jpd;

cWg;gpduhfj; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhu;. gzp Xa;Tf;Fg; (1870) gpd;

tuyhw;W Ma;tpYk; tiutpYk; <Lgl;lhu;. uhq;Nf "mwptpay;

tuyhw;wpd; je;ij" (Father of scientific History) vd;W

miof;fg;gl;lhu;.

uhq;Nfapd; gilg;Gfs; uhq;Nf tskhd tuyhw;W tiuthsu;.

,tuJ rpwe;j gilg;Gfshtd: 1.jpwdha;Tf; fl;Liufs;

2).Nghg;ghz;ltu;fspd; tuyhW 3). n[u;khdpa rka rPu;jpUj;j

tuyhW> 4). ,yj;jPd kw;Wk; bA+lhdpa ehLfspd; tuyhW> 5).

nru;gpahtpd; tuyhW> 6) gpuhd;rpd; tuyhW> 7). ,q;fpyhe;jpd;

tuyhW. 8).gpu\;ahtpd; tuyhW> 9).cyf tuyhW. uhq;Nfapd;

tuyhw;W tiuT tPr;R 15-k; E}w;whz;bypUe;J 18-k; E}w;whz;L

tiu tpupthdJ. uhq;Nfapd; tuyhw;Wg; gq;fspg;Gfs; uhq;Nf

tuyhw;W Ma;itAk; tiuitAk; tho;ehs; gzpahf (Career)f;

nfhz;lhu;. mtuJ vz;zq;fs; mwpthokpf;fit. mwptpay;

mbg;giliaf; nfhz;lit> tpupthd gug;ngy;iy cilait.

uhq;Nfapd; tuyhw;Wg; gq;fspg;Gfs; tUkhW: 1. “Mtzkpd;Nwy;

tuyhwpy;iy” (No document, no history) vd;whu; uhq;Nf.

Mtzr; rhd;Wfspd; mbg;gilapy; jhd; tuyhW tiuag;gLjy;

Ntz;Lk; vd;gij typAWj;jpdhu;. Mtzq;fisj; Njbj; jpul;b>

rhd;Wfisf; ftdkhfr; Nrfupj;J> rupghu;j;J> gFj;jha;e;J>

jpwdha;T nra;J> ek;gfkhdtw;iw kl;LNk gad;gLj;jpdhu;. mjd;

%yk; mtu; jpwdha;T tuyhw;W tiutpay; rfhg;jj;ij (Era of

Critical Historiography)j; Jtf;fpdhu;. 2. uhq;Nf " epfo;e;jtw;iw

epfo;e;jthNw $w Ntz;Lk;" vd;w epajpia Vw;gLj;jpdhu;. mtNu

,e;epajpiaf; fLikahff; filg;gpbj;jhu;. ,tUf;F Kd;gpUe;Njhu;

tuyhw;iw xOf;fj; jPu;g;Gfis toq;fNth > ,iw my;yJ

,aw;ifj; jpl;lj;ij tpsf;fNth> vjpu;fhyj;ij Kd;fzpg;G

nra;aNth my;yJ mtu;fspd; nrhe;jf; Nfhl;ghLfis

epahag;gLj;jNth Kad;wdu;. uhq;Nf mg;Nghf;if khw;wpdhu;. fle;j

fhyj;ij ek;gpf;if> fw;gid> jg;ngz;zk; Mfpatw;wpdpd;Wk;

fhg;ghw;wpdhu;. rupahd rhu;gw;w tuyhw;W tiuTf;F toptFj;jhu;. 3.

uhq;Nf tuyhw;iwr; RNar;irahd mwpT Ma;Tj; Jiwahf

106

(Autonomous Field of Study) khw;wpdhu;. tuyhw;W tiuit rka -

,iwapay; - jj;Jtg; gpbapdpd;Wk; tpLtpj;jhu;. tuyhw;Wf;Fupa

rpwg;gplj;ijAk;> nry;thf;ifAk;> mq;fPfhuj;ijAk; ngw;Wj; je;jhu;.

tuyhw;W mwpit rpwg;Gg; gapw;rpahYk; Kaw;rpahYk; kl;LNk ngw

KbAk; vd;w epiyia cUthf;fpdhu;. 4. uhq;Nf tuyhw;Wf;

fhyq;fs; midj;Jf;Fk; rk Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspj;jhu;.

INuhg;gpa tuyhw;Wf;Fr; rpwg;gplk; nfhLj;j kuig epuhfupj;jhu;.

Vnddpy; tuyhW Gtpapay;> ,d> ehl;L vy;iyfisf; fle;jJ.

xt;nthU tuyhw;Wf; fhyKk; jdpj;jd;ik (Unique)AilaJ;

kjpg;GfshSk; (Values)> gq;fspg;GfshYk; (Contributions)

khWgLtJ. vdNt gd;dhl;L tuyhWfSk; ghugl;rkpd;wp

tiuag;gLjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gij mbf;Nfhbl;Lf; fhl;bdhu;.

mJkl;Lky;y fpNuf;f - Nuhkhdpa - n[u;khdpa tuyhw;Wf;

$Wfspd; fyg;Ng INuhg;gpa tuyhW vd;gij vLj;Jf; fhl;bdhu;.

uhq;Nfapd; "tuyhw;Wr; rkj;Jt" mZFKiw fPio ehLfspd;

fyhr;rhuq;fisr; rupahfg; Gupe;J nfhs;tjw;Ff; fhuzkhapUe;jJ.

tuyhW vd;gJ fUj;Jf;fspd; (Ideas) ntspg;ghL vd;W $Wfpwhu;

uhq;Nf. fUj;Jf;fSf;fpilNaahd guptu;j;jidNa tuyhW.

tuyhw;W tsu;r;rpia (Historical Progress)f; fUj;Jf;fspd; %ykhf

ntspg;gLk; "flTshf"f; fUjpdhu; uhq;Nf. Fwpg;gpl;l fUj;ijf;

Ftpikakhff; nfhz;bUg;gjhy;jhd; xt;nthU tuyhw;Wf; fhyKk;

jdpj;jd;ikiaf; nfhz;bUg;gjhff; $wpdhu;. cjhuzkhf

kWg;gpaf;fk; (Protestantism) xU fUj;jpd; cjtp ntspg;ghNlahFk;

vd;whu; uhq;Nf. 6. uhq;Nf tuyhw;Wj; njhlu;r;rp (Historical

continuity)f;F Kf;fpaj;Jtkspj;jhu;.

tuyhW jdpj;jdp ehLfs;> epfo;r;rpfs;> khkdpju;fs; kw;Wk;

fhyq;fisg; gw;wpa tiuT kl;Lky;y ,tw;Wf;fpilNaahd

njhlu;GfisAk; njspTgLj;JfpwJ. mg;NghJ jhd; fle;j

fhyj;Jf;Fk; epfo;fhyj;Jf;FkpilNaahd capNuhl;lKs;s

xw;Wikiaf; fz;lwpa KbAk;. ,f;fUj;Nj gpd;du; tuyhw;wpak;

(Historicism) vd;W tpuptile;jJ. 7. uhq;Nf tuyhw;Wr; nray;ghq;F

(Historical Process)r; rpwg;gplkspj;jhu;. kdpj ,d tuyhNw

KOikahd tuyhW vdf; fUjpdhu; uhq;Nf. cyf tuyhw;wpy;

jhd; "nghJthd tuyhw;W tho;f;if" (General Historical Life)iaf;

fhz KbAk; vd;W ek;gpdhu;. tuyhw;wpd; Nghf;if ,ilawhr;

nray;ghq;fhfr; rpj;jupj;jhu;. uhq;Nf jdJ 85tJ tajpy; cyf

tuyhw;iw ,uz;L njhFjpfspy; vOjp ,f;fUj;Jf;F tbtk;

nfhLj;jhu;. 8. uhq;Nf mwptpay; tuyhw;iwr; RitNahL ,yf;fpa

eilapy; vOj KbAk; vd;gjw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lhfj; jpfo;e;jhu;.

tuyhw;W vOj;J eilAk; Ma;T Kiwiag; Nghd;Nw

107

Kf;fpakhdJ vd;gij typAWj;jpdhu; uhq;Nf. uhq;Nfapd;

FiwghLfs; mwptpay; tuyhw;Wf;F mbj;jskpl;l uhq;Nfaplk; gy

Fiwfs; fhzg;gl;ld : 1.epfo;e;jtw;iw epfo;e;jthNw $w

Ntz;Lk; vd;W tw;GWj;jpa uhq;Nf filrp tiu xU

Y}jupadhfNt (Lutherian) ,Ue;jhu;. mtUila rka ek;gpf;if

rhu;Gilikf;Ff; fhuzkhapUe;jJ. 2.GJikiar; nra;a tpUk;gpa

uhq;Nf kuGtop murpay; tuyhw;iwNa vOjpdhu;. r%f>

nghUshjhu> fyhr;rhu $Wfisg; Gwf;fzpj;jhu;. 3.gpu\;a ehl;bd;

ngUikiag; NgrpdhNuad;wp rpwg;ghd jj;Jt tpsf;fk; vijAk;

fUj;Jf; nfhilahff; nfhLf;ftpy;iy. 4.uhq;Nf Mtzr;

rhd;Wfs; vd;w rpiwf;Fs; milgl;Ltpl;ljhy; tuyhw;wpy;

jw;nray; fhuzpfSf;F (Chance Factors) cupa Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijf;

nfhLf;fj; jtwptpl;lhu;. 5.mwptpay;thjpahd uhq;Nf "tuyhw;wpy;

flTs; ciwfpwhu;'' vd;W $WtJk;> mwpit (Reason)

cs;Szu;NthL (Intitution) Nru;g;gJk; Fog;gj;ij Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.

6.uhq;Nfapd; rkfhy INuhg;gpa goikthjpfspd; kdijg;

Gz;gLj;jf;$ba tuyhw;Wg; gFjpfis vOJtijj; jtpu;j;jhu;

vd;W $Wfpwhu; gpau;L. ,J uhq;Nfapd; Neu;ikia re;Njfpf;fr;

nra;fpwJ.

kjpg;gPL

uhq;Nf jw;fhy tuyhw;whsu;fSs; jiyrpwe;jtu;. ,tuJ mwptpay;

tuyhw;W Ma;T Kiwapay; (Research Methodology in Scientific

History) tuyhw;Wj; jpwdha;tpy; jpUg;GKidia Vw;gLj;jpaJ.

epfo;e;jtw;iw epfo;e;jthNu tiua Ntz;Lk; vd;W tw;GWj;jpajd;

%yk; uhq;Nf fle;j fhyj;ijg; gw;wpa Ma;it epfo;fhy

epu;g;ge;jq;fspdpd;Wk; gpupj;J tpl;lhu;. tuyhw;Wf; fUj;juq;fk;>

rQ;rpif> %yr; rhd;Wfs;> jpwdha;T> rhu;gw;w tiuT Mfpatw;wpd;

%yk; uhq;Nf ngu;ypd; Gul;rp nra;jhu;. cl;Gwj; jpwdha;T (Internal

Criticism) %yk; Mjhu mwptpaiy (Science of Evidence)j;

Njhw;Wtpj;jhu;. ahtw;Wf;Fk; Nkyhf tuyhw;iwg; GupAk;gb >

tpUk;gpg; gbf;FkhW vOjpdhu;. Fiw ePf;fpg; ghu;j;jhy; uhq;Nf

"jpwdha;T tuyhW' (Critical History) jiy epkpu;e;J epw;ff;

fhuzkhf ,Ue;jhu; vd;gJ njspT. mjdhy; jhd; 'uhq;Nf jw;fhy

tuyhw;whsu;fs; midtUf;Fk; jiytuhf cs;shu;'' vd;W

$Wfpwhu; $r; (G.P.Gooch).

108

7.6. [hu;[; tpy;n`k; n`fy; George Wilhelm Hegal

(1770 - 1831)

jj;Jtr; rpfuk; n`fy; n[u;kdpapy; ];ll;fhu;l; (Stuttgart) vd;w

efupy; itjpf kWg;gpaf;fr; rka kj;jpajuf; FLk;gj;jpy; gpwe;jhu;.

,tuJ ngw;Nwhu; nrhj;ij tpw;W ,tiug; gbf;f itj;jdu;.

ngu;ypDk;> gpuhq;gu;l;bYk; Mrpupauhfg; gzpahw;wpdhu;. E}yfq;fis

ed;F gad;gLj;jpdhu;. ,yj;jPd;> ,iwapay;> jj;Jtk;> tuyhW

Mfpa Jiwfspy; Gyik ngw;whu;. ez;gu; n\y;ypq;fpd;

MNyhridg;gb E}yf efukhd N[dh (Jerma) nrd;W mq;fpUe;j

gy;fiy fofj;jpy; Nru;e;jhu;. neg;Nghypad; N[dhtpd; kPJ

gilnaLj;j NghJ n`fy; me;efiutpl;L ntspNaw

Ntz;bajhapw;W. gpd;du; gj;jpupf;ifg; gjpg;ghrpupauhfTk; P̀ly;gu;f;

kw;Wk; ngu;ypd; gy;fiyf; fofq;fspYk; Nguhrpupauhfg;

gzpahw;wpdhu;. ,tuJ Kf;fpag; gilg;Gfs; VRehjupd; tho;f;if>

n[u;kdpapd; murpay; mikg;Gr; rl;lk;> jj;Jt mwptpay;fs;

gw;wpa fiyf; fsQ;rpak;> kdf; Nfhl;ghL> tyJrhupj; jj;Jtk;>

moFzu;r;rpapay;> rkaj; jj;Jtk;> jj;Jt tuyhW> tuyhw;Wj;

jj;Jtk;. n`fy; fw;gidf; fhtpa ,yl;rpathjj;jpd; rpfukhfj;

jpfo;e;jhu;. n`fypd; tuyhw;Wj; jj;Jtk; (Hegal's Philosophy of

History) n`fy; ,we;jgpd; mtuJ khztu;fs; jhq;fs; ftdkhf

vLj;j Fwpg;GfisAk; n`fypd; nrhw;nghopTfisAk;

mf;fiwNahL Nru;j;J ehd;F E}y;fis ntspapl;ldu;. mtw;Ws;

tuyhw;Wj; jj;Jtr; nrhw;nghopTfs; (Lectures on the Philosophy of

History) tuyhw;W khztu;fSf;F Kf;fpakhdJ. fw;gidf; fhtpa

,yl;rpaj;Jf;F n`fypd; tuyhw;Wg; gq;fspg;Gfs; tUkhW: 1.

tuyhW vd;gJ mwptpd; my;yJ vz;zj;jpd; tuyhNwahFk;. mwpT

vd;gjw;F zeitgeist vd;w nrhy;iyg; gad;gLj;Jfpwhu;.

,r;nrhy; gpugQ;rg; NguwpitAk; Fwpg;gpLtjhf cs;sJ. mjhtJ

kdpj mwpT (Human Reason) gpugQ;r mwptpd; (Universal Reason)

gpujpgypg;ghFk;. vdNt tuyhw;W epfo;Tfs; midj;Jk; mwptpd;

ntspg;ghLfNsahFk;. 2. tuyhW vd;gJ mwpTk; cs;Szu;Tk;

NkhJk; tpisahl;Lf; fskhFk;.

tuyhw;W epfo;r;rpfs; mwpTf;Fk; czu;r;rpf;FkpilNa Vw;gLk;

Nkhjy;fspd; tpisNtahFk;; jw;nray; epfo;Tfs; my;y. ,it

fhy - ,l mstpy; ju;f;f uPjpahf Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fshFk;.

,j;ju;f;fr; nray;ghq;fpy; (Logical Process) fle;j fhyKk; vjpu;

fhyKk; rq;fpypj; njhluhf cs;sd. 3. mwptpd; R+o;r;rp

(Cunningof Reason) gw;wpa n`fypd; fUj;J tuyhw;Wj; jj;Jt

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jJ. mwptw;w czu;r;rpAk;> czu;r;rpaw;w

mwpTk; kdpjid kpUfkhf;fptpLk;. vdNt kdpj mwpT kdpj

109

czu;itj; jd; fUtpahff; nfhz;L xOf;f tpLjiy' (Moral

Freedom) vd;w Fwpf;Nfhis milfpwJ. mjhtJ mwpT R+o;r;rp

nra;J czu;r;rpiaj; jd; Nehf;fj;ij epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;sg;

gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;fpwJ. NtWtpjkhff; $Wtjhapd;

czu;r;rpkakhd kdpjd; mwpTf;Ff; fl;Lg;gl;L mwpT fhl;Lk; top

nrd;W tpLjiy milfpwhd;. n`fypd; mwpTG+u;tkhd

mZFKiw kdpjidg; gw;wpa Gjpa fz;Nzhl;lj;ijf;

nfhLg;gjhff; $Wfpwhu; fhypq;Tl;. 4. ,aw;if (Nature)Ak;

tuyhWk; ntt;Ntwhdit. ,aw;iff;Fk; fhyk; - ,lk; njhlu;ghd

tuyhW fpilahJ. ,J RoYk; (Cyclical) jd;ikAilaJ. jpUk;g

jpUk;g khw;wkpd;wp ,ae;jpuj;jdkhf epfo;e;J nfhz;bUg;gJ.

cjhuzkhf R+upad; Njhd;wp kiwtJ> miyfs; vOe;J tpOtJ>

Gtp <u;g;Gr; rl;l (Law of Gravitation)j;jpd; %yk; nghUs;fs;

NkypUe;J fPo;Nehf;fpr; nry;tij tpsf;fyhk;. khwhf tuyhw;W

epfo;Tfs; tpz;kPd;fs;> Nfhs;fs;> flyiyfs; Nghd;witay;y.

,it jdpj;jd;ik nfhz;lit> khwpf; nfhz;bUg;git.

Gul;rpfSk; Nghu;fSk; xd;W Nghy; Njhd;wpdhYk; GJj;

jd;ikfisf; nfhz;lit. mjw;Ff; fhuzk; kdpj mDgtk;jhd;.

vdNt xt;nthU tuyhw;W khw;wj;jpd; NghJk; jpUFr; Rw;W

(Spiral) %yk; Kd;Ndw;wk; Vw;gLfpwJ. 5. tuyhw;Wf;F cl;gf;fk;

(Inside)> ntspg;gf;fk; (Outside) Mfpa ,U gf;fq;fs; cs;sd.

tuyhw;wpd; cl;gf;fk; vz;zq;fNshL njhlu;GilaJ. midj;J

tuyhWk; vz;z j;ijg; gw;wpa tuyhW jhd; (All History is the

History of Thought) vd;W $Wfpwhu; n`fy;. fle;j fhy kf;fs;

vd;d nra;jhu;fs; vd;W mwptij tpl mtu;fs; nra;jijg; gw;wp

vd;d vz;zpdhu;fs; vd;gijj; njupe;J nfhs;tNj Kf;fpak;.

vz;zq;fspd;wp epfo;r;rpfs; ,y;iy. vdNt vz;zq;fNs ep[k;.

tuyhw;wpd; ntspg;gf;fk; vz;zq;fspd; ntspg;ghlhd

epfo;r;rpfisg; gw;wpaJ. ,J fhyk; - ,lk; Mfpatw;NwhL

njhlu;GilaJ. epfo;r;rpfs; vz;zq;fspd; epoy;fshFk;. vdNt

tuyhw;whsu;fs; vz;zq;fis Kjypy; rhd;Wfisf; fz;lwpe;J

mjd;gpd; vz;zq;fspd; Gwntspg;ghlhd epfo;r;rpfis tptupf;f

Ntz;Lk;. mg;gbr; nra;Ak; NghJ tuyhw;whsu; fle;j fhyj;ijg;

gw;wp kl;LNk Ma;T nra;a KbANkad;wp vjpu; fhyj;ijg; gw;wp

Kd;fzpg;G nra;a ,ayhJ. 6. tuyhW vd;gJ Kd;Ndw;wk;

(History is Progress).

n`fy; tuyhw;W Kd;Ndw;wj;ij ,Uj;jy; (Being)> rpwj;jy;

(Becoming) jj;Jtf; Nfhl;ghl;ilf; nfhz;L tpsf;Ffpwhu;. ,J

"cs;sJ rpwj;jy;" rpj;jhe;jkhFk;. jz;zPu; ePuhtpahfNth my;yJ

gdpf;fl;bahfNth khWfpwJ. vdpDk; ePuhtpNah gdpf;fl;bNah

jz;zPu; ,y;iyay;yth? mNjNghd;W vz;zk; nrayhFk; NghJ

kdpjd; xU epiyapypUe;J kw;nwhU epiyf;Fr; nry;fpwhd;. kdpj

110

,dk; ",Uj;jy;" epiyapypUe;J "rpwj;jy; " epiyf;Fr;

nry;yhtpby; khw;wNkh Kd;Ndw;wNkh ,Uf;fhJ. Njq;fptpLk;.

,Uj;jy; rpwf;Fk; NghJjhd; kdpj ,dk; ,af;f Mw;wy;

(Dynamic) ngWfpwJ. tsu;r;rpailfpwJ. Kd;NdWfpwJ. 7.

tuyhw;W Kd;Ndw;wk; ,af;ftpay; (Historical Progress is Dilectic)

MFk;. Nghuhl;lNk (struggle) Kd;Ndw;wj;Jf;fhd tpirahFk;.

tuyhw;W ,af;fk; %d;W njhFjpfisf; (Triad) nfhz;lJ.

1.fUj;J (Thesis)> 2.vjpu;f; fUj;J (Anti-thesis)> 3. nghJf; fUj;J

(Synthesis) ,ij tpsf;fk; (Exposition) vjpu; tpsf;fk; (Opposition)

rkurk; (Reconciliation) vd;Wk; $wyhk;. xt;nthU fUj;Jk; vjpu;

fUj;Jf;fhd tpijiaj; jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;Ls;sJ. fUj;J

vjpu;f;fUj;J Nkhjypd; tpisthfg; nghJf; fUj;J cUthfpwJ.

fztd; fUj;jhfTk; kidtp vjpu;f;fUj;jhfTk; ,Ue;jhy; Foe;ij

nghJf; fUj;jhFk;. vjpu;g;G Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gLk; NghJ tpNtfk;

gpwf;fpwJ. ntw;wp KOik ngWfpwJ. mjw;Ff; fhuzk; nghJf;

fUj;jhdJ fUj;J kw;Wk; vjpu;f; fUj;jpd; jd;ikfisf;

nfhz;bUg;gNjahFk;. gpd;du; nghJf;fUj;Nj fUj;jhf ,Ue;J

vjpu;f; fUj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpf;fpwJ. ,ijf; fUj;J vjpu;f; fUj;J -

nghJf; fUj;J vd;w rkepiyf; $w;whff; nfhs;syhk;.

n`fy; Kg;gf;f Kuz;ghl;L ,af;ftpaiyf; nfhz;L tuyhw;W

epfo;r;rpfis tpsf;fpAs;shu;. cjhuzkhf ty;yhl;rpf;Fk;

(Despotism) Rje;jpuj;Jf;FkpilNa (Freedom) Vw;gl;l Nkhjyhy;

rl;lj;Jf;Fl;gl;l Kbahl;rp (Constitutional Monarchy) Njhd;wpaJ.

mNj Nghd;W fpNuf;f - Nuhkhdpa nrk;kuGf; fhyj;Jf;Fk;

,ilf;fhyf; fpwpj;Jtj;Jf;FkpilNa Vw;gl;l Nghuhl;lj;jhy;

kWkyu;r;rpf;fhyk; gpwe;jJ. goikthjKk; (Conservatism)

GJikthjKk; NkhJk; NghJ jhuhsthjk; (Liberalism)

Njhd;WfpwJ. ,JNt tuyhw;W Kd;Ndw;wj;jpd; ,af;ftpayhFk;. 8.

tuyhw;W tPuu;fs; (Heroes of History). khkdpju;fs; fhyj;jpd;

Njitiaf; fz;lwpAk; Ez;z wpT gilj;jtu;fs;. ,tu;fs;

gpugQ;r mwptpd; (Zeitgeist) vjpu;ghu;g;Gf;Nfw;g nray;gLtu;. fhyk;

fdpe;Js;sjh vd;gijf; fz;lwptu;. ,tu;fs; gOf;ff; fha;r;rpa

,Uk;ig mbj;Jf; fUtpfs; nra;Ak; nfhy;yu;fisg; Nghd;wtu;fs;.

fhyj;jpd; fUg;igapy; tsUk; tuyhw;Wr; rpRitg; gpurptpg;gjw;F

cjTk; nrtpypj;jha;fSf;fpizahdtu;fs;. tuyhw;W tPuu;fs;

kfpo;r;rp tpw;gidahsu;fs; (Peddlers of Happiness) my;yu;. xU

jiyKiwapdu; Jd;gg;gl Ntz;bapUg;gpDk; fhyj;Jf;Nfw;w

Nfhyj;ijf; fl;lhag;gLj;jj; jaq;fhjtu;fs;. cyf tuyhW

kfpo;r;rp Nkilad;W. kfpo;r;rp kpf;f fhyq;fnsy;yhk; tuyhw;wpd;

ntw;wp VLfshFk;. Vnddpy; mf;fhyq;fspy; kf;fs; xw;WikNahL

tho;e;Js;sdu;. vjpu;r; nrayw;w fhyk; tuyhw;wpd; Cf;f fhykhFk;

111

vd;W $Wfpwhu; n`fy;. 9. tuyhw;Wf; fhyq;fs; (Periods of

History) gpugQ;r mwpthw;wYf;F cl;gl;lJ.

gpugQ;r mwptpd; gpujpgypg;ghd kdpj mwpT jd; R+o;r;rpf;F

czu;r;rpia cl;gLj;jp kdpj Kd;Ndw;wj;Jf;F top nra;fpwJ.

,f;fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy; n`fy; fle;j fhyj;ijg; gpd;tUk; %d;W

fhyfl;lq;fshfg; gpupj;Js;shu;. 1).fpof;fj;jpa fhyk; (The Oriental

Age) ,f;fhyj;jpy; xU Ml;rpahsuplk; ru;t mjpfhuKk;

nfhLf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. 2). fpNuf;f Nuhkhdpau; fhyk; (The

GracoRoman Age) ,f;fhyj;jpy; mbikfisf; nfhz;L Ml;rp

nra;Njhuplk; ru;t mjpfhuKk; toq;fg;gl;lJ. 3). fpwpj;Jtf; fhyk;

(The ChristianAge) ,f;fhyj;jpy; kdpj Fyj;jpd; Md;k

tpLjiyf;F top tFf;fg;gl;lJ. ,f;fhyq;fspy; tuyhw;W tsu;r;rp

jilg;gl;lhYk; khdpl Kd;Ndw;wk; jilapd;wp nrd;wJ. 10. ehL

nja;tPfkhdJ (The State is Divine) vd;gJ n`fypd; fw;gidf;

fhtpa ,yl;rpaf; fUj;jhFk;. n`fypd; ,af;ftpay; (Dilectic)

ehl;by; epiwT ngWfpwJ. ehL jhd; kdpj rhjidapd; rpfuk;.

ehLjhd; Fog;gj;Jf;fpilNa xOq;if Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. ,JNt

Rje;jpuj;jpd; rq;fkk;. xOf;f cau;Tf;Ff; fhuzkhd Md;kPfk;

ehl;il nja;tPfj; jd;ik ngwr; nra;fpwJ. xU jiyKiw

Nrkpf;Fk; mwpTk; Md;kPfKk; mLj;j jiyKiw RtPfupf;Fk;

nrhj;jhfpwJ. ,g;guk;giur; nrhj;Nj r%fj;jpd; Md;khthf>

Md;kPfg; nghUshf cs;sJ vd;W $Wfpwhu; n`fy;. n`fypd;

FiwghLfs; n`fypd; fw;gidf; fhtpa ,yl;rpa thjj;jpy;

fhzg;gLk; FiwghLfshtd: 1.n`fypd; jj;Jt tpsf;fj;jpy;

GJik vJTk; ,y;iy. ,tu; nù;lu;> fhd;l;> \py;yu;> gpf;Nl>

n\y;ypq; Nghd;Nwhupd; jj;Jtj; Njhs; kPJ epw;gjhy; kpfTk;

caukhfj; njupfpwhu;. 2. tuyhw;iw ,aw;ifapdpd;Wk;

NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;Lk; n`fy; tuyhw;Wg; gupzhk tsu;r;rpia

kWg;gJ Vw;Wf; nfhs;sf; $bajy;y. 3. n`fypd; "mwptpd;

R+o;r;rp" gw;wpa fUj;J mwpit kdpj tho;f;iff;F ntspNa

nfhz;L nry;fpwJ. mwpT ntspapy; vq;Nfh ,Ue;J nfhz;L kdpj

eltbf;iffis newpg;gLj;JfpwJ vd;w thjk; jtwhdJ.

4.tuyhW ju;f;f uPjpahdJ vd;w fUj;J tuyhw;W epfo;r;rpfis

Kd; tpjpf; Nfhl;ghl;Lf;F cl;gLj;JfpwJ. ,tuJ ,af;ftpay;

(Dialectic) vjpu;g;ig (Opposition) NtWghL (Distinction) vd;W

Fog;GfpwJ. 5. n`fy; fyhr;rhuj;ijg; Gwf;fzpj;Jtpl;L rkar;

rhak; G+rg;gl;l murpaYf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;Js;shu;.

6.n`fy; gpu\;ahTf;F Kd;Dupik nfhLg;gjw;fhf tuyhW

epfo;fhyj;jpy; Kbtjhf epahag;gLj;Jfpwhu;. ,tu; ehl;il

topghl;Lg; nghUshf;fp tpLfpwhu;. n`fypd; thjk; gp];khu;f;>

112

,l;yu;> KN]hypdp> nydpd; Nghd;NwhUf;F topfhl;Ltjhf

,Ue;jJ.

kjpg;gPL

n`fy; xU rfhg;jk;. fw;gidf; fhtpa ,af;fk; n`fypd;

jj;Jtj;jpy; KOik ngw;wJ. ,tuJ rpe;jidapd; tPr;Rk;> NtfKk;

tpag;Gf;FupaJ. gpwuJ fUj;Jf;fisf; nfhz;L n`fy; Gjpa

tuyhw;Wj; jj;Jt tpsf;fkspj;jhu;. nraywpT rhu;e;j (Empirical)

tuyhw;W Ma;itj; jj;Jthu;j;j (Philosophical) rpe;jid msTf;F

cau;j;jpdhu;. tuyhw;iw cWjpg;gLj;jpdhy; kl;Lk; NghjhJ;

tuyhw;W epfo;TfSf;fhd fhuzq;fisAk; Gupe;J nfhs;s

Ntz;Lk; vd;w n`fypd; cWjpg;ghL fUj;Jg; Gul;rpia

Vw;gLj;jpajhff; $Wfpwhu; fhypq;Tl;. ,yf;fpaj;jpy; nfj;Nj>

,irapy; gpj;Njhtd; Nghd;W n`fy; jj;Jt cyfpd; KbR+lh

kd;duhf ,Ue;jhu; vd;W ghuhl;Lfpwhu; tpy; ûz;l;.


];kpj; [{d; %d;whk; ehs; 1843 Mk; Mz;L bA+g;ypd; efupy;

gpwe;jhu;. ,J mau;yhe;jpy; cs;s xU efukhFk;. ,tUila

je;ij xU rpwe;j mwpQu; Mthu;. ,sk; gUtj;jpy; ,Ue;Nj

tpd;nrd;l; ];kpj; ehzaq;fs; kw;Wk; njhy;nghUs; Muha;r;rp

Nghd;wtw;wpy; mjpf ftdj;ijr; nrYj;jpdhu;. ^g;ypd; efupy;

cs;s l;updpl;b fy;Y}upapy; KJepiyg;gl;lKk;> gpd;du; ^g;ypd;

gy;fiyf; fofj;jpy; bypl; gl;lKk; ngw;whu;. 1869 Mk; Mz;L

,e;jpa muRg; gzpapy; Nru;e;jhu;. ,e;jpahtpy; tlNkw;F

khepyq;fspy; Kf;fpakhf cj;jpugpuNjrj;jpy; gy epu;thfg;

gjtpfis tfpj;jhu;. mijj; jtpu mtu; mg;gFjpapy; jiyikr;

nrayhsuhfTk;> MizauhfTk; gzpGupe;jhu;. Kf;fpakhf

tUtha;j;Jiwapy; gzpGupe;J nfhz;bUe;j nghOJ fq;ifr;

rkntspapy; njhy;nghUs; Muha;r;rpia Nkw;nfhz;lhu;.

,t;tifapy; ,e;jpa tuyhw;iwg; gw;wpa KOikahd Ma;tpy;

<Lgl;lhu;. mjd; tpisthf mtu; xU rpwe;j ,e;jpa tuyhw;W

Mrpupauhfj; jpfo;e;jhu;.

,tu; vOjpa tuyhw;wpy; Fiwfs; ,Ug;gpDk; Mu;. rp. k[{k;jhu;

Nghd;w tuyhw;W Mrpupau;fs; N[k;];kpy;iy tuyhw;iw

vOJtjw;F kpy; ,q;fpyhe;jpy; ,e;jpah`Trpy; ,Ue;j

Mtzq;fis KOikahfg; gad;gLj;jp ,e;E}iy vOjpAs;shu;.

,tu; 18 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Jtf;fj;jpy;> INuhg;ghtpy; epytp te;j

mwptpay; G+u;tkhd tuyhw;W Kiwfisf; fw;wwpe;jpUe;jhu;.

,Ug;gpDk; ,e;jpaf; fyhr;rhuj;jpd; kPJk;> ehfuPfj;jpd; kPJk;

113

,tUf;fpUe;j fho;g;Gzu;r;rpiar; Rl;bf;fhl;b k[{k;jhu; Nghd;w

tuyhw;whrpupau;fs; mtuJ mZFKiw mwptpay; G+u;tkhd

tuyhw;W tiutpaYf;F mg;ghw;gl;lJ vd;W ciuf;fpd;wdu;.

mNjNghy Mq;fpy tuyhw;W Mrpupauhd vu;gpd;];ld; gpupl;b\;

,e;jpa tuyhw;iw xU rpwe;j tuyhw;W E}yhff; fUjpa NghjpYk;>

,e;E}iy vOJtjw;F N[k;];kpy;Yf;Fj; Njitahd ,e;jpahtpd;

,tu; fp. gp. Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpa muRg; gzpapypUe;J Xa;T

ngw;whu;. Xa;T ngw;w gpd;dUk; njhlu;e;J Mf;];Nghu;by; cs;s

,e;jpa ikaj;jpy; ,Ue;J tuyhw;iwg; Nghjpj;J te;jhu;. ,tuJ

,r;Nritiag; ghuhl;b 1918Mk; Mz;L ,tUf;Fj; jq;fg; gjf;fk;

toq;fg;gl;lJ. 1919 Mk; Mz;L ru;gl;lk; toq;fg;gl;lJ. ,tu; 1920

Mk; Mz;L gpg;utup khjk; 6Mk; ehs; ,aw;if va;jpdhu;.

7.7.1. ,tuJ E}y;fs;

1. ,e;jpahtpd; njhlf;f fhy tuyhW (Early History of India)

2 ,e;jpahtpd; ngsj;jg; Nguuru; mNrfu; (Asoka, The Buddhist

Emperor of India)

3. ,e;jpa mUq;fhl;rpafj;jpYs;s ehzaq;fspd; ml;l tiz. (A

Catalogue of Coins in the Indian Museum 1906)

4. ,yq;if kw;Wk; ,e;jpa Ez;fiyfspd; tuyhW (History of Fine

Arts in India and Ceylon 1911)

5. nkhfyha kd;du; mf;gu;. (Akbar the Great Mughal 2, Vols, 1917)

6. Mf;];Nghu;l; ,e;jpa tuyhW (The Oxford Historyof Indian 1918)


,tu; vOjpa ,e;jpahtpd; ngsj;jg; Nghuuru; mNrhfu; vd;Dk; E}y;

Mq;fpyj;jpy; ntspahd ,e;jpa muriug; gw;wpa Kjy; E}yhFk;.

,e;E}y; gyuhYk; ghuhl;lg;gl;lJ. ];kpj;Jf;Fg; gpwF gy ,e;jpa

tuyhw;W Mrpupau;fs; mNrhfiug; gw;wp vOjpAs;sdu;. Fwpg;ghf

gz;lhu;f;fu;> Kfu;[p> Nuhkpyhjhgu; Nghd;wtu;fisf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

];kpj; vOjpa ,g;Gj;jfj;jpy; ,U tpthjj;jpw;Fupa fUj;Jf;fis

vOg;gpAs;shu;. 1. fpNuf;f muRfSf;F mNrhfu; mDg;gpa J}Jf;

FOf;fs; kw;Wk; 2. mNrhfu; gpd;gw;wpa ngsj;j jUkj;jpd; jd;ik.

];kpj; ,uz;lhtJ fUj;ijg; gw;wp $Wk; nghOJ mNrhfUila

114

jUkk; vd;gJ ,e;J jUkj;ijg; gpd;gw;wpaJk;> ngsj;j jUkj;ijr;

rpwpjsT nfhz;lJkhFk;> vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;.

,tu; vOjpa ,e;jpahtpd; njhlf;f fhy tuyhW fpl;ljl;l ehd;F

kWgjpg;Gfshf ntspte;Js;sJ. ehd;fhtJ gjpg;G 1924 Mk;

Mz;L Mq;fpy E}yhrpupauhd vl;tu;l;]; vd;gtuhy;

khw;wpaikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;E}ypy; ,e;jpa tuyhw;W Mrpupauhd

vky;ngd;];bdpd; ,U fUj;Jf;fis kWj;J tpsf;fpAs;shu;.

cjhuzkhf khkd;du; mnyf;];rhz;lu; ,e;jpahtpy; Kf;fpakhd

murpay; epfo;r;rpfs; xd;Wk; eilngwtpy;iy vd;w $w;iwAk;>

,e;jpahit nkhfyhau;fs; ifg;gw;wpajw;F Kd;dhy; Kiwahd

fhyg; ghFghl;ilf; filgpbf;f ,ayhJ vd;fpd;w ,t;tpU

fUj;Jf;fisAk; ];kpj; kWj;Js;shu;. NkYk; ,e;jpa ehfupfk;

cyfj;jpYs;s kw;w ehfupfq;fspypUe;J khWgl;l xd;W. mNj

Neuj;jpy; rpwg;Gj;jd;ik tha;e;jJ vd;w fUj;ij

typAWj;jpAs;shu; ,tuJ fUj;jpd;gb ,e;jpa ehfuPfk; r%f> rka

kw;Wk; mwptpay; tsu;r;rpf;F Mw;wpAs;s gzpfisf; Fiwthf

kjpg;gpl KbahJ vdf; $Wfpd;whu;.

,tu; vOjpa %d;whtJ E}y; ,e;jpa mUfhl;rpafj;jpYs;s

ehzaq;fspd; ml;ltiz> ehztpay; Muha;r;rp nra;Ak;

khztu;fSf;Fk; Muha;r;rpahsu;fSf;Fk; xU Kjd;ik E}yhf

tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. ,e;jpahtpd; gz;ila tuyhW kw;Wk; ehztpaypd;

tuyhw;iw ,e;E}y; tpsf;FfpwJ.

,yq;if kw;Wk; ,e;jpa E}z; fiyfspd; tuyhW vd;Dk; ,e;E}y;

,yq;if kw;Wk; ,e;jpa Ez;fiyfspd; Njhw;wk; kw;Wk;

tsu;r;rpapid kpfr; rpwg;ghf vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ. ];kpj;jpd; ,e;j

Kaw;rp ,e;jpa Ez;fiy tuyhw;iw vOjpa N`ty;> ngu;$rd;>

ghjy; kw;Wk; Nghf;fu; Nghd;NwhuJ mupa Kaw;rpapd; xU

gFjpahff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. rhudhj;jpYs;s rpq;fr; rpfuj;ijg;

gw;wpf;Fwpg;gpLk; nghOJ ,j;jifa fiy EZf;fKila mofpa

Ntiyghl;il ve;ehl;bYk; fhz ,ayhJ vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.

,t; mNrhfr; rpd;dk; ,aw;ifahfTk; vopYlDk;

mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mofpa Ntiyg;ghLfSld; cs;s

fhQ;rpapYs;s ];J}gpiag; gw;wpg; Gfo;e;J ghuhl;bAs;shu;. ,e;E}y;

Ez;fiy tuyhw;wpy; xU vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf tpsq;FfpwJ.

];kpj; vOjpa nkhfya khkd;du; mf;gu; vd;Dk; E}y; %y

Mjhuq;fs; kw;Wk; Muha;r;rpapd; mbg;gilapy; cUtf;fg;gl;lJ.

n[u;khdpa ehl;ilr; Nru;e;j ghd;Nuhau; kw;Wk; khyprd; ,tu;fs;

,tUf;Fg;gpd; mf;giug; gw;wp vOjg;gl;l %d;whtJ E}y; ]kpj;

cila E}yhFk;. ,e;E}y; vOJtjw;F Kf;fpa fhuzkhf

mike;j epfo;r;rp vd;dntdpy; 1893 Mk; Mz;L ];kpj; ru;

115

tpy;ypak;]pd; gy;NtW njhFg;Gf;fisg; gjpg;gpj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;j

tpd;nrd;l; ];kpj;jpd; Kaw;rpahFk;. ,jd; tpisthf mf;giug;

gw;wp tuyhw;W E}iy 1917 Mk; Mz;L vOjp Kbj;jhu;. ,e;E}y;

xU rpwpa tho;f;if tuyhw;W E}yhFk;. ,jw;F tpsf;fk;

mspf;ifapy; ];kpj; ,e;j rpwpa tho;f;if tuyhw;W E}y; gy

Ngu;fisAk; epfo;r;rpfisAk; cs;slf;fpa mjpf gf;fq;fis

cila tuyhw;W E}iy tpl gy rpwg;Gfisg; ngw;Ws;sJ vd;W

$Wfpd;whu;. ];kpj; mf;giug; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLifapy; mtu; xU

jiy rpwe;j tuyhw;Wg; Nguuru; vd;fpwhu;. ,e;E}ypy; ];kpj;jpd;

mwptpay; mZFKiwiaAk; rpwe;j vOj;jhw;wiyAk; fhzyhk;.

,Wjpahf mtu; vOjpa Mf;];Nghu;L ,e;jpa tuyhW vd;Dk; E}y;

gz;ila ,ilf;fhy kw;Wk; etPd ,e;jpahtpd; tuyhw;iwr;

RUf;fkhf cs;slf;fpa xd;whFk;. ,jw;F Kd; ve;jnthU

tuyhw;W MrpupaUk; Nkw;nfhs;shj Kaw;rpia tpd;nrd;l; ];kpj;

Nkw;nfhz;L %d;W fhyf;fl;lq;fspy; ,e;jpa tuyhw;iwj;

njhFj;J vOjpAs;shu;. ,t;thW vOJtjpd; thapyhf xU KO

tuyhw;iw mwpe;J nfhs;fpd;w tha;g;G Vw;gLfpwJ vd;W ];kpj;

fUJfpwhu;. ,e;E}ypy; etPd fhyj;jpy; gpupl;b\; Ml;rpiag; gw;wpa

KO tpguq;fs; Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy. ,g;Gj;jfj;ij gw;wp Fiw $wp

gy tpku;rdq;fs; ,Ue;jhYk; mg;Gj;jfk; xU jdpeguhy;

vOjg;gl;l ,e;jpahtpd; KO tuyhw;iwAk; gpujpgypg;gjhf

cs;sJ.


1. tuyhW gw;wpa Ma;T vg;NghJ ntspaplg;gl;lJ?

2. n`fYk; khu;f;Rk; ‘,aq;fpay;’ vd;why; vd;d?

3. epyg;gpuGj;Jt epiyapYk; Kjyhspj;Jt fhyj;jpYk; mbikg;

nghUshjhuj;jpy; nry;tk; vt;thW cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;lJ?

4. fk;A+dp];l; mwpf;if vd;d vjpu;ghu;f;fpwJ?

5. gpnuQ;Rg; Gul;rp vjdhy; nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ?

6. n`fypd; $w;Wg;gb gpugQ;rj;ij Gupe;Jnfhs;sf;$baJ vJ?

7. kjk; gw;wpa n`fypd; fUj;Jf;fSf;F xU rpW Fwpg;ig

vOJq;fs;.

8. n`fypd; jj;Jtj;jpd; Kf;fpa Fwpg;G vd;d?

116

9. nghJikg;gLj;jy; vg;NghJ nray;ghl;Lf;F tUk;?


1. A Study of History vd;gJ 1934 kw;Wk; 1961 f;F ,ilapy;

ntspaplg;gl;l gd;dpuz;L njhFjpj; njhluhFk;.

2. ,aq;fpay; %yk;> n`fYk; khu;f;Rk; vy;yh tp\aq;fSk;

,af;fj;jpYk; gupzhk tsu;r;rpapYk; cs;sd> NkYk; midj;J

khw;wq;fSk; Kuz;ghlhd $Wfspd; Nkhjypd; %yk; tUfpwJ.

3. xU mbik-nrhe;j nghUshjhuj;jpy;> nry;tk; mbikfspd;

cupikapypUe;J cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;lJ; epyg;gpuGj;Jt epiyapy;>

epyj;jpd; cupikapypUe;J; Kjyhspj;Jt fhyj;jpy;

njhopw;rhiyfspd; cupikapypUe;J.

4. fk;A+dp];l; mwpf;if xU fw;gdhthjj;ij fw;gid nra;fpwJ>

mjpy; muR tu;f;fkw;w rKjhaj;jpy; thbtpLk;> mjpy;

xt;nthUtUk; mtutu; jpwDf;F Vw;g r%f nry;tj;jpw;F

gq;fspj;J> mjpypUe;J jdf;Fj; Njitahdij

vLj;Jf;nfhs;fpwhu;fs;.

5. gpnuQ;Rg; Gul;rpahdJ> Kjyhspj;Jtj;jpd; vOr;rpapd; tpisthf

nghUshjhu mjpfhuj;ij jpwk;gl ifg;gw;wp> gpd;du; murpay;

kw;Wk; r%fj; Jiwapy; mjd; Nkyhjpf;fj;ij tpupTgLj;j

tpUk;gpa xU gzf;fhu> ek;gpf;ifAs;s Kjyhspj;Jt tu;f;fj;jhy;

nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ.

6. n`fypd; $w;Wg;gb> gpugQ;rj;ij Gupe;Jnfhs;sf;$bajhf

Mf;FtJ vd;dntd;why;> mij epj;jpa Row;rp nray;Kiwahfg;

ghu;g;gJ> ,jd; %yk; KOikahd Mtp jd;id Mtpahf (i)

mjd; nrhe;j rpe;jidapd; %yk; mwpe;J nfhs;fpwJ; (ii)

,aw;ifapd; %yk; kw;Wk; (iii) tuyhW> fiy kw;Wk; jj;Jtj;jpy;

Ra ntspg;ghL %yk;.

7. n`fy; kha kw;Wk; ,aw;if kjj;Jld; njhlq;Fk; ,aq;fpay;

uPjpahf Kw;Nghf;fhd tupirapy; mtw;iw xOq;fikg;gjd; %yk;

gy;NtW kjq;fspd; gd;Kfj;jd;ikapypUe;J tpLgl Kaw;rpf;fpwhu;.

gpd;du; mtu; rPdh> ,e;jpah> ghurPfk;> vfpg;J> A+Njah (,ij mtu;

tpOkpaj;jpd; kjk; vd;W miof;fpwhu;)> fpuP]; (mofpd; kjk;)

kw;Wk; Nuhk; (gad;ghl;bd; kjk;) Mfpa kjq;fis

vLj;Jf;nfhs;fpwhu;> NkYk; fpwp];jtj;jpy; cr;rf;fl;lj;ij

milfpwhu;.

117


� lha;d;gPapd; gzpapd; Fwpg;gpl;l fUg;nghUs; ehfupfq;fspd;

Njhw;wk;> tsu;r;rp kw;Wk; rpijT gw;wpa jj;Jt tprhuiz

MFk;. epidTr;rpd;d Ma;T ehfupfq;fspd; Row;rp tsu;r;rp

kw;Wk; tPo;r;rpapd; gFg;gha;T mbg;gilapy; tuyhw;wpd;

jj;Jtj;ij Kd;itj;jJ.

� fw;gid nra;tJ jtW> xU ehfupfk;

Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLk;NghJ> mjd; tsu;r;rp epr;rakhf xU

tp\akhf ,Uf;Fk; vd;W lha;d;gP vr;rupf;fpwhu;. ,Ug;ig

mile;j rpy ehfupfq;fs; tsutpy;iy. mit ghypNdrpad;>

v];fpNkh kw;Wk; ehNlhb tho;f;if Kiwfs; Nghd;w ifJ

nra;ag;gl;l ehfupfq;fspd; tof;Ffs;.

� vr;.<. ghu;d;]; vOJfpwhu;: 'nlha;d;gPapd; ehfuPfq;fspd;

vOr;rp kw;Wk; tPo;r;rpia xg;gpl;Lg; ghu;f;Fk; jpl;lk; mtuJ

jPtpu ,iwapay; tshfj;jhy; mopf;fg;gl;lJ> ,J mtuJ

gzpia xU tuyhw;iw tpl xU jj;Jtkhf khw;wpaJ'.

mtuJ tuyhw;Wj; jj;Jtk; flTisAk; cau;e;j

kjj;ijAk; kfpikg;gLj;Jtijj; jtpu Ntwpy;iy.

� khu;f;]; kw;Wk; Vq;nfy;]; MfpNahuhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l

tho;f;if kw;Wk; tuyhw;wpd; ghu;it - cz;ikapy;>

khu;f;rpaj;ij xU xUq;fpize;j> mOj;jkhd kw;Wk;

Mw;wy;kpf;f Nfhl;ghlhf khw;WtJ ,aq;fpay;

nghUs;Kjy;thjj;jpd; jj;JtkhFk;. ,aq;fpay;

nghUs;Kjy;thjk; kdpj tho;f;ifapd; khwptUk; nghUs;

epiyikfspy; tuyhw;W nray;Kiwapd; rhuj;ij ehLfpwJ.

� Gdpj FLk;gj;jpy;> khu;f;]; kw;Wk; Vq;nfy;]; "tuyhW

vd;gJ kdpjdpd; Nehf;fj;ijj; njhlUk; nraiyj; jtpu

Ntwpy;iy" vd;W vOjpAs;sdu;. ,e;j nray;ghl;bd; Ntu;

nghUshjhuk; kw;Wk; nghUshjhu epu;zathjj;jpd; Nfhl;ghL

nghUs; cw;gj;jp kdpjFyj;jpd; tuyhw;wpd; mbg;gil

vd;Wk;> me;j fhyj;jpd; njhopy;Jiwapd; mwpT ,y;yhky;

me;j tuyhw;wpd; ve;j gFjpiaAk; Gupe;J nfhs;s KbahJ

vd;Wk; $WfpwJ.

� jh]; %yjdj;jpy;> ciog;Gf;Fk; %yjdj;jpw;Fk; ,ilNa

cs;s gifikf;fhd Kjd;ikf; fhuzk;> Kjyhspfs;

ciog;ghy; cUthf;fg;gLk; cgup kjpg;ig cupikahf;fpf;

nfhs;s Kbtjhy;> ciog;Gf;Fr; nry;y Ntz;Lk; vd;W

khu;f;]; $wpdhu;.

� 1840 fspy; Kjyhspj;Jtj;jpd; mf;fpukq;fisg; gw;wpa

khu;f;]pd; mtjhdpg;Gfs; mbg;gilapy; epahakhdit>

118

Mq;fpNya ciof;Fk; tu;f;fj;jpd; Vq;nfy;]pd; epiy> (1845)

,y; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wd.


nkl;lh`p];lup: ,J tuyhw;iw vOJk; tuyhW> tuyhw;wpay;

Jiwapd; xU gFjpahFk;.

gpsT: fUj;J my;yJ ek;gpf;ifapy; cs;s NtWghLfshy;>

tYthf vjpu;f;Fk; gpupTfs; my;yJ fl;rpfSf;F ,ilNaahd

gpsT my;yJ gpupitf; Fwpf;fpwJ.

ghl;lhsp tu;f;fk;: ,J Cjpak; ngWgtu;fspd; r%f tu;f;fk;> xU

r%fj;jpd; cWg;gpdu;fs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f nghUshjhu kjpg;igf;

nfhz;l xNu cilik mtu;fspd; ciog;G rf;jpahFk;.

jpNahbrp: ,J flTis epahag;gLj;Jjy;. xU ey;y flTs; Vd;

jPikia ntspg;gLj;j mDkjpf;fpwhu; vd;w Nfs;tpf;F gjpyspf;f

Ntz;Lk;> ,jdhy; jPikapd; rpf;fiy jPu;f;fpwJ.


FWfpa tpdhf;fs;

1. lha;d;gPapd; $w;Wg;gb> ehfupfq;fs; cUthFk; ,uz;L

epge;jidfs; ahit?

2. 'cgup kjpg;G Nfhl;ghL' gw;wp xU rpW Fwpg;ig vOjTk;.

3. Nuq;fpd; Rj;jpfupf;fg;gl;l mZFKiwia toq;ff;$ba

Gs;spfisg; gl;baypLq;fs;.

4. Ma;twpf;if> vjpu;epiy kw;Wk; njhFg;G Mfpatw;wpd; n`fypa

,aq;fpay; mbg;gil vd;d?

5. tp.V.tpd; %d;W Kf;fpakhd gilg;Gfisf; Fwpg;gplTk;. ];kpj;.

tphpthd tpdhf;fs;

1. tuyhw;W Ma;Tfspy; khu;f;rpa tuyhw;whrpupau;fspd; gq;fspg;ig

tpsf;Ff.

2. kdpj kdk; gw;wpa n`fypd; gFg;gha;it MuhAq;fs;

119

3. tpthjpf;f tp.V. ,e;jpahtpd; Muk;gfhy tuyhW gw;wpa

];kpj;jpd; gFg;gha;T;;








OUP India.






myF-8

Gfo;ngw;w ,e;jpa tuyhw;whrpupau;fs;: fy;`hdh> my;-

gpUdp> mGy; /gry;

cs;slf;fk;

8.1. Kd;Diu

8.2. Nehf;fq;fs;



120








8.1. Kd;Diu

fy;̀ hdh> my;-gp&dp kw;Wk; mGy; /gry; Nghd;w ,e;jpa

tuyhw;whrpupau;fs; ntt;NtW fhyfl;lq;fspy; ,e;jpa tuyhw;iwg;

Gupe;Jnfhs;tjpy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f gq;fspg;ig toq;fpAs;sdu;.

fy`hdh’ uh[juq;fpzp fh\;kPu; gw;wpa Muk;g fhyj;jpypUe;J

mjd; cUthd Njjp tiuapyhd jfty;fspd; rpwe;j Mjhukhf

cs;sJ. ,J vl;L gFjpfshf gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

my;-gpUdpapd; fpjhg;-cy;-`pe;j; ,e;J kj epWtdq;fspd;

mwpthu;e;j gFg;gha;it toq;FfpwJ> mNj Neuj;jpy; fiy>

mwptpay; kw;Wk; ,yf;fpak; Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; gzf;fhu

,e;jpa ghuk;gupaj;ij typAWj;JfpwJ. [hjp mikg;G cs;spl;l

,e;jpa fyhr;rhuk; Fwpj;J mtUf;F ey;y Gupjy; ,Ue;jJ.

mGy; /gry; Kfyha kd;dh; mf;gupd; Ml;rpapd; tuyhw;iw

mf;gu;ehkh vd;W vOjpdhu;. ,e;jpa tuyhW Kfyha

rhjidfisj; jtpu Ntnwhd;iwAk; nfhz;bUf;ff;$lhJ vd;w

me;jf; fhyj;jpd; ghuk;gupa K];yPk; ghu;itf;F khwhf ,e;jpa

tuyhw;iwg; gw;wpa khWgl;l ghu;itia mtu; toq;fpdhu;. mtu;

,e;J kuGfs;> eilKiwfs; kw;Wk; fyhr;rhuj;jpy; ftdk;

nrYj;jpdhu;.

8.2. Nehf;fq;fs;


nfhs;s ,aYk;

1. uh[juq;fpzpiaf; Fwpj;J mwpe;J nfhs;s ,aYk;

2. my;-gpUdp gilg;Gfs; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ

121

3. mf;gu;ehkh Fwpj;j mbg;gil jfty;fs; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ


gz;ilf;fhy ,e;jpa tuyhw;W kdg;Nghf;Ff;F tpjp tpyf;F

fy;fzupd; tuyhw;W tiuT. fh\;kPuj;jpd; ePNuh vd;wiof;fg;gl;l

fh\;kPu; kd;du; ù;\Uf;F mikr;ruhf ,Ue;j fk;gfh

(kampaka)Tf;F kfdhfg; gpwe;j fy;fzu; fy;tp mwpTk; tho;f;if

mDgtKk; ngw;whu;. ehl;il Nerpj;j fy;fzu; fh\;kPuj;jpd;

tuyhw;iw tiua tpUk;gpdhu;. fh\;kPupd; jyGuhzq;fs;> Mz;L

epfo;r;rpf; Fwpg;Gfs;> ghuk;gupa kuGfs; Mfpatw;iwf; fUj;J}d;wpg;

gbj;jhu;. ,aw;ifapd; Rtu;fGupahd fh\;kPuj;ijg; gw;wpa

epidTfs; ePbj;J epiyf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W vz;zpa fy;fzu;

,uh[juq;fpzpiag; gilj;jhu;. ,uh[juq;fpzp (Rajatarangini)

fy;fzupd; ,uh[juq;fpzp fh\;kPuj;ijg; gw;wpa nghJ tuyhW

MFk;. ",uh[juq;fpzp' vd;why; muru;fspd; MW (River of

Kings) vd;W nghUs;. ,J rk];fpUj nkhopapy; vl;L

fhz;lq;fshf vOjg;gl;l ftpij E}yhFk;. xt;nthU fhz;lKk;

juq;fh (Taranga) my;yJ "miy" vd;W ngauplg;gl;Ls;sJ. Gytu;

- tuyhw;whsuhd fy;fzu; ,uh[juq;fpzpiaf; fh\;kPu; kd;du;

n[arpk;ku; fhyj;jpy; ,uz;lhz;Lfspy; (1148 - 1150 A.D) vOjp

Kbj;jhu;. 8000 ftu;r;rpkpf;f ftpijfisf; nfhz;l ,e;E}y; %d;W

gFjpfisf; nfhz;lJ. 1) Kjy; gFjpapy; Guhz fhy fh\;kPuj;J

kd;du;fspd; tPujPur; nray;fs; tptupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

2) ,uz;lhtJ gFjpapy; fhu;Nfhl;lh Kjy; cj;ghyh tiuapyhd

mur Fyq;fisg; gw;wpf; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ; 3. %d;whtJ gFjpapy;

,uz;L nyhfhuh murFyg; ngUikfs; Ngrg;gl;Ls;sJ. Kjy;

%d;W fhz;lq;fspYk; fhytud;Kiw (Chronology)

nfhLf;fg;gltpy;iy . ehd;fhtJ fhz;lj;jpy; 703tJ ghlypypUe;J

epfo;r;rpfs; fhytud;Kiwg; gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. fp.gp.813-14ypUe;J

fh\;kPuj;J tuyhW Jy;ypakhf njhlu;r;rpahf tptupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

fy;fzu; fh\;kPuj;jpd; fle;j fhyj;ij xU ePjpgjpapd; jPu;g;igg;

Nghd;W tpUg;G ntWg;gpd;wpg; gjpT nra;Js;sjhff; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.

kd;diu kdjpy; nfhz;Nl fy;fzu; ,uh[juq;fpzpiag;

gilj;Js;shu;. mtuJ Nehf;fk; fh\;kPu; kd;dUf;F 1)

tho;f;ifapd; epiyahikia vLj;Jiuj;jy;; 2) xOf;fg;

gbg;gpidfisg; Nghjpj;jy;; 3). fle;j fhy epfo;r;rpfisg;

glk;gpbj;Jf; fhl;ly;. fh\;kPupd; tuyhW ''kd;dUf;F fhyj;Jf;Fk;

Neuj;Jf;FNkw;w J}z;LNfhyhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;" vd;W

$wpAs;shu;. Fw;wq;Fiwfisr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lfpwhu;. fy;fzu;

tuyhw;W tPuu;fSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtkspf;fhky; epfo;r;rpfSf;Fk;

122

gbg;gpidfSf;Fk; rpwg;gplkspf;fpwhu;. tuyhW fhyj;jhy;

mope;Jtplf; $lhJ> rk fhyj;Jf;F MrhdhfTk; vjpu;fhyj;Jf;F

topfhl;bahfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w ey;Nehf;NfhL

,uh[juq;fpzpia tiue;Js;shu; fy;fzu;. fy;fzu;

vOj;Njhtpaq;fs; (Pen-Pictures) fUj;jhokpf;fit > gbg;Nghiug;

gutrg;gLj;jf; $bait. fh\;kPuj;jpd; fhe;jf; ftu;r;rpkpf;f

,aw;ifr; R+oy;> efuq;fs;> Nfhapy;fs;> klq;fs;> kf;fspd;

tho;f;if Kiw> gof;ftof;fq;fs;> Mil mzpfyd;fs;>

Fzeyd;fs;> kdpj czu;Tfs;> tpUg;G ntWg;Gfs;> ek;gpf;iffs;>

ngz;zpd; ngUik Mfpait gbg;Nghiuj; jd;tag;gLj;JkhW

tu;zpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ehl;bd; ngUik NgRk; fy;fzu; Kbahl;rpapd;

epiwFiwfisAk;> epykhdpa Kiwapd; FiwghLfisAk;

tpkuprpf;fj; jaq;ftpy;iy. mjpfhutu;f;fj;ijf; fLikahfr;

rhLfpwhu;. ez;L je;ij ez;ilj; jpd;W tpLfpwJ. nts;is vWk;G

jha; vWk;igf; nfhd;W tpLfpwJ. ed;wp nfl;l fha];jDf;F

mjpfhuk; fpilj;jhy; midj;ijAk; mopj;J tpLthd;. fy;fzupd;

tuyhw;Wg; gq;fspg;Gfs; fy;fzupd; ,uh[juq;fpzp 12-k;

E}w;whz;bd; kj;jpapy; ,aw;wg;gl;l epfuw;w tuyhw;Wf;

ftpijahFk;. fy;fzupd; tuyhw;Wg; gq;fspg;Gfshtd: 1. fy;fzu;

rhd;Wfisf; nfhz;L fh\;kPuj;jpd; tuyhw;iw tiue;Js;shu;. ,tu;

fh\;kPu; gw;wpa gjpNdhW E}y;fisg; gbj;J mtw;wpy; fhzg;gl;l

Fiwfis epuhfupj;jjhff; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. fy;fzu; Mtzq;fs;>

njhy;nghUs;> fy;ntl;L> rhrd > ehza> ,yf;fpar; rhd;Wfis

%yg;nghUs;fshfg; gad;gLj;jp ,uh[juq;fpzpiag; gilj;Js;shu;.

2. fy;fzu; $batiu mwpTg;G+u;tkhd mZFKiwiaf;

ifahz;Ls;shu;.

Mjhuq;fis mg;gbNa Vw;Wf; nfhs;shky; gFj;jha;e;J

gad;gLj;jpAs;shu;. jtwhd rhd;Wfis epuhfupj;Js;shu;.

cjhuzkhf \Nke;jpuupd; jtwhd epfo;r;rpf; Fwpg;ig Vw;Wf;

nfhs;stpy;iy vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. Njitahd ,lq;fspy;

kuGfisj; jf;f tpsf;fq;fSld; Nkw;Nfhs;fshff; fhl;Lfpwhu;.

fl;Lf; fijfSf;Fk; mjpraq;fSf;Fk; mtjhuq;fSf;Fk;

fy;fzupd; tuyhw;wpy; ,lkpy;iy .

3. fy;fzu; tuyhw;iwr; rhu;gpd;wp vOj Kad;Ws;shu;. ,e;j

ngUe;jd;ikahd Gytd; ePjpgjpapd; jPu;g;igg; Nghd;W tpUg;G

ntWg;gpd;wp fle;j fhyj;ijg; gjpT nra;tjpy; ngUikg;gLfpwhd;

vd;W E}ypd; Jtf;fj;jpNyNa Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. fy;fzu; jg;ngz;z

q;fSf;Fk; (Prejudices) ,le;jutpy;iy . 1 fy;fzu; fh\;kPuj;jpd;

tuyhw;iw Mz;Lf;fhy tupirg;gb

123

Kiwg;gLj;jpAs;shu;. Fwpg;ghf ehd;fhtJ fhz;lj;jpy; 703tJ

ghlypypUe;J epfo;r;rpfs; fhytud; Kiwg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.

"fhytud; Kiw tuyhw;wpd; fz; vd;why; gz;ila ,e;jpa

tuyhW vd;iwf;FNk FUlhfj;jhd; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;" vd;w

rPdpthr Iaq;fhupd; $w;W fy;fzupd; ,uh[juq;fpzpf;Fg;

nghUe;jhJ. 5. fy;fzu; kf;fSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;J

tuyhw;iwg; ghbAs;shu;. ,tu; Fwpg;gpl;l muru;fs; my;yJ mur

Fyq;fs; gw;wp vOjhky; fh\;kPuj;jpd; nghJ tuyhw;iw

tiue;Js;shu;. mt;thW vOJk; NghJ kf;fspd; md;whl

tho;f;ifia mf;fiwNahL Ma;e;J vOjpAs;shu;. mbik

Kiwiar; rhLfpwhu;. ngz;zpd; ngUik NgRfpwhu;. Ml;rpapy;

ngz;fspd; gq;Nfw;G> fyg;Gj; jpUkzq;fs;> nghJ tho;f;ifapy;

ngz;fspd; gq;F gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. 6. fy;fzu; tuyhw;Wf;Fj;

jj;Jt tpsf;fkspj;Js;shu;. tuyhw;W neUf;fb> ed;ikf;Fk;

jPikf;FkpilNaahd Nghuhl;lk;> rthy;fis ntw;wpfukhfr;

rkhspg;gNj rhjid> fhyk; fdpe;jhy; ntw;wp epr;rak; Nghd;w

gbg;gpidfisg; Nghjpf;fpwhu;. tuyhw;W epfo;TfSf;Ff; fhuz -

fhupa tpsf;fkspg;gNjhL jPu;g;igAk; toq;Ffpwhu;. fy;fzu; kdpj

tho;f;ifia tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzpapy; kjpg;gPL nra;fpwhu;.

fy;fzupd; FiwghLfs; fy;fzu; fh\;kPuj;jpd; tuyhw;iw xU

ePjpgjpiag; Nghd;W eLepiy jtwhJ tiua Kad;whYk; gpd;tUk;

FiwghLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. 1). fy;fzu; nfhLf;Fk;

fhytud;Kiw Fiwg;ghLilaJ. fp.gp. 813-f;F Kw;gl;l

fh\;kPuj;jpd; tuyhw;Wf;Fj; njhlu;r;rpahd fhytud;Kiw

nfhLf;fg;gltpy;iy. 2) fy;fzu; tuyhw;Wf;Fg; Gwk;ghd

jfty;fisj; jUfpwhu;. cjhuzkhf Guhjd ];uPefupjhd; ];uPefu;

Mapw;W> ];uPefu; mNrhfuhy; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ. mNrhfUk;

fdp\;fUk; fh\;kPuj;jpypUe;J Ml;rp Gupe;jdu;. uzhjpj;ah 300

Mz;Lfs; Mz;lhu;; fh\;kPuk; ,e;jpahit ntw;wp nfhz;lJ Nghd;w

jfty;fs;; 3). fy;fzu; gy ,lq;fspy; fu;k tpid> Co;typ>

tpjpapd; tpisahl;L> NjtUyfj;jhupd; ghJfhg;G gw;wpg; NgRfpwhu;.

Nghjidfs; nra;fpwhu;. 4) fy;fzu; ehl;Lg;gw;W kpFjpahy;

fh\;kPuj;ijg; gw;wpa ngUikiaf; $wf;$ba Guhzf; fijfis

re;Njfpf;fhky; Vw;Wf; nfhs;fpwhu;. cjhuzq;fs; : ty;yhl;rpNa

fyhr;rhu tsu;r;rpf;Fk; ];jpuj;jd;ikf;Fk; Vw;wJ; kf;fspd;

murid md;ghdtd; vd;why; Ml;rp Njhy;tpAw;wJ vd;W nghUs;;

Kw;gpwtpapy; ghtk; nra;jjhy;jhd; ,g;gpwtpapy; jtwhf Ml;rp

nra;fpd;wdu;; 5) ,yf;fpa eil nts;sj;jpy; tuyhw;W tptuq;fs;

%o;fptpLfpd;wd.

kjpg;gPL

fy;fzupd; ,uh[juq;fzp gz;la ,e;jpahtpd; jdpg;ngUk;

tuyhw;W tiuthFk;. ftpijapy; vOjg;gl;l Kjy; tuyhw;W

124

tiuT ,Jjhd;. fy;fzupd; Kw;Nghf;F mZFKiw

tpag;Gf;FupaJ. ,tuJ r%f tuyhW [p.vk;. bunty;aid

Kd;dwptpg;G nra;tjhf cs;sJ. fy;fzUf;Fj; jpwdhAk; jpwd;

,Ue;j NghjpYk; elf;f Kbahjit gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu; vd;W

$Wfpwhu; ];Bd; (Sir A.Stein) vdpDk; “gz;ila ,e;jpahtpd;

jdpg;ngUk; tuyhw;whsu; fy;fzu; jhd;" vd;W $Wfpwhu; tpd;

lu;dpl;]; (M.Winternitz). "tuyhw;whsu; vd;W $wg;gLtjw;fhd

jFjp fy;fzUf;F ,Uf;fpwJ" vdf; fUJfpwhu; Mu;.

rj;jpadhja;au;. RUq;ff; $wpd; ,e;jpahtpy; n`Nuhnlhl;l];>

J}rpilb];> nghypgpa];> tpyp> lhrpnl]; Nghd;w tuyhw;W

tiuthsu;fs; Njhd;wtpy;iy vd;w mtr;nrhy;iyg; Nghf;fpa

ngUik fy;fziur; NrUk;.


gy;fiy ty;ytu; my;g&dp kj;jpa Mrpa Ju;f;fp];jhdpy; fPth

(Khiva) vd;w ,lj;jpy; gpwe;jhu;. mwptpaiyAk; ,yf;fpaj;ijAk;

fw;whu;. murpaypy; Mu;tk; nfhz;lhu;. fPth ,sturUf;F

MNyhrfuhdhu;. KfkJ f[pdp fPthkPJ gilnaLj;j NghJ

my;g&dp ifJ nra;ag;gl;lhu;! my;g&dpapd; mwpthw;wyhy;

ftug;gl;l f[pdp mtiu tpLtpj;Jj; jd;Dld; itj;Jf; nfhz;lhu;.

gpd;du; KfkJ f[pdp ,e;jpahtpd; kPJ gilnaLj;j Nghnjy;yhk;

my;g&dp mtUld; te;J jpUk;gpdhu;. KfkJ f[pdp ,we;j gpd;

mtuJ kfd; kR+jpd; muritr; Nrhjpluhdhu;. kR+jpd; MjuTld;

my;g&dp tuyhw;W Ma;tpYk; tiutpYk; <Lgl;lhu;. my;g&dp

,e;jpahtpy; jq;fpa fhyj;ij mupa tha;g;ghff; nfhz;L

,e;jpahitg; gw;wpAk; ,e;jpaiug; gw;wpAk; Ma;T nra;jhu;.

Kd;dNkNa fpNuf;fj; jj;Jtj;ijg; Gupe;J nfhs;tjw;fhf fpNuf;f

nkhop fw;wpUe;jhu;. ,e;jpahtpy; ,e;jpaf; fyhr;rhuj;jpd;

jpwTNfhyhd rk];fpUj nkhopiag; gapd;whu;. cgepljq;fisAk;>

gftj;fPijiaAk;> Guhzq;fisAk;> gjQ;rypapd;

kfhgh\;aj;ijAk;> ,yf;fz ,yf;fpaj;ijAk; tpUk;gpg; gbj;jhu;.

,e;jpahtpd; gy ,lq;fSf;Fk; gazk; nra;j NghJ

gz;bju;fSld; ciuahbdhu;; mwptpay;> fyhr;rhuk; gw;wpj; njupe;J

nfhz;lhu;; kf;fspd; gof;ftof;fq;fisf; $u;e;J ftdpj;jhu;.

mNugpa> fpNuf;f> rk];fpUj nkhopfisg; gOjwf; fw;w my;g&dp

tuyhW> thdtpay;> fzpjk;> ,aw;gpay;> Ntjpapay;> fzpktpay;>

Gtpapay;> kUj;Jtk;> fhytud;Kiw> jj;Jtk; Mfpatw;wpy;

JiwNghfpatu;. my;g&dp gy;fiy ty;ytu;. jhupf; - , - ,e;J

(Tarrik-i-Hindi) my;g&dp rPupa rpe;jidahsu;. tskhd vOj;jhsu;.

mtuJ Gutyu; kR+ijg; gw;wpAk;> ,e;jpa thdtpay; tuyhW>

125

rkak;> jj;Jtk; gw;wpAk; ,UgJf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l E}y;fis

vOjpdhu;. ,tw;Ws; jhupf; - , - ,e;J my;yJ ,e;jpahitg;

gw;wpa cz;ik vd;w E}y; ngUk; gilg;ghFk;. “vd;Dila

,g;Gj;jfk; vspa tuyhw;Wg; gjpT" vd;W jd;dlf;fj;Jld;

Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu; my;g&dp. ,tu; ,e;E}ypy; ,e;jpahtpd; gd;Kfr;

rhjidfisg; ngUikNahL ghuhl;bAs;shu;. ,e;jpa mwptpaiyAk;

Fwpg;ghf thdtpaiyAk; ,yf;fpaj;ijAk; tpae;J Nghw;Wfpwhu;.

,e;jpa E}y;fspypUe;J Nkw;Nfhs;fisf; fhl;LtNjhld;wp

mtw;iwf; fpNuf;f mNugpa E}y;fNshL xg;gpLfpwhu;. ,e;J Ntjhe;j

tpj;jfu;fSf;Fk; R+/gp mUl; njhz;lu;fSf;FkpilNa cs;s

xw;Wikiaf; fhl;Lfpwhu;. ,e;Jf;fspd; rka ek;gpf;iffs;> r%fg;

gof;ftof;fq;fs;> murpay; nghUshjhu epiyfs;> jj;Jtf;

fUj;Jf;fs; gw;wp tptupf;fpwhu;. mNj rkak; ,e;jpau;fspd;

FiwghLfisAk; Rl;bf; fhl;lj; jaq;ftpy;iy. gpsTgl;l ehL>

xw;Wikapy;yh muru;fs;> ,];yhkpaiu kpNyr;ru;fs; vd xJf;Fk;

kf;fs; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. ,e;jpau;fs; fu;tk; nfhz;ltu;fs;>

%lj;jdkhd nrWf;Filatu;fs;> jw;ngUik nfhz;ltu;fs;>

jq;fSila CUf;F epfuhd Cu; NtnwJTkpy;iy> jq;fSila

ehl;Lf; nfhg;ghd ehL NtnwJTkpy;iy> jq;fSila

mwptpaYf;fpizahd mwptpay; NtnwJTkpy;iy vd;W

ek;Ggtu;fs; vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. ahtw;iwAk; tpl Nghu;fs;>

gilnaLg;Gfs;> gLnfhiyfs;> R+iwahly;fs; Mfpatw;Wf;Fg;

gpd;dhy; nghWikahd mwpTj; NjlYk; ele;J nfhz;bUe;jJ

vd;W vOjpAs;shu;! jkpo; ehl;by; Nrho murpd; fPopUe;j ghrdf;

fhy;tha;fisg; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gk; ,e;E}ypy; cs;sJ. kjpg;gPL

my;g&dp xU mrhjhuz tuyhw;W tiuTf; fiyQu;. ,tu; xU

ntspehl;L K];yPk; tuyhw;whsupd; fz;Nzhl;lj;NjhL Kw;wpYk;

khWgl;l goikthj ,e;Jf; fyhr;rhuj;ij tpUg;G ntWg;gpd;wp

kjpg;gPL nra;a Kad;Ws;sJ ghuhl;lj;jf;fJ. my;g&dp

,e;jpau;fisg; gw;wpr; rupahfNt nrhy;ypapUf;fpwhu; vd;W $Wfpwhu;

[tfu;yhy; NeU. rk];fpUjk; gapd;W ,e;jpaf; fyhr;rhuj;ijg;

Gupe;J nfhs;tjpy; my;g&dp fhl;ba Mu;tk; mjprapf;fj;jf;fJ.

my;g&dp ,];yhkpa tz;zf; fz;zhb mzpe;J ,e;jpahitg;

ghu;j;jhu;> r%fg; nghUshjhuf; fhuzpfisg; Gwf;fzpj;jhu;>

mUq;fiyfs; gw;wp Muhatpy;iy> njd;dpe;jpahitg; gw;wpa

tptuq;fs; fhzg;gltpy;iy Nghd;w Fw;wr;rhl;Lfs; $wg;gl;Ls;sd.

jtpu;f;ftpayhf; Fiwfs; ,Ug;gpDk; my;g&dpapd; gilg;G mupa

jpwdha;T. jw;fhy mwptpay; kdg;Nghf;F > mDjhg Ez;zwpT

Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Mokhd r%ftpay;

Ma;thFk; vd;W rhd;wpjo; nfhLj;Js;shu; [hJehj; ru;f;fhu;.

'mwptpay; fz;Nzhl;lj;NjhL my;g&dp vOjpa tuyhW gpspdpapd;

,aw;if tuyhw;NwhLk;> `k;Nghy;l;bd; fh];khN]hLk;

xg;gplj;jf;fJ vd;W fUJfpwhu; tpy; ûz;l;. my;g&dp ed;F

126

fw;wwpe;j INuhg;gpa mwpQiug; Nghd;W vOjpAs;sjhff; $Wfpwhu;

gp.v. irf;];. my;g&dpapd; E}y; kl;Lk; ,y;yhjpUf;Fkhdhy;

tlNkw;fpy; cs;s K];yPk; muRfs; cWjpahf CLWtpa

mf;fhyj;J ,e;jpahitg; gw;wpa gy tp\aq;fs; kiwe;J

NghapUf;Fk; vd;W $Wfpwhu; F.uh[a;ad;.


mf;gupd; Mj;kh' mGy; ghry; Kfyhau; fhy tuyhw;W tiuthsu;.

Mf;uhtpy; gpwe;j mGy; ghry; taJf;F kPwpa mwpthw;wy;

ngw;wpUe;jhu;. ,tuJ rNfhjuu; nga;rp ,tiu kd;du; mf;gUf;F

mwpKfk; nra;J itj;jhu; (1574). mGy; ghrypd; mwpTf;

$u;ikahy; <u;f;fg;gl;l mf;gu; mtiuj; jd; me;juq;f ez;guhf;fpf;

nfhz;lhu;! mGy; ghry; mwpTj; njspthYk;> mauh ciog;ghYk;>

me;juq;f Rj;jpahd ek;gfj;jd;ikahYk; gbg;gbahf cau;e;J

mf;gupd; gpujk mikr;ruhdhu;. mf;gupd; Mj;khthfj; jpfo;e;j

mGy; ghrypd; cau;T fz;L nghwhj mf;gupd; kfd; ryPk;

R+o;r;rpahy; mikr;riuf; nfhd;W tpl;lhd; ! mwpTr; Rlu;

mizf;fg;gl;lJ. mGy; ghrypd; gilg;Gfs; mGy; ghry;

mwpTf;fly;. mw;Gj Ma;thsu;. tskhd vOj;jhsu;. ,tu; mf;gupd;

tpUg;gg;gb mg;Nguurupd; Ml;rpf;fhy tuyhw;iw tiue;jhu;. mGy;

ghrypd; ,U ngUk; gilg;Gfshtd: 1) mf;gu; ehkh (Akbar

Nama) %d;W njhFjpfshf vOjg;gl;Ls;s ,e;E}y;> m)

ij%upypUe;J {`khA+d; fhyk; tiu ; M) mf;gupd; Ml;rpf; fhyk;

; ,) r%fg; nghUshjhu epiyfs; gw;wp tptupf;fpwJ. mGy; ghry;

,e;E}ypy; mf;gupd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;ij Mz;L tud;Kiwg;gLj;jp

Neu;ikNahLk;> gf;jpNahLk;> Mu;tg;gw;NwhLk; " tptupj;Js;shu;. 2)

mapdp mf;gup (Ain--Akbari). ,e;E}y; mf;gu; fhy

epWtdq;fisg; gw;wpaJ. murhq;fj; Jiwfs;> nghUs; tsq;fs;>

ePjp epu;thfk;> murhq;f Mizfs;> tpjpfs;> fl;Lg;ghLfs;> Kf;fpa

,lq;fs;> ,uhZt mikg;G Kiw> gpuGf;fspd; epiy gw;wpa Gs;sp

tptuq;fSk; tpsf;fq;fSk; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mGy; ghrypd;

gq;fspg;Gfs; mGy; ghrypd; tuyhw;Wg; gq;fspg;Gfshtd: 1).

mf;gu; vd;w mwpnthspkpf;f khkdpjupd; rhjidfisg; gpw;fhyr;

re;jjpapdUk; Nghw;wpg; ghuhl;l Ntz;Lk; vd;w Nehf;Fld;

vOjpAs;shu;. 2) Mjhuq;fis Mu;tj;Jld; jpul;b> rupghu;j;J>

xg;gpl;L> jpwdha;T nra;J> gFj;jha;e;J gad;gLj;jpAs;shu;. 3)

jj;Jt tpsf;fq;fSf;Fk; tuyhw;W tpjpfSf;Fk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

nfhLf;fhky; ek;gj;jf;fj; jfty;fSf;Fr; rpwg;gplkspj;Js;shu;. 4)

Gutyu; mf;giug; gw;wp kl;Lk; $whky; mf;gu; fhy Kfyhag;

Nguuirg; gw;wpa tuyhw;iw KOikahf tiue;Js;shu;. 5.mf;giuj;

Jjpghlhky; mtuJ Kaw;rpfisAk; rhjidfisAk; ghuhl;Lfpwhu;.

127

6.mGy; ghry; tuyhw;iwj; jdpj;jd;ik nfhz;l "mwptpay; Kj;J

" (Pearl of Science) vdf; fUjpdhu;. mGy; ghrypd; FiwghLfs;

mGy; ghryplk; fhzg;gLk; FiwghLfshtd: 1). murit

tuyhw;whsuhf ,Ue;J nfhz;L mtuJ Gutyu; mf;giu

msTf;fjpfkhfg; Gfo;fpwhu;. 2). ,tu; tpUg;G ntWg;G tl;lj;ij

tpl;L ntsptutpy;iy. cjhuzkhf ,tu; n\u;\hitg; gw;wp

epahakhf vOjj; jtwptpl;lhu;. 3) cz;ikia kiwj;Jk; jpupj;Jk;

$Wfpwhu;. 4)."cz;ik vd;w vOJNfhyhy;" vOjg;Nghtjhff; $wpa

mGy; ghry; mwpT G+u;tkhfj; njhlu;e;J vOjtpy;iy. mf;gupd;

Ml;rpiag; gpw ey;yhl;rpfNshL xg;gpl;L Nehf;ftpy;iy. 5).

mf;gupd; MSik> epu;thfk;> epWtdq;fs; Mfpatw;Wf;Ff; nfhLj;j

Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijf; fyhr;rhuf; $WfSf;Ff; nfhLf;ftpy;iy. 6).

vOj;J eil rypg;G+l;lf;$bajhf cs;sJ.

kjpg;gPL

mGy; ghry; jd;dpfuw;w tuyhw;W tpNtfp. Mu;tkpf;f tuyhw;W

Ma;thsu;. Vohz;L fhyk; cioj;J mf;gu; ehkhitAk;> mapdp

mf;gupiaAk; tiue;jhu;. mGy; ghrypd; Fiwfisg; gl;baypl;Lf;

fhl;Lk; tpd;rz;l; ];kpj; $l mf;gu; ehkh mf;gupd; Ml;rpf;

fhyj;Jf;fhd mbj;jsk; vd;W $wpAs;shu;. ,e;E}iy mGy; ghry;

mtuJ Mrhidg; gw;wp kd;dpf;ff;$ba md;NghL vOjpAs;shu;

vd;W $Wfpwhu; tpy; ûz;l;. mapdp mf;gup jpwikNahL

jahupf;fg;gl;l mjpfhug; G+u;tkhd ek;gfkhd njhFg;ghff;

fUjg;gLfpwJ. n\u;\hitf; Fiw$Wk; mGy; ghry; me;j Mg;fd;

muruJ tpaj;jF ePjp epu;thf Kiwiag; ghuhl;bAs;shu;. mGy;

ghry; Kfyhau; fhyj;J kpf Kf;fpa tuyhw;whsu; vd;W $Wfpwhu;

gp.tp.gthd;. mGy; ghry; tuyhw;iwj; jpupj;Jf; $w Kbahj

msTf;F cau;e;j kdpju; vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwhu; Mu;.rj;jpadhja;au;.


1. ,J fh\;kPu; gFjpapd; KO tuyhw;iwAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ>

Muk;gfhyk; njhlq;fp ciu cUthf;fg;gl;l tiu.

2. uh[juq;fdp juq;fh]; my;yJ miyfs; vd Fwpg;gplg;gLk;

nkhj;jk; vl;L Gj;jfq;fspy; 7>826 trdq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

3. gz;ila ngu;rpahtpy;> khtPuu;fs; kw;Wk; ghjpupahu;fs;> Jwtpfs;

kw;Wk; jP-G+rhupfs;> tof;fwpQu;fs;> kUj;Jtu;fs;> thdpayhsu;fs;

kw;Wk; gpw tpQ;Qhdpfs; kw;Wk; tptrhapfs; kw;Wk;

iftpidQu;fs; vd ehd;F r%f gpupTfs; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;ljhf

my;-gpUdp Fwpg;gpl;lhu;.

128

4. mf;gu;ehkhtpd; mry; tiuT mf;guplk; rku;g;gpf;fg;gLtjw;F

Kd; Ie;J Kiw jpUj;jg;gl;lJ.


1. ,J fh\;kPu; gFjpapd; KO tuyhw;iwAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ>

Muk;gfhyk; njhlq;fp ciu cUthf;fg;gl;l tiu.

2. uh[juq;fdp juq;fh]; my;yJ miyfs; vd Fwpg;gplg;gLk;

nkhj;jk; vl;L Gj;jfq;fspy; 7>826 trdq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

3. gz;ila ngu;rpahtpy;> khtPuu;fs; kw;Wk; ghjpupahu;fs;> Jwtpfs;

kw;Wk; jP-G+rhupfs;> tof;fwpQu;fs;> kUj;Jtu;fs;> thdpayhsu;fs;

kw;Wk; gpw tpQ;Qhdpfs; kw;Wk; tptrhapfs; kw;Wk;

iftpidQu;fs; vd ehd;F r%f gpupTfs; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;ljhf

my;-gpUdp Fwpg;gpl;lhu;.

4. mf;gu;ehkhtpd; mry; tiuT mf;guplk; rku;g;gpf;fg;gLtjw;F

Kd; Ie;J Kiw jpUj;jg;gl;lJ.


� ,d;Wk;> uh[juq;fpzp me;j tifahd kpfTk; cz;ikahd

ciuahf tpsq;FfpwJ. ,J fh\;kPu; gFjpapd; KO

tuyhw;iwAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ> Muk;g fhyj;jpypUe;J ciu

cUthf;fg;gl;l tiu. fy;̀ hdh K];yPk; rfhg;jj;jpw;F Kd;>

,jpfhrkhd kfhghujj;jpd; fhyk; Kjy; rq;fuhk Njthtpd;

Ml;rp (fp.gp. 1006) tiuapyhd Muk;g fhyq;fspypUe;J mij

tptupf;fpwhu;.

� mtuJ tuyhw;iw vOJtjpy;> fy;̀ hdh Muha;r;rp nra;J>

fld; thq;fp> cWjpg;gLj;jp> ,e;jpa tuyhw;whrpupau;fs;

vOjpdhu;. mtuJ jfty;fs; rhtpyf;fuh> gj;kkpup`h kw;Wk;

f;NrNke;jpuh Nghd;w Mrpupau;fsplkpUe;Jk;> Ntiyg;ghLfs;>

,yf;fpa ifnaOj;Jg; gpujpfs;> gpw tuyhWfs; kw;Wk;

cs;Shu; tha;nkhop kuGfs; Mfpatw;wpypUe;Jk; te;Js;sd.

� gjpndhd;whk; E}w;whz;L ‘my;-gpUdpapd; taJ’ vd;W

fUjg;gl;ljpy; ,Ue;J my;-gpUdpapd; ,lj;ij tpQ;Qhdp

kw;Wk; mwpQuhf kjpg;gplyhk;. mtuJ KOg;ngau; mG-

iu`hd; KfkJ.

� mtu; f\;lq;fis vjpu;nfhz;lhYk;> my;-gp&dp nghUs;

<l;Ljy; kw;Wk; tho;f;ifapd; trjpfSf;F ve;j

129

gytPdj;ijAk; ntspg;gLj;jtpy;iy. mtu; 1017 ,y; khKdp

tk;rj;jpd; Fthup];k; \htpd; murpay; Ma;thsuhf

,Ue;jhu;> mtuJ nrhe;j ehL k ;̀%j; f];dtpahy;

jhf;fg;gl;L ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ.

� mtu; ehl;bd; gy;NtW gFjpfSf;F ePz;l gazk; nra;jhu;>

,e;J nkhop> kjk; kw;Wk; jj;Jtj;ijg; gbj;jhu; kw;Wk;

"j ;̀fpf;-,-`pe;j;" my;yJ "fpjhg;-cy;-`pe;j;" vd;w

jiyg;gpy; muG nkhopapy; ehl;ilAk; mjd; Fbkf;fisAk;

gw;wpa cd;djkhd fzf;if vOjpdhu;. .

� kfj;jhd ciog;G> mwptpay; gFj;jwpT kw;Wk; mauhj

Kaw;rpfs; my;-gpUdpia ,ilf;fhyj;jpd; kpfr;rpwe;j

Gtpapayhsu;fspy; xUtuhf khw;wpaJ. my;-gpUdp rk];fpUj

,yf;fpaq;fis tpupthfg; gad;gLj;jpdhu;> mjpy; mtu;

jdJ thjq;fSf;F Mjuthf mj;jpahak; kw;Wk;

trdq;fis Nkw;Nfhs; fhl;bdhu;.

� mf;gupd; rfhg;jj;jpd; murpay;> r%f kw;Wk; mwpTrhu;

tsu;r;rpAk;> mtuhy; fw;gid nra;ag;gl;L njhlq;fg;gl;l

Nguurpd; ehty; jd;ikAk; mij epiyepWj;j xU fy;tpg;

gpur;rhuj;jpw;F miog;G tpLj;jij mg;Ju; u\Pj;

ftdpf;fpwhu;. NkYk;> kjk; kw;Wk; murpay; Fwpj;j mtuJ

jhuhsthjf; fUj;Jf;fshy;> mGy; griy tpl NtW ahUk;

me;j gzpia rpwg;ghf nra;jpUf;f KbahJ.

� ,e;Jf;fs; \pu;f; nra;jhu;fs;> mjhtJ flTspd; gz;Gfis

kdpju;fSlDk; mtu;fspd; cUtq;fSlDk;

njhlu;GgLj;Jfpwhu;fs; vd;w ek;gpf;ifapy; ,e;Jf;fSf;Fk;

K];ypk;fSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd kj tpNuhjk; kw;Wk; frg;G

Mfpatw;wpd; %yj;ij mGy; /gry; fz;lwpe;jhu;. ,e;Jf;fs;

kPjhd Fw;wr;rhl;L Mjhukw;wJ vd;W mGy; /gry;

typAWj;jpdhu;.

� mGy; /gry; midj;J tifahd Mjhuq;fisAk;

Nrfupj;jhu; kw;Wk; mf;gu; mtUf;F vy;yh topfspYk;

cjtpdhu;. mf;gu; jdJ gj;njhd;gjhtJ Ml;rpahz;by;

epWtpa ,k;gPupay; nuf;fhu;l; MgP]pypUe;J gy epfo;Tfspd;

gjpTfs; Nrfupf;fg;gl;ld.


,e;jpatpay;: ,J ,e;jpa tuyhW> ,yf;fpak;> jj;Jtk; kw;Wk;

fyhr;rhuk; gw;wpa Ma;T MFk;.

130

njsptpd;ik: xU tp\aj;jpd; cz;ikfs; my;yJ KO

tptuq;fs; mwpag;gLtij Ntz;Lnkd;Nw jLf;Fk; eilKiw ,J.

mdhlNfhdprk;: ,J el;gw;w my;yJ Kuz;gl;l FOf;fSf;F

,ilNa xU nraypy; cs;s tpNuhjk; my;yJ vjpu;g;G.

Ml;rp Mz;L: ,J Njjp my;yJ Mz;L epiwtpy; ,Ue;J

fzf;fplg;gLk; Mz;L


FWfpa tpdhf;fs;

1. fy;̀ dhtpd; uh[juq;fpzpf;fhd jfty; Mjhuq;fs; vd;d?

2. my;-gp&dp Mo;e;j Gyik ngw;w ghlq;fisf; Fwpg;gplTk;.

3. fpjhg;-cy;-`pe;j; gw;wpa rpW Fwpg;ig vOjTk;.

4. mGy; /gry; jdJ gzpiar; nra;j ,uz;L topfisg;

gl;baypLq;fs;.

tphpthd tpdhf;fs;

1. my;-gpUdpapd; Muk;gfhy tho;f;ifiag; gw;wp tpthjpf;fTk;.

2. ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s rhjp mikg;G kw;Wk; ngu;rpahtpy; mjd;

,izahd my;-gpUdpapd; fUj;Jf;fis gFg;gha;T nra;Aq;fs;.

8.11. $$Ljy; thrpg;Gfs;







OUP India.

131






myF-9

Gfo;ngw;w ,e;jpa tuyhw;whrpupau;fs;: [Jehj; ru;f;fhu;>

Nf.V. ePyfz;l rh];jpup> Nf.Nf. gps;is> b.b. Nfhrhk;gp

cs;slf;fk;

9.1. Kd;Diu

9.2. Nehf;fq;fs;


9.3.1. ,sikg;gUtk;



9.4.1. ,sikg;gUtk;




9.5.1. ,sikg;gUtk;

9.5.2. ,tu; vOjpa E}y;fs;







132



9.1. KKd;Diu

,e;j gpuptpy;> ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;il rhh;e;j ,e;jpa

tuyhw;whrpupau;fs; tuyhw;Wf;F Mw;wpa gq;fspg;Gfisg; gw;wp

mwpe;J nfhs;s ,aYk;. ,e;j mj;jpahaj;jpy; tpthjpf;fg;gl;l

tuyhw;whrpupau;fs; [Jehj; ru;f;fhu;> ePyfz;l rh];jpup> Nf.Nf.

gps;is kw;Wk; b.b. Nfhrhk;gp.

[Jehj; ru;f;fhu; xU rpwe;j tuyhw;whrpupau;. mtuJ tuyhw;Wg;

gilg;Gfis ,uz;L tiffshfg; gpupf;fyhk;> mtw;wpy; KjyhtJ

Kfyha tuyhW> mijj; njhlu;e;J kuhl;ba tuyhW.

ePyfz;l rh];jpup 1892 ,y; fy;ypilf;Fwpr;rpapy; gpwe;jhu;.

njd;dpe;jpa tuyhw;wpd; vOj;jhsu;fspy; mtu; kpfTk;

Fwpg;gplj;jf;ftu;> Vnddpy; mtu; njd; gpuhe;jpaq;fspy; ,e;jpa

tuyhw;wpd; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f fhyq;fs; kw;Wk; epfo;Tfis tpupthf

vOjpAs;shu;. mtuJ gilg;Gfs; tuyhw;wpd; epiyahd Fwpg;G

Gj;jfq;fshf fUjg;gLk; mstpw;F kjpg;gplg;gLfpd;wd.

Nf.Nf.gps;is njd;dpe;jpahitr; Nru;e;j kw;nwhU tuyhw;whrpupau;

Mthu;. mtu; Vw;fdNt cs;s tuyhw;W gjpTfis kWfl;likg;G

nra;jhh;. mtuJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;f gilg;Gfspy; rpy: jkpou;fspd;

r%f tuyhW> ehQ;rpy;ehl;bd; Muk;gfhy tuyhW> kw;Wk; jkpo;ehL

tuyhW.

b.b.Nfhrhk;gp tuyhw;W tprhuizapd; xg;gPl;L Kiwiag;

gad;gLj;jpdhu;. fle;j fhyq;fspy; kf;fspilNa cs;s

cwTfisg; Gupe;Jnfhs;tjw;Fk; tpsf;Ftjw;Fk; mtu; Kjd;ik

Mjhuq;fisg; gad;gLj;jpdhu;.

,e;j Gfo;ngw;w tuyhw;whrpupau;fs; midtUk;> ehL KOtJk;

cs;s gy;NtW r%fq;fs; kw;Wk; kf;fspd; tuyhWfisg; gbj;J>

vOjp ,e;jpa tuyhw;Wf;F ngUikr; Nru;j;Js;sdu;.

9.2. Nehf;fq;fs;


nfhs;s ,aYk;

133

� [Jehj; ru;f;fhupd; tuyhw;W Gyik kw;Wk; gilg;Gfis

gFg;gha;T nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ

� ePyfz;l rh];jpup kw;Wk; Nf.Nf.gps;isapd; tuyhw;W

mZFKiwfs; kw;Wk; gilg;Gfisg; gw;wp

tpthjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ

� b.b. Nfhrhk;gpapd;.; xg;gPl;L Kiw tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ


9.3.1. ,sikg;gUtk;

rhJehj; ru;fhu; tq;fhsj;jpy; uhf;rhfp khtl;lj;jpy; Ruf;kupah

fpuhkj;jpy; 1870 Mk; Mz;L brk;gu; 10Mk; ehs; gpwe;jhu;.

,k;khtl;lk; ,g;NghJ gq;fhsNj\;rpy; cs;sJ. ru;fhu; fpuhk

R+o;epiyapy; tsu;e;j NghjpYk; mwpTf;$u;ik gilj;j

khzhf;fuhf tpsq;fpdhu;. ,tUila ,sikf; fy;tp ,tuJ

fpuhkj;jpNyNa Jtq;fpaJ. - rhJehj; ru;fhu; fp.gp.1891Mk; Mz;L

fy;fj;jhtpy; cs;s khepyf; fy;Y}upapy; Mq;fpyj;jpYk;

tuyhw;wpYk; gl;lq;fis ngw;whu;. fp. gp. 1892Mk; Mz;L Mq;fpy

,yf;fpaj;jpy; KJifiyg;gl;lk; ngw;whu;. ,ijj; njhlu;e;J [{d;

1893Mk; Mz;L fy;fj;jhtpYs;s upg;gd; fy;Y}upapy; Mq;fpy

tpupTiuahsuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;. tpj;jpahrhfu; fy;Y}upapy;

gzpGupe;J nfhz;bUe;j nghOJ Nguhrpupau; gjtpapid mile;jhu;.

,tuJ E}y;fs; fp. gp. 1901 Mk; Mz;L ,tuJ Kjy; tuyhw;W

Ma;T E}yhd xsuq;rPg;gpd; ,e;jpah ntspaplg;gl;lJ. ,ijj;

njhlu;e;J Mq;fpyj; JiwapypUe;J tuyhw;Wj; Jiwf;F ,tu;

khwpdu;. ,g;Gj;jfj;jpd; ,Wjpapy; gioa rfhg;jk; Kbe;J Gjpa

rfhg;jk; Jtq;FtJ vLj;Jf;fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tu; ,Wjpahf

vOjpa ,e;jpahtpd; ,uhZt tuyhW mtu; kiwTf;Fg; gpd; fp.gp.

1960Mz;L ntspaplg;gl;lJ. ,g;Gj;jfj;jpy; gy Kf;fpakhd

Nghu;fs; Fwpj;j tpsf;fq;fSk;> fhuzq;fSk;> ,jd; KbTfSk;

mlq;fpAs;sd. ru;fhu; gy Nghu;fis gw;wpa epfo;r;rpfis

mg;gbNa ,e;E}ypy; glk; gpbj;Jf; fhl;bAs;shu;.


ru;fhupd; tuyhw;W Kiwfis ehd;F gFjpfshfg; gpupf;fyhk;. 1.

tiugltpay;> 2. milahsk; fhZjy;> 3.fhyg;ghFghL> 4.

Nehf;Fik MFk;. mtUila rpwg;Gfs; Ma;Tf;fhf

vLj;Jf;nfhz;l jiyg;ig KOikahfTk;> MokhfTk; Ma;T

nra;tNj MFk;. ru;fhu; tuyhW vOj Jtq;Fk; NghJ mtuJ

134

Ma;Tld; njhlu;Gila midj;J nkhopfspYk; cs;s rk fhyj;J

tuyhw;whjhuq;fs; midj;ijAk; mtuJ fz;fspy; epWj;jp cw;W

Nehf;Fthu;. mtu; Mtzq;fis xUNghJk; ghu;f;f jtwpajpy;iy.

mNj Neuj;jpy; tuyhw;W Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhz;l ,lq;fSf;Fr;

nrd;W Ma;T nra;J mtw;iwAk; jdJ Ma;Tld; njhlu;GgLj;jpf;

fhl;bAs;shu;. ru;fhu; Nrfupj;j Mjhuq;fspy; ngUkstpy; mupa

tiuglq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mitfs; jw;NghJ E}yfj;jpy;

itj;Jg; ghJfhf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

rpy tiug;glq;fspd; cjtpAld; ru;fhu; rpy glq;fis

milahsq;fhl;b mitfs; mike;jpUf;Fk; ,lj;ijAk; tpupthff;

$wpAs;shu;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf jpd;Njhup> njd;Nkw;fpy; 28 iky;

njhiytpy; ehrpf;fpypUe;J 16 iky; njhiyT tlf;fhf ,Ue;jij

,tu; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. ,tu; vOjpa tuyhw;W E}y;fspy; xNu

ngaiuf; nfhz;l gy ,lq;fs; Fwpg;gplg; gl;Ls;sd. ,itfis

ru;fhu; EZf;fkhf Muha;e;J mtw;wpw;Fupa ,lq;fis milahsk;

fhl;bAs;shu;. mNj Nghy efuq;fSk; ,Ungau;fisf;

nfhz;litahf mike;jpUg;gij ru;fhu; Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpwhu;. gpughj;

myfhghj; vd;Wk; ehrpf; Fy;]dhghj; vd;Wk; G+dhKrahghj;

vd;Wk; miof;fg;gl;ld. NkYk; kuhj;jpa Mtzq;fspy; ngau;fs;

,e;jpa kakhf;fg;gl;lijf; Fwpg;gpl;L mit vt;thW tuyhW

vOJtjw;F jilahf cs;sd vd;gijf; Rl;bf; fhl;bAs;shu;.

cjhuzkhf> Md;lu;rd; vd;Wk; Mq;fpyg; ngau; kz;lf; vd;W

jpupj;J $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,t;tifapy; Kiwahd ngau;fis

fz;Lgpbj;J mtu; vOjpa tuyhw;W E}y;fspy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.

ru;fhu; EZf;fkhd Kiwapy; fhyg; ghFghl;il filgpbj;Js;shu;.

,k;Kiw tuyhw;W epfo;r;rpfis mit epfo;e;j fhyf;

fl;lq;fspy; rupahd tifapy; Gupe;J nfhs;s cjTfpwJ.

cjhuzj;jpw;F nkhfyha fhyghFghl;il Kiwg;gLj;jp

rpth[pf;Fk; mTuq;frPg;gpw;Fk; ,ilNa Vw;gl;l re;jpg;G nly;ypapy;

elf;ftpy;iy. khwhf mr;re;jpg;G Mf;uhtpy; jhd; ele;jJ vdr;

Rl;bf;fhl;bAs;shu;. NkYk; tuyhw;W ehafu;fs; tuyhw;W

epfo;r;rpfspy; gq;F nfhs;Sk; NghJ mtu;fSila

fhyf;fl;lq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. cjhuzj;jpw;F rpth[p

mg;]y;fhidr; re;jpj;j NghJ rpth[pf;F taJ 30. mNj Nghy

rpe;jpahtpw;F 16taJ ,Uf;Fk; NghJ tlf;F Nwhf;Q;

g`lnaLj;jhdP. NkYk; tpRNtRtuuht;%d;whk; ghdpg;gl;by; khz;l

NghJ mtUf;F taJ 20f;Fs; ,Ue;jJ vd;gij Rl;bf;fhl;b

,j;jifa ehafu;fspd;tPur;nray;fis vLj;Jf; fhl;bAs;shu;.

xUtuyhw;W epfo;r;rpia mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;fhf gy tuyhw;W

Mjhuq;fis ru;fhu; cgNahfg;gLj;jpAs;shu;. ,j;jifa

135

Mjhuq;fis xg;G Nehf;Ftjd; %ykhf xU jPu;f;fkhd KbTf;F

ru;fhuhy; tu Kbe;jJ.

mtiug; nghWj;jtiu ve;j xU tuyhw;W MjhuKk;> EZf;fkhd

Muha;r;rpf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. Vnddpy; ,r;nraNy

Muha;r;rpapd; Kjy; gb vd;W Rl;bf; fhl;Lfpd;whu;. ,tu; gy

ntspehl;L Mjhuq;fisg; gFj;J Muha;e;J mtw;wpYs;s

Fiwfisr; Rl;bf;fhl;bAs;shu;. ,jd; thapyhf ngha;ahd

Mjhuq;fs; gytw;iw ntspf; nfhzu;e;Js;shu;. ru;fhiug;

nghWj;jtiu tuyhW ,iwtDila Mizf;Fl;gl;lJ vd;w

fUj;ijf; nfhz;bUe;jhu;. xU kdpjDila Fzeyd;fSk;>

elj;ijANk mtDila tpjpia epu;zapf;fpd;wd vdr; Rl;bf;

fhl;Lfpd;whu;. cjhuzj;jpw;F ,uz;lhk; \h Myk; KbT

mtUila elj;ijiag; nghUj;Nj mike;jJ vd

tpsf;fkspf;fpd;whu;. ,Nj fUj;J mTuq;frPg; tho;f;iff;Fk;

nghUe;Jk; vd;W $wpAs;shu;.

ru;fhiug; nghWj;jtiu cz;ikahd tuyhW vd;gJ vy;yhf;

fhyj;J kf;fSf;Fk; nghUe;Jfpd;w tifapy; cs;s xU rpwe;j

ghlkhFk;. ru;fhupd; tuyhw;W E}y;fs; gy tuyhw;W Mrpupau;fshy;

Fiw $wg;gLfpd;wd (m) mTuq;frPg; gdhurpYs;s ,e;Jf;

NfhtpYf;F epyk; ed;nfhilahf toq;fpaJ. (M) [p]pah tupiag;

gw;wp ,tUila fUj;J (,) rpth[p mg;]y;fhidf; nfhd;wJ xU

jw;fhg;Gf; nfhiy vd;Dk; ,tuJ fUj;Jf;fisf; Fiw

$Wfpd;wdu;. ,j;jifa Fiwfs; vy;yhtw;wpw;Fk; ru;fhu; Kiwahd

tifapy; Mjhuq;fisr; Rl;bf;fhl;b gjpyspj;Js;shu;.

cjhuzkhf> (m) gjtpg; Nghl;bf;fhd Nghu;fs; eilngw;Wf;

nfhz;bUe;j nghOJ mTuq;frPg;gpw;F ,e;Jf;fspd; MjuT

Njitg;gl;lJ. vdNt mj;jUzj;jpy; mtu; gdhurpy; cs;s

,e;Jf;Nfhapy;fSf;F epyk; toq;fpdhu;. (M [p]pah tupiag; gw;wp

fUj;Jf;fs; ,tuJ nrhe;jf;fUj;Jf;fs; my;y vd;Wk;

Mtzq;fspypUe;J Nrfupf;fg;gl;l Fwpg;GfNs vd;W Mjhuj;Jld;

Rl;bf;fhl;bAs;shu;. (,) mfkj; efupd; Kjyikr;rUk; tuyhw;W

MrpupaUkhf ,Ue;j ie]hk; Ky; Ky;f; nfhLj;Js;s Mjhuj;jpd;

gb mg;]y;fhd;> rpth[pia Kjypy; jhf;fpdhu;. jd;id

ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhfNt rpth[p mg;];y;fhidf; nfhy;y

Neupl;lJ vd;Wk; tpsf;fj;ij Mjhuj;Jld; ru;fhu; mspj;Js;shu;.

kjpg;gPL

ru;fhu; ,e;jpa tuyhw;W Mrpupau;fspy; jiy rpwe;jtuhff;

fUjg;gLfpwhu;. ,tUila tuyhw;W Kiwfs; mLj;J te;j

tuyhw;W Mrpupau;fs; gpd;gw;Wk;gb mike;jd. Kf;fpakhf

fdq;Nfh kw;Wk; ];uP t];jth> ru;kh> <];tup gpurhj; ie]hkp

136

Nghd;wNwhiuf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. ,tu; tpl;Lr;nrd;w Mtzq;fs;

tuyhw;W khztu;fSf;Ff; fUT+ykhf mike;Js;sd.

,t;tifapy; ru;f;fhupd; gzp njhlu;e;J tuyhw;wpw;F ed;ik Gupe;J

tUfpd;wJ.


9.4.1. ,sikg;gUtk;

Nf.V. ePyfz;l rh];jpup> fp.gp.1892 Mk; Mz;L Mf];L khjk; 12k;

ehs; jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lj;jpYs;s fy;ypilf;Fwpr;rp vd;Dk;

Cupy; njYq;F gpuhkz FLk;gj;jpy; gpwe;jhu;. mtu; ,sikf;

fy;tpiaf; fy;ypilf;Fwpr;rp rhu;r; Nky;epiyg;gs;spapYk;>

mk;ghrKj;jpu Nky;epiyg;gs;sp vd mf;fhyj;jpy; miof;fg;gl;l

jPu;j;jgjp Nky;epiyg;gs;spapYk; gapd;whu;. mtUla gp.V.

gl;lg;gbg;gpw;fhf &gha; 14 cjtpj; njhifahfg; ngw;whu;. fp.gp.

1913 Mk; Mz;L nrd;id fpwpj;Jt fy;Y}upapy; vk;.V gbg;gpy;

Kjy; tFg;gpy; Nju;T ngw;whu;. ,tu; jpUney;NtypapYs;s ,e;Jf;

fy;Y}apd; Kf;fpa gpujpepjpahf nghWg;Ngw;whu;. ehl;Lg;gw;W kw;Wk;

tpl;Lf; nfhLf;Fk; nfhs;ifAld;> nghJ eyidf; fUj;jpy;

nfhz;L mq;Nf Nguhrpupau;fs; khztu;fis Cf;Ftpg;gtu;fshf

khw;wg;gl;ldu;.

fp.gp. 1918 Mk; Mz;L Kjy; fp.fp. 1920 Mk; Mz;L tiu gdhu];

,e;J gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; Nguhrpupauhf gzpahw;wpdhu;. gpd;du;

rpjk;guk; kPdhl;rp fy;Y}upapd; Kjy;tu; gjtpiag; ngw;whu;.

,f;fy;Y}up jw;NghJ mz;zhkiy gy;fiyf;fofk; vd;Dk;

ngaupy; nray;gl;L tUfpwJ. mq;Nf> jhd; xU rpwe;j Muha;r;rpj;

jpwd; ngw;wtu; vd;gijAk; epUgpj;Jf; fhz;gpj;jhu;. fp.gp. 1920 Mk;

Mz;L Kjy; fp.gp. 1929 Mk; Mz;L tiu mg; gjtpapy; ePbj;jhu;.

tuyhW kw;Wk; njhy;nghUs; Ma;Tj;Jiwapd; jiytuhf ,Ue;j

lhf;lu; ma;aq;fhu; gzpapypUe;J Xa;T ngw;w NghJ Nf.V. vd;.

rh];jpup> N[.vd;. ru;f;fhu; kw;Wk; mUl;je;ij P̀uh]; mlq;fpa

FO %yk; Kjy; fl;lkhf mg;gjtpapy; mku;j;jg;gl;lhu;. fp.gp. 1929

Mk; Mz;L gzpapy; Nru;e;J 1947 Mk; Mz;L Xa;T ngw;whu;.

fp. gp. 1951 Mk; Mz;L yf;Ndhtpy; eilngw;w fPioehLfisr;

rhu;e;j midj;jpe;jpa khehl;bd; jiytuhf rh];jpup gjtp

tfpj;jhu;. ,tu; gy;NtW fUj;juq;Ffs; kw;Wk; khehLfSf;Fj;

jiyikg; nghWg;Ngw;W nrayhw;wpdhu;. uhay; Mrpahbf;

nrhirl;bapd; gk;gha;> ,yq;if kw;Wk; gy;NtW gpupTfspYk;

Ecole Francaise Extreme Orient Saigon Mfpatw;wpYk; nfsut

137

cWg;gpduhfTk; gzpahw;wpdhu;. gpupl;ld;> mau;yhe;jpd; uhay;

Mrpahbf; nrhirl;bapd; tuyhW cWg;gpduhfTk; nly;yp> kj;jpa

njhy;ypay; MNyhridf; FOtpd; cWg;gpduhfTk; nrayhw;wpdhu;.

fp. gp. 1952 Mk; Mz;by; nrd;idg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd;

Nguuhrpupauhf ,Ue;J Xa;T ngw;w gpd;> I.eh. epWtdj;jpd;

,e;jpah tuyhw;W Ma;Tj; Jiwf;Fg; Nguhrpupauhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;.

,g;gjtpapy; ,tu; fp. gp. 1956 Mk; Mz;L tiu nghWg;Ngw;W

,Ue;jhu;.

fp.gp. 1958 Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpa muR gj;ktpG+rd; tpUij ,tUf;F

toq;fpaJ. gd;dhl;L fyhr;rhu fofkhd And];Nfh > nrd;idg;

gy;fiyf; fofj;Jld; ,ize;J njd;fpof;F Mrpa kuG

topg;gz;ghl;L ikak; xd;iw fp. gp. 1957Mk; Mz;L nrd;idapy;

epWtaJ. ,k;ikaj;jpd; ,af;Feuhf Nf.V ePyfz;l rh];jpup

epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;. MWkhjk; Nguuhrpupauhffp.gp.1959Mk; Mz;L

rpfhNfh gy;fiyf; fofj;jpw;F ,tu; nrd;whu;. Nf. V.vd;.

rh];jpupapd; E}y;fs; ,tu; 22 E}y;fisAk;> 159

Ma;Tf;fl;LiufisAk; vOjpAs;shu;. mit midj;JNk mtupd;

jdptopapy; ,izaw;wjhf cs;sd. mtw;wpy; rpy

Kf;fpakhditfs; kl;LNk fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

1. ghz;ba muR

2. Nrhou; tuyhW kw;Wk; Ml;rp Kiwapy; Ma;Tfs;

3. Nrhou;fs; (,uz;L njhFjpfs )

4. njd;dpe;jpa tuyhw;Wk; rpf;fYf;Fj; njhlu;Gila tuyhw;W

Kiw

5. J}uf;fpof;F ehLfspy; njd;dpe;jpa jhf;fq;fs;.

6. ,e;jpahtpd; xU gue;j tuyhW (njhFjp ,uz;L).(gjpg;ghrpupau;)

7. ee;ju;fs; kw;Wk; nksupau;fspd; fhyk;.

8. njd;dpe;jpa tuyhW. Nrhou;fs;

Nf. V. ePyfz;l rh];jpupapd; Nrhou;fs; E}y; xU ,yf;fpag;

ngUk;gilg;ghFk;. ,e;E}y; tuyhw;wpd; ghy; Nf.V. ePyfz;l

rh];jpupf;F ,Ue;j tpUg;gj;jpidAk; fbd Ntiyia Vw;Wf;

nfhz;lijAk; fhl;LfpwJ. Nrhou; tuyhw;Wr; rhd;Wfspd; xU

nghJj; jpl;lj;Jld; njhlq;Fk; ,e;E}iy %d;W ngUk;

tk;rhtopapdjhfg; gpupf;fyhk;. mit 1.rq;f fhy Nrho muru;fs;>

2. Nrhou;fspd; NguuR> 3. rhzf;fpa topr; Nrhou;fs;.

138

,e;E}y; Nrhou;fspd; gz;ghl;L epiyfSld;> Ml;rp Kiw kj;jpa

kw;Wk; cs;shl;rp murhq;fk;> rkak;> ,yf;fpak;> r%fg;

nghUshjhu epiy> fiy> fl;llf;fiy Mfpaitfs; gw;wp

tpsf;Ffpd;wJ. mtUila ,e;j Ma;T Nrhou;fisg; gw;wpa

Ma;it Nkw;nfhs;s tpUk;Gk; Ma;thsu;fSf;F rpwe;j topfhl;b

MFk;.

,tuJ Ma;T Kiwapay; njd;dpe;jpa tuyhw;Wr; rpf;fYf;fhd

Md njhlu;gpd; tuyhw;W Kiw vd;Dk; E}ypy; tuyhw;Wf;

fl;Liufs; vOJtjpy; mtUila nray; Kiwia ePyfz;l

rh];jpup ed;F tpsf;fpAs;shu;. njd;dpe;jpa tuyhw;wha;tpy;

Kf;fpakhf ,e;jpa tuyhw;wpd; xU njspthd gFjpapid epiwT

nra;J je;Js;shu;.


rh];jpupapd; $w;Wg;gb etPd tuyhw;W KiwahdJ filrp

E}w;whz;bYk; mjw;Fg; gpe;jpa ghjp E}w;whz;Lf;fhyj;jpYk;

cUthdit. ,jw;F Ke;jpa fhyq;fspy; tuyhw;W Mrpupau;fshd

n`NuhNlhl];> J}rpilb];> yptp MfpNahu; Nkw;fpYk; fy;fzu;>

,gd; fy;^z; Mfpa tuyhw;W Mrpupau;fs; fpof;fpYk;> tuyhw;iwg;

gw;wp gy njhFjpfs; vOjpapUe;j NghjpYk; mtu;fSila

tuyhw;Wg; ghu;it jw;Nghija etPd tuyhw;Wg; ghu;itapypUe;J

NtWgl;Ls;sJ. capupaypd; tho;f;if tsu;r;rpahdJ tuyhw;W

Mjhuq;fs; %ykhfr; nrhy;yg;gLfpd;wJ. midj;Jtpjkhd

fUj;Jfspd; kjpg;gPl;bw;Fk; tuyhNw mbg;gilahdJ vd;W

rh];jpup $wpAs;shu;.

tuyhw;wpy; kjpg;gPLf; nfhs;iff;Fk; ve;jtpjkhd NtWghLk;

fpilahJ vd;Wk; ,aw;ifapd; kw;Wk; tuyhw;wpd; rpWrpW

khw;wq;fisg; gpd;gw;wp gbg;gJjhd; kjpg;gPL vd;Wk; rh];jpup

$Wfpwhu;. tuyhW vd;gJ muru;fspd; tho;f;if epfo;r;rpfSk;

Nghu;fisg; gw;wpa nra;jpfs; kl;Lk; my;y> me;j tho;f;iff;Fs;

nghJkf;fs; nra;Ak; NtiyfSk; mlq;fp ,Uf;fpwJ vd;W

Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. tuyhw;W kW mikg;G tuyhw;iw kW mikg;G

nra;Ak; nghOJ fle;jfhy Mjhuq;fs; vd;gJ Kf;fpakhdit.

Mdhy; Mjhuq;fs; kl;LNk tuyhwhfhJ. KOikahd tuyhw;W

Kjpu;r;rp ,y;yhj tuyhw;whsu;fs; Mjhuq;fisj; Njlhky;

fijfis mg;gbNa tuyhW vd ek;gp tpl;ldu;. Mdhy; mDgtk;

Kjpu;e;j tuyhw;whrpupau;fs; mtw;iw tuyhw;W Mjhuq;fSld;

,izj;jdu;. cjhuzkhf khk;rd; vd;gtu; xU mbf;Fwpg;G $l

,y;yhky; Nuhk; tuyhw;iw vOjpAs;shu;. ,jpy; epfo;r;rpfSf;Fg;

gjpyhf KbTfs; epug;gl;Ls;sd. tuyhw;W ty;Ydu;fs; vq;F

,Uf;fpwhu;fNsh mq;F tuyhW ,Uf;Fk;. mtu;fs; ,y;iyNay;

139

tuyhWk; ,Ug;gjpy;iy. Mdhy; tuyhw;whsdhf kl;Lky;yhJ

mjpy; mDgtk; Kjpu;e;j mwpTk; gilg;gpy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd

rh];jpup $Wfpwhu;.


tuyhW vd;gJ KOikahd mwptpay; vd;Dk; gpA+upapd;

fUj;Jld; rh];jpup cld;gLfpd;whu;. mwptpay; tuyhw;W Kiwapd;

mbg;gil ,aw;ifapd; jd;ikfisr; Nrhjidf;Fl;gLj;jp

cz;ikfis fz;lwptJ jhd;.

kw;nwhU Gwj;jpy;> tuyhW vOtjw;F Njitahd xd;W Ra

mwpNt MFk;. kw;wgb tuyhW vd;gJ nray; Kiwapy; elf;f

KbahjJ. cUt khw;wj;ijj; jtpu> nkhfQ;rjNuhtpd; fhyj;jpy;

tho KbahJ. tuyhw;wpd; nra;jpf; Fwpg;Gfshd ; fle;J Nghd

fhyk;> ,we;jit> nrd;witfs; Mfpaditfshd ,itfs;

,izaw;witahf cs;sd. xNu khjpupahf ,uz;L tuyhw;Wr;

R+o;epiyfs; ,Uf;ftpy;iy . tuyhW vd;gJ kdpjdpd;

eltbf;iffs; mtdJ ,af;fk; MfpaitfSld; Nru;e;Nj

ngUksT cs;sJ. vy;yhf; fhyq;fspYk; mitfs; Gupe;J

nfhs;sg;gltpy;iy.

Nf. V. ePyfz;l rh];jpup tuyhw;W Mrpupauhd n[.gp. gpA+upapd;

$w;whd Jy;ypakhf tuyhW vd;gJ xU mwptpaNy vd;gij

Vw;Wf; nfhs;fpwhu;. mwptpay; Kiwapy; Mjhuq;fisf; nfhz;L

Muha;r;rp KbTfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd. ,j;jifa

Mjhuq;fisr; Nrhjidf;Fl;gLj;jyhk;. ,t;tifapy; mwptpay;

Mjhuq;fs; vf;fhyj;jpw;Fk; nghJthdJ.

khwhf me;juq;f nra;jpfs;> tuyhW vOtjw;F mbg;gilahf

mikfpd;wd. ,j;jifa Mjhuq;fs; fle;j fhyj;ijr; rhu;e;jit.

vdNt tuyhw;W Mrpupau; epfo;fhyj;jpYk;> tuyhw;W epfo;r;rpfs;

fle;j fhyj;jpYk; mike;Js;sd. ,J tuyhw;wpd; epajp

tuyhw;iwj; njhFf;Fk; nghOJ Kiwahd tuyhw;W Mjhuq;fs;

fpilg;gjpy;iy. vdpy; mj;jifa Kaw;rp E}W klq;F fbdkhd

Kaw;rpahfptpLk;. NkYk; tuyhw;wpy; xt;nthU epiyapYk; kdpj

nray;fSk; epfo;r;rpfSk; tuyhw;W Mrpupaupd; Kaw;rpiaf;

fLikahf;Ffpd;wd. ,t;tifapy; tuyhW vOJtJ vd;gJ Gw

Nehf;Fj; jd;ikAld; mZFk; mwptpaiy tpl fbdkhd

nrayhFk;. tuyhW vd;gJ xU Xtpaj;ijg; Nghd;w xd;W.

mt;Nthtpak; gilj;jtDila kdepiy> jpwik> mt;Nthtpaj;jpd;

gpd;dzp Nghd;wit xU Xtpag;gilg;gpy; mlq;fptpLfpd;wd.

Mdhy; xU ,aw;gpay; tpjp Nghy; Xtpak; nray;gLtjpy;iy .

tuyhW mwptpaypd; xU gFjpia ekf;F czu;j;JfpwJ. Mdhy;

140

,j;jifa tuyhw;W mwpitg; Nghy nghJikg;gLj;jp gad;gLj;j

,ayhJ. ,Ug;gpDk; tuyhw;W Ma;thsu;fSk; mwptpay;

Ma;thsu;fSk; jq;fSila Fwpf;Nfhis mila Kiwahd

mwptpay; G+u;tkhd mZFKiwfisf; filgpbf;fpd;wdu;.

kjpg;gPL

,Wjpapy; Nf.V. vd;. rh];jpup xU rpwe;j tuyhw;W Mrpupau;

cz;ikahd Mjhuq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; tuyhw;iw gilg;ghu; vd

tpsf;fkspf;fpd;whu;. Nf.V. vd;. rh];jpup cUthf;fpa tuyhw;W

E}y;fspy; Kf;fpakhff; fUjg;gLtJ Nrhou;fspd; tuyhW. NkYk;

rq;f fhyj;ij mwptpay; G+u;tkhf ntspg;gLj;jpatu; Nf. V. vd;.

rh];jpupahthu;. gz;ila jkpof tuyhw;wpy; ,tu; cUthf;fpa gy

Nfhl;ghLfs; ,d;Dk; epiyj;J epw;fpd;wd. ,tu; Mw;wpa gzpapd;

fhuzkhf jkpof tuyhw;W Mrpupau;fSs; jiyrpwe;jtuhf Nf.V.

vd;. rh];jpup fUjg;gLfpwhu;.


9.5.1. ,sikg;gUtk;

Nf.Nf. gps;is > fp. gp. 1905 Mk; Mz;L Vg;uy; 3Mk;ehs;

fd;dpahFkup khtl;lj;jpy; gpwe;jhu;. ,tu; gs;sp ehl;fspy; mwpTf;

$u;ikAld; tpsq;fpdhu;. fp.gp. 1927Mk; Mz;L tuyhw;wpy;

KJfiyg;gl;lk; ngw;whu;. fp.gp. 1946 Mk; Mz;L ,tu; 'RrPe;jpuk;"

Nfhapy; gw;wp Ma;T nra;J nrd;idg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; vk;.ypl;

gl;lk; ngw;whu;. ,ijj; njhlu;e;J Nkw;gbg;gpw;fhf ,yz;ldpy;

cs;s fpof;fj;jpa kw;Wk; Mg;gpupf;f Muha;r;rp ikaj;jpw;Fr;

nrd;whu;. mq;F Nguhrpupau; rp. vr;. gpypg;]; Nkw;ghu;itapd; fPo;

1948 Mk; Mz;L gl;lk; ngw;whu;. mg;nghOJ mtu; vOjpa

Ma;Tf;fl;Liuapd; jiyg;G nrd;id khepyj;jpd; jd;dhl;rp

tuyhW fp.gp. 1882- fp.gp. 1918.

,tu; nrd;id khepyj;jpy; fy;tpj;Jiwapy; cjtpg; Nguurpupauhf

fp. gp. 1928ypUe;J fp.gp. 1946Mk; Mz;L tiu gzpGupe;jhu;.

%d;whz;Lfs; ,q;fpyhe;jpy; Nkw;gbg;ig Kbj;Jtpl;L jpUk;gpa

nghOJ fp.gp.1951 Mk; Mz;L nrd;id khepyf; fy;Y}upapd;

tuyhw;Wj; Jiwapd; jiytuhfTk;> khepyf; fy;Y}upapd;

tuyhw;Wj; Jiwapd; jiytuhfTk;> NguurpupauhfTk;

epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;. fp.gp. 1953 Mk; Mz;L nrd;idg; gy;fiyf;

fofj;jpd; ,e;jpa tuyhw;Wj; Jiwapd; jiytuhfTk;>

NguurpupauhfTk; nghWg;Ngw;whu;. Ie;jhz;L fhyk; ,g;gjtpapy;

141

,Ue;jhu;. gpd;du; nrd;idg; gy;fiyf; fofj;jpYs;s gz;ghl;L

kuG ikaj;jpd; ,af;Fduhfg; gzpahw;wpdhu;. mg;gjtpapypUf;Fk;

NghNj ,aw;ifnaa;jpdhu;.

9.5.2. ,,tu; vOjpa E}y;fs;

,tu; Ma;tpd; %ykhf jkpof tuyhw;wpd; rpwg;Gfis ntspf;

nfhzu;e;Js;shu;. ,tu; vOjpa E}y;fs; gy ,Ug;gpDk; Kf;fpakhd

E}y;fs; gpd;tUkhW. 1. RrPe;jpuk; Nfhapy; 2. nrd;id khepyj;jpd;

jd;dhl;rp tuyhW (1882-1918) 3. ehQ;rpy; ehl;bd; Jtf;f fhy

tuyhW 4. jkpofu;fspd; Jtf;fhy tuyhW 5. jkpof tuyhw;W

Nehf;Fld; ,e;jpa tuyhW Xu; Ma;T tuyhw;W Kiwfs; Nf.Nf.

gps;is jw;fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpa xU rpwe;j tuyhw;W Mrpupauhthu;.

jkpof tuyhw;iw mwptpay; Nehf;Fld; Muha;r;rp nra;jhu;. tuyhW

vOJk; nghOJ tuyhw;W Mrpupau; ghugl;rkpd;wp nray;gl

Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ ,tuJ fUj;J. mNj Nghy mwptpay;

mZFKiw tuyhw;W Ma;Tf;F Kf;fpakhdJ vd;gijAk;

Rl;bf;fhl;bdhu;. tuyhW gilf;Fk; nghOJ rhu;Gj;jd;ikapd;wp> Gw

Nehf;Fj; jd;ikAld; nray;glNtz;Lk;> vd;gij

typAWj;jpAs;shu;. tuyhw;W Mrpupau; ePjpgjp Nghy jpwe;j

kdj;Jld; nray;gl Ntz;Lk;. NkYk; gz;ila tuyhw;W

Mjhuq;fs;> tuyhw;Wr; nra;jpfis tpl fl;Lf;fijfisAk;>

Guhzf;fijfisAk; jhq;fpAs;sJ vd;gij Mjhuj;Jld;

tpsf;fpAs;shu;. cjhuzkhd rpd;dkD}u;> gl;laq;fspy; ty;yg;

ghz;bad; cyfk; KOtJk; jdJ Filapd; fPo; nfhz;L

te;jhff; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. mNj Nghy eurpk;ktu;kd; gy;ytd; rptd;

kw;Wk; gpuk;kh Nghd;wtu;fSf;F ,izahdtd; vd;W

Fwpg;gpLtijAk; Rl;bf;fhl;bAs;shu;. vdNt Nf. Nf. gps;is

tuyhw;W %y Mjhuq;fis fz;%bj;jdkhf gad;gLj;jyhfhJ

vd;W Rl;bf;fhl;b vOjpAs;shu;.

tuyhw;W Mrpupau; ve;j gFjpapd; tuyhw;iw vOJfpwhNuh

mg;gFjpapd; nkhop njupe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; ,y;iyNay; Jiz

Mjhuq;fisf; nfhz;L jhd; tuyhW vOj Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhu;.

cjhuzkhf nkf];jdpi]Ak;> tpd;n]d;l; ];kpj;ijAk; Rl;bf;

fhl;Lfpd;whu;. nkf];jdp]; ,e;jpa r%fj;ijg; gw;wp KOikahf

mwpa Kbahikf;Ff; fhuzk; ,e;jpa nkhopfis mwpahjNj.

mNj Nghy tpd;n]d;l; ];kpj; njd;dpe;jpa nkhopfis

mwpe;jpUf;fhjjhy; mtu; vOjpa ,e;jpa tuyhw;iwf; fhtpupf;

fiuapypUe;J vOj Kbatpy;iy .

xU tuyhw;W Mrpupau; gy JiwfspYk; Nju;r;rp ngw;wpUf;f

Ntz;Lk; vd;Dk; fUj;ij ,tu; typAWj;Jfpd;whu;. cjhuzkhf>

xU tuyhw;W Mrpupau; fy;ntl;bay;> kdpj ,d ,ay;> r%f

142

,ay;> jj;Jtk;> cstpay; kw;Wk; murpay; Mfpa ,j;Jiwfspy;

Nju;r;rp ngw;wpUe;jhyd;wp mtu; vOJfpd;w KOtuyhw;wpd;

Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij czu;j;j ,ayhJ vd;W $Wfpd;whu;.

NkYk;> Mjhuq;fisg; gFj;J Ma;T nra;Ak; nghOJ xU epfo;r;rp

,Utifahd Mjhuq;fisf; nfhz;L cWjpg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;F

cjhuzkhf fpNuf;f tuyhw;W Mjhuq;fisAk;> ,yq;if tuyhw;W

Mjhuq;fisAk; Rl;bf;fhl;b mit vt;thW ,e;jpa tuyhw;W

epfo;r;rpfis cWjpg;gLtjw;F gad;gLfpd;wd vd;gijAk;

Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;whu;.

xU tuyhW vOJtjw;Ff; fy;ntl;Lr; rhd;Wfs; kl;LNk

Kf;fpakhdit my;y. khwhf> ,yf;fpaj;jpw;Fk; mjpf

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspf;fg;glNtz;Lk; vd;gJ Nguhrpupau; Nf.Nf.

gps;isapd; fUj;J. ,jw;Ff; fhuzk; fy;ntl;Lf;fs;

KOtuyhw;Wr; nra;jpfisAk; jhq;fp ,Uf;f tha;g;G ,y;iy.

mj;jifa nra;jpfis ,yf;fpa Mjhuq;fs; epiwT nra;fpd;wd.

cjhuzkhf gy;ytu; fy;ntl;Lfs; ee;jptu;kdpd; Nghu;fisg;

gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLk; nghOJ njs;shw;W Nghiu kl;LNk Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

Mdhy; ee;jpf;fyk;gfj;jpy; flk;G+u;> njhz;b kw;Wk; gioahiw

Nghd;w ,lq;fspy; ee;jptu;kd; elj;jpa Nghu;fisg; gw;wpf;

Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

tuyhw;wpy; GwNehf;Fj; jd;ik vjpupfshf nkhopg;gw;W> ,dg;gw;W>

kz;lyg;gw;W Mfpatw;iwr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lfpd;whu;.

tuyhW vd;gJ kf;fspd; tho;f;if > r%f epiy gw;wpajhFk;.

Mq;fpy tuyhw;W Mrpupau;fshd nkf;fhNy> nkapd;> `z;lu;>

ya]; kw;Wk; ];kpj; Nghd;Nwhu;> r%f tuyhw;iw tpl murpay;

kw;Wk; epu;thf tuyhw;Wf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspj;Js;sdu;. vdNt

rk epiyapyhd tuyhW vOjg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.

,e;jpa tuyhw;iwg; nghWj;jtiu tuyhw;wpd; Jtf;fkhf itif

kw;Wk; fhtpup Ntz;Lk;. ,tu; rpe;J rkntsp ehfuPfj;jpw;Fk;>

jkpof ehfupfj;jpw;Fk; gy xw;Wik ,Ug;gij Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;whu;.

mNjNghy; gy;ytu;fisg; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLk; NghJ mtu;fs; Kjypy;

rj;jpupau;fshfTk;> gpd;du; me;jzu; epiyia mile;jdu; vd;Wk;

gps;isatu;fs; Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;whu;. ,jd; gpujpgypg;ghf> Mupa

fyhr;rhuKk;> rk];fpUjKk; jkpo;ehL KOtJk; gutpAs;sijr;

Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;whu;.

Nf.Nf. gps;is rhjp ghFghl;ilAk; jkpo;ehl;by; mit Njhd;wpa

tpjk; gw;wpAk; tpupthf gw;wpAk; tpupthf Muha;r;rp nra;J

ntspapl;L cs;shu;. ,tiug; nghWj;jtiu xU tuyhw;W Mrpupau;.

143

gy Mjhuq;fspypUe;J tuyhw;W cz;ikfisr; Nrfupf;f KbAk;

vd typAWj;Jfpwhu;.

kjpg;gPL

gz;ika> ,ilf;fhy kw;Wk; etPd jkpof tuyhw;iwr; rPupa

Ma;tpd; %ykhf ntspg;gLj;jpa ngUik Nf.Nf.gps;is

mtu;fisNa rhUk;. ,tu; jw;fhyj;jpy; tho;e;J kiwe;j

jkpofj;jpd; jiyrpwe;j tuyhw;whsu; Mthu;. ,tu; vOjpa

jkpou;fspd; r%f tuyhW kpfr; rpwe;j E}yhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ.

,tu; filg;gpbj;j tuyhw;W KiwfSk; mwptpay;

mZFKiwahFk;. GwNehf;Fj; jd;ik nfhz;ljhFk;. ,tu;

tuyhw;W Mjhuq;fisf; fLikahd Nrhjidf;Fl;gLj;jp tuyhw;W

E}y;fisg; gilj;Js;shu;.


,e;jpahtpy; tuyhw;W Ma;Tk; tuyhW vOjYk; gy;NtW

Kiwfspy; mjpfupj;jpUf;fpd;wd vd;gjpy; re;Njfk; ,Uf;f

KbahJ. tk;r tuyhWfSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLf;Fk;

Mq;fpNyau;fspd; mbr;RtLfs; Mq;fhq;Nf Ma;T kw;Wk;

vOj;Jfspy; gpd;gw;wg;gLtJ vd;gJ $l cz;ikahfj;jhd;

,Uf;fpwJ. ,jpy; khu;f;rpa Row;rp ghu;itapd; fPo;> ,e;jpa

b.b.Nfhrk;gp tuyhw;W tiutpaypd; Fog;gkhd Nghf;F kw;Wk;

nray;jpwd; mw;w ghu;itapy;> xU Kd;Ndw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jpa

tuhf Nfhrhk;gp ,Ue;jhu;. Nfhrhk;gp fzpjtpaiy ed;F

mwpe;jpUe;jhu;. xU tuyhw;whsuhf Nfhrhk;gpapd; gzp kpfTk;

cau;e;j xd;W. Nfhrhk;gp goq;fhy ,e;jpa tuyhW kw;Wk; gz;ghL

njhlu;ghf 100 Ma;Tf; fl;Liufisg; gy;NtW tpjkhd

Kiwfspy; vOjpAs;shu;. ,e;jpa tuyhw;W Ma;Tf;fhd

LOCATION (Introduction to the Study of Indian History - 1956)>

tuyhw;W vr;rq;fspy; goq;fhy ,e;jpa ehfupfKk; gz;ghLk;

(Culture and Civilization of Ancient India in Historical Outline - 1965)

Mfpa ,uz;Lk; ,e;jpa tuyhw;iw kuG top mZFKiwapd;

mbg;gilapy; epiy epWj;jhky; jpwk;gl Gjpa Kiwapy;

vOjg;gl;Ls;sd.

,tu; khu;f;rpa tuyhw;whsd;> khu;f;]; Vq;fy;]; fUj;Jf;fSf;F

Vw;g tuyhw;W cz;ikfisr; Nrfupf;Fk; Fzk; nfhz;Ls;shu;.

,e;jpa tuyhw;iw xU Fwpg;gpl;l vy;iyf;Fs; mlq;fp tpl

KbahJ vd Nfhrhk;gp MNkhjpj;jpUf;fpwhu;. vdNt> ,e;j

tifapy; Nfhrhk;gpia khu;f;rpa tuyhw;whsdhf fUj KbahJ.

mu;j;j rh];jpuk; kw;Wk; ghyp ,yf;fpaq;fspd; $w;Wg;gb> fp.K. 400

144

ypUe;J fp.K. 100 f;F ,ilapy; Ntj fhyj;jpypUe;J $yp

njhopyhsu;fs; gapupLjy; Ntiyf;F mku;j;jg;gl;ldu;. Fwpg;ghf

fp.gp. 500 ypUe;J fp.gp. 100 tiuapyhd fhyj;jpy; ngupa

mstpyhd epyj;jpy; gzpf;Fj; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;ldu;. mr;rkaj;jpy;

Fwpg;gplj;jf;f mstpy; vt;tsT mbikfs; ,Ue;jhu;fs;.

R+j;jpuu;fSf;Fk; mtu;fSf;Fkpilapyhd r%f khw;wq;fs; gw;wpa

Nfs;tpfSf;F ,tuJ E}ypy; tpsf;fk; jug;gltpy;iy .

ghuk;gupa khu;f;rpaf; fUj;jhfpa> Mrpa r%fq;fs; khw;wg;gl

Kbahjit vd;Dk; ,f;fUj;jpypUe;J Nfhrhk;gp NtWgLfpwhu;.

Nfhrhk;gpiag; nghWj;j tiu epyj;ij cOk; NghNj cw;gj;jp

Kiwapy; ngupa Kd;Ndw;wk; fhz KbfpwJ vd;W $Wfpd;whu;.

NkYk; khu;f;rpaf; fUj;jhfpa jd;dpiwT nfhz;l fpuhkq;fs;

Mrpa r%fq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd vd;w fUj;Jf;F khwhf

Nfhrhk;gp jd;dpiwT mw;witahf ,Ue;jd> gpd;du; mit

jd;dpiwT mile;jd ,jw;Ff; fhuzk; efuq;fspd; tsu;r;rpNa

MFk; vd;fpwhu;.

Nfhrhk;gp mbg;gil khu;f;rpa jj;Jtq;fspypUe;J rpwpJ

NtWgLfpd;whu;. cjhuzkhf mtiug; nghWj;j tiu khu;f;rprk;

vd;gJ mwptpay; Muha;r;rpf;F gad;gLk; xU fUtp. mJNt xU

rpe;jidahfhJ vd;W vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;whu;. NkYk; vy;yhf; fhy

fl;lq;fspYk; khu;f;rpd; fUj;Jfisf; fz;%bj;jdkhf gpd;gw;wf;

$lhJ vdTk; vLj;Jiuf;fpwhu;. ,j;jifa fUj;J NtWghLfs;

,Ug;gpDk; Nfhrhk;gp mbg;gilapy; xU khu;f;rpa tuyhw;whrpupau;

Mthu;. ,tiug; nghWj;j tiu tuyhW vd;gJ ntt;NtW

fhyf;fl;lq;fspy; cw;gj;jp top Kiwfspy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fNs

MFk;. NkYk; me;juq;f epfo;r;rpfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l

Gfo;ghLk; tuyhWfs; fw;gid czu;r;rp kpf;f fiyfshff;

fUjg;gLk;. vdNt Nfhrhk;gpiag; nghWj;j tiu vt;thW epyk;

cog;gl;lJ vd;gij mbg;gilahff; nfhs;s Ntz;LNk jtpu ahu;

epyj;Jf;Fr; nrhe;jfhuu; vd;gJ Kf;fpakhdJ md;W vd;W

fUJfpwhu;. gz;ghl;bd; msT Nfhyhff; fUjg;gLtJ xU

rKjhaj;jpd; mwptpay; kw;Wk; rka tsu;r;rp my;y khwhf

cw;gj;jpj; jpwidNa gz;ghl;bd; msTNfhyhff; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;

vd;W mtu; fUJfpwhu;.

,e;jpahitg; nghWj;jtiu gz;ila ,e;jpa tuyhw;iwj;

njhy;nghUspay; kw;Wk; kdpj ,d ,ay; mbg;gilapy;

cUthf;fpAs;shu;. Nkw;$upa ,t;tpU ,ay;fSk; jj;Jtk; kw;Wk;

nkhopapay; mbg;gilapy; vOjg;gLk; tuyhWfspy; cs;s

Fiwfisf; fise;J vwpa cjTfpwJ. vdNt njhy;nghUspay;

Mjhuq;fisAk; kdpj ,ay; Mjhuq;fisAk; tuyhw;W

145

Mrpupau;fs; mjpf mstpy; gad;gLj;jp mwptpay;G+u;tkhf vOj

Ntz;Lk; vd;w fUj;ij Nfhrhk;gp typAWj;Jfpd;whu;.

Nfhrhk;gp gy;Jiw mZFKiwiag; Gs;spf;fhRfisg; gw;wpa

Ma;tpy; gad;gLj;jpAs;shu;. ,t;thuha;r;rpapd; %ykhf

ghypnkhopapYs;s ngsj;j E}y;fspy; fhzg;gLk; muru;fspd;

gl;baYld; mfo;thuha;r;rpapd; %yk; fpilj;j Gs;spf; fhRfis

xg;gpl;L ,uz;bw;FKs;s cwT Kiwfis ntspg;gLj;jpAs;shu;.

Nfhrhk;gp ,e;jpa tuyhw;wpd; gy fhyf;fl;lq;fspy; cs;s

epfo;r;rpfis xg;gpl;L Nehf;fpAs;shu;. ,tuJ Nfhl;ghl;bd;

thapyhf kiyrhjp kf;fs; nghJ r%f mikg;gpy; vt;thW

,ize;jdu; vd;gijr; Rl;bf;fhl;bAs;shu;. rpe;J rkntsp gw;wp

Nfhrhk;gpapd; fUj;Jf;fs;

mbg;gilapy; ehfupfq;fs; Mw;Wg;gLf;iffspy; Njhd;wpd. ,jw;Ff;

fhuzk; tho;f;iff;F Ntz;ba czTg; nghUl;fs; Nrfupg;gjw;F

,r;R+o;epiy cjtpahf mike;jJ. NkYk; Mw;Wr; rkntspiar;

Rw;wp nropg;ghd fhLfSk;> rJg;G epyq;fSk; mike;jpUe;jd.

,r;R+o;epiy ehfupfj;Jtf;fj;jpy; mk;kf;fSf;F Ntz;ba

Njitfisg; G+u;j;jp nra;jd. rpe;J rkntsp ehfupfj;ijg;

nghWj;jtiu> Nfhrhk;gpapd; fUj;Jg;gb mk;kf;fs; tha;f;fhy;

ghrdj;ijg; gad;gLj;jtpy;iy. NkYk; mjpf tYTila ViuAk;

gad;gLj;jtpy;iy. nkhfQ;rjhNuhtpy; fhzg;gLk; ngupa Fsk;

rlq;fSf;Ffhf gad;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w fUj;ij

typAWj;Jfpwhu;. tpisg;nghUl;fs; kf;fSf;F Nfhapy; %ykhf

gfpu;e;jspf;fg;gl;ld vd;w fUj;jpd; thapyhf rpe;J rkntsp kw;Wk;

ùg;ghtpypUe;j ehfupfq;fs; rkar; rhu;g;Gila muirf;

nfhz;bUe;jd vdr; Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;whu;. Mupau;fspd; njhopy; El;g

Nkd;ik ehNlhbfshfTk;> Mau;fshTk; tho;f;if elj;jp te;j

Mupau;fs; Nghupy; Fjpiu G+l;ba ,ujq;fisAk; mjpf fdKs;s

nghjpfisr; Rkg;gjw;F vUJ G+l;ba tz;bfisAk; gad;gLj;jpdu;.

,it ,uz;ilAk; rpe;J rkntsp kf;fs; gad;gLj;jtpy;iy .

gpd;du; Mupau;fs; ,Uk;gpd; gaidAk;> Vupd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijAk;

mwpe;J nfhz;ldu;. ,j;njhopy;El;g cjtpAld; Mupau;fs;

,Uk;gpd; gaidAk;> Vupd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijAk; mwpe;J nfhz;ldu;.

,j;njhopy;El;g cjtpAld; Mupau;fs; rkntspfisAk;

fhLfisAk; jq;fs; trk; nfhz;L tu Kbe;jJ. rhjp Kiw

Nfhrhk;gpapd; fUj;Jg;gb ,e;jpahtpw;Fs; te;j Mupau;fs;

,e;jpahtpNyNa trpj;J te;j goq;Fb kf;fs; Mupau;fshy;

mbikg;gLj;jg;gl;ldu;. ,JNt rhjp Kiw Njhd;w mbg;gilahf

mike;jJ. Mupau;fs; ML khLfis Nka;j;Jf; nfhz;bUe;j

epiyapypUe;J epiyahd coTj;njhopy; nra;aj; njhlq;fpa

fhyj;jpy; gy rlq;Ffisg; gpd;gw;wpdhu;fs;. ,j;jifa rlq;Ffs;

146

MupauJ fyhr;rhuj;jpy; gy epiyfspy; gpujpgypj;jd. ,j;jifa

rlq;Ffis elj;j gpuhkzu;fs; Njitg;gl;ldu;. ,jdbg;gilapy;

gpuhkzu;fs; r%fj;jpy; cau;e;j epiyia mile;jdu;. ,Uk;gpd;

fhyj;ijg; gw;wpa Nfhrhk;gpapd; fUj;Jf;fs; Nfhrhk;gpiag;

nghWj;j tiu ,Uk;gpd; gad; Mupa r%fj;ijg; gy

khWjy;fSf;Fs;shfpaJ. typik tha;e;j Viu gad;gLj;jf;$ba

tptrha r%fkhf Mupa r%fk; khwpaJ.

ypr;rhtp> ky;yh kw;Wk; Nfhryh Nghd;w ehLfspilNa> Vw;gl;l

murpay; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; kfjehL Nguurhf cUntLj;jJ. ,jw;Ff;

fhuzk;> ,uhf;fpau; kiyfspy; ,Uk;Gj;jhJg; nghUl;fs;

fpilj;jd; tpisNtahFk;.

nksupa muR gzg; nghUshjhuj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l

muR vd;W mu;jrh];jpuj;jpypUg;gij nfhrhk;gp Rl;bf; fhl;Lfpwhu;.

mNrhfUila fhyj;jpy; nksupa epu;thfj;jpy; Vw;gl;l khWjy;fs;

fhuzkhf nksupa muR cNyhfq;fspd; kPJ nfhz;bUe;j

VfNghf cupik rpwpJ Fiwe;jJ. ,jdhy; nksupag; NguuRf;F

epjp neUf;fb Vw;gl;lJ vd;W Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;whu;.


nksupau;fspd; tPo;r;rpf;Fg; gpwF jf;fhzj;jpy; rhjthfdu;fs;

Ml;rpia epiy ehl;bdu;. rhjthfdu;fSila may; ehl;L

thzpgk; Kf;fpakhf Nuhk; NguuRld; xU nrOik kpf;f thzpg

tu;f;fj;ij cUthf;fpaJ. ,j;jifa epiyapy; %d;whk;

E}w;whz;by; Nuhk; NguuR tPo;r;rpAw;wJ. fpuhkq;fspy; nghUl;fSf;F

cz;lhd Njitia efuq;fs; G+u;j;jp nra;a ,aytpy;iy.

fpuhkq;fSf;Fj; Njitahd Ra Njitfisg; G+u;j;jp nra;a

njhopyhsu;fs; mq;F Fb ngau;e;jdu;. ,jd; tpisthf

fpuhkq;fspy; epykhdpa Kiw Njhd;wpaJ.

,j;jifa epykhdpa Kiw Vw;gLj;jtjw;F rkaf; fUj;Jf;fs;

cjtp Gupe;jd vd;W Nfhrhk;gp Rl;bf; fhl;Lfpd;whu;. fPjh

cgNjrj;ij vLj;Jf;fhl;b xt;nthUtUk; gyid vjpu;ghu;f;fhky;

jdJ flikiar; nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;w fUj;J epykhdpa

Kiwapy; Nt&d;wpapUe;j mbg;gilf; fUj;J vd;gij Nfhrhk;gp

Rl;bf; fhl;Lfpd;whu;.

mNjNghy nghUshjhuk; vt;thW rkaf; fUj;Jfis

khw;wpaikj;jJ vd;gijAk; Nfhrhk;gp Rl;bf; fhl;Lfpwhu;. ,e;J

kjj;jpw;F vjpuhf Gj;j kjk; kw;Wk; rkzkjk; Njhd;wpapUe;jhYk;

fhyg;Nghf;fpy; ,e;J rkaq;fspy; Vw;gl;l khWjy;fs; Gj;j kw;Wk;

i[d kjq;fspy; Vw;gltpy;iy . nryT kpf;f rkar;rlq;Ffs;

147

Gj;j kjj;jpy; xopf;fg;gl;ld. ML khLfs; nfhy;yg;gLtijAk;

Gj;jkjk; jil nra;jJ. ,ijNa gpuhkzu;fs; gpd;gw;wp gy

khw;wq;fisf; nfhz;L te;jdu;.

kjpg;gPL

Nfhrhk;gp Njf;fkile;jpUe;j ,e;jpa tuyhw;wpaypy; Gjpa

gupkhzj;ij Vw;gLj;jpdhu;. ,tuJ mZFKiw mwptpay;

G+u;tkhdjhfTk;> gy;NtW Jiwfs; mbg;gilapYk; mike;jpUe;jJ.

,e;jpa tuyhw;Wf;F xU Gjpa cj;Ntfj;ij mspj;jJ. ,tuJ

mZFKiwiag; gpd;gw;wp gy ,e;jpa tuyhw;whrpupau;fs; ,e;jpa

tuyhw;iw vOjpAs;shu;


1. [Jehj; ru;f;fhu; vjw;fhfg; Gfo;ngw;wtu;?

2. [Jehj; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpa INuhg;gpa tuyhw;whrpupau;fspd;

ngaiuf; Fwpg;gplTk;.

3. ru;f;fhupd; tuyhw;Wg; gilg;Gfspd; %d;W gFjpfisf;

Fwpg;gplTk;.

4. ru;f;fhupd; ‘rpg;]; /g;uk; mtuJ nkapd; xu;f;\hg;’ vjDld;

njhlu;GilaJ?

5. ePyfz;l rh];jpup ve;j gy;fiyf;fofq;fspy; fw;gpj;jhu;?

6. rh];jpupapd; rpy gilg;Gfis Fwpg;gplTk;.

7. vq;Nf Nf.Nf. gps;sha; lhf;lu; gl;lk; ngw;wtu;?

8. jkpou;fspd; tuyhw;Wg; ghuk;gupak; vijf; ifahs;fpwJ?

9. tuyhw;wpd; jPk; kw;Wk; Kiw vd;d?

10. ikf;Nuhypjpf; jsq;fs; kw;Wk; fiyg;nghUl;fs; gw;wpa

Nfhrhk;gpapd; tpupthd fsg;gzp mtiu vd;d nra;a cjtpaJ?

11. goq;FbapypUe;J rhjpf;F khWtJ vjd; tpisT?

12. fq;if gs;sj;jhf;fpy; nghUshjhu khw;wq;fspd; vOr;rpapd;

tpisthf Njhd;wpa ,uz;L tFg;Gfis gl;bayplTk;.

148


1. [Jehj; ru;f;fhu;> tuyhw;wpw;fhf mtu; Nju;e;njLj;j ghlj;jpd;

tuk;G> mtuJ Muha;r;rpf;fhf mtu; gpd;gw;wpa El;gk; kw;Wk;

rpfpr;ir kw;Wk; fpl;lj;jl;l mWgJ Mz;Lfshf ePz;l kw;Wk;

RWRWg;ghd fhyg;gFjpapy; mtu; cUthf;fpa Vuhskhd

gilg;GfSf;fhf Gfo;ngw;wtu;.

2. [hJehj; INuhg;gpa tuyhw;whrpupau;fshd fpshnuz;ld;> `d;l;>

fhu;iyy;> Nuq;Nf> nkf;fhNy> fpg;gd; kw;Wk; gpwuhy; ngupJk;

ghjpf;fg;gl;lhu;.

3. [Jehj; ru;f;fhupd; tuyhw;Wg; gilg;Gfis %d;W ntt;NtW

gFjpfshfg; gpupf;fyhk;. KjyhtJ Kfyha Ma;Tfs;> ,uz;lhtJ

kuhl;ba Ma;Tfs; kw;Wk; %d;whtJ ‘rpg;]; /g;uk; `p]; nkapd;

xu;f;\hg;’.

4. Kfyhau;fs; kw;Wk; kuhl;bau;fs; kPJ mtu; Nrfupj;j gue;j

nghUl;fspypUe;J ntspg;gl;l Jiz jahupg;GfSld; 'mtuJ

Kf;fpa gl;liwapy; ,Ue;J rpg;];' njhlu;GilaJ.

5. 1929 Kjy; 1946 tiu nrd;idg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; tuyhW

kw;Wk; njhy;ypay; Jiwg; Nguhrpupauhfg; gzpahw;wpdhu;. ikR+u;

gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; ,e;jpatpay; NguhrpupauhfTk; 1952 Kjy; 1955

tiu gzpahw;wpdhu;.

6. rh];jpupapd; gilg;Gfs; ghz;ba ,uhr;rpak;> ,e;jpa tuyhW>

njd;dpe;jpahtpy; kj tsu;r;rp kw;Wk; ,e;jpahtpd; tpupthd tuyhW

kw;Wk; jf;fhzj;jpd; tuyhW gw;wpa njhFjpfSf;F mtu;

gq;fspj;j gy mj;jpahaq;fis cs;slf;fpaJ.

7. Nf.Nf. gps;is Mf;];Nghu;L gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; "nkl;uh];

gpurpnld;rpapy; cs;shl;rp Rahl;rp> 1850-1919" vd;w jiyg;gpy;

Kidtu; gl;lk; ngw;whu;.

8. ,e;E}y; ny%upad; Nfhl;ghL cl;gl jkpou;fspd; tuyhw;Wg;

ghuk;gupaj;ij tpupthff; ifahs;fpwJ.

9. kdpj tho;f;ifapd; cz;ik> mjhtJ> kdpjdpd; tho;f;iff;Fk;

mtd; trk; cs;s cw;gj;jpr; rhjdq;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s

cs;shu;e;j njhlu;G-Kd;du; khwpa gup gh]{ (rk Ntfj;Jld;)

gpe;ijatw;Wld;-tuyhw;wpd; fUg;nghUshfTk; topKiwahfTk;

mikfpwJ.

149

10. ikf;Nuhypjpf; jsq;fs; kw;Wk; fiyg;nghUl;fs; gw;wpa

Nfhrhk;gpapd; tpupthd fsg;gzp> tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhyj;jpy;

Nkw;F jf;fhzj;jpy; Nka;g;gu;fs;> fhy;eil tsu;g;gtu;fs; kw;Wk;

njhlf;f tzpfu;fs; nrd;w ghijfisf; Fwpf;f mtUf;F

cjtpaJ.

11. cw;gj;jp Kiwia khw;wp> goq;Fbapdu; kw;Wk; Fyq;fspd;

fl;likg;ig cilj;J> r%f mikg;gpd; khw;W tbtkhf rhjpia

khw;wpa gy;NtW gFjpfspy; coT tptrhak;

mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;ljd; tpisthf ,e;j khw;wk; Vw;gl;lJ.

12. KjyhtJ> fpU`gjpfs; my;yJ ngupa Mzhjpf;f

FLk;gq;fspd; jiytu;fs; vd;W miof;fg;gLk; epyj;ij cila

tptrhapfspd; tu;f;fk;; kw;Wk; ,uz;lhtJ xU fpy;l; my;yJ

efuj;jpy; kpf Kf;fpakhd egu;fs; vd;W nghUs;gLk; \;Nu\;b];

vd;W miof;fg;gLk; gzf;fhu tzpfu;fspd; tu;f;fk;.


� [kPd;jhuhd uh[;Fkhu; ru;f;fupd; kfd; [Jehj; ru;f;fhu; (1870-

1958)> brk;gu; 10> 1870 ,y; tq;fhsNjrj;jpd; uh[;\h`p

khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s uhk;G+u; vd;w ,lj;jpy; fha];jh FLk;gj;jpy;

gpwe;jhu;.

� mtu; Rarupij> epyg;gug;G> fiy> fl;blf;fiy> kjk;>

nghUshjhuk;> Gs;spapay;> fzf;nfLg;G kw;Wk; ,uhZt mwptpay;

Nghd;w gy;NtW ghlq;fspy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f gilg;Gfis

cUthf;fpa gd;Kf Nkij.

� [Jehj; INuhg;gpag; Gyikapd; ,e;jpag; gjpg;ghfj; Njhd;wpdhu;>

NkYk; Nkw;fj;jpa tuyhw;Wr; rpe;jidapy; rpwe;J tpsq;Fk;

midj;jpd; cUtfkhf mtiuf; fhz;fpNwhk;.

� [Jehj; xsuq;frPg; kPJ fLikahf ele;Jnfhz;lhu;> mtu;

kjntwpauhff; fUjpdhu;> ,e;Jf; Nfhapy;fs; mopf;fg;gLtjw;Fk;>

,e;Jf;fSf;F vjpuhd njhlu;r;rpahd ghFghLfSf;Fk;

fhuzkhdtu;.

� mtuJ rpth[p mz;l; `p]; ilk;]; (1919) vl;L ntt;NtW

nkhopfspy; cs;s Mjhuq;fisg; gw;wpa mtuJ tpku;rd Ma;tpd;

150

tpisthFk;. ,e;j Ntiyapy;jhd; [Jehj;jpd; cz;ikahd Nuq;f;

gpujpgypj;jJ> Vndd;why; rpth[p kWf;fKbahj ghijapd; P̀Nuh

vd;w kf;fs; vOr;rpapypUe;J mtuJ njhdp NtWgl;lJ.

� [Jehj; xU tpQ;Qhdp kl;Lky;y> xU tuyhw;whrpupau;

tpQ;Qhdpia tpl fiyQUld; mjpf njhlu;G itj;jpUg;gjhf

ek;gpa xU fiyQUk; Mthu;. mtu; tuyhw;iw njspthfTk;>

ftu;r;rpahfTk;> trPfukhfTk; khw;w tpUk;gpdhu;> NkYk;

'fj;jupf;Nfhy; kw;Wk; fk;-ghl;by;' tif Muha;r;rpia fz;bj;jhu;.

� Nf.V. ePyfz;l rh];jpup Kd;dhs; mjpfhup ,af;Feuhf

epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;

1954 ,y; ikR+u; khepyj;jpw;fhd njhy;ypay; Jiw. 1950fspd;

njhlf;fj;jpy; mfpy ,e;jpa Xupaz;ly; khehl;bd; jiytuhfTk;

,Ue;jhu;. 1957 Kjy; 1972 tiu> njd;fpof;F Mrpahtpd; ghuk;gupa

fyhr;rhuf; fofj;jpd; And];Nfh jpl;lj;Jld; njhlu;Gilatu;.

� 1920 fspy;> rh];jpup "xU RahjPdkhd jkpo; fyhr;rhuj;jpd;

,Ug;ig typAWj;jpdhu;> ,J Gwk;ghd jhf;fq;fshy;

njhlg;gLtjw;F Kd;Ng gy E}w;whz;Lfshf nropj;J tsu;e;jJ".

� Nf.Nf. tuyhw;whrpupau;fs; Neu;ik> Neu;ik> tpNtfk; kw;Wk;

gf;fr;rhu;gw;w jd;ik Mfpa mbg;gil Fzq;fisf; nfhz;bUf;f

Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk;> [hjp> nkhop> gpuhe;jpak; kw;Wk; kjk; njhlu;ghd

gpur;rpidfspy; FWfpa kdg;ghd;ik> xUjiyg;gl;r kw;Wk;

czu;r;rpG+u;tkhd mZFKiw jtpu;f;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk;

gps;is ek;gpdhu;.

�� ehQ;rpy;ehl;bd; tuyhW ,Jtiu fpilf;fg;ngw;w KO

juTfspd; mbg;gilapy; Kiwahd Kiwapy;

Gduikf;fg;gltpy;iy vd;W gps;is ek;Gfpwhu;. ,J jpUtpjhq;$u;

tuyhw;iw vOJgtu;fspd; iffspy; ,lJ if rpfpr;iria tpl

rw;W mjpfkhfNt ngw;Ws;sJ.

� Nf.Nf.gps;isapd; khngUk; gilg;G RrPe;jpuk; kpfTk; gpugykhd

gilg;G.

Nfhtpy;-xU jdpf;Fwpg;G. njd;dpe;jpa tuyhW kw;Wk; fiy gw;wpa

ekJ mwpTf;F ,J xU rpwe;j gq;fspg;ghFk;. ,e;j

151

NkhNdhfpuhg;gpy;> Nf.Nf.gps;is RrPe;jpuj;jpy; cs;s Gfo;ngw;w

Nfhtpypd; tuyhw;iw xU tpupthd Ma;T nra;fpwhu;.


� epyg;gug;G: ,J epyg;gug;Gfspd; tbtq;fs; kw;Wk;

mk;rq;fisg; gw;wpa Ma;T MFk;

� nkl;lhgprpf;];: ,J nka;apaypd; mbg;gilj; jd;ikia

Muha;fpwJ> ,jpy; kdk; kw;Wk; nghUSf;F ,ilNa cs;s

cwT> nghUs; kw;Wk; gz;Gf;F ,ilNa> kw;Wk; rhj;jpak;

kw;Wk; cz;ikj;jd;ik Mfpatw;Wf;F ,ilNa cs;s

njhlu;G cl;gl.

� vjpu;g;G: ,J xUtUf;F my;yJ NtW VjhtJ xd;wpw;F

Neu; vjpuhd xU egu; my;yJ nghUisf; Fwpf;fpwJ.

� gpuptpid: ,J xU ngupa epWtdj;jpypUe;J> Fwpg;ghf xU

murpay; mikg;gpypUe;J> Mdhy; ve;jnthU mikg;G>

njhopw;rq;fk; my;yJ ,uhZtf; $l;lzpapypUe;Jk; xU

FOitj; jpUk;gg; ngWtjhFk;.

� ,dtpay;: gy;NtW kf;fspd; Fzhjpraq;fisAk;

mtu;fSf;fpilapyhd cwTfisAk; xg;gpl;L gFg;gha;T

nra;tJ khDltpaypd; fpisahFk;.

� Nkl;upypdp: ,J jhapd; NfhL topahf tk;rhtspiaf;

fz;lwpAk; eilKiwahFk;.

� bbupgiyNr\d;: ,J xU egu;fSf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd

nray;KiwahFk;


FWfpa tpdhf;fs;

1. tuyhw;W epfo;T njhlu;ghf [Jehj; ru;f;fhu; vd;d czu;e;jhu;?

2. 1917 ,y; ru;f;fupd; tho;f;ifapy; vd;d tsu;r;rpfs; ele;jd?

3. Kfyhag; NguuR gw;wpa ru;f;fupd; rpy Kf;fpakhd

gilg;Gfisf; Fwpg;gplTk;.

4. ePyfz;l rh];jpup gw;wpa Rg;igahtpd; fUj;Jf;fSf;F xU rpW

Fwpg;ig vOJq;fs;.

5. b.b.apd; Kf;fpa gilg;GfSf;F ngauplTk;. Nfhrhk;gp.

152

6. rpe;J ehfupfj;jpd; tPo;r;rpf;F Nfhrhk;gp ahiuf; fhuzk;

$Wfpwhu;?

tphpthd tpdhf;fs;

1. [Jehj;jpd; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpa kw;Wk; tbtikj;j %d;W

cUthf;Fk; fhuzpfisg; gw;wp tpthjpf;fTk;

tuyhw;W Gyik.

2. Kfyha Ma;Tj; Jiwapy; ru;f;fhupd; gzp kw;Wk; ghu;itfis

gFg;gha;T nra;Aq;fs;.

3. ehQ;rpy;ehl;bd; tuyhW Fwpj;j gps;isapd; fUj;Jf;fis

MuhAq;fs;.

4. Nfhrhk;gpapd; xg;gPl;L tprhuiz Kiwia tpupthff; $Wq;fs;.








OUP India.






153

myF-10

Gfo;ngw;w ,e;jpa tuyhw;whrpupau;fs; : Mu;.rj;jpaehja;au;>

b.tp.rjhrpt gz;lhuj;jhu;> vd;. Rg;ukzpad;> fp.uh[a;ad;

cs;slf;fk;

10.1. Kd;Diu

10.2. Nehf;fq;fs;






10.6. Nf.uh[a;ad;







10.1. KKd;Diu

,e;j gpupT Gfo;ngw;w ,e;jpa tuyhw;whrpupau;fspd; njhlu;r;rpahf

mikfpwJ. ,e;j myfpy; tpthjpf;fg;gl;l tuyhw;whrpupau;fs;

Mu;.rj;jpaehja;au;> b.tp.rjhrpt gz;lhuj;jhu;> vd;.Rg;ukzpad;

kw;Wk; Nf.uh[a;ad;. ,tu;fs; midtUk; njd;dpe;jpa

tuyhw;whrpupau;fs;. ,th;fs; midtUk; njd;dpe;jpa tk;rq;fs;

kw;Wk; kf;fspd; tuyhw;wpy; kpFe;j Mu;tk; nfhz;bUe;jdu;.

Mu;.rj;jpaehja;au; kJiu ehaf;fHfspd; tuyhW> 17-k; E}w;whz;by;

jkpofk;> ,e;jpa tuyhW: Gjpa fhy tuyhW Mfpa E}y;fis

vOjpAs;shH. gz;lhuj;jhu; fy;ntl;Lfs; kw;Wk; gpw Mjhuq;fis

ed;F Gupe;Jnfhs;tjw;fhf jkpo; ,yf;fzk; kw;Wk; ,yf;fpak;

gw;wpa Ma;it Nkw;nfhz;lhu;. NkYk;> Nrhou;fspd; fhyfl;lj;ij

tpupthf Ma;T nra;jhu;.

154

vd;.Rg;ukzpad; rq;f fhyk; kw;Wk; ghz;ba rhk;uh[;ak; gw;wp

vOjpdhu;. mtuJ gilg;Gfs; r%f tuyhw;wpd; Kf;fpa Mjhukhf

cs;sd. filrpahf Nf. uh[a;ad; njd;dpe;;jpa fpsh;r;rp (1800-

1801) vd;w Gfo;kpf;f E}iy vOjpajd; %ykhf njd;dpe;;jpa

tuyhw;Wf;F ngUikr; NrHj;Js;shh;. ,J jtpu> gy;NtW

,jo;fspy; 150 Ma;Tf; fl;Liufis mspj;J Ma;Tfis

Nkw;nfhz;lhu;.

10.2. Nehf;fq;fs;


nfhs;s ,aYk;

��njd;dpe;jpa tuyhw;W vOj;Jf;F Mu;. rj;jpaehja;au; kw;Wk;

b.tp. rjhrpt gz;lhuj;jhu; MfpNahupd; gq;fspg;Gfis gFg;gha;T

nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ

��vd;. Rg;ukzpad; kw;Wk; Nf.uh[a;ad; MfpNahupd; tuyhw;Wg;

gilg;Gfs; kw;Wk; vOj;Jf;fisg; gw;wp ,q;F tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.



rj;jpaehj ma;au; fp.gp. 1896 Mk; Mz;L jkpo;ehl;by; rPu;fhopapy;

gpwe;jhu;. ,tu; me;jzu; FLk;gj;ijr; rhu;e;jtu; ,tuJ ngw;Nwhu;

,uhk; ma;au;> ehuazp mk;khs; Mthu;. ,tu; jdJ ,sikf;

fy;tpiaAk;> fy;Y}upf; fy;tpiaAk; jpUr;rpuhg;gs;spapy; cs;s

Gdpj tsdhu; fy;Y}upapy; ngw;whu;. KJfiyg;gl;lj; Nju;tpy; 1917

Mk; Mz;L khepyj;jpy; Kjy; tFg;gpy; Nju;r;rp ngw;whu;. mjw;fhf

upg;gd; jq;fg;gjf;fj;ijAk; ngw;whu;. mijj; njhlu;e;J nrd;idg;

gy;fiyf; fofj;jpd; ,e;jpa tuyhw;Wj; Jiwapy; Muha;r;rp

khztuhfr; Nru;e;jhu;. Kjd; Kjyhf ,j;Jiwapy; Muha;r;rpf;fhd

muR cjtp ngw;w khztu; ,tNu. Ie;J Mz;Lfspy; ,e;j

Muha;r;rpia Kbj;jhu;. gpd;du; jhd; fy;tp gapd;w

jpUr;rpuhg;gs;spapYs;s Gdpj tsdhu; fy;Y}upapy;

tuyhw;Wj;Jiwapy; cjtpg; Nguhrpupauhfg; Nru;e;jhu;. 1946 Mk;

Mz;L tiu NguhrpupauhfTk;> Jiwj; jiytuhfTk; rpwg;ghd

Kiwapy; gzpahw;wpdhu;. ,tu; jdJ gzpf;fhyj;jpy; kpfr; rpwe;j

tuyhw;W MrpupauhfTk;> Muha;r;rpahsuhfTk; tpsq;fpdhu;.

155

rj;jpaehj ma;au; gy;NtW ehLfspd; tuyhWfisAk; murpay;

Nfhl;ghLfisAk; midj;J khztu;fSf;Fk; ed;F GupAk;gb

fw;Wf;nfhLj;jhu;. ,tu; ey;y gy Muha;r;rp khztu;fis

cUthf;fpdhu;. mtu;fspd; Muha;r;rp ntw;wpf;F cWjpahd

mbg;gilia Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhLj;jhu;.

,tuJ Kf;fpa E}y;fs; 1. gz;ila fpNuf;f Nuhkhdpa tuyhw;Wr;

RUf;fk; 2. kJiu ehaf;fu; tuyhW (Muha;rp E}y;) 3. njhz;il

kz;lyj;jpd; gz;ila tuyhW 4. ,e;jpahtpd; murpay;> gz;ghl;L

tuyhW ( %d;W njhFjpfs;) 5.fp.gp. 17Mk; E}w;whz;bd; jkpof

tuyhW


rj;jpaehj ma;au; vOjpa E}y;fspy; kpf Kf;fpakhf fUjg;gLtJ

kJiu ehaf;fu; tuyhW MFk;. ,e;E}y;> rj;jpaehj ma;auhy;

Ma;Tg; gl;lk; gbg;Gf;fhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l xU tuyhw;W

Ma;thFk;. ,e;E}y; ntspapLtjw;F Kd;dNk kJiu ehafu;fisg;

gw;wp rpy E}y;fs; ntspte;Js;sd. mtw;wpy; Kf;fpakhdit

ney;rDila kJiu gw;wpa tuyhw;Wj; njhFg;G fhy;Lnty;Yila

jpUney;Ntyp tuyhW kw;Wk; tp. nuq;fhr;rhup mtu;fs; ,e;jpad;

Mz;b Nfhup ,jopy; ntspapl;l fl;Liufisf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

rj;jpaehj ma;aupd; Ma;T E}yhdJ Nkw;$wpa E}y;fspypUe;J

khWgl;Ls;sJ. mjw;Ff; fhuzk; fy;ntl;bay; Jiwapy; Gjpjhf

fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l gy fy;ntl;Lf;fs; kJiu ehaf;fu;fspd;

tuyhw;iwg; Gjpa Ma;Tf; fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy; vOj Ntz;ba

fl;lhaj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ. NkYk; Kjy; Kiwahf rj;jpaehj

ma;au; jkpo;ehl;by; ,Ue;j ,NaR rig ghjpupfs; tuyhw;W

Mtzq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp kJiu ehafu;fspd; tuyhw;iw

vOjpAs;shu;.

kJiu ehaf;fu; tuyhW 15 Mk; E}w;whz;by; Jtq;fp 18Mk;

E}w;whz;L tiu jkpofj;jpd; njd;gFjpapy; eilngw;w Kf;fpa

tuyhw;W epfo;r;rpfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. Fwpg;ghf kJiuapy;

tp[aefu Ml;rp epWtg;gl;ljpy; ,Ue;J Mq;fpy fpof;fpe;jpa

fk;ngdpapd; tsu;r;rp tiu ,e;E}y; njspthf tpsf;Ffpd;wJ.

,t;tha;T E}y; 14 Mk; E}w;whz;by; kJiuia by;yp Ry;jhd;fs;

ifg;gw;wpaJ Fwpj;Jk;> nà;rhy kd;du;fs; kJiuapy; Ml;rpapy;

,Ue;j by;yp Ry;jhd;fis tPo;r;rpailar; nra;jijAk;

tpsf;FfpwJ. ,r;nray; gpd;du; tp[a efug; Nguurpd; Ml;rp

kJiuapy; Nt&d;w fhuzkhf ,Ue;jJ. fpl;ljl;l 2

E}w;whz;LfSf;F Nkyhf kJiuapy; epytpa tp[aefug;Nguurpd;

Ml;rp by;yp Ry;jhd;fspd; jkpofj;jpd; kPjhd gilnaLg;ig

jLj;jJ. INuhg;gpau;fspd; tUifia njhlu;e;J kJiu xU

156

Kf;fpa tpahghu ,Ug;gplkhf tpsq;fpaJ. Kjd; Kjypy; tzpf

epWtdq;fis Vw;gLj;jpa> Nghu;r;RfPrpau; kJiu ehaf;fu;fspd;

mDkjp ngw;W Kf;fpa epWtdq;fisj; jkpofj;jpy; Vw;gLj;jpdhu;.

,tu;fisj; njhlu;e;J Mq;fpNyau;fSk;> ehaf;fu;fspd; mDkjp

ngw;W Kf;fpa tpahghu epWtdq;fisj; jkpofj;jpy; Vw;gLj;jpdu;.

Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpa tpahghupfSld; fj;Njhypf;f

,NaR rigfis mikj;jdu;. ,t;thW 400 Mz;Lfhy

tuyhw;iwr; rj;jpaehj ma;au; kJiu ehaf;fu; tuyhw;wpy;

njspthf tpsf;fpAs;shu;.

,tu; vOjpa ,e;jpahtpd; murpay; gz;ghl;L tuyhW gy

njhFjpfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,e;jpahtpd; gz;ila > ,ilf;fhy>

etPd fhy tuyhw;iw KOikahfj; njhFj;J toq;fpAs;s E}y;

,J MFk;. mJ kl;Lky;y Kjd; Kjypy; jkpof tuyhw;W

Mrpupau;fspilNa Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Kjy; Kaw;rpAkhFk;. ,e;E}y;

rpe;J rkntsp ehfupfj;jpypUe;J ,e;jpah Rje;jpuk; mile;J

tiuapyhd ,e;jpahtpd; tuyhw;iw tpsf;fkhfTk;> njspthfTk;

tpsf;FfpwJ. kjpg;gPL

rj;jpaehj ma;au; Gfo; ngw;w Mrpupauhfj; jpfo;e;jhu;. ,tu;

khztu;fSf;F tuyhw;iwf; fw;gpf;Fk; nghOJ vspikahd

eilapYk;> cuj;j FuypYk;> mwptpay; Nehf;FlDk; fw;gpj;jhu;.

cau;e;j gjtp tfpj;jtu;. ngupatuhf ,Ue;jhYk; mtu; nra;Ak;

Ntisapy; mQ;rhky; jtWfisr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lk; Mw;wy;

gilj;jtuhf ,Ue;jhu;. tho;f;ifapd; Fwpf;Nfhis milAk;

Kaw;rpapy; xt;nthUtUk; jkJ mwpthw;WYf;Nfw;g cz;ikahf

ciof;Fk; Kaw;rpNa mtutu; tho;f;ifapd; tsu;r;rpiaf; fhl;Lk;

vd;W ,tu; kw;wtu;fSf;Ff; $WtJ tof;fkhd xd;W. ,e;jpa

tuyhw;wpy; muru;fs; Ml;rpahsu;fSila gz;Gk; Nehf;fq;fSk;>

nray;fSk;> ,e;jpau;fspd; ey;tho;f;iff;F cjtp Gupe;jd vd;w

mbg;gilia msTNfhyhf itj;J kjpg;gPL nra;jhu;.

tuyhw;whuha;r;rp vd;gJ xU ePz;l gSthd gzp vd;Wk;> xU

rpwe;j tuyhw;whuha;r;rpahsu; vd;w Gfiog; ngw RUf;fkhd top

vJTk; ,y;iy vd;Wk; jdJ" tuyhWk; tuyhw;Wj; jj;JtKk;"

vd;w fl;Liuapy; njspthf tpsf;fpAs;shu;. NkYk; ,tu;

mwpthfpa kuj;jpNy tuyhw;whuha;r;rp vd;w fdpahdJ

filrpahfj;jhd; Kjpu;e;J gOj;Jf; fpilf;Fk; vd;W

tuyhw;whuha;r;rpahsu;fSf;F tpsf;fk; mspj;Js;shu;. ,jd;%yk;

xU tuyhw;whuha;r;rp nra;gtuJ Fwpf;Nfhs; mtuJ mauhj

ciog;gpd; %ykhfNt ngw KbAk; vd;w fUj;jpid Mzpj;jukhf

mtu; ek;gpaik GydhfpaJ. gz;Gilatu; tho;f;ifapy; jhd;

157

cyfj;Jf;Fg; gad; cz;L vd;w Fws; newpia ed;F czu;e;J

mtw;iwj; jd; tho;tpy; filg;gpbj;jhu;.


b.tp. rjhrpt gz;lhuj;jhu; Mf];l; 15> 1892 ,y; jkpo;ehl;by;

jpUg;Gwk;gpaj;jpy; gpwe;j xU jkpo; tuyhw;whrpupau; Mthu;. Muk;g

Mz;Lfspy; mtu; gpwe;j ,lj;jpYk; gpd;du; Fk;gNfhzj;jpYk;

gbj;jhu;. mtuJ gs;sp Mrpupauhd gpd;dj;J}u; ehuhazRthkp

Iau;> me;j Muk;g Mz;Lfspy; fy;ntl;bapy; cs;shu;e;j

Mu;tq;fis tsu;g;gjpy; mtUf;F xU ngupa cj;Ntfj;ij

mspj;jhu;. rhf;\pehju; Nfhtpy; jpUg;Guk;g;spak;> mjd; gzf;fhu

tuyhw;W gpd;dzp kw;Wk; fy;ntl;LfSld; gz;lhuj;jhupd;

NjlYf;F Njitahd tpUg;gj;ij mspj;jJ. 1910 ,y;

cau;epiyg; gs;spg; gbg;ig Kbj;j gpwF> tsk;Gup ghyRg;gpukzpa

gps;isapd; fPo; gz;lhuju; Mu;tj;Jld; jkpo; ,yf;fzk; kw;Wk;

,yf;fpag; gbg;ig Nkw;nfhz;lhu;. Muk;gfhy fy;ntl;Lfs; kw;Wk;

rhrdq;fis Gupe;Jnfhs;tjpy; gz;lhujupd; Kf;fpa Mjhukhf

,e;j Kf;fpakhd Ma;T gpd;du; khwpaJ. ghgehrj;jpy; rpwpJ

fhyk; fopj;J kw;Wk; Fk;gNfhzk; jhYfh mYtyfk; kw;Wk;

Fk;gNfhzk; cau;epiyg; gs;spapy; Mrpupauhf> gz;lhuj;jhu; 1917

Kjy; 1942 tiu Fk;gNfhzj;jpy; cs;s thdJiu cau;epiyg;

gs;spapy; Mrpupauhf kpfTk; epiyahd tho;f;ifiaf; fz;lhu;.

Fwpg;ghf jQ;rhT+u; khtl;lk; kw;Wk; Fk;gNfhzj;jpd; fyhr;rhu

R+oy; ,e;j fhyfl;lj;jpy; gz;lhuj;jhupd; czu;r;rpia capUld;

kw;Wk; rpwg;ghf itj;jpUf;f cjtpaJ. mtu; jdJ tuyhw;W

fl;Liufis nre;jkpo;> khj ,jopy; gq;fspf;fj; njhlq;fpdhu;. 23

tJ tajpy; "Nrhod; fupfhyd;" vd;w jiyg;gpy; mtuJ Kjy;

fl;Liu ,yf;fpak; kw;Wk; gpw rkfhy Mjhuq;fspd; ntspr;rj;jpy;

tuyhw;iwg; Gupe;Jnfhs;tjw;fhd Mokhd czu;it

ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ. mtuJ Muk;gfhy vOj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk;

Muha;r;rpfs; Gfo;ngw;w jkpo; mwpQu;fshd vd;.vk;.ntq;flrhkp

ehl;lhu;> fue;ij jkpo;Nty; ckhkNf];tud; gps;is>

jpU.tp.fy;ahzRe;judhu;> vy;.b. Rthkpf;fhD gps;is kw;Wk; gp.tp.

khzpf;f ehaf;fu; njhlu;Gila Jiwfspy; gzpahw;wp te;jhu;.

gz;lhuj;ju; gpw;fhy Nrhou; tuyhw;NwhL Neubahf njhlu;Gila

jQ;rhT+u; khtl;lj;jpy; gy;NtW ,lq;fSf;Fr; nrd;W fs Ma;T

elj;jj; njhlq;fpdhu;. Nrho kd;du;> Kjyhk; FNyhj;Jq;f Nrhod;>

mtuJ ftdj;ij <u;j;jhu;> gz;lhuju; jdJ tho;f;ifiaAk;

Neuj;ijAk; Gupe;Jnfhs;s jdJ Neuj;ijAk; Mw;wiyAk;

mu;g;gzpj;jhu;. mtu; jdJ Kjy; Gj;jfkhd Kjyhk; FNyhj;Jq;f

158

Nrhoid 1930 ,y; ntspapl;lhu;. ,e;j Gj;jfk; jkpopy; tuyhw;W

Muha;r;rpg; gzpfSf;fhd juq;fis mikj;jJ. Dr.U.V.

gz;lhujhuupd; Kjy; Gj;jfj;jpy; jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;jpd; Nlhad;

Rthkpehj Iau; gpd;tUkhW fUj;Jf;fis ntspapl;lhu;: ",e;j

Gj;jfk; ePz;l fhykhf rpyhrhrdq;fs; kw;Wk; rq;f

,yf;fpaq;fisg; gbj;J Muha;r;rp nra;J tUgtuhy; vOjg;gl;lJ

vd;gij tpsf;FfpwJ." mit me;j ehl;fs; njd;dpe;jpa tuyhW

gw;wpa ngUk;ghyhd Muha;r;rpg; gilg;Gfs; Mq;fpyj;jpy; kl;LNk

ntspaplg;gl;ld> Kf;fpakhf Mq;fpyk; NgRk; mwpQu;fshy;. ,e;j

epiyia khw;w tpUk;gpa gz;lhuju; jkpopy; jukhd gilg;Gfis

nfhz;L tu Kad;whu;. Nguhrpupau; Nt. jkpopy; jahupf;fg;gl;lJ

mjd; %yk; mjd; gaid tpupthf;FfpwJ.

mtu; 1942 Kjy; 1960 tiu mz;zhkiyg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd;

jkpo; Muha;r;rpj; Jiwapy; tpupTiuahsuhfg; gzpahw;wpdhu;.

tpupTiuahsuhf ,Ue;jNghJ> mtu; tpupthd fs Ma;T

Nkw;nfhz;lhu;. ,J 1949> 1951 kw;Wk; 1961 ,y; %d;W gFjpfshf

ntspaplg;gl;lJ

Rkhu; 250 Mz;Lfs; njd;dpe;jpahit Mz;l gpw;fhy Nrho

kd;du;fspd; tho;f;if kw;Wk; Ml;rpfis fhytupirg;gb

gl;baypl;L gFg;gha;T nra;a xU kfj;jhd Kaw;rp. xt;nthU

Ml;rpapd; gpwg;G kw;Wk; murpay; epiyikfspypUe;J njhlq;fp>

gz;lhuj;jhu; me;jf; fhyj;jpd; Kf;fpa epfo;Tfis kd;dUld;

njhlu;Gila midj;J Kf;fpa egu;fspd; tpsf;fj;Jld;

tptupf;fpwhu;.

mtuJ kidtpfs;> epyg;gpuGf;fs;> mjpfhupfs; kw;Wk; nfhb

Ve;jpatu;fs; Nghd;w Ml;rp. ,d;Wtiu> Nrhou;fs; Fwpj;j mtuJ

Fwpg;gplj;jf;f gzp ,e;j tp\aj;jpy; xU epiyahd ciuahf

cs;sJ kw;Wk; njd;dpe;jpa tuyhw;iwg; gbg;gjw;fhd mtuJ

Kf;fpa gq;fspg;ghff; fUjg;gLfpwJ.

gz;lhuj;jhu; Gdpj jyq;fspd; tuyhw;iw jkpopy; jiy tuyhW

(Nfhtpy; tuyhW) Gj;jfq;fs; vd;W vOjpdhu;. mtuJ ,uz;L

gilg;Gfs;> xd;W jpUg;Gwk;gpak; kw;Wk; ,d;ndhd;W NrukhNjtp>

fw;gid kw;Wk; nrtptop fijfis tpl tuyhW kw;Wk;

fy;ntl;Lfspd; ntspr;rj;jpy; ,j;jifa Gj;jfq;fis

vOJtjw;fhd juj;ij mikj;jJ. gz;lhuju; Muk;gfhy

mwpQu;fspy; xUtu;> jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;jpd; tuyhW kw;Wk; gupzhk

tsu;r;rpf;F ngupJk; gq;fspj;jhu;. 13 Kjy; 15 Mk; E}w;whz;L

tiuapyhd ,yf;fpa Mjhuq;fs; gw;wpa mtuJ Gj;jfk;>

njhy;fhg;gpak; ghapuk; gw;wpa tu;zid kw;Wk; gy Ma;Tf;

159

fl;Liufs; ,e;j tp\aj;ijg; gw;wpa mtuJ Ez;zwpTfSf;F

vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfshf cs;sd.

njd;dpe;jpa tuyhw;wpd; kha fjTfisj; jpwg;gjw;fhf jkpo;

,yf;fpak; kw;Wk; ,yf;fzk; gw;wpa jdJ midj;J mwpitAk;

KjyPL nra;j xU rpwe;j jkpo; mwpQuhfTk; tuyhw;whrpupauhfTk;

gz;lhuju; vg;NghJk; epidT$ug;gLthu;. Mq;fpyj;jpy; NgRk;

mwpQu;fs; Mq;fpyj;jpy; jkpo; tuyhW Fwpj;J Muha;r;rp nra;J

vOjpaNghJ jkpopy; tuyhw;W Gj;jfq;fis vOj Kd;Ndhbahf

,Ue;jtu;.


Gfo;ngw;w tuyhw;whrpupaUk; mwpQUkhd lhf;lu; vd;. Rg;gpukzpad;

xU jho;T kdg;ghd;ikia itj;jpUe;jhu;. ‘lhf;lu; vd;v];’ vd;W md;Gld; miof;fg;gl;l mtu;> jkpo;ehl;by; jpUg;G+u; khtl;lj;jpy;

cs;s cLkyg;Ngl;il tPl;by; milf;fg;gl;lhu;. mtu; gy;NtW

jiyg;Gfspy; 150 f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l Gj;jfq;fis vOjpAs;shu;.

vd;.Rg;gpukzpad; vOjpa rq;f murpay; vd;w Gj;jfk; rq;f

fhyj;jpd; tpupthd Ma;T MFk;

rq;f fhyj;ijg; gw;wp tpupthfg; NgRfpwJ. ,J r%f tuyhw;wpd;

tupirapy; ek; ehl;bd; kpfTk; jFjpahd gq;fspg;ghFk;.

njd;dpe;jpa tuyhw;wpy; ,J Fwpg;gplj;jf;f rhjidahFk;. ,e;j

Gj;jfj;jpy;> lhf;lu; vd;. Rg;gpukzpad; ghz;ba uh[;aj;jpd; Kj;J

Kw;fhyj;jpypUe;Nj fq;if gs;sj;jhf;fpd; uh[;aq;fspy; kpfTk;

tpUk;gg;gl;l fl;Liuahf ,Ue;jJ. ftiby;aupd; mu;j;j rh];jpuk;

rpytw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ

ghz;bafhtjk; (xU tifahd Kj;J ngau;) kw;Wk; kJuk;

(kJiuapypUe;J xU tifahd gUj;jp Jzp) Nghd;w nghUl;fs;

ghz;bau;fspd; epyj;jpypUe;J te;jit.

njhopy;El;g nkhopapy; %d;W gpupTfs; gpz;lk; my;yJ bupdpl;b

vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wd> ,jpy; vOj;jbfhuk; (Mu;j;Njhfpuhgp)>

nrhy;ybf;fhuk; (nrhw;gpwg;gpay; kw;Wk; nrhw;nghUs;) kw;Wk;

nghUshbfhuk; (mfk; (fhjy;) kw;Wk; Guk; (md;gpy;yhj)

fUg;nghUs;fs;> Ngr;rpd; cUtq;fs;> xU vr;rj;jpd; ciueil>

r%f kw;Wk; ,yf;fpa kuGfs; ,aw;if kw;Wk; r%f cstpay;

tpaj;jF kw;Wk; njhlu;Gila ,yf;fpak; njhlu;ghf. jkpopy; mfk;

kw;Wk; Guk; ,yf;fpaf; fUg;nghUs;fspd; tifg;ghL

jdpj;JtkhdJ vd;W mtu; ek;Gfpwhu;. ,e;j Ntiyapd; ,e;j

%d;W gpupTfspy; xt;nthd;Wk; xd;gJ ypay;fshf (Jiz

160

mj;jpahaq;fs;) gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ> vdNt Ntiy 27 ,ay;fs;

kw;Wk; 1612 R+j;jpuq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. fl;bak; vd;whYk;

mf];jpahtpd; (jw;NghJ ,y;iy) jkpopd; %d;W ghuk;gupa

gpupTfshd ,ay;> ,ir kw;Wk; ehlfk; Mfpatw;iwf;

ifahz;ljhf ek;gg;gLfpwJ> njhy;fhg;gpak; me;j tof;fkhd

gpupitf; ifahstpy;iy.

,e;j Gj;jfk;> xU jiyKiwapy; njd;dpe;jpa tuyhw;wpy; tUk;

kpf Kf;fpakhd tuyhw;W NkhNdhfpuh/g;fspy; xd;whFk;> Vnddpy;

,J njhopy;Kiw tuyhw;whrpupaupd; gq;if Nfhbl;Lf; fhl;LfpwJ.

kw;wgb mtuJ cyfj;jpd; ghu;it> kw;Wk;> xU Kf;fpakhd

tuyhw;W Mjhuk; vd;. Rg;gpukzpadpd; njhdp vg;NghJNk

mlf;fkhfTk; NeuhfTk; ,Uf;fpwJ> NkYk; ftpQupd; fw;gidapd;

,e;j ntspg;gilahd ghuk;gupaj;ij jPtpu tuyhw;whrpupaUf;F

kPl;nlLg;gjpy; mtuJ gzpapd; KO Kf;fpaj;JtKk; gilg;gpy;

Gupatpy;iy. ,e;j Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij njspTgLj;JtJ tpku;rfupd;

gzpahf ,Uf;fyhk;.

Kw;fhy jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;jpy; lhf;lu; Rg;ukzpadpd; ftdkhf

Gyik mtuJ gy;ytd; jkpo; FwpaPl;by; (gy;ytd; Kd; jkpo;

,yf;fpaj;jpy; tuyhw;Wg; nghUs; ml;ltiz) ed;F

epWtg;gl;Ls;sJ> ,J rq;fg; gilg;Gfspy; Muha;r;rpf;fhd jtpu;f;f

Kbahj ifNaL ,e;j 7224 ftpijfs;> 490 ngauplg;gl;l

Mrpupau;fs; kw;Wk; 102 gpwupd; njsptw;w vOj;Jf;fs; rkfhy

jkpo;ehl;by; $l Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit> mq;F ,yf;fpa kw;Wk;

"nkhopapay;" Gyik ngUk;ghYk; ,e;j Muk;g ftpijapy; kl;LNk

Ntiy nra;fpwJ. mtupd; gy;NtW Kf;fpakhd kw;Wk; mjpfk;

tpthjpf;fg;gl;l gj;jpfspd; thrpg;Gfs; kw;Wk; tpsf;fq;fs;>

gilg;ghspfspd; ftpij Nehf;fj;jpw;F mDjhgk; fhl;LtNjhL

kl;Lky;yhky;> mwpQuhfTk; Gj;jprhypahfTk; thrfu;fisj;

jhf;FfpwJ. ,yf;fpa cjtpj;njhifahf kl;Lk;> ,J Gj;jfk;

jPtpu ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;. ,Ug;gpDk;> jkpou;fspd;

njhiyJ}u fle;j fhyq;fspy;> mtuJ iftpidQu; Nghd;w

tuyhw;W mZFKiwapy;> tho;f;ifapd; Kf;fpa

Fzhjpraq;fisf; ifahs;tjpy; jhd; ,e;j Gj;jfk; mjpfk;

rhjpf;fpwJ.

rq;ffhy ftpijfs; tuyhw;whrpupaUf;Fj; jkpo;r; r%fk; kw;Wk;

fyhr;rhuj;jpd; ,e;j Kf;fpakhd cUthf;Fk; fhyfl;lj;ij

ntspr;rk; Nghl;Lf; fhl;lf;$ba midj;ijAk; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;

vd;why;> nkhopapay; gFg;gha;T cl;gl jPtpu ciu gFg;gha;T

nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.

161

lhf;lu; Rg;ukzpad; ,e;j ftpijfspd; njhFg;gpy;

Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s tskhd rhj;jpaf;$Wfspd; kpf rupahd

Neuj;jpy; kw;Wk; Kf;fpakhd Mu;g;ghl;lj;ij toq;fpAs;shu;.

mtuJ rhjid ,jpy; fzprkhdjhFk;. rq;ff; ftpijfs;

goq;fhyj;Jld; ve;j xw;WikiaAk; fhl;lhJ vd;W mtu;

fUjpdhu;

Guhz ,yf;fpak; kw;Wk; ,ilf;fhy jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fs;> ,it

,uz;Lk;> mtuJ fUj;Jg;gb> fw;gid Guhzq;fs; kw;Wk;

rhj;jpakw;w Guhzf;fijfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. rq;f ,yf;fpak;>

ngUk;ghYk;> fle;j fhyj;jpd; epfo;Tfs; gw;wpa xU njspthd

thu;dp\; ,y;yhj fij vd;W mtu; czu;fpwhu; kw;w Gfo;ngw;w

mwpQu;fSk; ,e;j fUj;Jld; xj;Jg;Nghfpwhu;fs;. $u;ikahd

Qhgf rf;jp nfhz;l vd;. Rg;gpukzpad; me;j ehl;fspy; jkpo;

mwpQu; tp.[p.R+upaehuhaz rh];jpup vd;wiof;fg;gLk; gupjpkhu;

fiyQu; topfhl;Ljypd; fPo; gbj;j 12 khztu;fspy; xUtu; vd;W

epidT $u;e;jhu;. Fiwe;j Ratptuj;ij itj;jpUe;jhYk;> lhf;lu;

Rg;gpukzpad; 1950 ,y; gupjpkhu; fiyQu; tho;f;if tuyhw;iw

jkpopy; vOjpdhu;. mf;fhyj;jpy; jkpio nrk;nkhopahf mwptpf;f

fiyQu; Kjypy; Fuy; vOg;gpdhu;. Dr.NS E}w;whz;L tpohit

1970 brk;gu; 15 md;W kJiuapy; gupjpkhu; fiyQu; epidthf

Vw;ghL nra;jhu;. 1994 Mk; Mz;by;> vd;.Rg;gpukzpad; jdJ

je;ij vd;.gyuhk ma;aupd; epidthf xU tPl;L E}yfj;ij

epWtpdhu;> ,J Muha;r;rp khztu;fs; jq;fs; Fwpg;Gf;F gad;gLj;j

cjTfpwJ.

10.6. Nf.uh[a;ad;

Nguhrpupau; Nf.uh[a;ad; Fwpg;ghf ,e;jpah kw;Wk; njd;dpe;jpahtpd;

ed;F mwpag;gl;l tuyhw;whrpupau;. mtu; njd;dpe;jpa tuyhw;wpd;

Nlhadhf fUjg;gLfpwhu;. mtu; ,UgJ Gj;jfq;fs; kw;Wk; 150

f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l Muha;r;rp fl;Liufis vOjpAs;shu;. mtu; [_d;

23> 1929 md;W njw;F jpUthq;$upy; cs;s ney;ypf;ff;Fopapy;

njd;fhrpapy; ,Ue;J xU jkpo; Gyk;ngau;e;j FLk;gj;jpy; gpwe;jhu;.

1953 Mk; Mz;by;> mtu; Nfush gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; KJfiy

gl;lg;gbg;igAk;> 1960 ,y; nkl;uh]; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; vk;.

ypl;ilAk;> 1965 ,y; nkl;uh]; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; gpvr;biaAk;

Kbj;jhu;. Fwpg;ghf njd;dpe;jpahtpd; etPd tuyhW mlq;Fk;.

jkpo;ehL kw;Wk; mnkupf;fhtpd; tuyhW mtu; ,Ugj;jp xd;gJ

Mz;LfSf;Fk; Nkyhf Mrpupau;> Muha;r;rpahsu; kw;Wk; Muha;r;rp

topfhl;bahf gzpahw;wpAs;shu; kw;Wk; jdJ nrhe;j gq;fspg;ig

toq;fpAs;shu;. mtu; gy;NtW gy;fiyf;fofq;fspy; gjpd;%d;W

162

tUlq;fs; tpupTiuahsuhfTk;> mnkupf;fhtpd; Njrpa Mtzf;

fhg;gfj;jpy; Muha;r;rp mwpQuhfTk;> xU tUlk; nrd;id

gpurpnld;rp fy;Y}upapy; tuyhw;Wg; NguhrpupauhfTk;> etPd

tuyhw;Wj; Jiw NguhrpupauhfTk; jiytuhfTk; gzpahw;wpdhu;.

kJiu fhkuh[; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; Ie;J Mz;Lfs;. Nguhrpupau;

Nf.uh[a;ad; thy;giuNrh kw;Wk; ngu;`hk;G+u; gy;fiyf;fofk;>

mz;zhkiyg; gy;fiyf;fofk;> ikR+u; kw;Wk; Nfus

gy;fiyf;fofq;fspy; tUifjUk; Nguhrpupauhf ,uz;L Mz;Lfs;

kw;Wk; ,uz;L khjq;fs; gzpahw;wpdhu;.

Nguhrpupau; Nf.uh[a;ad; Mq;fpy Clfj;jpy; tuyhW Fwpj;j

,UgJ Gj;jfq;fisAk;> jkpo; nkhopapy; Ie;J Gj;jfq;fisAk;

vOjpAs;shu;. tuyhw;iw vOJtjpy; mtuJ Kd;Ndhb Kaw;rp

kw;Wk; Muha;r;rp El;gj;jpd; Gj;jprhypj;jdkhd gad;ghL Njrpa

kw;Wk; ru;tNjr gj;jpupiffspy; 150 f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l Muha;r;rp

fl;Liufis toq;fpaJ> mit mwpQu;fs; midtuhYk;

ghuhl;lg;gl;lit cyfk; KOtJk;. Gjpa Nahridfspd;

Kd;Ndhbahf> mtuJ gilg;ghd njd;dpe;jpa fyfk; 1800- 1801:

Kjy; Rje;jpug; Nghu; xU rpwe;j gilg;ghf fUjg;gLfpwJ. xU

tuyhw;W Mrpupauhf> Nguhrpupau; Nf.uh[a;ad; tuyhw;W

vOj;Jf;fhd jiyg;Gfisj; Nju;e;njLg;gjpy; kw;wtu;fsplkpUe;J

Kw;wpYk; khWgl;ltuhf ,Ue;jhu;. mtu; tpku;rd gFg;gha;T>

tpsf;fk; kw;Wk; cz;ikfis xOq;FgLj;Jjy; kw;Wk; mtuJ

gilg;Gfis toq;Ftjw;fhf Gfo; ngw;wtu;. mtu; elj;jpdhu;

Muha;r;rpahsu;fs; kw;Wk; mwpQu;fSf;F gapw;rp mspf;Fk;

Nehf;fj;Jld; tuyhW Fwpj;j gy fUj;juq;Ffs;> gl;liwfs;

kw;Wk; khehLfs;. Nguhrpupau; kw;Wk; tuyhw;W Ma;Tfs; gs;spapd;

jiytu; kw;Wk; kJiu fhkuh[; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; fy;tp

thupaj;jpd; jiytuhf gy GJikahd gbg;Gfis

mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhu;. jkpo;ehl;bd; tuyhW> ,e;jpahtpy; Rje;jpug;

Nghuhl;lk;> mnkupf;f tuyhW> Mtzf; fhg;gfk; kw;Wk; tuyhw;W

tuyhW Mfpatw;Wld; njhlu;Gila Mtzq;fis

mwpKfg;gLj;Jk; nghWg;gpy; mtu; ,Ue;jhu;. nkl;uh];> gpurpnld;rp

fy;Y}upapy; tuyhw;wpd; jiyikg; Nguhrpupauhf jdJ ,uz;L

Mz;L fhyj;jpy; ghlj;jpl;lk; kw;Wk; fw;gpj;jy; Kiwia mtu;

jpUj;jpAs;shu;. tuyhw;wpy; Mrpupauhf> mtu; xU Gjpa fhfpj

fhg;gfq;fis itj;J> khztu;fSf;fhd fUj;juq;F>

fUj;juq;ifg; gbj;jhu; kw;Wk; KJfiy tFg;GfSf;fhd Muha;r;rp

Kiw. mtu; tuyhw;wpy; gy Muha;r;rp jpl;lq;fis elj;jpdhu;.

Muha;r;rp Kiw gw;wpa mtuJ ntspaPL Muha;r;rp r%fj;jpw;fhd

ifNaL my;yJ ifNalhf nray;gLfpwJ. ,J jtpu> ,Ugj;jp

MW mwpQu;fs; Kidtu; gl;lk; kw;Wk; E}w;W Ik;gJ mwpQu;fs;

vk; gpy; vLj;Js;sdu;.

163

mtuJ jpwikahd Nkw;ghu;itapd; fPo; gl;lk;. mtu; njd;dpe;jpa

fhq;fpu]; nray;Kiwapd; epWtdu; nrayhsu;> mg;Nghija

jiytu; kw;Wk; Mrpupau; Mthu;. mtu; I.A.S Nju;T rPu;jpUj;j

thupaj;jpd; cWg;gpduhfTk;> gy;fiyf;fof khdpaf; FOtpd;

gpujpepjpahfTk; N.C.E.R.T ,d; Ma;tpy; nghWg;ghd gjtpfis

tfpj;jhu;. Nju;Tfs; kw;Wk; IVv]; jiytu; tuyhw;W FO> ,e;jpa

tuyhw;W gjpTfs; Mizaj;jpd; gy;fiyf;fof gpujpepjpahf>

tuyhw;W Ma;Tf; fofj;jpd; cWg;gpduhf. fy;tp cyfpy;> mtu;

gy Kf;fpa gjtpfis tfpj;jhu;> mJ mtUf;F cau;

me;j];ijAk;> tuyhw;W Gyikf;F mtuJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;f

gq;fspg;GfisAk; toq;fpaJ. Nguhrpupau; Nf.uh[a;ad; mtu;fspd;

gq;fspg;gpd; fhuzkhf> tuyhw;W Ma;Tfspd; tiuglj;jpy; epue;ju

kw;Wk; Kd;Dupik ngw;w ,lj;ijf; fz;Lgpbf;f Kbe;jJ.

",e;jpahtpy; Rje;jpu ,af;fj;ij Nehf;fp" vd;w jiyg;gpy;

tuyhw;iwf; fzf;fpLtjpy; Gfo;ngw;w tuyhw;whrpupau;fspd;

gzpf;FOtpd; cWg;gpduhf mtu; miof;fg;gl;L

Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhu;.

uh[a;adpd; gilg;ghd jkpo;ehL xU cz;ikahd tuyhwhf

jkpo;ehl;bd; tuyhw;iw ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ> ,J xU tpupthd

kw;Wk; Ma;Tf;fhd ajhu;j;jkhd mZFKiwia gad;gLj;jp xU

gapw;rpia tifg;gLj;JfpwJ. ,J xU mry; gilg;ghFk;> ,J

tuyhw;W Gyikf;F Kf;fpa gq;fspg;ig toq;fpaJ. mtu;

jkpou;fspd; tuyhw;iw vOJtJ Ntjidahd gzp.

tuyhw;whrpupaUf;F Ntjid kw;Wk; Jd;gj;jpd; mDgtk; ,Uf;f

Ntz;Lk;

,jd; %yk; mwpthu;e;j kw;Wk; ciog;ghsp kf;fs;

NghuhLfpwhu;fs;. jkpof tuyhw;wpd; ghuk;gupa mZFKiw-

ghz;bau;fs;> Nruu;fs;> Nrhou;fs; kw;Wk; gy;ytu;fspd; tuyhW

Nghd;w Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l gFjpfs; fiy> fl;blf;fiy kw;Wk;

kjj;jpw;fhf mtu;fs; vd;d nra;jhu;fs; vd;gjw;F mjpf ftdk;

ngw;wdu;. vdpDk;> kf;fspd; tho;f;if> r%f jPikfs; kw;Wk;

gppw;fhy tsu;r;rpfs; ftdpf;fg;gltpy;iy. jkpof tuyhW Ma;tpy;

,e;j mk;rq;fisg; gbg;gjw;F ve;j Cf;fKk; ,y;iy. ,e;j

Ntiy Rkhu; ehw;gJ Mz;L mtu; nra;j mry; Muha;r;rpia

,uj;jf; nfhz;lJ. mtu; jkpou;fspd; tuyhW Fwpj;J gy

Gj;jfq;fis vOjpdhu;> NkYk; cz;ikfisg; ngWtjw;F

mjpfkhfr; nra;tJ ,d;wpaikahjjhf czu;e;jhu;. vdNt> mtu;

$Ljy; juTfisr; Nrfupj;J mjw;F cupa Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijf;

nfhLj;jhu; fhzhky; Nghd ,izg;Gfis milahsk; fhZk;

tpsf;fk;. ,e;j Ntiy xU mwpKfk; kw;Wk; xU KbTf;F

$Ljyhf ,UgJ mj;jpahaq;fshf gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J xU

mwptpay; mZFKiw kw;Wk; xU KOikahd Ma;it

164

gpujpgypf;Fk; tifapy; jkpof tuyhw;iw Gduikf;f

Kaw;rpf;fpwJ.

Nguhrpupau; Nf.uh[a;adpd; kw;nwhU Kf;fpakhd gilg;G JNuhfk;

kw;Wk; gaq;futhjk; mnkupf;fhtpd; ,e;jpa goq;FbapdUf;F

vjpuhf. ,J mnkupf;fhtpd; ,e;jpa goq;Fbapdupd; tuyhw;iwg;

gw;wp tpthjpf;fpwJ> mnkupf;f tpupthf;fj;Jld; ,e;jpau;fspd;

eyd;fspd; Nkhjy;> goq;Fbapdupd; $l;likg;gpd; vOr;rp> tlf;F

kw;Wk; njw;fpy; Nghu;> goq;Fb $l;likg;gpd; tPo;r;rp> NghUf;Fg;

gpe;ija FbNaw;wq;fs; gw;wp NgRfpwJ. kw;Wk; fpwp];jtj;jpd; kPJ

Nkhjypd; jhf;fk;. xU mwpKfk; kw;Wk; xU KbTf;F $Ljyhf

jPk; vl;L mj;jpahaq;fshf gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.


1. ,e;J Rje;jpuj;jpw;fhd fhuzk; vg;gb J}f;fpnawpag;gl;lJ?

2. nksupa kd;du; gpe;Jrhuu; Njhlkz;lyj;ij vg;gb

ifg;gw;wpdhu;?

3. gz;lujUf;F cj;Ntfj;jpd; Kf;fpa Mjhukhf ,Ue;jtu; ahu;?

4. gz;lujupd; Kjy; fl;Liu vijf; fhl;LfpwJ?

5. jkpopd; %d;W kuGg; gpupTfs; ahit?

6. jkpio nrk;nkhopahf mwptpf;f Kjd; Kjypy; Fuy;

vOg;gpatu; ahu;?

7. Nf.uh[a;adpd; rpwg;Gg; gFjpfs; ahit?

8. mnkupf;fhtpd; ,e;jpa goq;FbapdUf;F vjpuhd JNuhfKk;

gaq;futhjKk; vd;d NgRfpd;wd gw;wp?


1. ,e;J Rje;jpuj;jpw;fhd fhuzk;> filrp ngupa n`ha;rhs

Ml;rpahsu;> tPu gy;yyh III jpUr;rpNdhNghypapy; jdJ capiu

,oe;jhu;> filrpahf re;jh rh`pg;ghy; J}f;fp vwpag;gl;lhu;> mtu;

jdJ filrp ehaf;f uhzp kPdhf;\papd; JNuhfr; nrayhy; 1736

,y; my;yJ mjw;F mLj;j Mz;L jw;nfhiy.

2. nksupa kd;dd; gpe;Jrhud;> nfsby;aupd; jPtpu MjuTld;

njhz;lkz;lyj;ijf; ifg;gw;wpdhd;> njd;dpe;jpahitg; gw;wpa

165

mtdJ jdpg;gl;l mwpT> mtdJ j;ukpjhr;rhu;ahtpy;

gpujpgypf;fpwJ.

3. mtuJ gs;sp Mrpupauhd gpd;dj;J}u; ehuhazRthkp Iau;> me;j

Muk;g Mz;Lfspy; fy;ntl;Lfspy; cs;shu;e;j Mu;tq;fis

tsu;g;gjpy; mtUf;F cj;Ntfj;jpd; Kf;fpa Mjhukhf ,Ue;jhu;.

4. 23 tajpy; "Nrhod; fupfhyd;" vd;w jiyg;gpy; mtu; vOjpa

Kjy; fl;Liu> ,yf;fpak; kw;Wk; gpw rkfhy Mjhuq;fspd;

ntspr;rj;jpy; tuyhw;iwg; Gupe;Jnfhs;Sk; Mokhd czu;it

ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ.

5. jkpopd; %d;W kuGg; gpupTfs; gpz;lk; my;yJ jpupj;Jtk; vd

miof;fg;gLfpd;wd> ,jpy; vOj;jjpfhuk; (vOj;Jf;fiy)>

nrhy;ybfhuk; (nrhw;nghopT kw;Wk; njhlupay;) kw;Wk;

nghUsbfhuk; (mfk; (fhjy;) kw;Wk; Gwk; (fhjy; my;yhj)

fUg;nghUs;fs; cs;sd.

6. mf;fhyj;jpy; jkpio nrk;nkhopahf mwptpf;ff; Fuy;

vOg;gpatu; gupjpkhw; fiyQu;.

7. Nf uh[a;adpd; rpwg;Gg; gFjpfs; njd;dpe;jpahtpd; etPd

tuyhW> Fwpg;ghf jkpo;ehL kw;Wk; A.v];.V.

8. mnkupf;f tp];jupg;Gthjj;Jldhd ,e;jpau;fspd; eyd;fspd;

Kuz;ghL> goq;Fbapdupd; $l;likg;gpd; vOr;rp> tlf;F kw;Wk;

njw;fpy; Nghu;> goq;Fbapdupd; $l;likg;gpd; tPo;r;rp> NghUf;Fg;

gpe;ija FbNaw;wq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iwg; gw;wp mnkupf;fhtpd;

,e;jpag; goq;FbapdUf;F vjpuhd JNuhfKk; gaq;futhjKk;

NgRfpwJ. kw;Wk; fpwp];jtj;jpd; kPjhd Nkhjypd; jhf;fk;.


� Nguhrpupau; Mu;. rj;jpaehja;aupd; kJuh ehaf;fu;fspd; tuyhW

vd;w Gj;jfk; gjpide;jhk;> gjpdhwhk;> gjpNdohk; kw;Wk;

gjpndl;lhk; E}w;whz;Lfspd; Kjy; %d;wpy; cs;s tuyhw;iwf;

ifahSk; xU epidTr;rpd;dkhFk;> NkYk; ,J njd;dpe;jpahtpd;

rpwe;j ehl;fspypUe;J tuyhw;iwf; nfhz;Ls;sJ tp[aefug;

Nguurpd;> Mq;fpNyau;fspd; fu;ehlf Mf;fpukpg;Gf;F Ke;jpa fhyk;

tiu.

166

� mNrhfupd; fy;ntl;Lfspd; Gype;jhf;fs; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;

� gy;yt> Nrhou; fhyj;J fpuhk kfhrigapd; fpUkpfs;

nfsby;aupd; mu;j;jrh];jpuj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd> NkYk;

FlNthiy mikg;gpypUe;J NtWgl;l thupak; mikg;G>

njd;dpe;jpa epWtdkhf fUjg;gLtij tpl ,e;jpadhf fUjg;gl

Ntz;Lk;.

� jQ;rhT+u; khtl;lk; kw;Wk; Fk;gNfhzj;jpd; gz;ghl;Lr; R+oy;

,e;jf; fhyfl;lj;jpy; gz;lujupd; Nguhu;tj;ij capu;g;Gld;

itj;jpUf;ff; fhuzkhf ,Ue;jJ. nre;jkpo; khj ,jopy; jdJ

tuyhw;Wf; fl;Liufis vOjj; njhlq;fpdhu;.


� epyg;gpuGj;Jtk;: epyg;gpuGj;Jt Kiwapd; fPo; epyj;ij

itj;jpUf;Fk; xUtiu ,J Fwpf;fpwJ.

� Mu;j;Njhfpuhgp: ,J xU nkhopia vOJtjw;fhd kuGfspd;

njhFg;ghFk;. ,J vOj;Jg;gpio> i`gNd\d;>

Nfg;gpliyNr\d;> thu;j;ij KwpTfs;> typAWj;jy; kw;Wk;

epWj;jw;Fwp Mfpatw;wpd; tpjpKiwfis cs;slf;fpaJ.

� ciueil: ,J xU nkhopapy; cs;s mOj;jk; kw;Wk;

xypapd; tbtq;fisf; Fwpf;fpwJ.

� tiugltpay;: ,J tiuglq;fis cUthf;Fk; Ma;T kw;Wk;

gapw;rp MFk;.

� tpupthf;fk;: ,J xU Njrj;jpd; tpupthf;fk; kw;Wk; Fwpg;ghf gpuhe;jpa tpupthf;fj;jpd; nfhs;if my;yJ eilKiwahFk;.


FWfpa tpdhf;fs;

1. Nguhrpupau; Mu;. rj;jpaehja;aupd; kJuh ehaf;fu;fspd; tuyhW

Gj;jfk; vijf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ?

2. gz;lhuju; vg;gb Muha;r;rp nra;a Muk;gpj;jhu;?

3. gPu;fhy Nrhou; rupj;jpuk; gw;wp xU rpW Fwpg;G vOjTk;.

4. jkpopy; tuyhw;W Ma;Tg; gilg;GfSf;Fj; jukhf mike;j

Gj;jfk; vJ?

167

5. Nf. uh[a;adpd; ve;jg; gilg;G xU ngupa gilg;ghff;

fUjg;gLfpwJ?

6. uh[a;adpd; gilg;G jkpo;ehL xU cz;ikahd tuyhwhf xU

rpW Fwpg;ig vOjTk;.

tphpthd tpdhf;fs;

1. njhz;lkz;lyj;jpd; gz;ila tuyhw;wpy; Mu;. rj;jpaehja;au;

Ma;Tfspd; Kf;fpa KbTfisg; gw;wp tpthjpf;fTk;.

2. gz;luju; gilg;Gfis tpupthff; $Wq;fs;.

3. vd;.Rg;ukzpadpd; rq;f murpaypd; Kf;fpa Gs;spfis myrTk;.








OUP India.






168

myF-11

Muha;r;rp Kiw

cs;slf;fk;

11.1. Kd;Diu

11.2. Nehf;fq;fs;













11.9. $Ljy; thrpg;Gfs;;

11.1. KKd;Diu

tuyhw;wpy; Muha;r;rp tuyhw;W Kiw %yk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.

tuyhw;W Kiw vd;gJ fle;j fhy epfo;Tfis mtw;wpd; rupahd

fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy; Kd;itf;f cUthf;fg;gl;l xU El;gkhFk;.

tuyhw;W cz;ikfspd; jd;ikahy;> tuyhw;iw vOJtJ vg;gb

vd;gij mwpa cjTfpwJ> ,J vspjhd Ntiy my;y. tuyhW

vd;gJ mwptpay; kw;Wk; fiy Mfpa ,uz;Lk; vd;gjhy;>

tuyhw;iw vOJk; Kiwfs; kw;w vy;yh JiwfspypUe;Jk;

NtWgl;ljhf ,Uf;Fk;. ,e;j mj;jpahakhdJ tuyhw;iw vOJk;

topKiwia Fwpj;J tpsf;FfpwJ.

169

11.2. Nehf;fq;fs;


nfhs;s ,aYk;

� xU ey;y Muha;r;rp mwpQuhf ,Ug;gjw;Fj; Njitahd

Fzq;fis milahsk; fhz ,aYk;

� tuyhw;iw vOJjy;> mTl;iyd; cUthf;Fjy;> E}y;

gl;bay;> Fwpg;Gfs; vLg;gJ Nghd;wtw;wpy; cs;s gbfis

tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ

� xU Ma;twpf;ifia vt;thW jahupg;gJ kw;Wk; toq;FtJ

vd;gij tptupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ



tuyhw;W Ma;T : tpsf;fk; Ma;T my;yJ "upru;r;' (Research) vd;w

Mq;fpyr; nrhy; Recerche vd;w gpnuQ;Rr; nrhy;ypypUe;J

ngwg;gl;ljhFk;. ,g;gpnuQ;Rr; nrhy;Yf;F kPz;Lk; “NjL” vd;W

nghUs;. mjhtJ Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l cz;ikfis kWguprPyid

nra;tJk;> Gjpa cz;ikfisf; fz;Lgpbg;gJk;> fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l

cz;ikfSf;Fg; Gjpa tpsf;fq;fs; mspg;gJk; Ma;thFk;.

tuyhw;W Ma;T vd;gJ ek;gj;jf;fr; rhd;Wfisf; nfhz;L

tuyhw;W cz;ikiaf; fz;L gpbj;jyhFk;. ,t;tha;T

Mjhuq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; fle;jfhy epfo;Tfis epfo;e;jthW

GJg;gpf;f KidfpwJ. tuyhw;W Ma;T 1). Gjpa rd;Wfis ntspf;

nfhz;L tUfpwJ; 2). rhd;WfSf;Fg; nghUs; tpsf;fk;

nfhLf;fpwJ; 3).rhd;Wfisf; nfhz;L nghJ tpjpia tFf;fpwJ.

tuyhw;W Ma;T ,Utifg;gLk; : 1). cld;ghl;L Ma;T (Positive

Research). ,t;tif Ma;T mwptpay; Ma;T Kiwapd; %yk; Gjpa

cz;ikfisAk;> fUj;JUthf;fq;fisAk;> tpjpfisAk;>

tpsf;fq;fisAk; nfhLf;fpwJ. 2). vjpu;kiw Ma;T (Negative

Research). ,J Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l cz;ikfs;> Cfq;fs;>

tpsf;fq;fs;> fUj;JUthf;fq;fs;> tpjpfs; Mfpatw;iw

Mjhug;G+u;tkhfj; jtnwd ep&gpf;fpwJ. tuyhW Ma;tpd; Nehf;fk;

gFj;jwpT Kiwapd; %yk; fle;j fhy epfo;Tfspd; Nghf;Ffs;>

cz;ikfs;> vz;zq;fs; Mfpatw;iwf; fz;lwpe;J> jPu;T

fhzg;glhky; ,Uf;Fk; gpur;ridfSf;Fj; jPu;T fhz;gjhFk; vd;W

$Wfpwhu; tpl;Nd (Frederick Lamson Whitney). jdpj;jd;ikAila

fle;j fhy epfo;Tfisf; fz;lwpe;J> mtw;wpw;Fg; nghUs;

170

tpsf;fk; $wp> mtw;Wf;fpilNaahd njhlu;GfisAk;

njspTgLj;JtNj tuyhw;W Ma;T vd;W $Wfpwhu; Ku;bf; (Robert

G.Murdick). I 32.2 Ma;thsupd; Kd; Njitfs; (Requisites of a

Researcher) tuyhw;whsu; gpwg;gjpy;iy. mtu; cUthf;fg;gLfpwhu;.

Kaw;rpahYk; gapw;rpahYk; tuyhw;whsu; cUthfpwhu;.

'jpUkzj;ijg; Nghd;Nw mwpTj; Jiwapy; Ma;thsu; jdJ

kdijg; gw;wp ed;F mwpe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W $Wfpwhu;

tpy;ypak; Ky;lu; (William Mulder). jd;id mwpe;J

nfhz;ltdhy;jhd; jd; kidtpiag; Gupe;J nfhs;s KbAk;.

mNjNghd;W Ma;tpd; Nehf;ifAk; gug;ngy;iyiaAk; njspthfj;

njupe;Js;s Ma;thsuhy;jhd; Ma;tpd; Nehf;fj;ij epiwNtw;w

KbAk;. mjw;fhd Ma;thsupd; Kd;Njitfs; my;yJ jFjpfs;

tUkhW: 1. Ma;thsu; Ma;it Nerpf;f Ntz;Lk;. tpUg;gj;NjhL

Ma;it Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. Ritaw;w tuyhw;W Ma;itr; Rit

kpf;fjhf;f Ma;Tg; nghUis md;NghL mZf Ntz;Lk;. 2.

Ma;thsu; rkepiy fhf;f Ntz;Lk;. Neu;ikAk; ehzaKk; Ma;tpd;

,U fz;fshFk;. fz;zpaKk; fl;Lg;ghLk; Ma;thsupd;

ftrq;fshFk;. tuyhw;W Ma;tpy; tpUg;G ntWg;Gf;Fk;> Gfo;r;rp

,fo;r;rpf;Fk;> $l;bf; Fiwj;J vOJtjw;Fk; ,lkpy;iy . 3.

Ma;thsu; nra;tijr; rupahfr; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. mtruKk;>

miwFiw Ma;Tk;> nghWikapd;ikAk; jPuh ,Lk;ig jUk;.

njspe;j mwpTila epiy Ma;thsupd; M];jp MFk;. Ma;thsu;

vt;tsT fhyk; Ma;it Nkw;nfhz;lhu; vd;gJ Kf;fpaky;y. mtu;

Nkw;nfhz;l Ma;it vt;tsT Jy;ypakhfr; nra;jhu; vd;gNj

Kf;fpak;. 4. Ma;thsUf;F mwpTg;grp ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

muk;NghYk; $upa mwpT ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. Gjpu;fis

tpLtpf;Fk; jpwDk;> gpur;ridfSf;Fj; jPu;T fhZk; JzpTk;>

neUf;fbfis vjpu;nfhs;Sk; jd;dk;gpf;ifAk; Njit.

mwpthu;tNk Ma;thsUf;fhd milahskhFk;. 5. Ma;thsUf;Fj;

Njhy;tp fz;L Jtshj Mz;ik Ntz;Lk;. rhd;Wfisj; NjLk;

Kaw;rpapy; vjpu;ghuhj; jilfs; Vw;glf; $Lk;. Ma;Tj;

jiyg;igNa khw;w Ntz;bapUf;fyhk;. ,j;jifa neUf;fb

epiyapy; Ma;thsuplk; vz;zf;FiyNth nray;FiyNth Vw;glf;

$lhJ. 6. Ma;thsUf;F tuyhw;W Ma;T Kiwapay; gw;wpa

eilKiwj; jpwikfs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,j;jpwikfs; rupahd

jiyg;igj; Nju;e;njLj;jy;> jw;fhypff; Nfhl;ghl;il cUthf;fy;>

rhd;Wfisj; jpul;bg; gFj;jha;jy;> Fwpg;ngLj;jy;> jpl;lkpLjy;>

E}w;gl;bay; jahupj;jy;> mbf;Fwpg;ngOjy;> Ma;Tf; fl;Liu vOjy;

Nghd;w Ma;T eltbf;iffSf;F ,d;wpaikahjit. RUq;ff;$wpd;

tuyhw;W Ma;thsu; Ma;Tg; Gy;ntspapy; kdk;Nghd Nghf;fpy;

jpir njupahJ jpupahky; fhy> ,l> rhd;W> epjp trjpfSf;Nfw;g

171

Xuplj;jpy; epd;W epjhdpj;J fUj;J}d;wp kd xUikg;ghl;Lld;

Ma;Tg; gzpia epiwNtw;w Ntz;Lk;.


Ma;Tj; jiyg;igg; Nghd;Nw Ma;T topfhl;biaAk; tpNtfj;Jld;

Nju;e;njLf;f Ntz;Lk;. Ma;T topfhl;b Njitahd jFjpiaAk;>

Mo;e;j Ma;T mDgtj;ijAk;> mg;gOf;fw;w xOf;fj;ijAk;

ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. Rafl;Lg;ghLk;> jd;dlf;fKk;> Ma;thsiug;

Gupe;J nfhz;L Cf;Ftpj;J cjtf; $batuhf ,Uj;jy; mtrpak;.

jw;nrUf;Fk;> ,Wkhg;Gk;> nghwhikAk; Ma;T topfhl;bf;Fk;

Ma;thsUf;FkpilNaahd ey;ypzf;fj; njhlu;igg; ghjpj;JtpLk;.

Ma;T topfhl;b Muha;r;rp khztu; Ma;Tj; jiyg;igj;

Nju;e;njLf;fj; Jizahf ,Uf;fyhk;> Mdhy; Ma;Tj; jiyg;ig

mtu; kPJ jpzpf;ff;$lhJ. topfhl;b Ma;thsiu cw;rhfg;gLj;jp>

kiwe;JlhU ulumam ghthzu;e;J cupa Neuj;jpy; cupa

MNyhridfis toq;fp> Mahghuj;jpy; ehfhuk; fl;lj;ijAk;

$u;e;J ftdpj;J> jtWfis cDf;F jpUj;jp Mahupd; Ma;Tg;

gazj;Jf;Fj; Njhd;whj; Jizahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.kiyahd

mwpag;gLk;; Ma;T topfhl;b mtuJ Ma;thsu;fshy; mwpag;gLthu;


jw;fhypf Cff; Nfhl;ghL vd;gJ GidTNfhs;. tuyhw;Wthj

Mjhukhfj; jw;fhypfkhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; Cff; fUj;J. ,ij

nka;ikf;Nfhs; vdyhk;. ,J tuyhw;W Nkyha;Tf;F mbg;gilahd

jw;fhypfg; nghJ tpsf;ff; Nfhl;ghlhFk;. ,e;j Cff; Nfhl;ghl;bd;

mbg;gilapy; tuyhw;W Ma;Tg; nghUs; my;yJ gpur;id

tiuaWf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. jw;fhypfkhf tiuaWf;fg;gLk; Cff;

Nfhl;ghL Ma;tpd; NghJ Nrhjpj;Jg; ghu;j;J rupah jtwh vd;W

cWjp nra;ag;gLfpwJ. mjhtJ fpilf;Fk; Mjhu mwpitf;

nfhz;L Ma;Tg; nghUis tiuaWg;gNj jw;fhypf Cff;

Nfhl;ghlhFk;. jw;fhypf Cff; Nfhl;ghl;bd; Nehf;fk; Ma;tpd;

jpiriaAk; (Direction)> tPr;irAk; (Extent) fhl;LtjhFk;.

,f;Nfhl;ghNl Ma;tpd; FtpikakhFk;. Ma;thsu; tPNz miye;J

Neutpuak; nra;ahky; ,Ug;gjw;fhd vy;iyia ,f;Nfhl;ghL

tFj;Jf; nfhLf;fpwJ. mJkl;Lky;y. ve;j msTf;F

Mjhuq;fisj; Njbj; jpul;LtJ vd;gijAk; ,J

njspTgLj;JfpwJ. “jw;fhypf Cff; Nfhl;ghL vd;gJ

cz;ikfSf;fpilNaahd njhlu;ig Nehf;fp Ma;it

,af;FtjhFk;" vd;W tiuaWj;Js;shu; ehu;j;Nuhg; (North Rope).

Cff; Nfhl;ghl;il cUthf;FtJ vspjd;W. Ma;Tg; nghUis

ed;F rpe;jpj;J> mjw;fhd Mjhuq;fisg; gw;wpg; G+u;thq;fkhf

172

mwpe;J nfhz;L > Nkw;Nfhs; E}y;fisg; gbj;j gpd;du;

,f;Nfhl;ghl;il cUthf;f Ntz;Lk;. RUq;ff;$wpd;> jw;fhypf

Cff; Nfhl;ghL Ma;thsupd; Nehf;fk;> mwpthw;wy;> mDgtk;>

mZFKiw Mfpatw;iw ntspg;gLj;Jtjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

Cff; Nfhl;ghL eilKiw rhj;jpakhdjhf (Working Hypothesis)

,Uf;f Ntz;baJ mtrpak;. Vnddpy; ,ijf; nfhz;L jhd;

Ma;itj; Jtq;fp> njhlu;e;J> Kbf;f Ntz;Lk;. vdNt jw;fhypf

Cff; Nfhl;ghL njspthfTk;> vspjhfTk;> RUf;fkhfTk;>

Nrhjpj;Jr; rupghu;f;ff; $bajhfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,Uf;Fk;

mwpitnahl;b cUthf;fg;gLk; ,f;Nfhl;ghL Ma;T KiwNahL

njhlu;G gLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. ,J xOf;fj;Jiwr; rhu;gw;wjhfTk;

(Amoral) ,Uj;jy; mtrpak;. jw;fhypf Cff; Nfhl;ghL

vt;tsTf;nft;tsT mf;fiwNahL cUthf;fg;gLfpwNjh

mt;tsTf;ft;tsT Ma;T vspjhf mikAk;. Cff; Nfhl;ghl;il

cUthf;Fk; NghJ ftdpf;f Ntz;bait: 1). Ma;Tg; nghUisg;

gw;wpa njspT; 2) Ma;T Kiwapaypy; gapw;rp ; 3). Nkw;Nfhs;

E}y;fis Mo;e;J fw;wy; ; 4). rhd;Wfisr; Nrfupg;gjw;fhd khw;W

topfis mwpe;jpUj;jy;; 5).Ma;tpd; cj;Njr tpisTfisg; gw;wpa

Kd;dwpT; 6). nrhe;j tpUg;G ntWg;gpd;ik. nraywpT rhu;e;j

Ma;tpy; (Empvical Research) jw;fhypf Cff; Nfhl;ghl;il

cUthf;fy; fl;lhaj; Njit. Mdhy; tuyhw;wha;T Nghd;w

gFg;gha;Tf;F (Analytical Research) ,f;Nfhl;ghL fl;lhakpy;iy.

vdpDk; tuyhw;W Ma;T Cfq;fs; (Assumptions) ,Ug;gpd; mit

njspTgLj;jg;gl Ntz;baJ ,d;wpaikahjJ. 32.6 eilKiw

E}w;gl;bay; (A Working Bibliography) Ma;thsu; Ma;Tj;

jiyg;igj; Nju;e;njLj;J> mjw;Fupa jw;fhypf Cff; Nfhl;ghl;il

cUthf;fpa gpd;du; Kiwahd G+u;thq;f E}w;gl;baiyj; jahupf;f

Ntz;Lk;. Ma;thsu; jiyg;igj; Nju;e;njLg;gjw;F Kd;Ng gy

E}y;fisg; gbj;jpUg;ghu;. jiyg;G Kbthdgpd; jw;fhypf

E}w;gl;baiyj; jahupf;f Ntz;Lk;.

,jw;Ff; fy;Y}up> gy;fiyf;fof kw;Wk; jdpahu; E}yfq;fisg;

gad;gLj;jyhk;. E}yfk; jhd; tuyhw;W Ma;thsupd; Ma;Tf;$lk;.

Ma;thsu; E}yfg; gl;bay; (Library Catalogue)> ml;ilg; gl;bay;

(Card Catalogue)> Gj;jf mykhupfs; (Book Shelves) Mfpatw;iwg;

ghu;j;J eilKiw E}w;gl;baiyj; jahupf;f Ntz;Lk;. ghl kw;Wk;

Nkw;nfhs; E}y;fNshL fiyf; fsQ;rpaq;fs;> tho;f;if

tuyhWfs;> Ra tuyhWfs;> tuyhw;Wj; jdp tiuTfs;

(Monographs)> tuyhw;W E}w;gl;bay;> ifNaLfs;> gj;jpupf;if

nra;jpr; RUf;fq;fs;> Ma;Tf; fl;Liufs;> mwpf;iffs;> fl;Liuf;

Nfhg;Gfs; Mfpait gw;wpa jfty;fisAk; jpul;l Ntz;Lk;.

Mtzf; fhg;gfq;fspypUe;J Mtzq;fisg; gw;wpa tptuq;fisg;

ngwyhk;. ,tw;iwf; nfhz;L eilKiw E}w;gl;baiyj; jahupj;Jg;

173

gpd;du; Ma;tpd; NghJ fpilf;Fk; Mjhu E}y;fisAk; Nru;j;J

,Wjpahf Ma;tpd; Kbtpy; KOikahd E}w;gl;baiyj;

jahupf;fyhk;.


Ma;T njhlu; eltbf;if. Ma;thsu; rhd;W E}y;fisj;

njhlu;e;J gbf;f Ntz;bapUf;Fk;. vdNt gbf;Fk; NghNj

E}y;fisg; gw;wpa Fwpg;ngLj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;baJ mtrpak;.

,f;Fwpg;Gfis vLf;f rPuhd xNu msTila ml;ilfis Ma;T

KbAk; tiug; gad;gLj;JtJ ey;yJ. tof;fkhf Ma;thsu;fs; “3 f;F 3" my;yJ 3 f;F 5 msTs;s ml;ilfisg; gad;gLj;Jtu;.

xU E}Yf;F xU ml;il tPjk; cgNahfpf;f Ntz;Lk;. xt;nthU

ml;ilapYk; 1) Gj;jfj;jpd; vz; (Call No.); 2) Mrpupau; ngau; ; 3).

E}ypd; ngau;; 4) ntspaPl;lhsu;> ntspaplg;gl;l ,lk;> Mz;L ; 5).

E}yfj;jpd; ngau; ; 6). nghUs; RUf;fk; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs; ,Uf;f

Ntz;Lk;. E}w;gl;bay; ml;ilfisj; jahupg;gjpy; gy ed;ikfs;

cz;L: 1) . ,tw;iw mfu tupirapy; mLf;FtJ vspJ. 2).

Fwpg;Gfs; Nrur;Nru ml;ilfis cupa ,lq;fspy; Nrfupf;fyhk;. 3)

Gjpa jfty;fis Nru;g;gNjh my;yJ Njitaw;w jfty;fis

ePf;FtNjh vspJ. 4) ml;ilfis Nrkpj;J itj;jy; Rygk;. 5)

Nkw;NfhSf;fhf mbf;fb gad;gLj;jyhk;. 6). Ma;T Kbtpy; ,Wjp

E}w;gl;bay; jahupf;Fk; NghJ ngw;Wf;nfhs;syhk;. nryT fUjp

E}w;gl;bay; ml;il Kiwiag; gpd;gw;whky; ,Ug;gJ

Gj;jprhypj;jdky;y.


Fwpg;ngLj;jy; xU fiyahFk;. Ma;thsu; epidthw;wiy

ek;gpapUf;f KbahJ. rhd;W E}y;fspypUe;J epiwa Fwpg;Gfs;

jahupf;f Ntz;Lk;. Ma;thsu; jpul;l Ntz;ba jfty;fisg; gw;wpj;

njspthf ,Uj;jy; mtrpak;. Vnddpy; jfty;fspd;

jd;ikf;Nfw;gf; Fwpg;Gfisj; jahupf;f Ntz;Lk;. Fwpg;ngLj;jy;

,U tifg;gLk;: mg;gbNa vOjpf; nfhs;tJ (Verbatium Copy)

Mjhu E}y; my;yJ Mtzj;jpy; ,Ug;gij mg;gbNa vOjpf;

nfhs;tJ. ,J Nkw;Nfhs; fhl;l cjTk;. 2.RUf;fj;ij (Gist)

vOjy; nghUj;jkhd Njitahd jfty;fis kl;Lk; RUf;fp

vOjpf; nfhs;sy;. tuyhw;W Ma;Tf;F ,t;tpuz;L KiwfSk;

gad;gLk;. Fwpg;ngLg;gJ vg;gb? Ma;thsu;fs; Fwpg;ngLf;fg; gy

Kiwfisf; ifahs;fpd;wdu;. rpyu; Fwpg;ngLf;f Nehl;Lg;

Gj;jfq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;. xU fUj;Jf;F xU gf;fk; vd;W

fzf;Fg; gjpTg; NgNuL (Ledger) Nghd;W Fwpg;ngOjpf; nfhs;tu;.

,J tuyhw;wha;Tf;F Vw;wjy;y. Nehl;Lg;Gj;jf Kiw rpf;fyhdJ>

174

jpwikaw;wJ> NghJkhdjd;W> NtWrpyu; jdpj; jhs;fspy;

Fwpg;ngLg;gu;. ,JTk; ,ilQ;ryhd vspjpy; ifahs Kbahj

(Cumbersome) KiwahFk;. ,t;tpuz;ilAk; tpl Fwpg;gl;il

(Notes Card System) rpwe;jJ. ,jw;F xNu msTs;s

ml;ilfisNah my;yJ rw;W fbdkhd jhs;fisNah

gad;gLj;jyhk;. Fwpg;gl;ilfs; E}w;gl;bay; ml;ilfistpl

mstpy; rw;Wg; ngupjhf ,Ue;jhy; ey;yJ. ml;il 4" f;F 6" vd;w

mstpy; ,Uf;fyhk;. Fwpg;ngLf;ifapy; gpd;tUk; fhuzf; $Wfis

(Factors)f; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. 1). xU fUj;Jf;F

xU Fwpg;gl;il; 2) ml;ilapd; cr;rpapy; Fwpg;Gj; jiyg;ig

vOJjy;; 3). ,lJ gf;f Xuj;jpy; gf;f vz;izf; Fwpg;gply;; 4).

Fwpg;G Nghjpa mstpy; ,Uj;jy;; 5). jfty; Nkw;Nfhsh my;yJ

RUf;fkh vd;W Fwpg;gply;; 6.Gj;jfk; my;yJ Mtzk; gw;wpa

jfty; Fwpg;G xU ml;ilf;F Nky; Nghdhy; njhlu;r;rp m> M>

,.... vd;W xU Fwpg;Gf;Fg; gy ml;ilfisg; gad;gLj;jyhk;.

G+u;thq;f Ma;Tf; fl;Liur; RUf;fk; (Preliminary outline of the

Thesis) tuyhw;wha;T njhlu; eltbf;iffisf; nfhz;l

nray;ghq;F (Process) MFk;. Ma;Tj; jiyg;igj; Nju;e;njLj;jy;.

G+u;thq;f E}w;gl;bay; jahupj;jy;> Ma;Tf; fl;Liur; RUf;fk;

vOJjy; Mfpait tuyhw;W Ma;tpd; Kjy; %d;W eltbf;iffs;

MFk;. fl;Liur; RUf;fk; vd;gJ fl;llj; jpl;lk; (Blue- Print)

Nghd;wJ. Ma;Tf; fl;Liur; RUf;fk; 1. Kd;Diu (Introduction);

2.cly; gFjp (Body); 3. KbT (Conclusion) Mfpa %d;W

gFjpfisf; nfhz;lJ. G+u;thq;f Ma;Tf; fl;Liur; RUf;fk;

,uz;lhk; epiw Mjhuq;fspd; (Secondary Sources) mbg;gilapy;

jahupf;fg;gLtJ. ,r;RUf;fk; fhytud; Kiwg;gbj; jahupf;fg;gLjy;

Ntz;Lk;.


Ma;thsUf;Ff; fhy czu;T fl;lhak; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

Jtf;fj;jpy; thshtpUe;Jtpl;L Ma;T Kbtpy; mtrug;gLtjpy;

mu;j;jkpy;iy. Ma;T epiyf;Nfw;gf; fhyf;nfL epu;zapf;fg;gLfpwJ.

,f;fhyf;nfLf;Fs; Ma;Tf; fl;Liuia Mf;fg; G+u;tkhfTk;>

ek;gfj; jd;ikAilajhfTk;> Gjpa KbTfisf; nfhz;ljhfTk;

KOikahf vOjp Kbf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;Fg; gpd;tUk; fhy

ml;ltiz topfhl;bahf ,Uf;Fk;.

1. Ma;Tg; nghUis tiuaWj;jy;> rhd;Wfisj; jpul;ly;>

Kiwg;gLj;Jjy;....... 60 % 2. Ma;Tf; fl;Liuapd; Kjy; efy;

jahupf;f.........

175

20% 3. Nkw;Nfhs;fs;> tiuglq;fs;> E}w;gl;bay;> ,Wjp efy;>

efy;gb rupghu;j;jy;.......20%


1. xU ey;y Muha;r;rpahsuhf ,Uf;f vd;d Njit?

2. xU Muha;r;rpahsu; ve;j %d;W FiwghLfshy;

ghjpf;fg;glf;$lhJ?

3. Fwpg;Gfis vLf;Fk; mwptpay; Kiw vJ?

4. ml;il Kiwapd; ,uz;L ed;ikfs; ahit?

5. ehd;F tifahd tuyhw;W vOj;Jf;fs; ahit?


1. xU ey;y Muha;r;rpahsuhf ,Ug;gjw;F> ciog;gpd; kPJ md;Gk;

jdpg;gl;l Neu;ikAk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

2. xU Muha;r;rp mwpQu; gzpGupAk; rf;jpia ,oe;J jtpf;ff;

$lhJ>

kpif tpku;rdk; kw;Wk; ftdf;FiwT.

3. Fwpg;Gfis vLf;Fk; mwptpay; Kiw fhu;L my;yJ rPl;L Kiw.

4. ml;il Kiwapd; ,uz;L ed;ikfs;> xd;W vq;F nrd;whYk;

vLj;Jr; nry;tJ vspJ> ,uz;lhtjhf> ,e;j mikg;gpy;

Nru;j;jy;fis ,izg;gJ vspJ.

5. rupj;jpu vOj;jpd; ehd;F Kf;fpa tiffs; ntspg;ghL> thjk;>

tptupg;G kw;Wk; tpsf;fk;.

6. tuyhw;W Muha;r;rpapd; jhu;kPf> kd kw;Wk; eilKiw mwpitj;

jtpu> kw;w %d;W Muha;r;rp Kiwj; jpwd;fs; re;Njfk;> rhd;wpjo;

kw;Wk; tprhuiz.

7. ‘tpku;rdk;’ vd;gJ rupapypUe;J jtnwd;Wk;> cz;ikahdij

NghypapypUe;Jk; NtWgLj;Jtjw;fhd xU fUtpahFk;. gpiofs;

kw;Wk; jtWfis ePf;Ftjw;Fk;> xU Mtzj;jpd; cz;ik my;yJ

cz;ikj;jd;ikiaj; jPu;khdpg;gjw;Fk; ,J mwpQu;fspd; iffspy;

cs;s xU fUtpahFk;.

176

8. cz;ikfspd; njhFg;ghy; vjpu;nfhs;Sk; xU gpur;rid

vd;dntd;why;> kdpjdpd; nray;fs; xd;iwnahd;W xd;Wld; xd;W

Nru;g;gjhy; mtw;iw xOq;fikg;gJ fbdk;.

9. nraw;if nray;ghLfspd; fPo; cs;s nray;ghLfs;>

cz;ikfis njhFj;jy;> xU Ma;twpf;ifia cUthf;Fjy;>

mbf;Fwpg;Gfis cUthf;Fjy; kw;Wk; Mf;fG+u;tkhd gFj;jwpT.

10. Mf;fG+u;tkhd gFj;jwpT vd;gJ xU tuyhw;whrpupau;>

fpilf;ff;$ba midj;J Mjhuq;fisAk; Ma;T nra;j gpwFk;

jdf;Fj; njupahjij mwpa Kaw;rpf;Fk; nray;KiwahFk;.

11. Mf;fG+u;tkhd gFj;jwpitg; gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ> vOj;jhsu;

nrhy;yhjij ciuapy; mwpKfg;gLj;jhjgb ehk; ftdkhf ,Uf;f

Ntz;Lk;.

111.6.. mj;jpahar;; RUf;fk;;

Muha;r;rp vd;gJ cz;ikfisf; fz;lwpa my;yJ mwpag;gl;l

cz;ikfis kWguprPyid nra;a my;yJ cz;ikfis

Nfhl;ghLfspy; itg;gjw;fhf> xU tp\aj;ij tplhKaw;rpAld;

kw;Wk; Kiwahd tprhuiz my;yJ tprhuizia Nkw;nfhs;Sk;

Kaw;rpahFk;.

fle;j fhyj;ij KOtJkhf kPz;Lk; cUthf;fTk;> fle;j fhy

epfo;Tfis mit ele;jpUf;f Ntz;ba msTf;F KOikahf

kWfl;likf;fTk;> me;j epfo;Tfspd; mu;j;jj;ijAk;

Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijAk; tpsf;fTk;> ePz;lfhykhf epyTk; jtwhd

fUj;Jf;fis rupnra;aTk; tuyhw;W Muha;r;rp fle;j fhyj;ij

Njhz;b vLf;fpwJ. > VNjDk; ,Ue;jhy;> kw;Wk; ek;kplk; cs;s

mwptpd; ntspr;rj;jpy; Nahridfis tpupTgLj;jTk;> gFg;gha;T

nra;aTk;> xUq;fpizf;fTk; kw;Wk; jj;Jtg;gLj;jTk;.

xU ey;y Muha;r;rpahsu; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;ba Fzq;fs;> nghUs;

kPjhd md;G> jdpg;gl;l Neu;ik> epjhdk; kw;Wk; Gj;jprhypj;jdk;.

Kiw MFk;.

E}yfj;ijj; jahupg;gjhFk;. ,jw;fhf mtu; jdJ jftiyg; ngw;w

Kjd;ik kw;Wk; ,uz;lhk; epiy Mjhuq;fisg; gjpT nra;a

Ntz;Lk;.

177

}yfj;ijj; jahupg;gjw;Fg; gpwF

%d;whtJ Kf;fpa Ntiy> KOj; jpl;lj;ijg; gw;wpa Njhuhakhd

Nahridia mtUf;F mspf;Fk; xU mTl;iyd;> xU fl;likg;ig

my;yJ xU RUf;fj;ij cUthf;FtjhFk;.

jtpu> xU mwpQu; ,d;Dk; rpy Njitahd jpwd;fshd tpku;rdk;>

gFg;gha;T> fw;gid> re;Njfk;> rhd;wpjo; kw;Wk; tprhuiz

Nghd;wtw;iw tpUk;Gthu;.

Nahridiag; ngw;w gpwF> mwpQu; nraw;if eltbf;iffspy;

mLj;j Kf;fpakhd gbia vLf;fpwhu;> ,J eilKiw

mbg;gilapy; tbtikf;fg;gl;l rpy jpl;ltl;lkhd tifg;ghL

jpl;lj;jpd; gb cz;ikfis njhFf;f Ntz;Lk;.

Mfpatw;wpy; topfhl;Lk; xU nfhs;ifiaf; fz;lwpa Ntz;Lk;.

Neuk;> ,lk; kw;Wk; egu;fspd; ntspg;Gw epiyikfspd;

mbg;gilapy; tifg;gLj;jg;gLk; vspa kw;Wk; vspjhd tifg;ghL

MFk;.

ftdkhfTk; Gj;jprhypj;jdkhfTk; gad;gLj;Jtij cs;slf;fpaJ.

xU cz;ik kw;nwhd;Wld; vd;d cwtpy; epw;fpwJ vd;gij mwpa

rpy gFj;jwpAk; rf;jp Njit.

nray;ghL Ma;twpf;ifiaj; jpl;lkpLjy; kw;Wk;

cz;ikfis xOq;FgLj;Jjy; Mfpatw;Wld; njhlu;GilaJ.

,jw;fhf Muha;r;rpahsu; jdJ midj;J cz;ikfSk;

ju;f;fuPjpahf gy Kf;fpa jiyg;Gfs; kw;Wk; Jizj;jiyg;Gfspd;

fPo; mikf;fg;gl;bUg;gij cWjp nra;a Ntz;Lk;.

tpku;rd uPjpahfTk; gFg;gha;T uPjpahfTk;

,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. Vd; vd;w Nfs;tpia itg;gjd; %yk; kl;Lky;y>

thrfupd; jpUg;jpf;F gjpyspg;gjd; %yKk; mwpQu; xU rpf;fiy

vg;NghJk; fhuz gFg;gha;T %yk; cUthf;f Ntz;Lk;.

mwpag;gLk; NkYk; xU Kf;fpakhd nray;ghL tUfpwJ.

Muha;r;rpg; gzpfspy; ,d;Dk; ,Uf;Fk; ,ilntspfis my;yJ

gyiffis epug;GtNj ,jd; Kf;fpa Ntiy. gy;NtW

Mjhuq;fspy; ,Ue;J ekf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; tuyhw;Wg; nghUs;fs;

xt;nthU tptuj;ijAk; tpsf;Ftjw;Fg; NghJkhdjhf ,y;iy

vd;gjhy; ,j;jifa ntw;wplq;fs; kpfTk; ,ay;ghdit.

178

tuyhw;whrpupau;fSf;F mjpfg; gad;gLfpwJ. ,J Mtzq;fshy;

epWtg;gl;l cz;ikAld; njhlq;FfpwJ kw;Wk; Mtzk;

Fwpg;gplhj NtW rpy cz;ikia Cfpf;fpwJ. ,J tuyhw;wpd;

mbg;gilf; Nfhl;ghl;bd; gad;ghL MFk;> mjhtJ

epfo;fhyj;jpw;Fk; fle;jfhy kdpjFyj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd

xg;Gik.

111.7.. Kf;fpaa nrhw;fs;;

njhlq;fg;gl;l xU kj kw;Wk; jj;Jt ,af;fkhFk;.

-tuyhW: ,J tuyhw;Wf;F Ke;ija fhyj;jpw;Fk;

tuyhw;Wf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l fhyfl;lkhf ,Ue;jJ> mg;NghJ xU

fyhr;rhuk; vOJk; fiyia tsu;f;ftpy;iy.

Gj;jfq;fspd; gl;bay;>

nghJthf gpd;dpizg;ghf mr;rplg;gLk;.

11.8.. Raa cjtpp Nfs;tpfs;; kw;Wk;; gapw;rpfs;;

FWfpaa tpdhf;fs;;

1. xU ey;y Muha;r;rpahsuhf ,Ug;gjw;Fj; Njitahd

Fzq;fisf; fzf;fpLq;fs;.

2. /g;&l; Neha; vdg;gLk; epiy vd;d?

3. Neu;kiwahd tpku;rdj;jpw;fhd nfhs;iffis gl;baypLq;fs;.

4. tuyhw;W Ma;tpy; cz;ikfis njhFg;gjpy; cs;s rpf;fy;fs;

vd;d?

tphpthdd tpdhf;fs;;

1. %d;W tifahd Muha;r;rpfs; vit? tpthjpf;fTk;.

2. Ma;twpf;ifia cUthf;Fk; nray;Kiwia tpsf;Fq;fs;.

179

3. Mf;fG+u;tkhd gFj;jwpitg; gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ xUtu; vLf;f

Ntz;ba Kd;ndr;rupf;iffs; vd;d? tpthjpf;fTk;.

4. RUf;fj;ij vt;thW jahupg;gJ vd;W tpthjpf;fTk;.








OUP India.






myF-12

tuyhw;wpd; Mjhuq;fs; Kjy; epiy ,uz;lhk; epiy kw;Wk;

,iza Mjhuq;fs;

cs;slf;fk;

12.1. Kd;Diu

12.2. Nehf;fq;fs;

12.3. tuyhw;Wr; rhd;Wfs;

12.3.1. tuyhw;W milahsq;fs; (Historical Traces)

12.3.2. tuyhw;W Mjhuq;fs; (Historical Evidences)

180













112.1. Kd;Diuu

tuyhw;iw tpsf;Ftjw;Fk; fle;j fhyj;ijg; gw;wpa jfty;fisr;

Nrfupg;gjw;Fk; gy Mjhuq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. tuyhw;Wj;

jfty;fSf;F Kf;fpakhf ,uz;L Mjhuq;fs; cs;sd: Kjd;ik

Mjhuq;fs; kw;Wk; ,uz;lhk; epiy Mjhuq;fs;. Kjd;ik

Mjhuq;fspy; ehzaq;fs;> fy;ntl;Lfs; kw;Wk; Gijg;nghUs;

Mjhrangal ullana.;.

kWGwk;> ,uz;lhk; epiy Mjhuq;fs; Kjd;ik %yj;jpd; tpsf;fk;

kw;Wk; gFg;gha;T %yk; cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,it mbg;gilapy;

Kjd;ik Mjhuq;fspy; ,Ue;J mDkhdq;fis tiue;J

cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wd. tuyhw;Wj; jfty;fspd; Gjpa Mjhuq;fspy;

,izaKk; xd;W

ahu; Ntz;LkhdhYk; vg;NghJ Ntz;LkhdhYk; mZfyhk;. ,e;j

myfpy;> ,j;jifa Mjhuq;fs; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

12.2.. Nehf;fq;fs;;

,e;jj mj;jpahaj;ijj gbg;gjd;; %ykhff fPo;fhz;gdtw;iww Ghpe;JJ

nfhs;ss ,aYk;;

181

Wk; gz;Gfisg; gw;wp

tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ

Mjhuq;fspd; ed;ikfs; kw;Wk; mjd; gz;Gfs;

tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ

;ikfs; kw;Wk;

rpukq;fis Muhag;gl;Ls;sJ.

112.3.. tuyhw;Wr;; rhd;Wfs;;

12.3.1.. tuyhw;WW milahsq;fs;; (Historical Traces))

nt];b[pak; (Vestigium) vd;w ,yj;jPd; nrhy;Yf;Fg; nghUs;

milahsk; (Trace) vd;gjhFk;. mjhtJ fhyb milahsk;.

tuyhw;W milahsq;fs; vd;gij kdpjd; tuyhw;W kzw;gug;gpy;

gjpj;Jr; nrd;Ws;s rhjidg; gjpTfshFk;. ,it kdpjdpd; fle;j

fhy eltbf;iffis epidT+l;Lk; rhd;Wfs; (Sources) MFk;.

fle;j fhy epfo;Tfis Neubahf re;jpf;f Kbahj tuyhw;whsu;

mtw;iwg; gw;wpa milahsq;fisf; nfhz;L tuyhw;iwg;

GJg;gpf;fpwhu;. tuyhw;W milahsk; vd;gJ epfo;r;rpfspd; njhlu;r;rp

gw;wpa gjpT vd;W tiuaWj;Js;shu; Nudpau; (G.J.Ranier).

milahsk; my;yJ RtL ,Uf;f Ntz;Lkhapd; mijg;

gjpj;jtUk; ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. milahsq;fis tpl;Lr;

nrd;Nwhu; mit vjpu;fhyr; re;jjpapdUf;Fj; njupa Ntz;Lk; vd;w

Nehf;fj;NjhL nra;jpUf;fyhk;. my;yJ vt;tpj vjpu;ghu;g;Gkpd;wp

,ay;ghfNt tpl;Lr; nrd;wpUf;fyhk;. vJ vt;thwhapDk; fle;j

fhy milahsq;fs; epfo;Tfspd; gpujpgypg;GfshFk; tuyhw;W

epfo;Tfisg; gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;fhd ,e;j milahsq;fNs

tuyhw;Wr; rhd;Wfs; MFk;.

12.3.2.. tuyhw;WW Mjhuq;fs;; (Historical Evidences)

tuyhw;W milahsq;fs; tuyhw;W Mjhuq;fshfg; gad;gLfpd;wd.

ePjpgjp epiyapy; cs;s tuyhw;whsUf;F Mjhuq;fNs

rhd;WfshFk;. nrtptopr; nra;jpfSk;> fw;gidf; $WfSk;>

ek;gpf;iffSk;> Cfq;fSk;> tje;jpfSk;> cWjpf; $w;WfSk;

Mjhuq;fs; Mfh. milahsq;fis mg;gbNa Mjhuq;fshf Vw;Wf;

nfhs;s KbAkh? KbahJ. Vnddpy; mJ cz;ikahfNth>

ngha;ahfNth my;yJ ,uz;Lk; fye;jjhfNth ,Uf;ff; $Lk;.

vdNt tuyhw;W milahsq;fs; cUtpy; cs;s Mjhuq;fisg;

gFj;jha;e;J> jpwdha;T nra;J> ek;gj;jf;fitjhdh vd;gij cWjp

182

nra;a Ntz;Lk;. Nrhjpf;fg;gl;l Mjhuq;fNs rhl;rpfshFk;.

RUq;ff; $wpd; jpwdha;T nra;J nka;g;gpf;fg;gl;l milahsq;fNs

tuyhw;W Mjhuq;fshFk;> rhd;WfshFk;.


rhd;Wfs; tuyhw;W tiuTf;fhd %yg; nghUs;fs;. ''rKjhaj;jpy;

jdpj; jd;ikAila eltbf;iffisg; gw;wp kdpjd; tpl;Lr;

nry;Yk; gjpTfNs tuyhw;Wr; rhd;Wfs;" vd;W $Wfpwhu; ePyfz;l

rh];jpup. ,r;rhd;Wfs; tuyhW rhu;e;jjhfNth (Historical) my;yJ

tuyhW rhuhjjhfNth (Non-Historical) ,Uf;ff; $Lk;. tuyhw;Wr;

rhd;WfNs ek;gfkhdit. jd;ikf;Nfw;gr; rhd;Wfisg; gpd;tUkhW

gpupf;fyhk;. 1. nghUs; rhd;Wfs; (Mateiral sources). fle;j fhy

kdpj tho;it epidT+l;lf; $ba nghUs; vr;rq;fs; nghUs;

rhd;Wfs; MFk;. ,it vOjg;gl;Nlh my;yJ vOjg;glhkNyh

,Uf;fyhk;. nghJthf vOjg;glh rhd;WfNs nghUs; rhd;Wfshf

cs;sd. MAjq;fs;> fUtpfs;> ghz;lq;fs;> ehzaq;fs;>

jl;LKl;Lr; rhkhd;fs;> jhopfs;> rpw;gq;fs;> Xtpaq;fs;> epidTr;

rpd;dq;fs; nghUs; rhd;WfshFk;. ,it tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l

fhy (Pre-Historical Age) tho;f;ifia mwpa cjTk;. 2.

nghUsy;yhj rhd;Wfs; (Non-Material Sources). ,r;rhd;Wfs;

njhl;lwpa Kbahjit (Intangible)> R+l;rkkhdit (Subtle)>

kuGtop te;jit (Traditional). ,it fle;j fhy epfo;TfNshL

njhlu;Gilait> njhlu;e;J ePbg;git> epfo;Tfisg; Gupe;J

nfhs;s cjTgit> gpw rhd;WfSf;Fj; Jizahf ,Ug;git.

gof;f tof;fq;fs;> xOf;f newpfs;> r%ff; fl;Lg;ghLfs; > rkar;

rlq;Ffs;> ek;gpf;iffs;> fl;Lf; fijfs; nghUsy;yhj rhd;Wfs;.

3. vOj;Jr; rhd;Wfs; (Written Sources). vOj;Jr; rhd;Wfs;

Fwpg;gpl;l nkhopfspy; vOjg;gl;bUf;Fk;. ,tw;iw vspjpy; mr;R

tbtpy; GJg;gpf;fyhk;. ,r;rhd;Wfs; ek;gfj; jd;ikAilait.

,itNa Mtzq;fs; (Documents) MFk;. Mtzq;fs; ,ay;ghjj;

jahupf;fg;glyhk;. my;yJ vjpu;fhy re;jjpapdiu kdjpy; nfhz;L

cUthf;fg;gl;bUf;fyhk;. ehl;Fwpg;Gfs;> epidTf; Fwpg;Gfs;>

fbjq;fs; Nghd;wit jdpg;gl;lit. mjpfhug;G+u;tkw;wit. nghJ

Mtzq;fsy;y. khwhf tuyhw;Wf; Fwpg;Gfs; (Annals)>

fhytud;Kiwf; Fwpg;Gfs; (Chronologies)> gjpNtLfs; (Records)

Nghd;wit vOj;Jr; rhd;WfshFk;. ,it tuyhw;whsupd; Mjhu

rhl;rpr; rhd;WfshFk;.

183


rhd;Wfs; tuyhw;wpw;F KJnfOk;G Nghd;wd. tuyhw;W Ma;thsu;

rhd;Wfspd; mbg;gilapy; jhd; tuyhw;iwg; gilf;fpd;whu;. fle;j

fhyj;jpy; kdpju;fspd; nray;fisAk;> mtu;fSila

vz;zq;fisAk; gpujpgypg;gJ rhd;Wfs;. fle;j fhy epfo;r;rpfs;

KOikiaAk; jhq;fp ,Ug;gjpy;iy. mg;gb ,Ug;gpDk; VjhtJ

vjpu;ghuhj tpgj;Jf;fs; fhuzkhf mj;jifa rhd;Wfs; fle;j

fhy epfo;r;rpfs; kw;Wk; nra;jpfs; tuyhw;wpy; ,lk; ngwhky;

Ngha;tpLk;. tuyhw;iw nghUj;jtiu mj;jifa epfo;r;rpfs;

epfohky; Ngha;tpLk;. vdNt rhd;WfSf;Fg; gjpyhf NtW xd;iwf;

nfhz;L tuyhW vOj ,ayhJ. vdNt rhd;Wfs; ,y;iynadpy;

tuyhW ,y;iy. tuyhw;Wr; rhd;WfSf;Fk;> mijf; nfhz;L

tuyhW vOJfpd;w tuyhw;W MrpupaDf;Fk; ,ilapy; cs;s

cwitg; gw;wp ,. vr;. fhu; vd;Dk; Mq;fpy tuyhw;W Mrpupau;

tuyhW vd;why; vd;d? vd;Dk; Gj;jfj;jpy;> “tuyhw;W MrpupaUf;Fk;> rhd;WfSf;Fk; ,ilapy; cs;s cwT> fle;j

fhyj;jpw;Fk;> epfo;fhyj;jpw;Fk; ,ilNa elf;Fk; ,iltplhj

ciuahly; MFk;" vd mUikahff; $Wfpd;whu;.

njhopy; El;gj;jpy; gy Kd;Ndw;wq;fs; mile;jpUe;jhYk; fle;j

fhyj;jpYk; etPd fhyj;jpYk; tuyhw;W rhd;Wfisr; Nrfupg;gJ

vd;gJ fbdkhd nrayhfj;jhd; cs;sJ. ,jw;F Kf;fpa fhuzk;.

jdp egu;fs;> muru;fs;> gpuGf;fs;> nry;te;ju;fs; Nghd;Nwhu;

Mtzq;fisr; Nrfupj;J nghJ kf;fspd; ghu;itapy; glhky;

kiwj;J itj;jpUg;gJ jhd;. etPd fhyj;jpy; xt;nthU ehl;bYk;

murhq;fq;fs; me;ehl;bw;F cupa Mtzq;fisr; Nrfupj;Jg;

ghJfhj;J tUk; Mtz fhg;gfq;fs;> muR mUq;fhl;rpaq;fs;

kw;Wk; nghJ Mtzq;fs; xU ehl;bd; fyhr;rhuj;ijAk;

gz;ghl;ilAk; tuyhw;iwAk; gpujp gypf;fpd;wd.

tuyhw;Wr; rhd;Wfs; nghJthf ,Utifg;gLk;. mit m.

%yr;rhd;Wfs; (my;yJ) Kjy; epiyr;rhd;Wfs; M. ,uz;lhk;

epiy rhd;Wfs; MFk;. Kjy;epiy> ,uz;lhk; epiyr; rhd;Wfs;

Mo;e;j GyikAila ek;gj;jFe;j tuyhw;W E}y; vdg;gLtJ me;j

E}y; ve;j mstpw;F Kjy; epiy rhd;Wfisf; nfhz;L

vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gijg; nghWj;Nj mikAk;. ,t;thW

vOjg;gl;l tuyhw;W E}y; ,uz;lhk; epiyr; rhd;whFk;.

nghJkf;fs;> gj;jpupifj; Jiwiar; rhu;e;jtu;fs;> tuyhw;wpy;

Mu;tk; nfhz;ltu;fs; tuyhw;iwg; gw;wp njupe;J nfhs;s Kjy;

epiy rhd;Wfis ehbr; nry;tJ ,y;iy. rkaj;jpy; mtu;fSf;Fg;

Nghjpa NeuKk; fpilg;gjpy;iy. vdNt mj;jifNahu; Kjy; epiy

rhd;Wfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L vOjg;gl;l tuyhw;W

E}y;fis ehLfpd;wdu;. RUq;ff; $wpd; tuyhw;W Ma;thsu; gue;J

184

rpjwpf; fpilf;Fk; tuyhw;Wr; rhd;Wfis xd;W jpul;b Kiwahf

ahtUk; mwpe;J nfhs;Sk; tz;zk; xU E}iyg; gilf;fpd;whu;.

,J ,uz;lhk; epiyr;rhd;W MfpwJ.

tuyhw;W Ma;tpw;F Kjy; epiy rhd;Wfs; vt;tstpw;F

NjitNah> me;j mstpw;F ,uz;lhk; epiyr; rhd;WfSk;

Njitahdit. xU jiyg;gpd; tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzp> Nfhl;ghL

kw;Wk; Ma;T mDkhdk; ,tw;iw epu;zapg;gJ ,uz;lhk; epiy

rhd;Wfs;jhk;.

,tw;iwj; jtpu %d;whk; epiyapy; cs;s tuyhw;Wg; ghl

Gj;jfq;fs; kf;fspilNa gpugykile;Js;sJ tuyhw;W E}y;fs;

,it rhd;Wfshf vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg;glkhl;lhJ. Kjy; epiy

kw;Wk; ,uz;lhk; epiy rhd;Wfs; vd mWjpapl;Lf; $w Kbahj

epiyapy; rpy rhd;Wfs; mike;Js;sd.

,t;tifiar; rhu;e;jitjhd; tuyhw;W E}y;fs; MFk; ,j;jifa

E}y;fspy; Mrpupaupd; rkfhyj;J epfo;r;rpfs; $wg;gl;L ,Ue;jhYk;

me;epfo;r;rpfisg; nghUj;jtiu ,j;jifia E}y;fs; ,uz;lhk;

epiy rhd;WfNs MFk;. Mdhy; me;E}ypd; Mrpupaupd; tuyhw;iw

Ma;T nra;Ak; nghOJ me;E}y; Kjy; epiy rhd;whfj;jpfo;fpwJ.

mLj;j tif E}y;fs; rkfhyj;jpy; vOjg;gl;lit ,tw;iw ,U

gpupTfshfg; gpupf;fyhk;. xd;W tuyhw;W Mrpupau;fshy; Gw

Nehf;Fj; jd;ikAld; vOjg;gl;l rkfhyj;J tuyhW.

cjhuzj;jpw;F v.gp. ilyu; vOjpa Mq;fpNya tuyhW 1914 -1915.

,uz;lhk; tif> rkfhyj;J tuyhw;W epfo;r;rpfspy;

gq;Fnfhz;ltu;fs; vOjpAs;s tuyhw;W. cjhuzk;> ,U

njhFjpfshf tpd;nrd;l; ru;r;rpy; vOjpAs;s ,U cyfg; Nghu;fs;.

tuyhw;wpw;F ,uz;lhk; epiy rhd;Wfshf ,Ug;gij tpltpd;nrd;l;

ru;r;rpypd; tho;f;if tuyhw;wpw;F Kf;fpa rhd;whf mikAk;.

Nkw;$wpa mbg;gilapy; Kjy;epiy> ,uz;lhk; epiyr;

rhd;Wfisg; gpd;tUkhW tifg;gLj;jyhk;.

Kjy;tifr; rhd;Wfs; vd;gd Nrhjidfspd; %ykhfNth>

tprhuizfspd; %ykhfNth Nrfupf;fg;gl;l Kjy; epiy nra;jpfs;

,j;jifa rhd;Wfs; murhq;f KbTfs;> jPu;g;Gfs; Nghd;wtw;iwf;

Fwpf;Fk;. ,k;KbTfs; gz;ilf; fhyj;jpy; murDilajhfNth>

NguurDilajhfNth mike;Js;sd. etPd fhyj;jpy; mit $l;L

KbTfshf mike;Js;sd. cjhuzj;jpw;F ghuhSkd;w

mwpf;iffisf; $wyhk;. ,it murhq;f Mtzq;fs;> Mizfs;>

rl;lq;fs;> ruj;Jfs; Nghd;wtw;iwf; nfhz;Ls;sd. murhq;fj;jpd;

gy Jiwfshd ePjp> tUtha;> ghuhSkd;w mwpf;iffs;> fhty;

Jiw> nghJj;Jiw> Ma;Tj;Jiw Nghd;wtw;wpd; Mtzq;fSk;>

rl;lkd;wj;Jiw> Nghf;Ftuj;Jj; Jiw> eytho;Tj;Jiw> cs;

185

Ml;rpj;Jiw Nghd;wtw;wpd; Mtzq;fSk; ,t;tifapy; mlq;Fk;.

epWtdq;fspd; Mtzq;fshf gy;fiyf;fof mwpf;iffs;> jdpahu;

epWtdq;fspd; mwpf;iffs; Nghd;wtw;wpd; Mtzq;fs;

,t;tifapy; mlq;Fk;. ehd;fhtJ tifapy; gz;iz Mtzq;fs;>

mwpf;iffs; mlq;Fk;.


,t;tpuz;bYk; ngUk;ghd;ikahdit murhq;f FOf;fshy;

jahupf;fg;gl;lit. tuyhw;wpw;F kjpg;gha;T mwpf;iffs; kpfTk;

gad;gl;lhYk;> ,it murhq;fj;jpd; Neubg; ghu;itapy;

jahupf;fg;gLtjhy; ngUk;ghYk; murhq;f vz;zq;fisAk;

nray;fisAk; gpujpgypf;fpd;wd. ,t;tifapy; ,it xU

jiygl;rkhf ,Uf;f tha;g;G cs;sJ. jdpahu; r%f mwptpay;

epWtdq;fs; jahupf;Fk; kjpg;gha;Tfs; ghugl;rkpd;wp ,Uf;f

tha;g;Gs;sd. ,it tuyhw;W Ma;tpw;F kpfTk; gaDs;sjhf

mikfpwJ. gpupl;b\; ,e;jpahtpy; xt;nthU Mz;Lk; mwpf;iffs;

gy Jiwfspy; ntspaplg;gl;ld. nrd;id epu;thf mwpf;if>

nrd;id khepyj;jpy; n[apy; epu;thf mwpf;if> nrd;id

khepyj;jpy; ePjpj; Jiw epu;thf mwpf;if> nrd;id khepyj;jpy;

fhty; Jiw epu;thf mwpf;if Nghd;w rpytw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.


,ilf;fhy ,e;jpa tuyhw;iw mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;F kpfTk;

Kf;fpakhf ,Ug;gJ muR tuyhw;W Mrpupau;fshy; vOjg;gl;l

tuyhWfSk;> fhtpaq;fSk; MFk;. ,ij jtpu> kd;du;fSk;>

mtu;fsJ cwtpdu;fSk; vOjpAs;s tho;f;iff; Fwpg;Gfs;

,ilf;fhy tuyhw;iw mwpa cjTfpd;wd. Mdhy; ,e;E}y;fspy;

tuyhw;W cz;ikfspd; rjtPjk; vt;tsT vd;gij Ma;thsu; kpf

ftdkhfg; gpupj;Jj; njupe;J nfhs;Sjy; mtrpak;. Vnddpy;

eilKiwapy; ,j;jifa ,ilf;fhy ,yf;fpaq;fs; murdpd;

Gfo;ghLgit. njd;dfj;J tuyhw;wpy; tp[a efuj;J murp

fq;fhNjtp jdJ fztdhd Fkhufk;gzhupd; ntw;wpfis

tUzpj;J vOjpa fhg;gpa E}y; kJuhtp[ak; mjid tPufk;guh]

rupj;jpuk; vdTk; $Wtu;. Ry;jhd;fs; Ml;rpapy; nksyhd ]pah

cjPd; guzp vOjpa jhupfp gpU]; \h`p> ngup\;lh vOjpa jhupfp

gpup\;lh> nkhfyhau; Ml;rpapy; ghgu; ehkh> Fy;gjhd; Ngfk;

,aw;wpa {`khA+d; ehkh > mGy;gry; vOjpa mapdp mf;gup>

gnjsdp vOjpa jgfjp mf;gup kw;Wk; Kz;l fhGy; jghupf;

fhgpfhd; vOjpa jhupfp fhgpfhd; Nghd;w E}y;fis cjhuzkhf

$wyhk;.

186


tuyhw;Wg; Gfo;ngw;w murpay; jiytu;fs;> r%fj; njhz;lu;fs;>

tpQ;Qhdpfs;> murhq;f mYtyu;fs; kw;Wk; njhopyjpgu;fs;

,tu;fSila ehl;Fwpg;Gfs;> fbj Ngf;Ftuj;J Nghd;wit

mtu;fSila tho;f;if tuyhw;iw Ma;T nra;aTk;> mtu;fs;

tho;e;j fhyj;J epfo;r;rpfspd; jhf;fj;ij mwpe;J nfhs;sTk;

kpfTk; gaDs;sjhf mikfpd;wd. ,e;jpa Njrpa ,af;fj;ijg;

gw;wp Ma;T nra;Ak; Neuj;jpy; kfhj;kh fhe;jpapd; Fwpg;Gfs;>

fbjq;fs;> [tù;yhy; NeU> njd; ,e;jpahtpy; uh[h[p> rj;jpa

%u;j;jp Nghd;wtu;fSila me;juq;f Mtzq;fs; tuyhw;W

Ma;tpw;F kpfTk; gad;gLfpd;wd. ,e;jpa tpQ;Qhdpfspy; fzpj

Nkij uhkhD[k; mtu;fspd; Nehl;Lg; Gj;jfk; mtiug;gw;wp

KOikahf mwpe;J nfhs;s cjTfpwJ. njhy;nghUs; Ma;Tr;

rhd;Wfs;

fy;ntl;Lfs;> ehzaq;fs;> fl;llq;fs;> gz;ila kf;fspd;

kl;ghz;lq;fs;> fiyg;nghUl;fs;> tPl;L cgNahfg; nghUl;fs;

Nghd;wit gz;ila tuyhw;iw mwpe;J nfhs;s kpfTk;

cjtpfukhf cs;sd. Kf;fpa vOj;J tbtj;jpy; rhd;Wfs;

,y;yhj ehfuPfq;fisg; gw;wp my;yJ me;ehfuPfq;fspd; vOj;J

Kiwia mwpe;J nfhs;s Kbahj R+o;epiyapy; ,j;jifa

njhy;nghUs; rhd;Wfs; kl;LNk xU ehfuPfj;jpd; rpwg;gpay;Gfis

tuyhw;W Ma;thsu;fs; mwpa cjTfpwJ.

Kf;fpakhf rpe;J rkntsp ehfupfj;ij ,q;F cjhuzkhff;

Fwpg;gplyhk;. vOj;J tbtpy; ,yf;fpaq;fs; kw;Wk; fy;ntl;Lfs;>

nrg;NgLfs;> ehzaq;fs; gz;ila tuyhw;iw KOikahf Ma;T

nra;ag;gad;gLfpd;wd. ,yf;fpaq;fs; kw;Wk; fiyr;rhd;Wfs;

njhy;nghUs; rhd;Wfs; mwNt ,y;yh epiyapy; xU ehfupfj;jpd;

tuyhw;wpid mwpa cjTtJ me;ehfupfj;jpd; ,yf;fpaq;fs; jhk;.

gz;ila jkpou; ehfupfj;ij mwpa cjTtJ rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs;

jhk;. gz;ila jkpou; ehfupfj;ij mwpa cjTtJ rq;f

,yf;fpaq;fs; MFk;. rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; ,y;yhky;

,Ue;jhy;> gz;ila jkpou; murpay;> r%f> nghUshjhu kw;Wk;

fiyfs; tuyhw;wpy; ,lk; ngwhky; NghapUf;Fk;. NkYk; xt;nthU

fhy fl;lj;jpYk; ,yf;fpaq;fs; r%fj;jpd; gpujpgypg;Gf;fshfNt

cs;sd. r%f tuyhw;iw Ma;T nra;tjw;F ,yf;fpak; kpfTk;

Kf;fpak;. ,ijj; jtpu fiyg;nghUl;fshf ,Uf;Fk; fl;llq;fs;>

NfhGuq;fs;> Xtpaq;fs;> rpw;gq;fs; Nghd;witAk; tuyhw;W

Kjd;ikr; rhd;Wfshfj; jpfo;fpd;wd. tha;topr; rhd;W etPd

njhopy; El;g fz;Lgpbg;Gfspd; thapyhf xypg; gjpT ehlhtpy;>

xyp xsp ehlhtpy; Neu;Kfg; Ngl;bapd; %yk; gjpT nra;ag;gl;lit

187

tuyhw;Wr; rhd;Wfshf jpfo;fpd;wd. fpuhkpag; ghly;fs;

,t;tifapy; Nrfupf;fg;gl;L tuyhw;W Ma;tpw;Fg; ngupJk;

gad;gLfpd;wd. mk;khid ghly;fs;> Fk;kpfs;> ehl;Lg;Gwg;ghly;fs;

Mfpatw;iw ,t;tupirapy; Fwpg;gplyhk;. njhopy;El;g KiwfSk;

tuyhw;Wr; rhd;WfSk; njhopy;El;gg; Gul;rp fhuzkhf

Gifg;glf;fUtp> xypg;gjpT ehlh> b.tp> tPbNah kw;Wk; nraw;iff;

Nfhs; Nghd;wit mwptpay; tsu;r;rpf;Fj; Jiz Gupfpd;wd.

,j;jifa etPd njhopy; El;g Kiwfs; tuyhw;Wr; rhd;WfshfTk;

jpfo;fpd;wd. nraw;iff; Nfhs; cjtpAld; vLf;fg;gLk;

Gifg;glq;fs;> gz;ila ehfupfj;jpd; Gtpapay; ,Ug;gplq;fis

mwpa cjTfpd;wd. NkYk; ,yf;fpaq;fspYk; kw;Wk; tof;fpYk;

cs;s gy MWfs;> ejpfspd; Mw;W gLiffis kpf Jy;ypakhf

mwpa KbfpwJ. NkYk; tuyhw;W Ma;tpy; Gs;spay; tptuq;fisg;

gad;gLj;Jk; nghOJ Ma;T kpfTk; gaDilajhf tpsf;FfpwJ.

Gs;spaypd; Jizf;nfhz;L etPd tuyhWfs; gilf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

,uz;lhk; epiyr; rhd;Wfs; Nkw;$wpa rhd;Wfisj; jtpu

nra;jpj;jhs;fs;> gj;jpupiffs;> Nfypr;rpj;jpuq;fs;> Jz;Lg;

gpuRuq;fs;> thndhyp tu;zidfs;> njhiyf;fhl;rp epfo;r;rpfs;>

rpdpkh ghly;fs; Nghd;witAk; etPd tuyhw;Wr; rhd;WfshFk;.

tuyhw;W Ma;tpw;Fg; NghJkhd mstpy; Kjy;epiyr; rhd;Wfs;>

,uz;lhk; epiyr; rhd;WfSk; ,y;iynadpy; tuyhw;W Ma;T

KOik ngwhJ.


,iza Mjhuq;fs;; ngUk;ghyhd tuyhw;whrpupau;fSf;fhd

Muha;r;rp nray;Kiwapd; gy gFjpfspd; xUq;fpize;j gz;ghf

khwptpl;ld. Md;iyd; E}y;fs; kw;Wk; E}yfg; gl;bay;fs;

,uz;lhk; epiy ,yf;fpaq;fisr; Nrfupg;gij kpfTk;

vspjhf;fpAs;sd> NkYk; b[pl;ly; kakhf;fg;gl;l Kjd;ik %yg;

nghUl;fspd; ngUfptUk; msT fzprkhf vspjhf mZfiy

mjpfupf;ftpy;iy>Mdhy; Gjpa kw;Wk; kpfTk; rf;jptha;e;j tif

fzpdp cjtpAld; gFg;gha;Tf;fhd Mjhuq;fisj; jpwe;jJ.

,izag; gf;fq;fs;> tiyg;gjpTfs;> kd;wq;fs;> r%f Clfq;fs;>

gl;bay;fs; kw;Wk; gytw;wpd; %yk; midj;J tifahd

tuyhw;Wg; ghlq;fs; gw;wpa jfty;fis ,izak; toq;FfpwJ.

,Ug;gpDk;> gpur;rid ,U klq;F: ePq;fs; NjLk; Fwpg;gpl;l

jftiyf; fz;lwpjy; (,J xU itf;Nfhypy; Crpiaj; NjLtJ

Nghy; ,Uf;fyhk;); ve;j jfty; gaDs;sjhf ,Uf;Fk;> vJ

gadw;wJ vd;gijf; fz;lwpjy;. ,izak; fl;Lg;ghlw;wJ

vd;gjhy;> ,izaj;jpy; cs;s ngUk;ghyhd jfty;fs;

gaDs;sjhf ,y;iy. vtUk;> ve;j Neuj;jpYk;> ve;j ,lj;jpYk;>

188

ve;j fUj;jpay; tw;GWj;jYk; jq;fs; vz;zq;fis tiyapy;

gjpT nra;ayhk; kw;Wk; jfty;fis tpiuthf ntspapl KbAk;.

,q;Nf> kw;w tif Mjhuq;fis tpl> xUtu; jdJ tpku;rd

thrpg;G jpwidg; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; kw;Wk; rhu;G kw;Wk;

jg;ngz;zj;ijf; fhl;Lk; my;yJ ek;gKbahj jfty;fis gug;Gk;

jsq;fisg; gw;wp vr;rupf;ifahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ek;gfkhd

Mjhuq;fisj; Nju;e;njLg;gjpy; Muha;r;rpahsu; tpopg;Gld; ,Ug;gJ

Kf;fpak;. ,iza Mjhuq;fspd; vz;zpf;if Ntfkhf tsu;e;J

tUfpwJ. xU ,ilf;fhy fpuhkj;jpy; xU Gutyu; Muha;r;rp jpdrup

tho;f;iff;F cjTtJ> `pNuh\pkhtpy; mZ fjpu;tPr;rpd;

tpisTfs; my;yJ ngUepWtd tuyhWfspy; $l fpl;lj;jl;l

midj;J tuyhw;W jiyg;Gfs; gw;wpa gaDs;s jfty;fis

Md;iydpy; fhzyhk;. gpd;tUgit E}yfu;fs; kw;Wk; gpw

juTj;js ty;Yeu;fSf;F fhyj;jpd; gazj;ij fz;fhzpf;Fk; rpy

Kf;fpakhd Mjhuq;fis toq;FfpwJ.

,izaj;jpy; Njl vspjhd El;gk;> cq;fs; tpUg;gj;jpd;

NjLnghwpapy; cq;fs; nghUspd; ngaiuj; jl;lr;R nra;tNj:

$Fs;> vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> my;yJ ah`_> Kjypad tutpUf;Fk;

KbTfs; ngUk;ghYk; juj;ij Fwpf;fhj tupirapy;

gl;bayplg;gLfpd;wd my;yJ gl;bayplg;gl;l Mjhuq;fspd;

rk;ge;jk;> Mdhy; xt;nthU %yj;jpYk; 'ntw;wp' vz;zpf;if. NtW

thu;j;ijfspy; $Wtjhdhy;> Kjypy; gl;bayplg;gl;l %ykhdJ

mbf;fb mZff;$ba xd;whf ,Uf;Fk; (kzpf;F Fiwe;j gl;rk;

me;j NjLnghwpapd; gadu;fs;)> ,uz;lhtJ gl;bayplg;gl;l

Mjhuk; ,uz;lhtJ Kiwahf mbf;fb mZfg;gLk;> Kjypad

tpf;fpgPbah> gpugykhdJ> vg;NghJk; ek;gfkhd jpwe;j %y

,iza fiyf;fsQ;rpak; my;y> Vnddpy; ,J ngUk;ghYk;

Kjypy; gl;bayplg;gLfpwJ. kw;w Mjhuq;fSld; xg;gpLk;NghJ

mij mZfTk;. jsk; vd;gJ ntWk; cz;ik mjpf

vz;zpf;ifapyhd ntw;wpfis mDgtpg;gJ mtrpak; mij

cau;ju jskhf khw;whJ.

Kjd;ik Mtzq;fs; ,izaj;jpy; nry;yj; njhlq;fpAs;sd.

mrhjhuz fhyq;fspy; rhjhuz kf;fshy; vOjg;gl;l

ehl;Fwpg;Gfs; my;yJ fbjq;fisg; gbg;gJ kw;w rpy

Mjhuq;fisg; NghyNt xU fhyj;jpd; cs;Szu;T czu;itj;

jUfpwJ. khepy fhg;gfq;fs; Nghd;w gy fhg;gfq;fs; Kjd;ik

Mtzq;fspd; Nrkpg;G tPLfs; kw;Wk; ,izaj;jpy; ,ytrkhfg;

gad;gLj;jyhk;. nghJ my;yJ fy;tp E}yfj;jpy; Nrfupf;fg;gl;l

fhg;gfq;fSf;F tuyhw;W thbf;ifahsu;fs; ,Ug;gplj;jpw;F

gazpf;f Ntz;Lk;> Mdhy; E}yfq;fs; nghJthf fhg;gfj;ijg;

gad;gLj;j ve;j fl;lzj;ijAk; tR+ypf;fhJ> efnyLf;Fk;

nryTfisj; jtpu. xU jdpahu; fhg;gfj;jpw;fhd mZfiyg;

189

ngWtjw;F cupikahsupd; xg;Gjy; Njit. Kjd;ik tuyhw;W

tsq;fis kl;Lky;y> cUg;gbia (fis) itj;jpUf;Fk; E}yfk;

my;yJ epWtdj;ijAk; fz;lwpa fhg;gf milTfs; cjTk;.

tiyj;jsq;fspy; Vw;gl;l ntbg;G tuyhw;whrpupau;fSf;F

nghUj;jkhd nghUl;fspy; ntbg;ig nfhz;L te;Js;sJ. ,jpy;

murpay; Mtzq;fs;> ciufs;> Gj;jfq;fs;> fhy Mtzq;fs;>

Ma;twpf;if kw;Wk; Ma;Tf; fl;Liufs; mlq;Fk;. gjpg;Gupik

rl;lk; xU rpy tpjptpyf;FfSld; Kjd;ik Mjhuq;fis nghJ

fsj;jpy; cs;s Mtzq;fSf;F fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ. mZff;$ba

Kjd;ik Mjhuq;fspd; vz;zpf;if ngUk;ghYk; b[pl;ly;

tbtj;jpy; khw;Wtjw;F Njitahd gzk; kw;Wk; kdpj

ciog;ghy; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,Ug;gpDk;> xt;nthU thuKk;

Mjhuq;fspd; tuk;G mjpfupf;fpwJ. ,iza mbg;gilapyhd

Mtzr; Nrfupg;Gfs; toq;fg;gl;l xyp> fpuh/gpf; glq;fs; kw;Wk;

jpiug;glj;jpd; $Ljy; <u;g;Gld;> Jiz thrpg;Gfspd; ghuk;gupa

Gifg;gl efy; ghf;nfl;il vspjhf khw;w KbAk;.

tuyhw;wpd; Mjhukhf ,izaj;ijg; gad;gLj;JtJ>

tiyj;jsq;fspd; gad;ghL kw;Wk; njhlu;Gila tp\aq;fs;

tuyhw;whrpupau;fspilNa tpthjj;jpw;Fupa jiyg;G. Md;iyd;

tsq;fs; kw;Wk; tuyhw;W kw;Wk; gpw Ma;Tfspy; mtw;wpd;

gad;ghL gw;wpa tpthjk; jPu;f;fg;glhky; cs;sJ. MapDk;$l>

Md;iyd; Mjhuq;fs; fijfs;> fijfs; kw;Wk;

Kd;Ndhf;FfSf;F kw;nwhU gzf;fhu mLf;ifr; Nru;f;fpd;wd

Vw;fdNt gjpT nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd my;yJ nrhy;yg;gl;L

tUfpd;wd> ,J rk;ge;jkhf mit vjpu;fhy tuyhw;whrpupau;fshy;

gad;gLj;jg;glf;$ba mDgt juTfspd; fsQ;rpaj;jpy;

Nru;f;fpd;wd.


1. Mjhuq;fs; vd;why; vd;d?

2. tuyhw;wpd; nghUsw;w Mjhuq;fs; vij cs;slf;Ffpd;wd?

3. mur gpufldq;fs; vd;why; vd;d?

4. Vd; ehzatpay; xU Kf;fpakhd Kjd;ik Mjhukhf cs;sJ?

5. nra;jpj;jhs; mwpf;iffs; kw;Wk; mDg;Gjy;fs; Vd;

ek;gfkhdit?

190

6. murhq;f Mtzq;fis Kjd;ik Mjhukhf Vd; jPu;khdpf;f

KbahJ?

7. ,uz;lhk; epiy %yq;fspd; ,uz;L Kf;fpa gz;Gfis

gl;baypLq;fs;.

12.9.. cq;fs;; Kd;Ndw;ww Nfs;tpfiss rupghu;f;ff gjpy;fs;;

1. xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhyfl;lj;jpd; tuyhw;iwf; fl;likf;fg;

gad;gLj;jg;gLk; midj;Jg; nghUl;fSk; Mjhuq;fs; vdg;gLk;.

2. r%f epWtdq;fs;> gof;ftof;fq;fs; kw;Wk; kuGfs;> kj

topghl;L Kiwfs; kw;Wk; Nfhl;ghLfs;> newpKiwf; Nfhl;ghLfs;>

GidTfs; kw;Wk; %lek;gpf;iffs; Nghd;w tha;top> ghuk;gupa

kw;Wk; khDltpay; Mjhuq;fs; tuyhw;wpd; nghUsw;w Mjhuq;fspy;

mlq;Fk;.

3. rpy fy;ntl;Lfs; nghJthf nghJ kf;fSf;F epu;thf> kj

kw;Wk; Kf;fpa KbTfs; njhlu;ghd Kbahl;rp cj;juTfis

njuptpf;fpd;wd. ,it mur gpufldq;fs; kw;Wk; fl;lisfs; vd

miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.

4. ehzatpay; my;yJ ehzaq;fspd; Ma;T xU Kf;fpakhd

Kjd;ik Mjhukhf cs;sJ> Vnddpy; ,J ,iwahz;ikfspd;

MSikfs; kw;Wk; jdpg;gl;l rhjidfs; kw;Wk; murpay;> kj>

nghUshjhu kw;Wk; r%f epiy Mfpatw;iw vLj;Jf;fhl;LfpwJ.

5. nra;jpj;jhs; mwpf;iffs; kw;Wk; mDg;Gjy;fs; kpfTk;

ek;gfkhdit> Vnddpy; epfo;Tf;Fk; mjd; gjpTf;Fk; ,ilNa

kpff; FWfpa ,ilntsp cs;sJ.

6. muR Mtzq;fis Kjd;ik Mjhukhf kjpg;gpl KbahJ>

Vnddpy; mit cz;ikahd fz;fhzpg;gpy; ,Ue;J gy gbfs;

ePf;fg;gl;l egu;fshy; njhFf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

12.10.. mj;jpahar;; RUf;fk;;

jlaq;fs; kw;Wk; mtw;iw kf;fSf;F epidT+l;Ltjw;F

cjTfpd;wd. RtLfis kf;fs; jq;fs; nray;ghLfspd; NghJ

jw;nrayhf tpl;Ltplyhk; my;yJ mtu;fspd; nray;fis

re;jjpapdUf;F njuptpf;f mtu;fs; Nehf;fk; nfhz;Ls;sdu;.

191

fhy epfo;Tfspd; tupiria tuyhw;whrpupau;fs; %yk; fz;lwpa

toptFf;fpd;wd. tuyhw;W Mjhuq;fis nghUs;> nghUsw;w kw;Wk;

vOjg;gl;lit vd tifg;gLj;jyhk;.

efnyLf;fg;glyhk;. ftdkhf jpUj;jg;gl;L mr;rplg;gl;l xU

vOj;J %y Mjhukhff; fzf;fplg;glyhk;.

guPl;irf;F cl;gl;l fhyg;gFjpapy; ,Ue;J ngwg;gLfpwJ. ,J xU

rhl;rp my;yJ xU epfo;tpd; epfo;itf; Fwpf;Fk; njhy;nghUs;

vr;rq;fs;> fy;ntl;Lfs;> ehzaq;fs;> fbjq;fs; kw;Wk; gazf;

fzf;Ffs; Nghd;w xU ,ae;jpu rhjdj;jpd; rhd;whFk;.

rkfhy rhd;Wfs;> gf;fr;rhu;gw;w kw;Wk; rpijf;fg;glhjit.

kw;Wk; gpw goq;fhy nghUl;fs; epidTr;rpd;d fz;Lgpbg;Gfis

cs;slf;fpaJ. mtu;fs; ve;j fhyfl;lj;jpd; ehfupfj;jpd; tifia

ntspr;rk; Nghl;Lf; fhl;Lfpwhu;fs;.

112.11.. Kf;fpaa nrhw;fs;;

;Gwtpay;: ,J ehl;Lg;Gwtpay; Ma;Tf;F mu;g;gzpf;fg;gl;l

Kiwahd> fy;tprhu; xOf;fj;jpw;fhf fy;tp

ehl;Lg;Gwtpayhsu;fshy; tpUk;gg;gLk; nrhy;.

,Ue;J ngwg;gLk; Neub nghUs;. ,J xU rhl;rp my;yJ xU

epfo;tpd; epfo;itf; Fwpf;Fk; njhy;nghUs; vr;rq;fs;>

fy;ntl;Lfs;> ehzaq;fs;> fbjq;fs; kw;Wk; gazf; fzf;Ffs;

Nghd;w xU ,ae;jpu rhjdj;jpd; rhd;whFk;.

nray;KiwahFk;

xU jl;lr;Rg;nghwpapy; RUf;nfOj;ij gbnaLj;jy;.

y;ntl;Lfs; my;yJ fy;ntl;Lfs;> Fwpg;ghf

gz;ila fy;ntl;Lfspd; Ma;T my;yJ mwptpay; MFk;.

192


FWfpa tpdhf;fs;;

1. jlaq;fs; tpl;Lr; nry;Yk; topfs; ahit?

2. tuyhw;wpd; rpy nghUs; Mjhuq;fisf; $wTk;.

3. ,uz;lhk; epiy %yj;ijg; gw;wp xU rpW Fwpg;ig vOjTk;.

4. ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s rpy kjpg;Gkpf;f fy;ntl;Lfis

gl;baypLq;fs;.

5. Kjd;ik Mjhuq;fspd; %d;W gz;Gfis gl;baypLq;fs;.

6. ,uz;lhk; epiy Mjhuq;fs; nghJthf ve;j tbtj;jpy;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd?

7. ,izak; njhlu;ghd ,U klq;F gpur;rid vd;d?

tphpthd tpdhf;fs;

1. vOjg;gl;l tuyhw;W Mjhuq;fis gFg;gha;T nra;Aq;fs;.

2. Kjd;ik tuyhw;W Mjhuq;fspd; ,uz;L tiffisg; gw;wp

tpthjpf;fTk;.

3. tuyhw;W jfty;fspd; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f Mjhukhf ehzaq;fis

MuhAq;fs;.








OUP India.

193






myF-13

Ma;Tj; jiyg;ig; Njh;e;njLj;jy;> Gwepiy kw;Wk; mfepiy

cs;slf;fk;

13.1. Kd;Diu

13.2. Nehf;fq;fs;

13.3. Ma;Tj; jiyg;igj; Nju;e;njLj;jy; (Selection of Research

Topic)

13.4. eLepiy Nehf;F

13.4.1. eLepiy Nehf;fpd; Kd;Njitfs; (Pre Requisities of

objectivity)









194

13.1. Kd;Diu

tuyhw;W Ma;tpy; Kjd;ikahdJk; kw;Wk; Kf;fpakhdjhdTk;

tpsq;FtJ Ma;Tf;fhd jiyg;igj; NjHe;njLj;jy;. ,j;jiyg;igj;

NjHe;njLg;gjw;F Kd; Ma;thsH me;j Fwpg;gpl;l jiyg;gpy;

jdf;F MHtk; cs;sjh vd;gijAk;> me;j jiyg;G Fwpj;j

Nkyjpfkhd nra;jpfisAk; cs;thq;fp ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

,j;jifa gz;Gfis Ma;thsH nfhz;by;yhky; ,Ue;jhy;

mtUila Ma;T gadw;wjhf khwptpLk;. NkYk; Ma;thsH

Ma;it Nkw;f;nfhs;Sk; NghJ ghugl;rkpd;wp cs;sij cs;sthW

tpsf;f Ntz;Lk;. mt;thW nra;jhy; jhd; xU KOikahd

tuyhw;iw vOj ,aYk;. mNj rkaj;jpy; xU tuyhw;whrphpaUf;F

tpUg;G ntWg;gpd;wp xU epfo;it tpthpg;gJ vd;gJ fbdkhd

gzpahFk;. Vndd;why; fpilf;ff;$ba Mjhuq;fs; xU

jiyg;gl;rkhf ,Ue;jhy; mj;jifa tuyhWfSk;

gf;fr;rhHGilajhfNt khwptpLk;. vdNt Ma;thsH kpFe;j

ftdj;NjhL jd;Dila Ma;it epfo;j;j Ntz;Lk; vd;gij ,e;j

mj;jpahaj;jpy; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

13.2. Nehf;fq;fs;


nfhs;s ,aYk;

� Ma;Tf;fhd jiyg;ig NjHe;njLf;Fk; Kiw tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ

� xU Muha;r;rp rpf;fypd; fUj;J kw;Wk; Nju;T nray;Kiw gw;wp

tpthjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ

� tuyhw;W vOj;jpy; Gwepiy kw;Wk; mfepiy gw;wpa fUj;Jfs;

tptupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ

13.3. Ma;Tj; jiyg;igj; Nju;e;njLj;jy; (Selection of

Research Topic)

Ma;tpd; ntw;wp Ma;Tj; jiyg;igg; nghUj;jkhfTk;

rupahfTk; Nju;e;njLg;gijg; nghWj;Nj cs;sJ. ,J ey;y

ek;gfkhd ez;gidj; Nju;e;njLg;gijg; Nghd;wJ. Ma;Tj;

jiyg;ig mtrukhfj; Nju;e;njLj;J tpl;L epjhdkhf

tUj;jg;gLtjpy; gadpy;iy. jiyg;igj; Nju;e;njLg;gJ vspa

fhupakd;W. Ma;Tj; jiyg;igj; Nju;e;njLf;Fk; NghJ ftdj;jpy;

195

nfhs;s Ntz;bait tUkhW: 1. Ma;thsu;jhd; jiyg;igj;

Nju;e;njLf;f Ntz;Lk;. Ma;thsUf;fhfj; jiyg;G

Nju;e;njLf;fg;glf; $lhJ. Ma;Tj; jiyg;G Ma;thsupd;

fUj;ijAk; ftdj;ijAk; ftu;e;jjhfTk; ,Uj;jy; mtrpak;.

mg;NghJjhd; mtuhy; Nju;e;njLj;Jf; nfhz;l jiyg;gpy;

njhlu;e;J Mu;tKk; mf;fiwAk; fhl;bf; fLikahf ciof;f

KbAk;. Ma;T Rikahf ,y;yhky; Rfkhf ,Uf;Fk;. 2. Ma;Tj;

jiyg;G vy;yh mk;rq;fspYk; njspthf ,Uf;f Ntz;baJ

,d;wpahikahjJ. jiyg;G fhytud;Kiwg;gLj;jp tiuaWf;ff;

$bajhf ,Uj;jy; mtrpak;. njsptw;w jiyg;G (Vague Topic)

cWjpaw;w Jy;ypakpy;yhj Ma;tpy; Kbe;J tpLk;. Jyf;fk;

my;yJ njspNt (Clarity) xU ey;y Ma;Tj; jiyg;gpd;

milahskhFk;. 3. Ma;Tj; jiyg;gpd; gug;ngy;iy (Scope)

re;Njfj; Jf;fplkpd;wp tiuaWf;fg;glf; $bajhf ,Uj;jy;

Ntz;Lk;. mg;NghJ jhd; Ma;thsu; jlk;khwpr; nry;yhky;

jpirkhwpg; Nghfhky; Ma;T Kiwapy; (Research Methodology)

tpjpfSf;Fl;gl;L Ma;it Nkw;nfhz;L ntw;wpfukhf Kbf;f

,aYk;. 4. Ma;Tj; jiyg;G Gjpa rhd;Wfisj; jpul;lNth>

fpilf;Fk; rhd;WfSf;Fg; nghUs; tpsf;fkspg;gjw;Nfh my;yJ

Gjpa fUj;JUthf;fk; nfhLg;gjw;F Vw;wjhfNth ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

jiyg;G Ma;thsupd; jpwikfSf;Fr; rthyhf ,Uj;jy; ey;yJ. 5.

Ma;Tj; jiyg;Gf;Fj; Njitahd nghUj;jkhd Nghjpa rhd;Wfs;

fpilf;Fkh vd;gij cWjp nra;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. Nghjpa

rhd;Wfs; (Sufficient Sources) fpilj;jhy; kl;Lk; NghjhJ.

gy;tifg;gl;l rhd;Wfs; (Dversified Sources) fpilf;ff;

$bajhfTk; ,Ug;gJ rpwe;jJ. mg;NghJjhd; Ma;thsu; njspthfg;

nghUs; tpsf;fkspg;gJk;> jilapd;wp fUj;Jf;fis

ntspg;gLj;JtJk;> Rakhd fUj;JUthf;fk; (Ideation of Originality)

nra;tJk; rhj;jpakhFk;. 6. Ma;Tj; jiyg;G nefpo;Tj; jd;ik

(Flexibility) nfhz;ljhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. rpy rkaq;fspy;

Nghjpa rhd;Wfs; vjpu;ghu;j;jgb fpilf;fhky; Nghfyhk;. my;yJ

fpilf;Fk; rhd;Wfs; jiyg;Gf;Fg; nghUj;jkw;witahf

,Uf;fyhk;. mg;NghJ Ma;Tj; jiyg;ig khw;wNth my;yJ

jpUj;jNth Neuplyhk;. vdNt jiyg;G tisahj;jd;ik

(Rigid)Ailajhf 7. Ma;Tj; jiyg;Gf;Nfw;w rhd;Wfs;

Ma;thsu; mwpe;j nkhopfspy; cs;sdth vd;gij cWjp nra;J

nfhs;s Ntz;baJ mtrpak;. %yr; rhd;Wfs; gpufpUj> rk];fpUj>

jkpo;> kuhj;jp> cUJ> gpnuQ;R> lr;R> Mq;fpy nkhopfspy;

,Uf;ff;$Lk;. rk;ge;jg;gl;l nkhopfspy; Nghjpa gapw;rpapd;wp

mk;nkhopfspy; cs;s rhd;Wfis ek;gp Ma;Tj; jiyg;igj;

Nju;e;njLj;jyhfhJ. 8. Ma;Tj; jiyg;G eilKiw

rhj;jpakhdjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. epjp Mjhu trjpiaAk;> fhyf;

196

nfLitAk; kdjpy; nfhz;L jiyg;igj; njupT nra;a Ntz;Lk;.

Fwpg;ghf Ma;itf; Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;Jf;Fs; Kbf;fj; jf;fjhfj;

jiyg;igj; Nju;e;njLg;gJ rpwe;jJ. KJfiyg; gl;lj;Jf;fhd

Ma;T MW khjq;fspYk;> vk;.gpy; Ma;T Xuhz;bYk;> lhf;lu;

gl;lj;Jf;fhd Ma;T %d;W Mz;LfspYk; Kbf;ff; $bajhf

,Uf;fyhk;. 9. Ma;Tj; jiyg;G r%fj; Njitfs;> nghUshjhuj;

njhiyNehf;F> murpay; xUikg;ghL Mfpatw;Wf;Fg;

nghUj;jkhdjhfTk; ,Uf;fyhk;. epfo;e;jij epfo;e;jthNw

$WtJjhd; tuyhW vd;w vz;zk; khwp tUfpwJ. goikahu;tyu;

kdg;ghd;ik (Antiquarian Outlook) r%fg; nghWg;Gzu;r;rpNahL

mwpnthspkpf;fjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w fUj;J tYg;ngw;W

tUfpwJ. vdNt Ma;Tj; jiyg;G r%f> nghUshjhu> murpay;

epu;thfg; nghUs; tsKilajhf ,Uf;fyhk; 10. Ma;Tj; jiyg;G

jy my;yJ gpuhe;jpa tuyhW (Regional History) gw;wpajhf

,Ug;gJ ey;yJ. Njrpa kw;Wk; khepy tuyhW rk;ge;jg;gl;l

rhd;Wfs; ngUk;ghYk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ltpl;ld. vdNt Ez;zha;T

(Micro Research) Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;baJ mtrpak;. ,j;jifa

Ma;Tfs; Gjpa rhd;Wfis ntspf; nfhz;L tuTk;> GJg;nghUs;

tpsf;fk; nfhLg;gjw;Fk;> Gy;ypjo; tuyhW (Grass-Root History)

kyu;tjw;Fk; Vw;wjhf ,Uf;Fk;. Ma;Tj; jiyg;igj; Nju;e;njLf;Fk;

NghJ jtpu;f;f Ntz;bait: 1). rpf;fy;kpf;f> ru;r;irf;Fupa>

rkfhyg; gpur;rid> 2). xg;gPl;lha;T (Comparative Research) my;yJ

tuyhWj; jj;Jt Ma;T. 3). Kd;dNu Ma;T nra;ag;gl;l my;yJ

Ma;tpy; ,Uf;Fk; jiyg;G. njupe;Njh njupahkNyh ,j;jifa

jiyg;igj; Nju;e;njLj;J nra;ag;gLk; Ma;T Ma;Tj; jpUl;L

(Plagiarism) MFk;. 4). Nghjpa rupahd rhd;Wfs;> fpilf;fhj

jiyg;G> tof;nfhope;j (Hackneyed) kw;Wk; kiw ke;jpukhd

(Esoteric) jiyg;Gfs;. 5.gz;ghL> rkar; nry;thf;F> ntspehl;Lf;

nfhs;if Nghd;w gug;gpy; tpupthd nghUs;> 6. epjp trjp kw;Wk;

fhyf;nfL kPwpa Ma;Tj; jiyg;G. Ma;Tj; jiyg;gpd; tiffs;

(Types of Research Topics) tUkhW: 1). fle;j fhy tuyhw;W

khkdpju;fspd; tho;f;if tuyhW> 2) muR FLk;gq;fspd; tuyhW;

3) epu;thfk; gw;wpa tuyhW; 4). r%f> murpay;> rka> nghUshjhu>

epu;thf epWtdq;fs; gw;wpa tuyhW ; 5). r%f Kf;fpaj;JtKila

tuyhw;W epfo;Tfs;> eltbf;iffs;> 6).jy my;yJ gpuhe;jpa

tuyhW. 7). Nfhtpy;fs;. 8). Fwpg;gpl;l fhy fl;lj;jpy; r%f epiy.

9). Fwpg;gpl;l epyg;gFjp gw;wpa tuyhW. 10). xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l

mwpTj;Jiwfs; rhu;e;j Ma;T (Inter-Disciplinary Research). Ma;Tj;

jiyg;G Mfhaj;jpypUe;Njh my;yJ mruPwp %ykhfNth

tUtjd;W. khwhfg; nghUj;jkhd Ma;Tj; jiyg;G Kad;W

ngwNtz;ba xd;whFk;.

197

13.4. eLepiy Nehf;F

eLepiy Nehf;F vd;why; vd;d? eLepiy Nehf;F my;yJ nghUs;

Nehf;F (Objectivity) vd;gJ tuyhw;whsu; tuyhw;iw tiuAk; NghJ

ghugl;rkpd;wp rkepiy jtwhJ ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhFk;.

mjhtJ tuyhw;whsupd; mZFKiw mtUila jdpg;gl;l tpUg;G

ntWg;GfSf;F mg;ghw;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. tuyhw;whsu; my;yJ

thyhw;W Ma;thsu; xU Nju;e;j ePjpgjpiag; Nghd;W “rkd; nra;J rPu;J}f;Fq;Nfhy;Nghy” epd;W tuyhw;W KbTfis vLf;f Ntz;Lk;.

mg;NghJ jhd; tuyhw;iwr; rhu;gpd;wp tiua KbAk;. tuyhW

epahakhdjhfTk; ek;gj;jf;fjhfTk; ,Uf;Fk;. vdNt tuyhw;W

Ma;thsu; jdpKiwr; rhu;gw;W (Impersonal) ,Uf;f Ntz;baJ

,d;wpaikahjJ. tuyhw;W eLepiy Nehf;F gw;wpr; nrhy;Yjy;

vtu;f;Fk; vspadthFk;. Mdhy; nrhy;ypagb nra;J Kbj;jy;

mupadthFk;. mjdhy; jhd; "tuyhw;W eLepiy Nehf;F tuyhw;W

Ma;tpd; kpf Kf;fpa mNj rkak; kpfTk; Fog;gkpf;fjhfTk;

cs;sJ” vd;W $Wfpwhu; thy;\; (W.H.Walsh) eLepiy Nehf;F

gw;wp uhq;Nf tuyhw;W mwptpaypd; je;ij (Father of Scientific

History) vd;W Nghw;wg;gLk; n[u;khdpa tuyhw;W tpj;jfu;

ypNahNghy;L thd; uhq;Nf tuyhw;W eLepiy Nehf;Ff;F

Kd;Djhuzkhfj; jpfo;e;jhu;. ,tu; jpwdha;T Kiw (Critical

Method) %yk; tuyhw;W cz;ikfis cWjp nra;a

Ntz;Lnkd;whu;. tuyhW vd;gJ tuyhw;W cz;ikfisf;

fz;Lgpbg;gJ jhd;; tuyhw;W tpjpfis tFg;gjy;y vd;W

cWjpahff; $Wfpwhu; uhq;Nf. mtu; tuyhw;W eLepiy gw;wpa

,uz;L fUj;Jf;fis typAWj;jpAs;shu;. 1). xt;nthU tuyhw;W

cz;ikAk; jdpj;jdpNa jpwdha;T Kiw %yk; cWjp

nra;ag;gLjy; Ntz;Lk; ; 2). xt;nthU tuyhw;W cz;ikAk;

tuyhw;whsupd; Rar;rhu;gpd;wpr; RNar;irahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

,it tuyhw;W eLepiy Nehf;F gw;wpa mbg;gil newpfshFk;.

eLepiy Nehf;fpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; eLepiy Nehf;F tuyhw;W

tiutpd; capu; %r;rhFk;. rhu;gpd;wp vOjg;gLk; tuyhw;W

xOf;fj;NjhL thOk; tho;f;ifiag; Nghd;wJ. tuyhw;W eLepiy

Nehf;fpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;Jf;fhd fhuzq;fs; tUkhW: 1) thyhw;wpd;

ek;gfj; jd;ikia cWjp nra;fpwJ; 2). jpwdha;T Kiw %yk;

rhd;Wfisg; gFj;jha;e;J vg;gf;fKk; rhuhJ Kiwg;gLj;j KbAk;.

3) tuyhw;wha;thsiu tpUg;G ntWg;GfspypUe;J ghJfhf;fpwJ. 4).

eLepiy Nehf;Fld; vOjg;gLk; tuyhNw cz;ikahd tuyhW

vd;w vz;zj;ij tuyhw;W Ma;thsu;fspilNa epiyg;gLj;JfpwJ.

5. ,Jjhd; tuyhw;W cz;ikiaf; fhg;ghwhik Neu;top. 6.

tuyhw;whsupd; jhu;kPff; flikia typAWj;JfpwJ. kUq;if fha

198

eLepiy Nehf;F tuyhw;W tiutpaypy; epahaj;ijAk;>

Neu;ikiaAk;> xOf;fj;ijAk; mbf;Nfhbl;Lf; fhl;LfpwJ.

eLepiy Nehf;Ff;F vjpuhd jilfs; eLepiy Nehf;Fld; tuyhW

vOJtnjd;gJ vspjhd fhupakd;W. mjw;Fg; gy jilfs;

(Barriers to Objectivity) cs;s d. mtw;Ws; Kf;fpakhdit

tUkhW: 1. tuyhw;W epfo;Tfspd; jd;ik (Nature of Historical

Events). tuyhw;W epfo;Tfisg; gw;wpa rhd;Wfs; KOikahff;

fpilg;gjpy;iy. ,it kpff; FiwthfNth my;yJ kpf

mjpfkhfNth fpilf;ff; $Lk;. rhd;Wfs; mopf;fg;gl;Nlh >

kiwf;fg;gl;Nlh> rpijf;fg;gl;Nlh > tpLgl;Nlh ,Uf;fyhk;. vdNt

rhd;Wfspd; jd;ik tuyhw;iwAk; kPwp mtuJ eLepiy Nehf;ifg;

ghjpf;f tha;g;Gz;L. 2. tuyhw;W epfo;Tfisj; Nju;e;njLj;jy; (The

Selection of Historical Events).

tuyhw;wpd; gug;G ngupJ. mjd; tPr;R mjpfk;. vijg; gw;wp

vOJtJ vd;gij tuyhw;whsNuh my;yJ tuyhw;W Ma;thsNuh

Nju;e;njLf;f Ntz;bAs;sJ. mjw;Nfw;g rhd;Wfis Nrfupf;f

Ntz;Lk;. epfo;TfSf;Nfw;w Ma;Tj; jiyg;gh? my;yJ Ma;Tj;

jiyg;Gf;Nfw;g epfo;Tfisj; njupT nra;tjh? vd;gJ eLepiy

Nehf;Ff;Fj; jilahf cs;sJ. 3. Mrpupaupd; MSik (The

Personality of the Author). tuyhW my;yJ tuyhw;W Ma;tpd;

jd;ikAk; juKk; mjd; Mrpupaupd; MSikiag; nghWj;Js;sJ.

Mrpupaupd; tpUg;G> ntWg;G> ngUik> nghwhik> Ntz;Ljy;>

Ntz;lhik mtuJ eLepiy Nehf;ifg; ghjpf;ff; $Lk;.

mNjNghd;W murpay; nfhs;ifg; gpbg;G; rhjp> ,d> rkag;gw;W>

Njrpa czu;T> kdg;ghd;ik Nghd;wtw;iwAk; Mrpupaupd; nghUs;

Nehf;F ghjpf;fg;glyhk;. 4. tptupg;G tpsf;f f; fyg;G (The Mixture

of Narration and Explanation).

tuyhw;whsupd; Ntiy fle;j fhy epfo;Tfis epfo;e;jthNw

tptupg;gjhFk;. Mdhy; tuyhw;whsNuh tuyhw;W Ma;thsu;fNsh

fle;j fhyj;ij tptupg;gNjhL epw;gjpy;iy. mij tpsf;fTk;>

tpkuprpf;fTk; nra;fpd;wdu;. mg;NghJ tuyhw;whsupd; nrhe;jf;

fUj;Njh kdg;ghd;ikNa tuyhw;W tiutpy; fye;J mtuJ

eLepiy Nehf;ifj; jpupj;J tpLfpwJ. 5. tuyhw;W Cfq;fs;

(Historical Assumption). Cfq;fs; tuyhw;wpd; itupfs;>

tpNuhjpfs;. Mdhy; ,itjhd; tuyhw;wpd; ez;gu;fshff;

fUjg;gLfpd;wd. tuyhw;W tpsf;fq;fs; midj;Jk; Cfq;fspd;

tpupthf;fNkahFk;. ,iwr; rl;lk;> mwpthw;wy;> mwpnthsp>

fw;gidf; fhtpak;> fhu;Nlrpadprk;> Neu;f;fhl;rp thjk;> mwptpay;

Nrh\yprk;> kPz;Lk; epfo;jy;> Kd;Ndw;wk;> RatpUg;ghw;wy;>

tuyhw;wpd; nghUs;> tuyhw;wpak;> rhu;gpak; Nghd;wit

199

Cfq;fNsahFk;. Cfq;fs; tuyhw;W eLepiyf; Nehf;Ff;F vjpuhd

jilf; fw;fs;. 6. tuyhw;wpy; fiyf;$W (Art Element in History)

tuyhW fiyahff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. ntWk; tuyhW (mere

history) vYk;Gf; $lhapd; fiy mjd; rijahFk; vd;W

$wg;gLfpwJ. vdNt fw;gidiaf; fye;J ,yf;fpaf; ftu;r;rpNahL

tuyhW tiuag;gLfpwJ. Cfj;ijg; Nghd;Nw fw;gidAk; fiyAk;

tuyhw;W eLepiyf;nfjpuhd jilahFk;. 7. jtwhfg; Gupe;J

nfhs;sy; (Error of Understanding) tuyhw;iwj; jtwhfg; Gupe;J

nfhs;tJ eLepiy Nehf;ifg; ghjpf;Fk;. jtwhfg; Gupe;J

nfhs;tjw;Fg; Nghjpa rhd;Wfs; ,d;ik> Fwpg;gpl;l fhyfl;lj;ij

tpUk;GtJ my;yJ ntWg;gJ> vLj;Jf; nfhz;l nghUspy;

Mu;tkpd;ik> ahiuahtJ jpUg;jpg;gLj;j my;yJ jhf;f vOJtJ

Nghd;w gy fhuzq;fs; ,Uf;ff; $Lk;. vdNt jtwhfg; Gupe;J

nfhs;tjhy; tuyhw;Wr; rkepiy Nehf;fpy; ghjpg;G Vw;gLfpwJ. 8.

cl;Gwr; rhu;Gilik (Inverted Subjectivism). tuyhw;whsu; jhkiu

,iyj; jz;zPu; Nghy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. Xlk; jz;zPupy;

kpjf;fyhk;> %o;tp tplf; $lhJ. tuyhw;W Ma;thsu; tuyhw;Wf;F

ntspNa ,Ue;J tuyhw;iw Ma Ntz;Lk;. tuyhw;whsu; tuyhw;wpy;

,Uf;fyhk;. Mdhy; tuyhw;NwhL ,Uf;ff; $lhJ.

n`Nuhnlhl;lRk;> J}rpilbRk; fp.K. 5-k; E}w;whz;L

fpNuf;fu;fshfTk;> Gdpj mf];bd; fp.gp. 5-k; E}w;whz;bd;

fpwpj;JtuhfTk;> khf;fpanty;yp 15-k; E}w;whz;bd; kWkyu;r;rpf;fhy

tuyhw;whsuhfTk;> gpuhd;rp]; Ngf;fd; 16-k; E}w;whz;bd; mwpTg;

Gul;rpahsuhfTk;> by;ykhz;l; 17-k; E}w;whz;Lg;

gpnuQ;Rf;fhuuhfTk;> fpg;gd; 18-k; E}w;whz;L mwpnthsp

Mq;fpNyauhfTk;> khk;rd; 19-k; E}w;whz;L n[u;khdpauhfTk;>

lhapd;gp 20-k; E}w;whz;L tuyhw;Wj; jj;JtuhfTk; ,Ue;Nj

tuyhw;iw mZfpAs;sdu;. ,j;jifa cl;Gwr; rhu;Gilik

eLepiy Nehf;Ff;F vjpuhd jilahFk;. 9. jpupj;Jf; $wy;

(Distortion). jpupj;Jf; $wy; jtW. tuyhw;whsu; njupe;Nj

nra;tjhFk;. mwpe;Njh my;yJ mwpahkNyh nra;jhYk; jpupj;Jf;

$wy; jtWjhd;. $ypf;F Ntiy nra;Ak; tuyhw;whsu; (Mercenary

Historians) nra;Ak; Ntiy ,J. jtwhd vz;z q;fshYk;

(Prejudices) tuyhW jpupj;Jf; $wg;glyhk;. vd;. Rg;gpukzpad;

$Wtijg; Nghd;W tuyhw;iwr; rupahfg; Gupe;J nfhs;shjJ jtW

vd;why; mijj; jpupj;Jf; $wy; Fw;wkhFk;. 10. rhd;Wfspd;

J}a;ikapd;ik (Impurity of Sources) tuyhw;Wr; rhd;Wfs; fyg;G

cNyhfk; Nghd;wit. ,tw;iw gFg;gha;Tj; jpwdha;T vd;w

ciyf; fsj;jpy; fha;r;rp Rj;jg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. mg;NghJ jhd;

tuyhw;W epfo;Tfis epfo;e;jthW $w KbAk;. rhd;Wfisj;

J}a;ikg;gLj;Jjy;> tuyhw;W epfo;Tf;fhd fUj;ij mwpjy;> mij

thrfu; Gupe;J nfhs;sy; Mfpa %d;W fl;lq;fspYk; J}a;ikf;NfL

200

Vw;gl tha;g;Gz;L. vdNt rhd;Wfspd; J}a;ikapd;ik tuyhw;W

eLepiy Nehf;Ff;nfjpuhd jilahFk;.

13.4.1. eLepiy Nehf;fpd; Kd;Njitfs; (Pre Requisities of objectivity)

tuyhw;whsu; ePjpgjpiag; Nghd;wtu;; tof;FiuQu; my;yu;. ,tu;

jPf;fha;thu; Nghy; ,Ue;J tuyhw;iw tiua Ntz;Lk;. mjw;fhd

Kd; Njitfs; tUkhW: 1). rhd;Wfisj; jpul;l midj;J

Kaw;rpfisAk; Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. 2).Gjpa rhd;Wfs; ahu;

%yk; fpilj;jhYk; mijj; jpwdha;e;J Vw;Wf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

3). MNuhf;fpakhd mwptpay; kdg;ghd;ikAk;> Neu;ikahd Raf;

fl;Lg;ghLk;> jpwdha;Tj; jpwik ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. 4). "tuyhw;W

cz;ikfs; 'cz;ikfisj; jtpu Ntwpy;iy vd;gijf;

Fwpf;Nfhshff; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. 5) tuyhw;W czu;T ,Uf;f

Ntz;Lk;. 6.vOj;J eil vLj;Jf; nfhz;l nghUSf;F Vw;wjhf

,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.


RaNehf;F vd;why; vd;d? RaNehf;F my;yJ jd;dpiy Nehf;F

kdpj ,ay;igg; nghWj;jJ vd;W $Wfpwhu; bunty;ad;. ,e;Nehf;F

Ma;Tg; nghUspy; ,y;iy. khwhf ,J tuyhw;whsupd; kdjpy;

cs;sJ. vdNt RaNehf;F cstpay; rk;ge;jg;gl;lJ. RaNehf;F

vd;gJ xUtupd; xU jiyr;rhu;ig (Bias)f; Fwpf;fpwJ. ,J

cs;Szu;T rhu;e;j mfepiyahFk;. tpUg;G> ntWg;G> Ntz;Lk;>

Ntz;lhik> jg;ngz;zq;fs;> kdg;ghd;ik> gof;f tof;fk;>

mZFKiw> Vw;Wf; nfhz;l nghWg;G> mr;rk;> J}z;lg;gLjy;>

gw;W> ghrk;> mwpahik> mDjhgk;> Mf;Nuh\k; Nghd;w kd

czu;r;rp fhuzkhf RaNehf;F cUthfp ntspg;gLfpwJ.

RaNehf;F tuyhw;wpy; (Subjective History) tuyhw;whsupd;

RaeyKk;> nrhe;j kjpg;gPLfSk;> jg;ngz;z Kk; jiy J}f;fp

epw;Fk;. RaNehf;Fk; (Subjectivity) xUjiyr; rhu;GilikAk; (Bias)

xd;wy;y vdf; fUJNthUKsu;. rhu;Gilik ,ay;G; RaNehf;F

ntspg;ghL eilKiwapy; ,t;tpuz;Lf;FkpilNa tpj;jpahrkpy;yhj

NtWghL cs;sJ. mjhtJ ,uz;Lk; xd;Wjhd;.

RaNehf;F jtpu;f; Kbahjjh? tuyhw;wpd; RaNehf;F kpfTk;

Fog;gkspg;gjhff; fUJfpwhu; thy;\;. tuyhw;whsu; RaNehf;ifj;

jtpu;f;fNth my;yJ Jwf;fNth KbahJ vd;fpwhu; fhu;y; ngf;fu;.

tuyhw;whsupd; kjpg;Gj; jpl;lk; (Value Scheme) ,tuJ Ma;tpYk;

vOj;jpYk; Mog; gjpaNt nra;Ak; vd;W $Wfpwhu; vu;d];l; ehfy;.

201

kjpg;gPL nra;ahky; tuyhw;iw tiua Ntz;Lk; vd;W $WtJ

cly; ngUj;j khL Nka;g;Nghd;jhd; cly; ngUj;j khLfis

Nka;f;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W $Wtijg; Nghd;wJ vd;W nrhy;fpwhu;

ehfy;. RaNehf;fpd;wp vOjg;gLk; tuyhW <u;g;gpd;wpj; njsptw;W

,Uf;Fk; vd;W vr;rupf;fpwhu; gpA+up. tuyhw;whsupd; gz;G eyd;fs;

Rarhu;Gf; fUj;Jf;fisj; jtpu;f;f Kbahjjhf;fp tpLfpd;wd

vd;gJ bunty;ahdJ fUj;J. RaNehf;F tuyhw;whsupd;

,ay;ghifahy; ,J jtpu;f;f KbahjJ vd;W gy tuyhw;whsu;fs;

fUJfpd;wdu;. ,jw;Fg; gpd;tUk; fhuzq;fisf; fhl;Lfpwhu;

mnkupf;f tuyhw;whsu; rhu;y]; gpau;L : 1) tuyhw;whsu; xU

Ntjpapay; tpQ;Qhdpiag; Nghd;W Ma;Tg; nghUis $u;e;J

Nehf;fpj; jpwdha KbahJ. 2) tuyhw;whsu; Jz;L Jz;lhfr;

rpjwpf; fplf;Fk; rhd;WfspypUe;J Njitahdtw;iwj; Nju;e;njLf;f

Ntz;bAs;sJ. 3). tuyhw;whsu; jdJ Ma;T KbTfis tuyhw;W

tiuTf;Nfw;g rupnra;a Ntz;bAs;sJ. 4). tuyhw;whsu;

fUj;JUthf;fq;fs; %yk; fle;j fhyj;ijg; gw;wpa tbtj;ijj;

“jpzpf;f” Ntz;bapUf;fpwJ. 5). tuyhw;whsu; Mu;tk;

nfhz;bUf;Fk; epfo;r;rpfs; fiyak;rq;fisf; nfhz;bUf;ff; $Lk;.

6). tuyhw;whsu; “eLepiy kdNjhL” tuyhw;iw tiutJ

eilKiw rhj;jpakw;wJ. RaNehf;F %d;W topfspy;

ntspg;glyhk;. 1). mwpahky; nra;tJ. tuyhw;whsu;

jd;idAkwpahky; RaNehf;if ntspg;gLj;Jjy;. ,j;jtw;iwr;

Rl;bf;fhl;bdhy; jpUj;jpf; nfhs;thu;. 2) mwpe;Nj nra;tJ.

rhu;Gilik fhuzkhf Ra czu;NthL RaNehf;Fld; vOJtJ.

njupe;Nj jtW nra;tjhy; ,tu;fs; jpUe;j khl;lhu;fs;. 3).

Ntz;Lnkd;Nw nra;tJ. tuyhw;W cz;ikfisj; jpupj;Jf; $WtJ

,e;j ufj;ijr; Nru;e;jJ. Mtzq;fis kiwg;gJk;> Nghyp

Mtzq;fis ,lr;nrUfy; nra;tJk;> Mtzq;fspy; tpUk;Gtij

kl;Lk; vLj;Jf; nfhz;L tpUk;ghjij tpLtpg;gJk;> Mtzq;fis

mopg;gJk; Ntz;Lnkd;Nw nra;Ak; jtWfshFk;. ,it

mwpTWj;jy; jtWfs; (DidacticalErrors) vdg;gLk;. ,it jtWfs;

kl;Lky;y> Fw;wq;fshFk;.

rhd;Wfs; ,d;ik> Fwpg;gpl;l fhyfl;lj;ij tpUk;GtJ my;yJ

ntWg;gJ> vLj;Jf; nfhz;l nghUspy; Mu;tkpd;ik> ahiuahtJ

jpUg;jpg;gLj;j my;yJ jhf;f vOJtJ Nghd;w gy fhuzq;fs;

,Uf;ff; $Lk;. vdNt jtwhfg; Gupe;J nfhs;tjhy; tuyhw;Wr;

rkepiy Nehf;fpy; ghjpg;G Vw;gLfpwJ. 8. cl;Gwr; rhu;Gilik

(Inverted Subjectivism). tuyhw;whsu; jhkiu ,iyj; jz;zPu; Nghy;

,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. Xlk; jz;zPupy; kpjf;fyhk;> %o;tp tplf; $lhJ.

tuyhw;W Ma;thsu; tuyhw;Wf;F ntspNa ,Ue;J tuyhw;iw Ma

Ntz;Lk;. tuyhw;whsu; tuyhw;wpy; ,Uf;fyhk;. Mdhy; tuyhw;NwhL

,Uf;ff; $lhJ. n`Nuhnlhl;lRk;> J}rpilbRk; fp.K.5-k;

202

E}w;whz;L fpNuf;fu;fshfTk;> Gdpj mf];bd; fp.gp.5-k; E}w;whz;bd;

fpwpj;JtuhfTk;> khf;fpanty;yp 15-k; E}w;whz;bd; kWkyu;r;rpf;fhy

tuyhw;whsuhfTk;> gpuhd;rp]; Ngf;fd; 16-k; E}w;whz;bd; mwpTg;

Gul;rpahsuhfTk;> by;ykhz;l; 17-k; E}w;whz;Lg;

gpnuQ;Rf;fhuuhfTk;> fpg;gd; 18-k; E}w;whz;L mwpnthsp

Mq;fpNyauhfTk;> khk;rd; 19-k; E}w;whz;L n[u;khdpauhfTk;>

lhapd;gp 20-k; E}w;whz;L tuyhw;Wj; jj;JtuhfTk; ,Ue;Nj

tuyhw;iw mZfpAs;sdu;. ,j;jifa cl;Gwr; rhu;Gilik

eLepiy Nehf;Ff;F vjpuhd jilahFk;. 9. jpupj;Jf; $wy;

(Distortion). jpupj;Jf; $wy; jtW. tuyhw;whsu; njupe;Nj

nra;tjhFk;. mwpe;Njh my;yJ mwpahkNyh nra;jhYk; jpupj;Jf;

$wy; jtWjhd;. $ypf;F Ntiy nra;Ak; tuyhw;whsu; (Mercenary

Historians) nra;Ak; Ntiy ,J. jtwhd vz;z q;fshYk;

(Prejudices) tuyhW jpupj;Jf; $wg;glyhk;. vd;.Rg;gpukzpad;

$Wtijg; Nghd;W tuyhw;iwr; rupahfg; Gupe;J nfhs;shjJ jtW

vd;why; mijj; jpupj;Jf; $wy; Fw;wkhFk;. 10. rhd;Wfspd;

J}a;ikapd;ik (Impurity of Sources). tuyhw;Wr; rhd;Wfs; fyg;G

cNyhfk; Nghd;wit. ,tw;iw gFg;gha;Tj; jpwdha;T vd;w

ciyf; fsj;jpy; fha;r;rp Rj;jg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. mg;NghJ jhd;

tuyhw;W epfo;Tfis epfo;e;jthW $w KbAk;. rhd;Wfisj;

J}a;ikg;gLj;Jjy;> tuyhw;W epfo;Tf;fhd fUj;ij mwpjy;> mij

thrfu; Gupe;J nfhs;sy; Mfpa %d;W fl;lq;fspYk; J}a;ikf;NfL

Vw;gl tha;g;Gz;L. vdNt rhd;Wfspd; J}a;ikapd;ik tuyhw;W

eLepiy Nehf;Ff;nfjpuhd jilahFk;. 35.1.5 eLepiy Nehf;fpd;

Kd;Njitfs; (Pre Requisities of Objectivity) tuyhw;whsu;

ePjpgjpiag; Nghd;wtu;; tof;FiuQu; my;yu;. ,tu; jPf;fha;thu;

Nghy; ,Ue;J tuyhw;iw tiua Ntz;Lk;. mjw;fhd Kd;

Njitfs; tUkhW: 1).rhd;Wfisj; jpul;l midj;J

Kaw;rpfisAk; Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. 2).Gjpa rhd;Wfs; ahu;

%yk; fpilj;jhYk; mijj; jpwdha;e;J Vw;Wf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

3). MNuhf;fpakhd mwptpay; kdg;ghd;ikAk;> Neu;ikahd Raf;

fl;Lg;ghLk;> jpwdha;Tj; jpwik ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. 4). "tuyhw;W

cz;ikfs;”; cz;ikfisj; jtpu Ntwpy;iy vd;gijf;

Fwpf;Nfhshff; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. 5).tuyhw;W czu;T ,Uf;f

Ntz;Lk;. 6.vOj;J eil vLj;Jf; nfhz;l nghUSf;F Vw;wjhf

,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.


tuyhw;whsu; nra;Ak; jtWfshy;> eLepiy Nehf;F RaNehf;fhfp

tpLfpwJ. mjw;fhd mbg;gilf; fhuzq;fspy; xd;W mtUf;Fj;

203

ju;f;ftpaypy; (Logic) Nghjpa gapw;rpapd;ikNaahFk;. tuyhw;Wr;

rhd;Wfisj; jpul;Lk; NghJk;> jpul;ba rhd;Wfis gFj;jha;e;J

xOq;FgLj;Jk; NghJk;> xOq;FgLj;jpa rhd;Wfisg; gad;gLj;Jk;

NghJk; ,j;jtWfs; Vw;gLfpd;wd. cjhuzkhf rhd;Wfisr;

rupghu;j;jy;> rhd;Wfspd; rpwg;igf; fz;lwpjy;> tptupj;jy;> fhuz -

fhupaj; njhlu;G fhzy;> NtWgl;bUf;Fk; epfo;TfSf;fpilNa

xw;Wik fhzy;> fl;Liuahf;fk; Mfpatw;iwj; ju;f;fthj

tpjpfspd;gb nra;ahtpby; jtWfs; Neuyhk;. ,J gpnusbd; tpahjp

(Froude's Disease) vdg;gLk;. rhd;Wfis rupghu;f;fhd;ik>

epidthw;wiy ek;GtJ> fhy ,ilntspfisf; fw;gidahy;

epug;GtJ ,e;Neha;fSf;fhd mwpFwpfshFk;. ,itad;wpg; gpd;tUk;

fhuzq;fshYk; ju;f;fthjj; jtWfs; Vw;glyhk;. 1. Fwpg;gpl;l

R+o;epiyfs; Fwpg;gpl;l epfo;r;rpf;Ff; fhuzkhf ,Ue;jhy;

mj;jifa R+o;epiyfs; mNjNghd;w epfo;r;rpiaj; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk;

vd;W KbT nra;jy;. 2. gpw;fhy vz;zq;fis Kw;fhy

epfo;r;rpfspd; Nky; Vw;wpf; $wy;. 3. tuyhw;whsupd;

Kd;kjpg;gPLfis tuyhw;W epfo;r;rpfspd; %yk; ntspg;gLj;jy;. 4.

rhd;WfSf;fg;ghw;gl;l KbTfSf;F tUjy;. 5. rpy epfo;Tfisf;

nfhz;L nghJf; fUj;Jf;fisNah my;yJ tpjpfisNah

cUthf;Fjy;. 6. tuyhw;iw epfo;e;jthW tptupf;fhky; tuyhw;whsu;

epidj;jthW tiujy;.

vdNt tuyhw;W Ma;tpy; <LgLNthu; ju;f;fthjj; jtWfisj;

jtpu;f;f Ntz;Lk;. 35.4 kjpg;gPL tuyhW eLepiy Nehf;NfhL

vOjg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gjpy; ,UNtW fUj;Jf;fs; ,Uf;f

,ayhJ. epfo;e;jij epfo;e;jthNw $w Ntz;L nkd;fpwhu; uhq;Nf.

];Ngil ];Ngl; vd;Nw nrhy;y Ntz;Lk;' (Call a spade a spade)

vd;W mwpTWj;Jfpwhu; ikf;Nfy; xf;\hl;. tuyhw;whsupd; Ntiy

tuyhw;W cz;ikfis cWjp nra;tNjad;wp xOf;f KbTfSf;F

tUtjy;y vd;gijj; njspTgLj;Jfpwhu; nù;gu;l; gl;lu;gPy;L.

mwptpay; eLepiy Nehf;Fld; tuyhW tiuag;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;

vd;gjpy; tuyhw;whsu;fis tpl tuyhw;Wj; jj;Jt QhdpfNs

mjpf mf;fiw fhl;Lfpd;wdu; vd;W fUJfpwhu; `hd;];

Nkau;`h/g;. vdpDk; tuyhw;W cz;ikfs; tuyhw;whsupd;

kdf;fz;zhb %yk; nry;Yk; NghJ fUj;Jf;Nfhl;lk; (Fact

Refraction) Vw;glNt nra;Ak; vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ. ,J kdpjdhy;

xOf;fk; nflhJ tho KbahJ vd;W $Wtijg; Nghd;wJ.

tuyhw;iw tptupj;jy;> tuyhw;iw tpsf;Fjy;> tuyhw;Wj; jj;Jt

tpjpfs; tFj;jy; Mfpatw;Wf;fpilNaahd mbg;gil

NtWghLfisg; Gupe;J nfhz;lhy; eLepiy Nehf;Fld; tuyhw;iw

tiuayhk;.

204


1. rpf;fiyj; Nju;e;njLg;gjw;fhd rpy cjtpf;Fwpg;Gfis

gl;baypLq;fs;.

2. Nahridfis vt;thW cUthf;f KbAk;?

3. khu;f; ngtpu; jdJ jp yh[pf; M/g; jp `p];lup M/g; Ibah];

Gj;jfj;jpy; vd;d thjj;ij Kd;itf;fpwhu;?


1. rpf;fiyj; Nju;e;njLg;gjw;fhd rpy Fwpg;Gfs;:

� Vw;fdNt tpupthf Muhag;gl;l jiyg;igj; Nju;e;njLg;gijj;

jtpu;f;fTk;.

� Muha;r;rp tho;f;ifiaj; njhlq;Fk; NghJ> ru;r;irf;Fupa

jiyg;Gfisj; jtpu;f;fTk;.

� nryTfs;> Neuk;> jpwik Nghd;wit kdjpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

2. xUtupd; nrhe;j cs;Szu;tpd; %ykhfTk;> gpd;dzp

,yf;fpaq;fisg; gbg;gjd; %ykhfTk;> njhlu;Gila Jiwapy;

kw;wtu;fSld; fye;Jiuahly; %ykhfTk; Nahridfis

cUthf;f KbAk;.

3. mtu; thjj;ij Kd;itf;fpwhu;: ‘tuyhw;Wf; fijapy;

Gwepiyj;jd;ikAld; $ba xU khDltpay; mwptpayhdJ> kdpj

nray;fs;/ Kftu; Nehf;fj;ij mu;j;jj;Jld; rkd;gLj;Jk;

tpsf;fj;jpy; jq;fpAs;sJ.


� gpd;njhlu A1 kw;Wk; A2 vd Fiwe;jgl;rk; ,uz;L eltbf;if

gbg;Gfs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l khwpfspd; xd;W

my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l kjpg;Gfshy; nray; Kiw

tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ> cjhuzkhf> gz;bif Neuj;jpy;> rpy

tifahd nghUl;fis thq;FtJ xU nray;ghlhFk;.

� xU Muha;r;rp rpf;fy; vd;gJ Vw;fdNt cs;s gpur;ridahFk;>

,jw;F Muha;r;rpahsu; rpwe;j jPu;itf; fz;lwpa tpUk;Gfpwhu;>

205

NkYk; Fwpf;Nfhis mila vLf;f Ntz;ba eltbf;if.

nfhLf;fg;gl;l R+oy; my;yJ R+oypy; nray; nray;gLj;jg;gl

Ntz;Lk;.

� Muha;r;rpr; rpf;fiyg; gpupg;gJ vd;gJ Muha;r;rpr; rpf;fiy

nray;ghl;L mbg;gilapy; $WtjhFk;. midj;J njhopy;El;g

tpjpKiwfspd; mwpf;ifAk; njspthf nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.

Muha;r;rpapd; mbg;gilf; Nfhl;ghLfs; milahsk; fhzg;gl

Ntz;Lk;. Ma;Tf;F xU epahakhd fhy msT Fwpg;gplg;gl

Ntz;Lk;.

� vOJtJ tuyhw;wpd; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f gFjpahFk; kw;Wk; vOjhky;

tuyhw;iw fw;gid nra;a KbahJ. xU vOj;jhsu; jdJ vOj;J

%yk; gy;NtW Mjhuq;fspy; ,Ue;J ngw;w tuyhw;W mwpitg;

gfpu;e;J nfhs;fpwhu;. tuyhw;wpy;> vOj;jhsu; jdJ tp\aj;ijg;

gw;wpa tpthjj;ij Kd;itf;Fk; xU Ma;twpf;ifia

Kd;nkhopfpwhu;.

� vOj;jhsu; vOjj; njhlq;Fk; Kd;> mtu; jdJ gzpf;fhfr;

Nrfupj;j juTfisg; gw;wpa njspthd Gupjiyg; ngw Ntz;Lk;.

mtu; jdJ nray;Kiwiaj; njhlq;Ftjw;F Kd; njspthd

Nehf;fq;fisAk; KbitAk; mila Ntz;Lk;.

� vOj;jhsu; jdJ jdpg;gl;l rhu;Gfis mtu; vOJk; fhfpjj;ij

kiwf;f tplf;$lhJ. fle;j fhy epfo;Tfspd; mbg;gilapy;

kjpg;Gkpf;f jPu;g;Gfis toq;Ftjpy; ,Ue;J vOj;jhsu;fs; tpyfp

,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

� tuyhw;W vOj;Jf;F Mtzkhf;fy; ,d;wpaikahjjhf

,Ue;jhYk;> vOj;J gy;NtW Mjhuq;fspy; ,Ue;J Nrfupf;fg;gl;l

jfty;fspd; Jz;Lfis rPuikg;gjpy;iy.

� tuyhw;W tprhuizapd; xt;nthU mbapYk; mfepiyapd; xU

$W EiofpwJ. epfo;fhyk; fle;j fhyj;ijg; gw;wpa ekJ mwpit

ghjpf;fpwJ> Vndd;why; fle;j fhy epfo;Tfs; tuyhw;whrpupaupd;

kdjpy; jtpu NtW vq;Fk; ,y;iy> mtu; ,g;NghJ nghUs; kw;Wk;

nghUshf khwpAs;shu;.

� [pah-cj;-jpd; guhdp my;yJ mGy; /gry; KiwNa jq;fspd;

jhupf;-,-/ngNuh];\h`p kw;Wk; mf;gu;ehkhit vOjpaNghJ>

mtu;fs; jq;fs; murpay; fUj;Jf;fspypUe;Jk; my;yJ jq;fs;

v[khdUf;F tpRthrj;jpypUe;Jk; tpLgltpy;iy.

206


� Gwepiy: ,J jdpg;gl;l mfepiyapypUe;J RahjPdkhd

cz;ikapd; fUj;J (xUtupd; fUj;J> czu;r;rpfs; my;yJ

fw;gidahy; Vw;gLk; rhu;G).

� mfepiy: ,J jdpg;gl;l czu;Tfs;> uridfs; my;yJ

fUj;Jfspd; mbg;gilapy; my;yJ jhf;fk; nrYj;Jk; jukhFk;.

� Muha;r;rp rpf;fy;: ,J xU ftiyf;Fupa gFjp> Nkk;gLj;jg;gl

Ntz;ba epiy> mfw;wg;gl Ntz;ba rpukk; my;yJ mwpthu;e;j

,yf;fpaq;fspy;> Nfhl;ghl;by; my;yJ eilKiwapy; ,Uf;Fk; xU

rpf;fyhd Nfs;tp> mu;j;jKs;s Gupjypd; mtrpaj;ij

Rl;bf;fhl;LfpwJ. kw;Wk; Ntz;Lnkd;Nw tprhuiz.


FWfpa tpdhf;fs;

1. Muha;r;rp rpf;fiy cUthf;Fk; $Wfis gl;baypLq;fs;.

2. xU tuyhw;Wg; gilg;ig cUthf;f xU vOj;jhsu; Nju;r;rp ngw

Ntz;ba %d;W mbg;gil eilKiwfisf; Fwpg;gplTk;.

3. mfepiy vd;gJ vijf; Fwpf;fpwJ?

4. mfepiyahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l rpy tuyhw;Wg; gilg;Gfis

Fwpg;gplTk;.

tphpthd tpdhf;fs;

1. xU Muha;r;rpr; rpf;fiyr; re;jpf;f Ntz;ba tptuf;Fwpg;Gfisg;

gw;wp tpthjpf;fTk;.

2. Muha;r;rpapy; <LgLk; gbfis tpupthff; $Wq;fs;.






207



OUP India.






myF-14

jpwdha;T mfk; Gwk;

cs;slf;fk;

14.1. Kd;Diu

14.2. Nehf;fq;fs;










14.1. KKd;Diu

tuyhw;W Mjhuq;fs; cz;ikahdjhf ,y;yhky; ,Uf;fyhk;

my;yJ mtw;wpd; cs;slf;fj;jpy; mit rhu;Gilajhf ,Uf;fyhk;

vd;gjhy; tuyhw;W Mjhuq;fspd; tpku;rdk; mtrpak;. ,e;j

208

Mjhuq;fis kjpg;gpLk; Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf> ,uz;L tifahd

tpku;rdq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd. ,it cs; tpku;rdk; kw;Wk;

ntspg;Gw tpku;rdk;. ntspg;Gw tpku;rdk; %yj;jpd;

ek;gfj;jd;ikia rupghu;f;fpwJ> mNjrkak; cs; tpku;rdk; xU

ciuapy; cs;s cz;ikahd mu;j;jq;fspd; gFg;gha;T kw;Wk;

Ma;Tld; njhlu;GilaJ> Vnddpy; mu;j;jq;fs; khWglyhk; kw;Wk;

mu;j;jq;fs; kOg;gyhf ,Uf;fyhk;. Mjhuk; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l gpwF

cs; tpku;rdk; nra;ag;gLfpwJ. xU nkhopapy; mNj thu;j;ij

,Uf;fyhk; ntt;NtW mu;j;jq;fs; my;yJ mJ gad;gLj;jg;gLk;

R+oy; rpy rkaq;fspy; Gupe;J nfhs;s fbdkhf ,Uf;Fk; Kw;wpYk;

Gjpa mu;j;jj;ij nfhLf;fyhk;. ,e;j gpuptpy;> ,e;j ,uz;L

tifahd tpku;rdq;fs; kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; elj;ij rk;ge;jg;gl;l

nray;Kiwfs; tpthjpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

14.2. Nehf;fq;fs;


nfhs;s ,aYk;

� cs; kw;Wk; ntspg;Gw tpku;rdj;jpd; mk;rq;fs; kw;Wk;

nray;Kiw gw;wp tpthjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ

� Neu;kiw tpsf;f tpku;rdj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fs; kw;Wk; nfhs;iffs; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ


Ma;Tj; jiyg;igj; Nju;e;njLj;jy;> G+u;thq;f E}w;gl;bay;

jahupj;jy;> Ma;Tf; fl;Liur; RUf;fk; vOJjy; Mfpait

tuyhw;W Ma;tpd; Kjy; %d;W eltbf;iffs; vd;W Kd;du;

Fwpg;gpl;Nlhk;. 1). rhd;Wg; gFg;gha;T > 2) xUq;fikj;jy;> 3)

fl;Liuahf;fk;> 4). Nkw;Nfhshl;rp > 5). Ma;Tf; fl;Liuapd;

mikg;G Mfpait tuyhw;W Ma;tpd; gpw eltbf;iffshFk;.

,it tuyhw;wha;T Kiwapay; (Methodology of Historical

Research) vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. rhd;Wfspd;Nwy; tuyhwpy;iy.

rhd;WfNs tuyhw;Wf;fhd %yg; nghUs;fs;. rhd;Wfisr;

Nrfupj;J> rupghu;j;J> mtw;wpd; ek;gfj; jd;ikia cWjp nra;j

gpd;dNu tuyhW tiuag;gLfpwJ. ,jw;fhd Ma;T KiwNa

jpwdha;T MFk;. fle;j fhyj;ijg; gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;fhd

Muha;r;rp topfisf; fz;Lgpbg;gNj jpwdha;T vd;W

tiuaWj;Js;shu; ghypd; aq; (Puline Young) tuyhw;Wj; jpwdha;T

209

Mtzq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. Mtzq;fs;

fle;j fhy epfo;r;rpfisg; gw;wpa mwpf;iffs;. ,it epfo;e;jit

gw;wpa jfty;fisj; juNtz;Lk; vd;w Ra czu;NthL ftdkhfj;

jahupf;fg; gl;litahFk; vd;W $Wfpwhu; fhu;lu; Fl; (Carter

V.Good). vdpDk; Mtzq;fisg; gFg;ghahJ mg;gbNa Vw;Wf;

nfhs;s KbahJ. mtw;iwj; jpwdha;e;J> rupghu;j;J> kjpg;gPL

nra;a Ntz;Lk;. Mtzq;fspd; cz;ikj; jd;ikiaAk; ek;gfj;

jd;ikiaAk; cWjp nra;J> xt;nthU jftiyAk; $u;e;J

ftdpj;J rupghu;j;j gpd;dNu Vw;Wf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; my;yJ

epuhfupf;f Ntz;Lk;. Ruq;fg; ghiwia ntl;b vLj;J mjpypUe;J

jq;fj;ijg; gpupj;njLg;gijg; Nghd;W Mtzq;fspypUe;J cz;ikr;

rhd;Wfisf; fz;lwpa Ntz;Lk;! gpiofisAk; jtWfisAk;

jpupGfisAk; ePf;fp cz;ikiaf; fz;lwptNj tuyhw;Wj;

jpwdha;tpd; Nehf;fkhFk;... RUq;ff; $wpd; Mtzq;fspd;

gFg;gha;T kjpg;gPNl tuyhw;Wj; jpwdha;T ' MFk;. tuyhw;Wj;

jpwdha;T Gwj; jpwdha;T> mfj; jpwdha;T vd;W ,Utifg;gLk;.

,Utifj; jpwdha;T Kiwfs; tuyhw;W Ma;thsupd; Nehf;fk;

rhd;Wfspd; cz;ikj; jd;ikia cWjp nra;tjhFk;. gFg;gha;T

eltbf;iffis (Analytical Operations)f; nfhz;l jpwdha;T

Kiwfs; %yk; rhd;Wfspd; ek;gfj;jd;ik Nrhjpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

tuyhw;Wj; jpwdha;T Kiwfs; ,uz;L: 1). Gwj; jpwdha;T ; 2)

mfj; jpwdha;T


nghUs; tpsf;fk; `pA+up];bf;]; (Heuristics) vd;w nrhy;

fz;Lgpbf;f (to find out) vd;w nghUisf; nfhz;l `pA+up];fPd;

(Heuriskein) vd;w fpNuf;fr; nrhy;ypypUe;J ngwg;gl;ljhFk;.

mjhtJ Mtzq;fspd; ek;gfj;jd;ik (Authenticity)iaAk;>

cz;ikj; jd;ik (Veracity)iaAk; fz;lwptNj Gwj;

jpwdha;thFk;. ,jw;Fg; nghJ tpjpfs; vJTk; tFf;fg;gl tpy;iy.

`pA+up];bf;]; gw;wpa Gj;jfk; vJTkpy;iy Gwj;jpwdha;T xU

fiy vd;W $Wfpwhu; Nudpah (G.J.Renier). ,J gof;fj;jhYk;>

Kaw;rpahYk;> mDgtj;jhYk; tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;ba

fiyahFk;. vdpDk; gpd;tUk; Gwj;jpwdha;T El;gKiwfs; %yk;

rhd;Wfisr; Nrfupj;J> gFj;jha;e;J> kjpg;gPL nra;a KbAk;.

(Preparatory Study) Gwj;jpwdha; Ma;Tg; gazj;jpd;

Muk;gfl;lkhFk;. Kjypy; Mtzq;fspd; ,Ug;gplj;ijf;

fz;Lgpbf;f Ntz;Lk;. %yr; rhd;Wfisf; nfhz;l Mtzq;fs;

Mtzf; fhg;gfq;fs;> mUq;fhl;rpafq;fs;> E}yfq;fs;> jdpahu;

Nru;g;Gfs; Mfpatw;wpdpd;Wk; fpilf;ff; $Lk;. %yr; rhd;Wfspd;

,Ug;gplj;ijf; fz;Lgpbg;gNj xU fiyjhd; mq;fpUe;J mtw;iw

210

miltJ mUq;fiyahFk;!! Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l tuyhW

(Accepted History) ,r;rhd;Wfs; my;yJ Mtzq;fs;

fpilg;gjw;fhd xg;Gfis (Clues or Cues)f; nfhLf;Fk;. G+u;thq;f

Ma;T fPo;epiyj; jpwdha;T (Lower Criticism) MFk;. ,J gw;wpa

njsptpUe;jhy; Ma;thsupd; miyr;rYk; NeuKk; kpr;rkhFk;.

ek;gfj;jd;ikia cWjp nra;jy; (Ascertaining Authenticity)

Mtzq;fs; tuyhw;W milahsq;fshFk;. Mtzq;fs; fpilj;J

tpl;lhy; kl;LNk NghjhJ. mit Ma;Tj; NjitfSf;Fg;

nghUj;jkhditjhdh vd;gijg; ghu;f;f Ntz;Lk;.

nghUj;jkhditahfg;gl;lhy; mtw;wpy; fhzg;gLk; tuyhw;Wg;

gjpTfs; (Historical Traces) ek;gfj;jf;fitjhdh vd;gij cWjp

nra;a Ntz;baJ ,d;wpahikahjJ. Vd;? Mtzq;fs; Nghypahf

,Uf;fyhk;. jpupf;fg;gl;l efy;fshf ,Uf;ff; $Lk;. ,ilr;

nrUfy;fshfTk; ,Uf;fyhk;. vOj;Jj; jpUl;L ,lk;

ngw;wpUf;fyhk;. ifnaOj;J Gupahky; Nghfyhk;. vdNt

Mtzq;fs; fLikahd Nrhjidf;F cl;gLj;jg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.

Mtzq;fspd; %yk;> fhyk;> vOjg;gl;l ,lk;> Mrpupau;>

ifnaOj;J Nghd;w tptuq;fs; rupghu;f;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. Fwpg;ghf

Mtzq;fspd; fhyk;> Njjp> Njhd;wpa ,lk;> fhuzfu;j;jh gw;wpa

jfty;fspd; ek;gfj;jd;ik re;Njfj;Jf;F ,lkpd;wp njspTgLj;j

Ntz;Lk; vd;gij typAWj;Jfpwhu; Myd; [hd;rd;. Gwj;jpwdha;T

El;gq;fs; (Techniques of External Criticism) Mtzq;fisf;

fz;lwpe;J> Nrfupj;J> gFj;jha;tjw;fhd El;gq;fis eilKiw

mDgtj;jhy; cUthf;fpAs;sdu;. [p.N[.Nudpau; gpd;tUk; %d;W

El;gq;fis Kf;fpakhditahff; fUJfpwhu;. 1 Vw;Wf;

nfhs;sg;gl;l tuyhW ciufy;yhff; fUjg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. 2.ve;j

Mtzk; cz;ikahdJ vd;W mwpe;J nfhs;sf; $ba gapw;rpAk;>

Kaw;rpAk;> jpwikAk; Ntz;Lk;. 3.gpw tuyhW rhu;e;j ,ay;fspd;

Jiz nfhz;L Mtzq;fspd; ek;gfj;jd;ik rupghu;f;fg;gLjy;

Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;Ff; fhyttud; Kiw> njhy;nyOj;Jf; fiy>

Kj;jpiuapay;> fy;ntl;bapay;> njhy;nghUspay;> fhrpapay;>

uh[je;jputpay; Nghd;wit JizGupaf; $Lk;. Gwj;jpwdha;tpd;

gzpfs; (Functions of External Criticism) Gwj;jpwdha;T G+u;thq;f

Ma;Tg; gzpahFk;. ,J rhd;Wfis kjpg;gPL nra;tjw;F Ke;ija

epiyahFk;. ,jd; gzpfshtd: 1). tuyhw;W Ma;T Kiwiaj;

Jtf;fp itf;fpwJ. 2). rhd;Wfs; cs;s ,lq;fisf; fz;Lgpbf;f

cjTfpwJ. 3) rhd;Wfspd; ek;gfj; jd;ikiaf; fz;lwpa

gad;gLfpwJ. 4). rhd;Wfs; cUthd ,lk;> fhyk;> cUthf;fpNahu;

Nghd;w jfty;fis Nrfupf;f KbfpwJ. 5) Jtf;f epiyapNyNa

tuyhW rhu;e;j Jiz ,ay;fspd; gq;fspg;Gfisg; gad;gLj;jpf;

nfhs;s KbfpwJ. 6). rupahd nghUs; tpsf;fkspf;f cjTfpwJ.

211


nghUs; tpsf;fk; nù;kepA+l;bf;]; (Hermeneutics) vd;w nrhy;

nù;kepA+l;bNf (hermenetike) vd;w fpNuf;fr; nrhy;ypypUe;J

ngwg;gl;ljhFk;. ,r;nrhy;Yf;F cl;nghUis ntspg;gLj;Jjy;

(Interpretation) vd;W nghUs;. mjhtJ Mtzq;fs; my;yJ

rhd;Wfspd; cs;slf;fj;ij (Content) cWjp nra;tjhFk;. ,J

nghUs; Nehf;Ff; jpwdha;T (Interpretative) Ma;tijg; Nghd;W

mfj;jpwdha;T mtw;wpd; cl;nghUis Ma;T nra;fpwJ. vdNt

,J cau; jpwdha;T (Higher criticism) MFk;. Mtzq;fs;

tuyhw;Wg; gjpTfisj; jhq;fpr; nry;Yk; thfdq;fs;. ,g;gjpTfs;

jdpj;Njh my;yJ Nru;e;Njh fhzg;gLk;. ,it cz;ikahditah

md;wp cz;ik Nghd;witah vd;gij cWjp nra;a Ntz;Lk;.

nghJthf mfj;jpwdha;T vOj;J tbtr; rhd;WfSf;Nf gad;gLk;.

Mtzg; gjpTfs;> rupahfNth> jtwhfNth my;yJ ,uz;Lk;

fye;Njh ,Uf;ff; $Lk;. rpy cs; Nehf;fj;NjhL

vOjg;gl;bUf;fyhk;. vdNt Mtzr; rhd;WfSf;Ff;

fhuzkhdtu;fspd; mwpT> Mw;wy;> mDgtk;> cs;Nehf;fk;>

jg;ngz;zq;fs;> tpUg;G ntWg;Gfs;> R+o;epiy Nghd;wtw;iw

Mo;e;J mwpa Ntz;Lk;. RUq;ff; $wpd; Mtz Mrpupaupd; nrhe;j

Fzq;fis (Personal Traits)f; fz;lwptjd; %yk; mtuJ

$w;Wf;fisf; $u;e;J Muhayhk;. ,Utif mfj;jpwdha;T

Gwj;jpwdha;T Mtzq;fspd; ek;gfj;jd;ikia cWjp nra;fpwJ.

mfj; jpwdha;T mtw;wpd; cz;ikj; jd;ikiaj; jPu;khdpf;fpwJ.

mfj; jpwdha;T ,U tifg;gLk; cld;ghl;L mfj;jpwdha;T; 2.

vjpu;kiwj; jpwdha;T. 1. cld;ghl;L mfj;jpwdha;T (Positive

internal Criticism) Mtzq;fspd; cz;ikj; jd;ikia cWjp

nra;tNj cld;ghl;L mfj;jpwdha;tpd; Nehf;fkhFk;. ,J Mf;fg;

G+u;tkhdJ. ,j;jpwdha;T Mtz nkhopia ikakhff; nfhz;lJ.

nkhop kdjpd; ntspg;ghlhifahy; nkhop Ma;T ,d;wpaikahjJ.

thu;j;ijfs; fhyj;Jf;Ff; fhyk;> ,lj;Jf;F ,lk; khwf; $baJ.

xNu Mtzj;jpy; xU nrhy;Nyh my;yJ nrhw;nwhlNuh gy

,lq;fspy; gy nghUs;fspy; gad;gLj;jpapUf;ff; $Lk; rpy

nghUsw;w nrhw;fs; myq;fhuj;Jf;fhf ,lk; ngw;wpUf;fyhk;.

tof;fkhf thu;j;ijfSf;F ,uz;L nghUs;fs; ,Uf;Fk;.

1).vOj;jpay;ghd nghUs; (Literal Meaning). ,J thu;j;ijapd;

Neubahd mu;j;jk; 2) cz;ikahd nghUs; (Real Meaning). ,J

thu;j;ijf;Fs; kiwe;jpUf;Fk; nghUs;; thu;j;ijapd; rpwg;Gg;

nghUs;> Mrpupaupd; kdjpy; cs;sjd; ntspg;ghL. thu;j;ijfspd;

cz;ikg; nghUis mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;F nkhopapay; mwpT

,d;wpaikahjJ. 2. vjpu;kiw mfj;jpwdha;T (Negative Internal

Criticism) Mtzq;fspy; cs;s jtWfisf; fistNj vjpu;kiw

212

mfj; jpwdha;tpd; Nehf;fkhFk;. thu;j;ijfNsh> nrhw;nwhlu;fNsh>

thf;fpaq;fNsh my;yJ gf;fq;fNsh ngha;ahfNth> jtwhfNth

my;yJ jpupj;Jf; $wg;gl;ljhfNth ,Uf;fyhk;. vdNt xt;nthU

$w;iwAk; re;Njfpf;f Ntz;Lk;. re;NjfNk njspTf;fhd Jtf;fk;.

Vnddpy; Mtzfu;j;jh epfo;e;jij epfo;e;jthNu $wyhk;; my;yJ

mtu; epidj;jthW $wyhk;; my;yJ gpwu; vjpu;ghu;g;gijf; $wyhk;.

vjpu;kiw mfj;jpwdha;tpd; NghJ ftdpf;f Ntz;bait: 1)

Mtzj;ij mj;jhl;rpahff; nfhz;L mJ $WtNj cz;ik vd;W

vLj;Jf; nfhs;sf; $lhJ. 2) Mtzj;jpd; xU gFjp ngha;ahf

,Ue;jhy; Mtzk; KOtJk; ngha;ahf ,Uf;Fk; vd;w KbTf;F

tuf;$lhJ. 3) cWjpahff; $wg;gLgit cz;ikahd

$w;Wf;fshf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lnkd;gjpy;iy. 4) jfty;fs; mjpfkh

,Ue;jhy; cz;ikfSk; mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk; vd;W Cfpj;jyhfhJ.

5) Mrpupau; epfo;r;rpia Neupy; ghu;j;jhu; my;yJ gq;F nfhz;lhu;

vd;gjw;fhf mtu; vOjpaij mg;gbNa ek;gptplyhfhJ. 6).

mNjNghd;W Mrpupau; Ml;rpahsUf;F mUfhikapy; ,Ue;jhu;

vd;gjw;fhf mtu; nrhy;tij cz;ik vd;W Vw;fyhfhJ.

,Utifj; jtWfs; jpwdha;T tuyhw;W Ma;thsiuj;

jtWfspdpd;Wk; fhg;ghw;WfpwJ. Ma;thsu; Jg;gwpAk; epGziug;

Nghd;wtu;. jtwhd Jg;Gfisf; nfhz;L rupahd Fw;wthspiaf;

fz;Lgpbf;f KbahJ. mNjNghd;W jtwhd rhd;Wfisf; nfhz;L

tuyhw;W cz;ikiaf; fz;lwpa ,ayhJ. rhd;W vt;topNah

mt;topNa Ma;thsu; nry;y Ntz;Lk;. Ma;thsu; ,Utifj;

jtWfis vjpu;nfhs;s Neuplyhk;; 1) ek;gpf;if gw;wpa jtWfs;;

2).tOtpd;ik gw;wpa jtWfs;. 1. ek;gpf;if gw;wpa jtWfs;

(Errors of Good Faith) Mtzfu;j;jhf;fs; cz;ikiaNa $Wtu;

vd;W ek;GfpNwhk;. Mdhy; mtu;fs; cz;ikf;Fg; Gwk;ghf Ra

czu;NthL Ntz;Lnkd;Nw nra;git ek;gpf;if gw;wpa jtWfs;'

MFk;. ,j;jifa jtWfSf;fhd fhuzq;fshtd: 1) Mrpupaupd;

jd;dy Nehf;fk;. 2) Mrpupau; R+o;epiyf; ifjpahfr; nray;gly;; 3)

Mrpupaupd; nrhe;j tpUg;G ntWg;Gfs;; 4) Mrpupaupd; jd;Kidg;G>

Nguhu;tk;> jw;nrWf;F. 5) Mrpupau; thrfiu kfpo;tpg;gjw;fhf

vOJtJ ; 6) Mrpupau; njupe;Nj cz;ikiaj; jpupj;Jf; $wy;.

tOtpd;ik gw;wpa jtWfs; (Errors of Accuracy) Mtzfu;j;jh

nrhy;tijr; rupahf> Jy;ypakhf> njspthfr; nrhy;y Ntz;Lk;.

mt;thW nrhy;yhj NghJ tOtpd;ik gw;wpa jtWfs; Vw;gLk;.

,j;jifa jtWfSf;fhd fhuzq;fs;: 1) Mrpupau; jdf;Ff;

fpilj;j Mtzq;fisr; rupahditahf mg;gbNa Vw;Wf;

nfhs;sy;; 2) Mrpupay; ,ay;ghfNt rupahdtw;iwj; jtwhfg;

Gupe;J nfhs;sy;; 3) cs;Nehf;fj;jpd; jhf;fj;jhy; njupahky;

nra;Ak; jtWfs;; 4). R+o;epiyapd; nry;thf;Ff;Fs;shfp nra;Ak;

jtWfs;; 5) mr;rj;ijj; Jzpntd;nwz;zpr; nra;Ak; jtWfs;. 6)

213

mwpthw;wYk;> kdKjpu;r;rpAk;> mDgtKk; ,d;ikahy; ,iof;Fk;

jtWfs;.

kjpg;gPL

tuyhw;W Ma;thsu; Ma;Tj; jiyg;igj; jPu;khdpj;jTld; Ma;T

eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;fpwhu;. rhd;Wfisr; Nrfupj;jYk;

mtw;iwj; jpwdha;T nra;tJk; mtuJ jiyaha gzpfshf

cs;sd. Gwj;jpwdha;T mfj;jpwdha;T %yk; rhd;Wfspd;

ciwtplq;fshd Mtzq;fspd; ek;gfj;jd;ikiaAk; cz;ikj;

jd;ikiaAk; cWjp nra;fpwhu;. ek;gpf;if kw;Wk; tOtpd;ikj;

jtWfspdpd;Wk; jd;idj; jw;fhj;Jf; nfhs;fpwhu;. rhd;Wfs;

tuyhw;Wf;fhd %yg; nghUs;fshifahy; Ma;thsu; rhd;Wg;

gFg;gha;tpy; kpFe;j mf;fiw nfhs;s Ntz;baJ

,d;wpaikahjJ. ,j;jpwdha;Tj; jd;ik Ma;thsupd;

MSikiaAk;> Neu;ikiaAk; Kaw;rpiaAk; nghWj;Js;sJ.


1. ntspg;Gw tpku;rdk; vd;d miof;fg;gLfpwJ?

2. ve;j ,uz;L epiyfspy; tpsf;fk; nry;fpwJ?

3. Neu;kiw tpsf;f tpku;rdj;jpd; ,uz;L Kf;fpa Ntiyfs;

ahit?

4. ciuapd; cz;ikahd nghUisf; fz;lwpa ve;j nghJf;

nfhs;ifiag; gad;gLj;jyhk;?


1. ntspg;Gw tpku;rdk; `pA+up];bf;]; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ>

mjhtJ fz;Lgpbf;f J}z;Ljy; my;yJ fz;Lgpbg;gjpy; cjTjy;

my;yJ topfhl;Ljy;. ,J cau;e;j tpku;rdj;jpw;F khwhf Fiwe;j

tpku;rdk; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

2. tpsf;fk; ,uz;L epiyfisf; fle;J nry;fpwJ> KjyhtJ

Mtzj;jpd; Neub mu;j;jj;ij mwpa Mtzj;jpd; nkhopiag;

gw;wpaJ> ,uz;lhtJ mjd; cz;ikahd nghUisf;

ifahs;fpwJ.

3. Neu;kiw tpsf;f tpku;rdj;jpd; Kjy; Ntiy Mtzj;jpd; Neub

my;yJ mfuhjp mu;j;jj;ij mwptJ> ,uz;lhtjhf Mtzj;jpy;

214

cs;s thu;j;ijfspd; rpwg;G my;yJ cz;ikahd mu;j;jj;ij

mwptJ.


� gFg;gha;T nray;ghL ntspg;Gw tpku;rdk; kw;Wk; cs; tpku;rdk;

vd ,uz;L gpupTfshf gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j ,uz;L

fpisfSf;Fk; NtW ngau;fSk; cz;L. ntspg;Gw tpku;rdk;

`pA+up];bf;]; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ> mjhtJ fz;Lgpbf;f

J}z;Ljy; my;yJ fz;Lgpbg;gjpy; cjTjy; my;yJ topfhl;Ljy;.

� tuyhW ,aw;wg;gl;l cz;ikfs; my;yJ myFfs; jhdhf

xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;L> fle;j fhyf; fijiar; nrhy;Yk; tifapy;

mikf;fg;gl;bUf;fhJ. fij mu;j;jKs;sjhf khWtjw;F Kd;G

epiwa gpujpgypg;G kw;Wk; tpsf;fkspf;Fk; jpwd;fisg; gad;gLj;j

Ntz;Lk;.

� xU rpyu; Maj;jg; gzpfSf;F mjpf Neuj;ijAk; ciog;igAk;

nrytpLfpwhu;fs;> mtu;fs; Mtzq;fisj; jpUj;Jtjw;Fk;

tifg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; jq;fs; tho;f;ifia mu;g;gzpf;fpd;wdu;.

n[u;kdpapd; itl;];> khk;nrd; kw;Wk; `hNuh kw;Wk; ,e;jpahtpd;

[Jehj; ru;f;fhu; Nghd;w ntspg;Gw tpku;rdk; kw;Wk; tuyhw;W

kWfl;likg;G gzpfis xU rpyu; ,izf;fpd;wdu;.

� Mrpupaupd; Nehf;fq;fs;> fUj;Jf;fs;> Nahridfs; kw;Wk;

tpUg;gq;fs; cau; tpku;rdj;jpw;F ikakhf cs;sd> mq;F

Mrpupaupd; ey;y ek;gpf;if kw;Wk; Jy;ypak; Mfpait gpioapd;

midj;J rhj;jpaf;$WfisAk; mfw;Wtjw;fhf kpf EZf;fkhf

Muhag;gLfpd;wd.

� fle;j fhy ePjpkd;w tuyhw;whrpupau;fs; ngUk;ghYk; jq;fs;

Gutyu;fisg; Gfo;tjw;fhf fzf;Ffis vOjpAs;sdu;> mtu;fs;

me;j Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf gzpaku;j;jg;gl;ljhy; my;yJ

Ml;rpahsu;fspd; ey;y my;yJ nfl;l nray;fshy; mtu;fs;

jdpg;gl;l Kiwapy; <u;f;fg;gl;ljhy;> mtu;fs; vOJk; Nrhjidia

vjpu;f;f KbahJ. cz;ikahfNt ep[k; vd;W epidj;Njd;.

� Neu;kiw tpsf;f tpku;rdk; Mtzj;jpd; Neub mu;j;jj;ij

mwptij Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;Ls;sJ. xt;nthU Mtzj;jpd;

Ma;Tk; mjd; cs;slf;fq;fspd; gFg;gha;NthL njhlq;f Ntz;Lk;>

,J Mrpupaupd; cz;ikahd mu;j;jj;ij jPu;khdpf;Fk; xNu

Nehf;fj;Jld; nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.

215

� xt;nthU nkhopf;Fk; mjd; nrhe;j Ez;zpa mu;j;jq;fs;

,Uf;Fk;> NkYk; cz;ikahd mu;j;jj;ij mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;F

xUtu; nkhopapy; rpwe;j Gyik ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ

Muha;r;rpf;F Njitg;gLfpwJ. nghJthf xNu thu;j;ijapy; mNj

mu;j;jk; mJ epfOk;. Mdhy; Mtzq;fs; vOjg;gl;l rhjhuz

nkhopapy;> mjhtJ gj;jpapypUe;J gj;jpf;F Vw;w ,wf;fq;fs;.

� midj;J nkhopfSk; gupzhk tsu;r;rpapd; njhlu;r;rpahd

nray;Kiwahy; khw;wj;jpw;F cl;gl;lit. xt;nthU

rfhg;jj;jpw;Fk; mjd; nrhe;j nkhop cs;sJ> ,J xU jdp

milahs mikg;ghf fUjg;gl Ntz;Lk;. xU Fwpg;gpl;l

Mtzj;ijg; gbf;f me;jf; fhy nkhopapd; gupr;rak; mtrpak;.


� `_up];bf;];: rpf;fiyj; jPu;g;gJ my;yJ Ra-fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fhd

ve;jnthU mZFKiwAk; cfe;jJ> rupahdJ my;yJ gFj;jwpT

vd;W cj;juthjkspf;fg;glhj xU eilKiw Kiwiag;

gad;gLj;JfpwJ> ,Ug;gpDk; cldb> FWfpa fhy ,yf;F my;yJ

Njhuhaj;ij miltjw;F NghJkhdJ.

� mftpkuprdk;: ,J ciuapd; nghUis kPl;nlLf;Fk; Ma;thsupd;

Kaw;rpahFk;. ,J nù;nkdpl;bf;]; fl;lkhFk;> ,jpy; Ma;thsu;

Mtzj;jpd; ntspg;Gw $Wfis tpl ciuapd; mu;j;jj;Jld;

<LgLfpwhu;.

� ntspg;Gw tpku;rdk;: %yj;jpd; nry;Ygbia rupghu;j;J xU

Mjhuk; cz;ikahdjh vd;gij tuyhw;whrpupau;fs; jPu;khdpf;Fk;

xU nray;KiwahFk;.

� nù;nkdpl;bf;];: ,J tpsf;fj;jpd; Nfhl;ghL kw;Wk;

topKiwahFk;> Fwpg;ghf tptpypa E}y;fs;> Qhd ,yf;fpak;

kw;Wk; jj;Jt E}y;fspd; tpsf;fk;.

� ctik: ,J xU ghj;jpuk;> ,lk; my;yJ epfo;T ep[ cyfg;

gpur;rpidfs; kw;Wk; epfo;Tfs; gw;wpa gue;j nra;jpia toq;fg;

gad;gLj;jg;gLk; xU fijahFk;.

� mdhf;Nuhdprk;: ,J rpy Vw;ghl;by; cs;s fhytupir

Kuz;ghL> Fwpg;ghf ntt;NtW fhyfl;lq;fspy; ,Ue;J egu;fs;>

epfo;Tfs;> nghUs;fs;> nkhop tpjpKiwfs; kw;Wk;

gof;ftof;fq;fspd; ,izg;ghFk;.

216


FWfpa tpdhf;fs;

1. xU egu; Muha;r;rpf;F mioj;Jr; nry;Yk;NghJ vjpu;nfhs;Sk;

%d;W R+o;epiyfs; ahit?

2. ntspg;Gw tpku;rdj;jpd; %d;W nray;ghLfisg; gw;wp xU rpW

Fwpg;ig vOjTk;.

3. xNu nkhop ntt;NtW ,lq;fspy; vg;gbg; Ngrg;gLfpwJ> Gupe;J

nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ?

4. cs; tpku;rdj;jpw;F Kjypy; vd;d nra;a Ntz;Lk;?

5. cs; tpku;rdk; ve;j ,uz;L nghJ tpjpfSf;F ek;ik

mioj;Jr; nry;fpwJ?

tphpthd tpdhf;fs;

1. Neu;kiwahd tpku;rdj;jpw;F epidtpy; nfhs;s Ntz;ba

nfhs;iffisg; gw;wp tpthjpf;fTk;.

2. Neu;kiw tpsf;f tpku;rdj;jpy; <Lgl;Ls;s ,uz;lhtJ

fl;lj;ij gFg;gha;T nra;Aq;fs;.

3. E}y;fspd; cz;ikahd mu;j;jj;ij tpsf;Ftjpy; cs;s

rpf;fy;fis tpupthff; $Wq;fs;.








OUP India.



217




myF-15

mbf;Fwpg;Gfs; kw;Wk; Jiz E}y; gl;bay;

cs;slf;fk;

15.1. Kd;Diu

15.2. Nehf;fq;fs;





15.7. jiyg;GfSk; fpisj; jiyg;GfSk; (Headings and Sub

Headings)

15.8. nghUsOj;jj;Jf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; (The Importance of Emphasis)

15.9. njhlu; tupirapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; (The Importance of Serialisatin)






15.15. gl;bay;fs;> tiuglq;fs;> Njrg;glq;fs; (Tables, charts and

Maps)





218






15.25. $Ljy; thrpg;Gfs;;

15.1. KKd;Diu

tuyhw;W Ma;tpy; mbf;Fwpg;GfSk; Jiz E}y; gl;bay;fSk;

kpfTk; Kf;fpakhd xd;W. Vndd;why; XH Ma;thshpd; juj;ij

kjpg;gPL nra;a ,it Kf;fpakhd fhuzpfshf tpsq;FfpwJ.

mbf;Fwpg;Gfs; gf;fj;jpd; fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s $Ljy;

jftiyf; Fwpf;Fk;. Jiz E}y; gl;bay; vd;gJ xU jftiy

vOJk; NghJ my;yJ Muha;r;rp nra;Ak; NghJ gad;gLj;jpa

midj;J Mjhuq;fisAk; gw;wpa jftiyf; Fwpf;fpwJ> Mdhy;

mit ciuapy; Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy. kWGwk;> Fwpg;Gfs;> xU

ciuapy; xUtu; Fwpg;gpl;l my;yJ Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s midj;J

Mjhuq;fisAk; cs;slf;fpaJ. tuyhw;W Ma;Tfs; Kbe;j gpwF

,tw;iwf; Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j mj;jpahakhdJ mbf;Fwpg;Gfs;

kw;Wk; Jiz E}y; gl;baypd; mtrpaKk; mjNdhL njhlHGila

gpw fhuzpfSk; ,jpy; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

15.2. Nehf;fq;fs;


nfhs;s ,aYk;

� tuyhw;W Muha;r;rpapy; mbf;Fwpg;Gfspd; gad;ghl;il gFg;gha;T

nra;ag;;gl;Ls;sJ

� mbf;Fwpg;Gfs;> E}y; gl;bay; kw;Wk; Fwpg;GfSf;F ,ilNa

cs;s NtWghLfisg; gw;wp tpthjpf;fg;;gl;Ls;sJ


tupirg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;baJ mtrpak;. ru; Y}ap Nekpau; (Sir Louis

Namier) vd;w 18-k; E}w;whz;L tuyhw;whsu;jhd; Kjd; Kjypy;

rhd;Wfisj; jiyg;G thupahfr; rPu;gLj;Jk; Kiwiar;

219

nray;gLj;jpdhu;. tuyhw;whsu; ifNju;e;j Xtpaiug; Nghd;W

nray;gl Nttz;Lk;; Gifg;glf;fhuiug; Nghd;W ,Uj;jyhfhJ

vd;W $wpdhu; Nekpau;. 3. Gtpapay; top tupirg;gLj;jy;

(Geographical Arrangement) tuyhw;W Ma;T Fwpg;gpl;l epyg;gFjp

my;yJ epu;thfg;gFjpiag; gw;wpajhf ,Uf;fyhk;. mg;NghJ

rhd;Wfis epyg;gFjptop tupirg;gLj;JtJ nghUj;jkhfTk;

trjpahfTk; ,Uf;Fk;. ,e;j Kiwapy; ,lq;fSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

nfhLf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,jpy; cs;s FiwghL vd;dntdpy; gy;NtW

,lq;fspy; eilngw;w nghJthd epfo;r;rpfs; ,lthupahfj;

jpUk;gj; jpUk;g vOjg;gLtjhy; njhlu;r;rp nfl;LtpLk;. vdNt

Gtpapay; top. tupirg;gLj;jy; ghugl;rkw;wjhfj; Njhd;wpdhYk;

epiyahdjy;y vd;W $Wfpwhu; Nfhl;r;rhf; (Louis Gottschalk). 4.

egu; top tupirg;gLj;jy; (Personality Based Arrangement)

rhd;Wfis tuyhw;W khkdpju;fs; top tupirg;gLj;jyhk;.

jiytu;fs;> jsgjpfs;> Ml;rpahsu;fs;> tpQ;Qhdpfs;> fiyQu;fs;>

rpe;jidahsu;fs;> Md;kPf kfhd;fs; rhjidfs; nra;jpUg;gu;.

,j;jifNahupd; tuyhw;Wg; gq;fspg;Gfis ntspg;gLj;Jk; tifapy;

rhd;Wfis tupirg;gLj;JtJ nghUj;jkhf ,Uf;Fk;. 5. epWtd

top tupirg;gLj;jy; (Institution based Arrangement) 19-k;

E}w;whz;bd; ,ilg; gFjpapypUe;J r%f epWtdq;fspd; tuyhw;W

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; czug;gl;Ls;sJ. epWtdq;fs; vz;zq;fs;>

fUj;Jf;fs;> kjpg;Gfspd; mikg;G tbtq;fs;. ,it murpay;>

r%fk;> rkak; rhu;e;jitahf ,Uf;fyhk;. epWtdq;fs; Ma;Tg;

nghUshapd; mtw;iwr; Rw;wpr; rhd;Wfs; tupirg;gLj;jg;gLjy;

Ntz;Lk;. 6. fUj;JUthf;ftop tupirg;gLj;jy; (Concept Based

Arrangement) fUj;JUthf;fk; tuyhw;W Ma;tpd; rhukhFk;. jdp

kuq;fSf;fpilNa fhdfj;ijf; fhZk; Kaw;rp ,J. rhd;Wfs;

$Wk; nghJ cz;ikNa fUj;JUthf;fk;. vdNt Ma;tpd; ,Wjpf;

fl;lkhd fUj;JUthf;fq;fSf; Nfw;g rhd;Wfis tupirg;gLj;j

Ntz;Lk;. rhd;Wfis tupirg; gLj;Jtjw;Fg; nghJthd

nghUj;jkhd rpwe;j top vd;W vJTkpy;iy tuyhw;W Ma;tpd;

Nehf;fk;> gug;G> jd;ik Mfpatw;Wf;Nfw;g tupirg;gLj;jy; Kiw

my;yJ Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;jyhk;. xt;nthU KiwapYk; epiw

Fiwfs; cs;sd. cjhuzkhff; fhytud;Kiw tupirg;gLj;jy;

epfo;r;rpfis NtWghbd;wp tupirg;gLj;jp tuyhw;iwg; gbf;f

Kbahky; nra;J tpLfpd;wJ vd;W nkf;fhNy> ghu;rd;> fpuhg;

Nghd;Nwhu; Fiwg;gl;Lf;nfhz;ldu;. mNjNghd;W jiyg;Gtop

tupirg;gLj;Jtjhy; tuyhw;W Ma;T jpupj;Jf; $wg;gLfpwJ.

jdpj;Jtkpf;f epfo;r;rpfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; FiwfpwJ> tuyhw;Wf;

Nfhu;itghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ> ,ay;ghd Xl;lk; jilgLfpwJ> tiuT

nraw;ifahf cs;sJ vd;W $WNthu; cz;L. ,NjNghd;W gpw

KiwfSk; FiwghLilaitNa. vdNt xt;nthU tupirg;gLj;Jk;

220

Kiwapd; jdpj; jd;ik fUjp Ma;Tf;Fg; nghUj;jkhdtw;iwg;

gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tJ tpNtfkhFk;.


ju;f;fthjk; xUq;fikj;jy; eltbf;ifapy; Kf;fpa ,lj;ijg;

ngw;Ws;sJ. ,J Ma;Tg; gzpapy; Vw;gLk;. ,ilntspfis

(Gaps)g; G+u;j;jp nra;a cjTfpwJ. tuyhw;W Ma;tpy;

,ilntspfs; Vw;gLtJ ,ay;ghdJ> jtpu;f;f ,ayhjJ. Vnddpy;

Ma;thsUf;Fg; NghJkhd rhd;Wfs; fpilf;fhky; Nghfyhk;. Ma;T

tiuTf;F NkYk; rpy jfty;fs; Njitg;glyhk;. tof;fkhf

Ma;thsu; Kjy;ju rhd;WfSf;Nf Kd;Dupik nfhLf;fpwhu;.

Kjy;jur; rhd;Wfs; ,y;yhj NghJ ,uz;lhe;jur; rhd;Wfisg;

gad;gLj;Jfpwhu;. ,uz;lhe;jur;rhd;WfSk; Njitahd

jfty;fisj; jutpy;iyahapd; Ma;thsu; vd;d nra;a Ntz;Lk;?

rhd;Wfs; fpilf;fhikahy; Ma;tpy; Vw;gLk; ,ilntspfis

vt;thW epug;GtJ? ju;f;fthjj;jpd; %yk; Ma;T ,ilntspfisg;

G+u;j;jp nra;ayhk;. ,t;tha;T Kiw Mf;fg;G+u;tkhd ju;f;f thjk;

(Constructive Reasoning) vd;W mwpag;gLfpwJ.

Mf;fg;G+u;tkhdju;f;fthjk; vd;gJ tpjpjKiwahd ju;f;fthjk;

(Deductive Reasoning or Logic) MFk;. ,J mDkhd Kiw

(Inferential Method) ju;f;f uPjpahf ca;j;Jzu;e;J Njitahd

jfty;fisg;ngwy;. mjhtJ xg;Gf;nfhs;sg;gl;l my;yJ njupe;j

cz;ikapypUe;J njupahj tpguj;ijg; ngWtjhFk;. Gif

tUtjhy; neUg;G ,Uf;Fk; vd;W $Wtijg; Nghd;wJ.

Mf;fg;G+u;tkhd ju;f;fthjk; ,Utifg;gLk;. 1. cld;ghl;Lj; ju;f;f

thjk; (Positive Reasoning). ,j;ju;f;fthj Kiwiaf; nfhz;L

Mtzq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; rhd;Wfisf; nfhz;L mtw;wpy;

$wg;glhj jfty;fisf;f nfhz;L mtw;wpy; $wg;glhj

jfty;fis Cfpj;Jf; nfhs;tJ. tuyhw;W cz;ikfSf;fpilNa

epiyahd njhlu;G ,Ug;gjhy; rhd;Wfspy; tplg;gl;l tpguq;fisg;

G+u;j;jp nra;J nfhs;tJ cld;ghl;Lj; ju;f;fthjkhFk;.

,j;ju;f;fthj Kiw vspikahdJ> ghJfhg;ghdJ> gad;glf;

$baJ. 2. vjpu;kiwj; ju;f;f thjk; (Negative Reasoning).

Mtzj;jpy; cz;ik gjpT nra;ag;glhj epiyapy; cz;ikia

Cfpj;Jf; nfhs;sf; $lhJ vd;gJ vjpu;kiw ju;f;fthjkhFk;.

mjhtJ Mtzr; rhd;W ,y;yhj tuyhw;Wj; jfty; cz;ikay;y

vd;gJ ,jd; rhukhFk;. vjpu;kiwj; ju;f;fthjk; Vw;Wf;

nfhs;sj;jf;fjd;W. Vnddpy; tuyhw;W epfo;Tfs; midj;Jk; gjpT

nra;ag; gLtjpy;iy. gjpT nra;ag;gl;l Mtzq;fs; mope;J

221

NghapUf;fyhk; my;yJ fpilf;fhky; ,Uf;fyhk;. vdNt Ma;thsu;

vjpu;kiwj; ju;f;fthjj;ijj; jtpu;f;f Ntz;Lk;.

kjpg;gPL

Ma;Tg;gzpia xUq;fikj;jy; Ma;thsupd; nghWg;ghd eltbf;if

MFk;. ghLgl;Lr; Nru;j;j rhd;WfSf;F tbtk; nfhLf;Fk; Ntiy

,J. ,ij tuyhw;W Ma;TKiwapaypd; cs;sPL vd;W $wyhk;.

kfpo;T+e;jpd; gFjpfs; kfpo;T+e;jhfhJ. ,g;gFjpfs; nghUj;jkhfr;

Nru;f;fg;gLk; NghJjhd; kfpo;T+e;J cUthfpwJ. mNjNghd;W

rhd;Wfs; rupahf xUq;fpizf;fg;gLk; NghJjhd; Ma;Tf;fl;Liu

my;yJ tuyhW nghypT ngWfpwJ. rhd;Wfisj; njhFg;gJ

(Grouping of Facts). xUq;ffikj;jypd; rhukhFk;. rhd;Wfs;

rpjwpf;fple;jhy; mtw;Wf;Fr; rpwg;gpy;iy; rhd;WfSf;Fr;

nrt;nthOq;F (Symmetry) nfhLf;fg;gLk; NghJ jhd; mit

rpwg;gilfpd;wd vd;W $Wfpd;wdu; ghu;rd; kw;Wk; fpuhg; (Barzun

and Graft).


Ma;Tf; fl;Liuahf;fk; vd;why; vd;d? Ma;Tf; fl;Liuahf;fk;

gilg;Gg; gzpahFk;. ,J tuyhw;W Ma;tpd; ,Wjpf; fl;lkhFk;.

mUk;ghLgl;Lr; Nrfupj;J> jpwdha;T nra;J> xUq;fpizj;J>

tupirg;gLj;jg;gl;l tuyhw;Wr; rhd;WfSf;F tbtk; nfhLf;Fk;

eltbf;ifNa Ma;Tf; fl;Liuahf;fk; MFk;. mjhtJ rup

ghu;f;fg;gl;l rhd;Wfisg; Gj;jprhypj;jdkhf> Gupaf; $bathW>

Ritglf; $WtjhFk;. rhd;Wfs; jhdhfg; NgrhJ. mtw;iwg; Ngr

itf;f Ntz;Lk;. Ma;Tf; fl;Liuahf;fk; njspthfTk;>

,dpikahfTk;> nghUs; nghjpe;jjhfTk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

Ma;Tf; fl;Liuahf;fj; jpl;lk; (Plan of Thesis writing) tuyhw;W

Ma;thsUf;Ff; fl;Liuahf;fj;ijg; gw;wpa njspthd jpl;lk;

,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,j;jpl;lj;jpd;gb jhd; Ma;thsu; G+u;thq;f

Ma;Tf;fl;Liur; RUf;fj;ijj; jahupf;fpwhu;. ,f;fl;Liur;

RUf;fj;jpd; KOikahd tpupthf;fNk Ma;Tf; fl;Liuahf;fk;.

,jpy; rhd;Wfs; xU fl;likg;Gf;Fs; ,Uf;Fk;. rhd;Wfs;

ju;f;fuPjpahf xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;bUf;Fk;. mjhtJ xU fUj;Njh

my;yJ fUj;Jj; njhFg;Ngh mLj;j fUj;J my;yJ fUj;Jj;

njhFg;ig gpd;njhlu;tjhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. RUq;ff;$wpd;

fUj;Jj; njhlu;r;rpNa fl;Liuahf;fj; jpl;lj;jpd; capu; ehbahFk;.

xUik (Unity)> xOq;F (Order)> nrwpT (Brevity)> eil (Style)>

222

iftz;zk; (Personal Touch) Mfpait ,j;jpl;lj;jpd;

rpwg;gpay;GfshFk;.


Ma;Tf;fl;Liu gy mj;jpahaq;fshfg; gpupf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.

mg;NghJjhd; fUj;Jf;fSf;F tbtk; cz;lhFk;. ,e;j tbtk;

mwpTf;F Vw;Gilj;jjhfTk; (Cogent)> xj;jpUg;gjhfTk; (Coherent)>

KOikahfTk; (Completeness) ,Uf;f Ntz;baJ

,d;wpaikahjJ. Ma;Tf; fl;Liu mj;jpahaq;fisf; nfhz;l

fl;likg;ghFk;. mj;jpahaj;jpd; Nehf;fk; Fwpg;gpl;l Ma;Tf;

fl;Liug; gpupitj; njspthfTk; njhlu;r;rpahfTk; vOJtjhFk;.

xt;nthU mj;jpahaKk; jd;dpiwT (Self-Contained) nfhz;ljhf

,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. mj;jpahaq;fspd; msT $batiu rkkhf

,Ug;gJ ey;yJ. xU mj;jpahak; Ie;J gf;fq;fspYk; kw;nwhU

mj;jpahak; Ik;gJ gf;fq;fspYk; ,Ue;jhy; Ma;Tf; fl;Liu

rkepiyapd;wp jpwik eakpy;yhky; (Clumsy) ,Uf;Fk;.

mj;jpahaj;jpd; gpupTfSk;> cl;gpupTfSk;> gj;jpfSk;>

thf;fpaq;fSk;> nrhw;nwhlu;fSk;> nrhw;fSk; ju;f;f uPjpahf>

njspthf> rkepiyNahL> capNuhl;lKilajhf mike;jpUf;f

Ntz;baJ mtrpak;. xU mj;jpahak; mLj;j mj;jpahaj;NjhL

capu;j;njhlu;G (Organic Link) nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

15.7. jiyg;GfSk; fpisj; jiyg;GfSk; (Headings and Sub Headings)

xt;nthU mj;jpahaj;Jf;Fk; jiyg;G nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.

mNjNghd;W mj;jpahaj;Jf;Fs; fpisj;jiyg;Gfs; nfhLf;fg;gl

Ntz;Lk;. mg;NghJjhd; mit Ma;Tf;fl;Liuiag; gbg;Nghupd;

ftdj;ijAk; fUj;ijAk; ftUk; mj;jpahaq;fSf;F xOq;ifAk;>

njspitAk;> mu;j;jj;ijAk; nfhLf;Fk;. E}wpypUe;J Kd;D}W gf;f

mstpy; cs;s Ma;Tf;fl;Liuapy; jiyg;GfSk; fpisj;

jiyg;GfSk; ,y;yhtpby; thrfu;fs; fz;izf;fl;bf; fhl;by;

tpl;ltu;fisg; Nghd;W jpf;Fjpir njupahJ jpz;lhLthu;fs;

Kf;fpa fUj;Jf;fs; thu;j;ij nts;sj;jpy; %o;fpg; Ngha;tpLk;.

fl;Liuapd; tbtikg;Ng njupahky; Nghfyhk;. Ma;Tf;

fl;Liuf;Fj; jiyg;GfSk; fpisj; jiyg;GfSk; nfhLg;gjpy; gy

ed;ikfs; cz;L. 1).NkNyhl;lkhfg; gbg;gtu;fSf;Ff; $l Ma;Tf;

fl;Liuapd; gug;Gk; tPr;Rk; njspthfj; njupAk;. fl;Liuapd;

epytikg;G (Topography) ed;F njuptjhy; mjd; NkL

gs;sq;fisAk;> nespT RspTfisAk; fz;L nfhs;tJ vspJ. 2).

223

Ma;Tf; fl;Liuapd; Nehf;Fk; Nghf;Fk; re;Njfj;Jf;fplkpd;wp

,Uf;Fk;. 3) Ma;thsupd; Ma;Tf; fsk;” ed;F

tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ. 4). Ma;tpd; fl;Lf;Nfhg;G

njspthf;fg;gLfpwJ. 5). jpwdha;thsu;fs; kw;Wk;

kjpg;gPl;lhsu;fspd; tpkuprdq;fisf; Nfl;Lj; jf;f jpUj;jq;fisr;

nra;ayhk;. 6). mtrpakhapd; Ma;Tf; fl;Liuapy; jf;f khw;wq;fs;

nra;tjpy; ,lu;ghL ,Uf;fhJ.

15.8. nghUsOj;jj;Jf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; (The Importance of Emphasis)

Ma;Tf;fl;Liuapy; fhytud;Kiw> epfo;r;rpfs;> egu;fs;>

epWtdq;fs;> fUj;Jf;fs; Nghd;wit ,lk; ngWfpd;wd. ,tw;Ws;

kpfKf;fpakhdit> Kf;fpakhdit> Kf;fpakw;wit ,Uf;ff;

$Lk;. rpy epfo;r;rpfs; NtW rpy epfo;r;rpfistpl

Kf;fpaj;JtKilajhf ,Uf;ff;$Lk;. rpwg;G epfo;r;rpfSf;Nfh>

egu;fSf;Nfh> epWtdq;fSf;Nfh my;yJ fUj;Jf;fSf;Nfh

mOj;jk; (Emphasis) nfhLj;Jr; rpwg;gpf;f Ntz;bapUf;Fk;.

mg;NghJ nghUsKjj;Jf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;J Ma;Tf;

fl;Liuia tiua Ntz;Lk;. ,J tpfpjhr;rhu ePjp (Proportionate

Justice) vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ.

15.9. njhlu; tupirapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; (The Importance of Serialisatin)

njhlu;r;rp Ma;T fl;Liuapd; Md;kh Nghd;wJ. epfo;r;rpfis

,izg;gJ njhlu;r;rp MFk;. mjhtJ tuyhw;W epfo;Tfs;

capu;j;njhlu;NghL xd;iwnahd;W gpd; njhlu Ntz;Lk;. fhytud;

Kiw (Chronology)> fhuz - fhupaj; njhlu;G (Caustion)> fw;gid

(Imagination) Mfpa %d;whk; epfo;r;rpj; njhlu;r;rpf;fhd

KiwfshFk;. epfo;r;rpj; njhlu;r;rpf;fhd tpjpfshtd: 1). Ma;tpd;

mbg;gilapy; nghJthd KbTfisf; $wy;; 2) Ma;thsupd;

fUj;JUthf;fq;fisf; $wy;. 3) R+oy;> epytikg;G> r%fk;>

epWtdk; gw;wpa nghJ KbTfisf; nfhLj;jy;> 4). Fwpg;gpl;l

tuyhw;Wj; jj;Jtj;Jf;F rk;ge;jg;gl;l fz;Lgpbg;igf; $wy;. 5)

Ma;Tj; jpl;lj;jpd;gb KbTfisf;$wy;; 6) Ma;tpd; mbg;gilapy;

nghUs; tpsf;fkspj;jy;. Gjpa jfty;fisj;juy;> Gjpa

tpsf;fkspj;jy;> Gjpa KbTfSf;F tuy; Mfpa %d;Wk; epfo;r;rpj;

njhlu;r;rpapd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fq;fshFk;. tuyhw;W epfo;Tfis

epfo;e;jthNw $WtJjhd; Ma;thsupd; Ntiy. tuyhw;W

tpsf;fkspj;jYk;> tpjpfis tFj;jYk; jj;Jtupd; Ntiy. Mdhy;

224

eilKiwapy; Ma;thsu; epfo;r;rpfis tptupj;jhy; kl;Lk; NghjhJ;

mtw;Wf;F tpsf;fj;ijAk; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. tuyhw;W tptupg;Gk;

tpsf;fKk; fiyahFk;. tuyhw;W tpjpfis tFg;gjw;F Ma;T

mDgtKk;> kdKjpu;r;rpAk;> rpe;jid rf;jpAk;> tuyhw;W tpNtfKk;

Ntz;Lk;.


Ma;Tf;fl;Liu Ma;thsUf;Fk; thrfUf;FkpilNa jfty;

njhlu;ig Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. ,J Ma;thsupd; mawh ciog;gpd;

tpisthFk;. ,jd; gaDk; ngUikAk; Ma;Tf; fl;Liu vt;thW

vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gijg; nghWj;Nj cs;sJ. Ma;tpd; juk;

vt;tsTjhd; cau;thf ,Ue;jhYk; Ma;Tf;fl;Liuia ahUk;

gbf;ftpy;iyahapd; mjdhy; vd;d gad;? Ma;thsupd; vOj;J

eilNa Ma;Tf;fl;Liu tpUk;gpg;gbf;fj; J}z;LfpwJ.

Ma;Tf;fl;Liuia eakhd eilapy; vOj Ntz;Lkhapd; gpd;tUk;

Fwpg;Gfisf; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. 1. njspthd rpe;jid

(Clear Thinking). Ma;thsUf;Fr; rpe;jidj; njspT mtrpak;.

njsptpUe;jhy;jhd; vOj;J eil vspikahf ,Uf;Fk;. 2.

nkhopj;jpwd; (Language skill). Ma;thsUf;F nrhy;yhl;rpj; jpwd;

,Uf;f Ntz;baJ ,d;wpaikahjJ. rpwpa> vspa> tof;fj;jpy;

cs;s nrhw;fisNa ifahs Ntz;Lk;. ty;Ydu;fSf;Nf tpsq;ff;

$ba EZf;fr; nrhw;fisAk; kw;Wk; myq;fhur; nrhw;fisAk;

jtpu;f;f Ntz;Lk;. 3. nrhw;nrwpT (Brevity). Ma;thsu; nrhy;y

Ntz;baijr; RUq;fr; nrhy;yp tpsq;f itf;f Ntz;Lk;.

nrhw;rpf;fdk; Njit. 4. eLepiy Nehf;F (Objective).

Ma;Tf;fl;Liu gbf;ff; $bajhf kl;Lk; ,Ue;jhy; NghjhJ. mJ

ek;gj;jf;fjhfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. eil cz;ikia ntspg;gLj;j

Ntz;Lk;; kiwf;ff; $lhJ. 5. rpwpa thf;fpaq;fs; (Short

Sentences). rpwpa vspa ,dpa thf;fpaq;fs; Ritiaf; $l;Lk;.

ePz;l rpf;fyhd thf;fpaq;fs; rypg;ig cz;lhf;Fk;. 6. Ngr;R

eiliaj; jtpu;j;j y; (Avoid Colloquialism) Ngr;R eil Ma;Tf;

fl;Liuf;F Vw;wjy;y. ehd;> ehq;fs; Nghd;w ngau;r;Rl;Lfisj;

jtpu;f;f Ntz;Lk;. RUq;ff;$wpd; Ma;Tf; fl;Liu Muk;gk; Kjy;

KbT tiu Mu;tj;NjhL gbf;ff; $bajhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.


Mtz Nkw;Nfhshl;rp Ma;Tf; fl;Liuahf;fj;jpy; Kf;fpa

,lj;ijg; ngw;Ws;sJ. ,JNt Ma;Tf; fl;Liu cz;ikahdJ>

ek;gfkhdJ> Mjhug;G+u;tkhdJ vd;gij nka;g;gpf;f ty;yJ.

225

Mtz Nkw;Nfhshl;rp “vd;w nrhy;Yf;F ,uz;L nghUl;fs;

cs;sd: 1). E}yf mwptpaypy; ,r;nrhy;Yf;Ff; Fwpg;gpl;l

ghlj;ijg; gw;wpa jfty;fis kPl;gpj;jy; vd;W nghUs;. 2)

tuyhw;W Ma;tpy; ,r;nrhy; %y Mjhuq;fisg; gw;wpa jfty;” vd;w nghUspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

Mtz Nkw;Nfhshl;rpapd; Nehf;fq;fs; Mtzq;fNs

tuyhw;wha;Tf;F mbg;gil. Mtzq;fspypUe;J Nkw;Nfhshff;

fhl;lg;gLk; rhd;Wfisg; gw;wpa Ma;T KiwNa Mtz

Nkw;Nfhshl;rp vdg;gLfpwJ. ,jd; Nehf;fq;fs; tUkhW: 1) Ma;Tf;

fl;Liuapy; $wg;gl;Ls;s fUj;Jf;fs;> tpsf;fq;fs;> tpthjq;fs;

Mfpatw;Wf;F mj;jhl;rpahf ,Uj;jy;> 2) Ma;thsu; gpwUf;F ve;j

msTf;Ff; fld;gl;Ls;shu; vd;gijf; fhl;ly;> 3). fUj;J

khWghLfis mjpfhug; G+u;tkhf;fy;; 4). thrfu;fs; Nkw;nfhz;L

jfty;fisg; ngw cjty;. 5) Ma;thsu; gad;gLj;jpa rhd;Wfs;>

Nkw;Nfhs;fs;> fUj;Jf;fs; Mfpatw;iwr; rupghu;f;f cjty;> 6)

mbf;Fwpg;Gfs;> gpw;Nru;f;iffs; %yk; NkYk; tpguq;fisf;

nfhLf;f. Mtz Nkw;Nfhshl;rpaw;w Ma;Tf; fl;Liu mjpfhug;

G+u;tkhdjhf mq;fPfupf;fg;gl khl;lhJ. 39.3 Mtz

Nkw;Nfhshl;rpapd; cs;slf;fg; gFjpfs; Mtz Nkw;Nfhshl;rp

gpd;tUk; cs;slf;fg; gFjpfisf; nfhz;lJ.


Kd;Diu Ma;tpd; gFjpay;y. ,J Ma;Tf;fhd gPbifahFk;.

Kd;Diu Ma;it mwpKfg;gLj;JfpwJ. Ma;thsu; Kd;Diuapy;

1).ve;j Nehf;fj;NjuhL Ma;T Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ; 2) Ma;tpd;

gpd;dzp> gug;G> ,ay;G gw;wpr; RUf;fkhfr; nrhy;y Ntz;Lk;.

Ma;thsUf;F cjtpa epWtdq;fs;> egu;fs;> ez;gu;fs;

MfpNahUf;F Neubahd Kfkd; Gfo;r;rpapd;wp ed;wpf;fld;

njupatpf;fyhk;. Ma;thsNu jdJ Ma;twpf;if Mjhug;

G+u;tkhdJ> jpwdha;T kpf;fJ> njspthdJ vd;nwy;yhk; $wpf;

nfhs;syhfhJ! khwhf Ma;thsupd; mlf;fk;> njspT> rhJu;ak;>

mwpthw;wy;> kdKjpu;r;rp> Kd;Diu %yk; ntspg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

Kd;Diu kpfr; RUf;fkhf ,Ug;gJ ey;yJ. Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l

rpwe;j Ma;Tf; fl;Liufspy; fhzg;gLk; Kd;Diufis Ma;thsu;

Kd;khjpupahff; nfhs;syhk;. Ma;tpd; gug;G FWfpajhf ,Ue;jhy;

Kd;Diuf;F gjpy; ed;wp njuptpg;G (Acknowledgements) vd;W

Fwpg;gpl;lhy; NghJk;.

226


Ma;Tf; fl;Liuapy; me;je;j gf;fj;jpd; mbg;gFjpapy;

nfhLf;fg;gLk; Fwpg;GfNs mbf;Fwpg;Gfs; vdg;gLk;. fl;Liuapd;

cly; gFjpapy; $wg;gl;l jfty;fis tYg;gLj;jf; $ba Jizj;

jfty;fs; ,it. Ma;Tf;fl;Liuapd; fUj;Njhl;lk;

jilglhkypUf;Fk; nghUl;L mbf;Fwpg;Gfs; jug;gLfpd;wd.

Ma;thsupd; ciog;gpd; mfyj;ijAk; Moj;ijAk; mwpe;J

nfhs;tjw;fhd msTkhdpNa mbf;Fwpg;Gfs;. ,it mjpfgl;rk;

xU gf;fj;jpd; fhy; gFjpf;F Nky; Nghfhky; ghu;j;Jf;

nfhs;sNtz;Lk;. mbf;Fwpg;Gfs; RUf;fkhf> Jy;ypakhf>

nghUj;jkhf ,Uf;f Ntz;baJ mtrpak;. mbf;Fwpg;ghd

Nehf;fq;fs; tUkhW: 1). xU thf;F%yj;ijNah> fUj;ijNah

my;yJ tpsf;fj;ijNah nry;yj;jf;fjhf;fy;. 2) ngwg;gl;l

jfty;fSf;F Vw;gspj;jy;; 3). $wg;gl;l fUj;Jf;fis tpupT

gLj;jNth> tpsf;fNth> Jizj; jfty;fisr; Nru;f;fNth

gad;gLj;jy;; 4) cjhuzq;fs; nfhLf;f; 5). fl;Liuapd; gpw

gFjpfspy; fhzg;gLk; jfty;fSf;Ff; FWf;Ff; Fwpg;G (Cross

Reference) nfhLf;f; 6). Nkw;Nfhs;fis NeubahfNth my;yJ

kiwKfkhfNth nfhLj;jjw;F ed;wp njuptpf;f; 7).

jiyg;GfisNah> Jiz jiyg;GfisNah tpsf;f. 8). jd;Dila

gq;fspg;Gfisg; gpwUilatw;wpdpd;Wk; NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;l

9).thrfUf;Fg; gpur;idapd; gpd;dzpiag; Gyg;gLj;j ; 10). rhd;W

%yq;fSf;F thrfu;fis topg;gLj;j. mbf;Fwpg;Gfis vg;gbj;

juNtz;Lk;? ,jw;F ,uz;L Kiwfs; cs;sd: 1. Kjy; ju

Nkw;Nfhs; Fwpg;G (Primary Reference). Ma;Tf; fl;Liuapy; Kjypy;

nfhLf;fg;gLk; Mtzk; my;yJ E}y; gw;wpa Fwpg;G ,t;tifiar;

Nru;e;jJ. ,ijg; gpd;tUkhW Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk; : 1.

rj;jpadhja;au;> ,e;jpa tuyhW Kjy; ghfk; (nrd;id . 1952)

gf;.133. fl;Liuapy; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s vz;Zk; mbf;Fwpg;gpy;

cau;j;jpf; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s vz;Zk; xd;whf ,Uf;Fk;. 2.

,uz;lhk; ju Nkw;Nfhs; Fwpg;G (Secondary Reference). Kjy; ju

Nkw;Nfhs; Fwpg;igj; jpUk;gTk; Fwpg;gpl Ntz;bapUe;jhy; RUf;ff;

Fwpg;Gfisg; gad;gLj;jyhk;. ,it ,uz;lhk; ju Nkw;Nfhs;

Fwpg;GfshFk;. cjhuzkhf Kd;du; Fwpg;gpl;l Mu;.

rj;jpadhja;aupd; E}iy ,ilf; FWf;fPbd;wpf; Fwpg;gpl

Ntz;Lkhapd; (Ibid) mjhtJ mNj ,lj;jpy; 'vd;w nrhy;iyg;

gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. cjhuzkhf Ibid p.400 vd;W Fwpg;gpl

Ntz;Lk;. ,JNghd;W xU mj;jpahaj;jpy; xU Fwpg;Gf;F ehd;F

my;yJ Ie;J jlitf;F Nky; gad;gLj;jhky; ,Ug;gJ ey;yJ.

,k;Kiwiaf; fl;Liu KOtjpYk; gpd;gw;w Ntz;Lk;. Ma;T

topfhl;bAk;> Ma;Tf; fl;Liu kjpg;gPl;lhsUk;> gpw Ma;T

khztu;fSk; mbf;Fwpg;Gfisf; ftdj;Jld; ghu;g;ghu;fs;. vdNt

227

mbf;Fwpg;Gfs; mf;fiwAld; nfhLf;fg;gLjy; ftdpf;f

Ntz;bait: 1) mbf;Fwpg;Gfs; Ma;Tf; fl;Liuia

tYg;gLj;JtjhfTk;> mwpnthspA+l;lf; $bajhfTk;>

nry;Ygbahf;fj; jfhjjhfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. 2) Ma;Tf;

fl;Liuapd; Kjy; efypNyNa (First draft) ,tw;iwr; Nru;j;J

tpLjy; Ntz;Lk;. 3). xt;nthU mbf;Fwpg;Gk; RUf;fkhf>

Jy;ypakhf> nghUj;jkhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. 4). mbf; Fwpg;Gfs;

Ma;Tf; fl;Liu KOtJk; Kuz;ghbd;wp xNu rPuhf Ntz;Lk;. 5).

mbf; Fwpg;GfSf;fpilNa xw;iw ,ilntsp (Single Space) tpl

Ntz;Lk;. 6). xt;nthU mbf;Fwpg;Gk; Kw;Wg; Gs;spAld; Kba

Ntz;Lk;. 7) mbf; Fwpg;G mLj;j gf;fq;fSf;Fk; njhluyhk;.

8).,it mj;jpahak; thupahf Ntz;Lk;. fl;Liuapy; nfhLf;fg;gLk;

vz;fSk; mbf;Fwpg;Gfspy; cau;j;jpf; fhl;lg;gLk; vz;fSk;

xd;whf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. 9). mbf;Fwpg;gpy; nfhLf;fg;gLk;

Mrpupaupd; ngau;> E}ypd; jiyg;G Nghd;w tptuq;fs; KOikahf

,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. 10). mbf;Fwpg;Gfis xt;nthU gf;fj;jpd; fPNoh>

mj;jpahaj;jpd; ,WjpapNyh my;yJ fl;Liuapd; filrpapNyh

nfhLf;fyhk;. ,tw;iw me;je;j gf;fj;jpy; mbg;gFjpapy;

nfhLg;gNj rpwe;jJ. mbf;Fwpg;Gfspy; vij> vg;NghJ> vt;tsT>

vg;gbf; Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk; (Citation) vd;gjw;fhd tpjpfs; tUkhW:

1. vijf; Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;? (What to Cite?) 1) mjpfhug; G+u;tkhf

Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l %yr; rhd;Wfs;; 2) ntspaplg;gl;l rhd;Wfs;;

3). xNu fUj;ijf; $WNthUs; KjyhtJ cs;stiuf; Fwpg;gply; ;

4). ed;F njupe;j jfty;fisj; jtpu;j;jy; ; 5). $wpaJ $whik.

6). ePskhd kw;Wk; ru;r;irf;Fupa my;yJ re;Njfj;Jf;fplkhd

tptuq;fis tpLj;jy;. 2. vg;NghJ Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;? (When to

Cite?) 1) Ma;Tf; fl;Liuapd; Kjy; efypNyNa Fwpg;gply; ; 2)

xt;nthU rhd;W my;yJ jftiy ed;wpNahL Vw;Wf; nfhs;Sk;

NghJ; 3) fl;Liuapy; nfhLf;fg;gLk; Nkw;NfhspypUe;J khWgLk;

NghJ my;yJ khWgl;lf; fUj;ijf; $Wk;NghJ; 4). NkYk;

jfty;fisj; ju. 3. vt;tsT Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;? (How much to

Cite?) 1) mbf; Fwpg;G kpfr; RWf;fkhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. 2). ePsk;

Fiwthf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;; 3). gpw Ma;thsu;fspd; KbTfNshL

njhlu;GgLj;jf; $ba msTf;F 4). nghUj;j khdtw;iw kl;Lk;

Fwpg;gply;; 5) ru;r;irf;Fupatw;iwj; jtpu;j;jy;; 6). Njitahd

msTf;Nf Fwpg;gply;. 4. vg;gbf; Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;? (How to cite)

mbf;Fwpg;Gfisf; nfhLf;ifapy; kuGtopr; RUf;fq;fs;

(Abbreviations) gpd;gw;wg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. cjhuzkhf ante

(NkNy)> Circa (Njjp epr;rakpy;iy ) e.g. (rhd;whf)> Etseq (gpd;

njhlUk; tupfs;)> Ibid (mNj ,lj;jpy;)> Infra (fPNo)> mss

(ifnaOj;Jg; gpujp)> n.d (Njjpapy;iy)> Passim (,q;Fkq;Fk;)>

Supra (NkNy)> Viz (mjhtJ)..... ,f;FwpaPLfisf; ifahs;tjhy;

228

,lk; kpr;rkhFk;. û;gpad; ifNaL (Turbians Guide) mbf;Fwpg;G

vOJtJ gw;wpa Mjhug;G+u;tkhd topfhl;bahFk;.


Nkw;Nfhs;fs; Ma;Tf; fl;Liuapd; mj;jpahtrpaf; $whFk;. ,it

vLj;Jf;fhl;L thrfq;fs;. ,tw;iwg; nghUj;jkhd ,lq;fspy;

Nru;f;f Ntz;Lk;. Nkw;Nfhs;fs; ftu;r;rp kpf;fit. vdNt ,tw;iw

msNthL gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. ,it RUf;fkhfTk;> RitahfTk;>

Ma;Tf; fUj;NjhL njhlu;GilajhfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;baJ

mtrpak;. vg;NghJ Nkw;Nfhs;fisf; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;? 1).

ru;r;irf;Fwpa fUj;Jf;fis tpthjpf;Fk; NghJ; 2).gpwuJ

fUj;Jf;fisj; jpwdha;T nra;Ak; NghJ; 3) Ma;thsupd;

KbTfis cWjpg;gLj;Jk; NghJ. Nkw;Nfhs;fisf; ifahSk;

NghJ Ma;thsu; ftdpf;f Ntz;bait: 1) Nkw;Nfhs; thrfj;ij

khw;whky; cs;sthNw nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. 2) Nkw;Nfhspd; NghJ

,ilr;nrUfy; (Interpolation) ,Ug;gpd; mJ rJu milg;ghDf;Fs;

(Square Bracket) ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. 3). Nkw;Nfhs; kpfTk; ePskhf

,Ug;gpd; xU gFjpiaNah my;yJ rpy thu;j;ijfisNah ePf;fp

tplyhk;. ,J njhf;F epw;wy; (Ellipsis) MFk;. ,e;ePf;fk; %d;W

Gs;spfshy; (....) Fwpf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. ,g;Gs;spfs; Nkw;Nfhspd;

Jtf;fj;jpNyh > ,ilapNyh my;yJ KbtpNyh ,Uf;fyhk;. 4).

Nkw;Nfhs; cupa FwpaPLfshy; (" ") fhl;lg;gl Ntz;Lk;. 5).

Nkw;Nfhs; xw;iw ,ilntsp (Single Space)Ald; nfhLf;fg;gLjy;

Ntz;Lk;. 6) Nkw;Nfhs;fs; xU gf;fj;jpd; fhy; gFjpf;F Nky;

Nghff;$lhJ. Mdhy; mLj;j gf;fj;Jf;Fj; njhluyhk;.

15.15. gl;bay;fs;> tiuglq;fs;> Njrg;glq;fs; (Tables, charts and Maps)

gl;bay; jfty;fisg; gl;baypl;Lf; fhl;LfpwJ. tiuglk;

Fwpg;gpl;l fhyfl;lj;jpy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fis mwptpf;fpwJ.

Njrg;glk; epfo;r;rpfs; epfo;e;j ,lq;fisf; fhl;Lk;. Njitahapd;

Gs;sp tptu ml;ltizfisg; gad;gLj;jyhk;. ,it> 1).

Fwpg;gpl;l jfty; njhFg;Gfisf; fhl;lTk;; 2) Ma;Tf; fl;Liuapd;

gFjpfSf;fpilNaahd njhlu;Gfisf; $wTk;; 3) jfty;fisf;

ftdj;ijf; ftUk; tifapy; juTk; cjTfpd;wd.

229


E}w;gl;bay; ntspaplg;gl;l kw;Wk; ntspaplg;glhj Mjhuq;fisf;

nfhz;l gl;bay; MFk;. ,it %y Kjy; ju Mjhuq;fs;

(Primary Sources) kw;Wk; gpw top ,uz;lhe;ju Mjhuq;fisAk;

(Secondary Sources) cs;slf;fpaJ. E}w;gl;bay; ehd;F tifg;gLk;.

1) Nkw;Nfhs; fhl;lg;gl;l Mtzq;fs; my;yJ E}y;fs; (Works

Cited); 2) vLj;jhsg;gl;l rhd;Wfs; (Sources consulted); 3)

Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l E}w;gl;bay; (Selected Bibliography); 4).

Fwpg;NghL $ba E}w;gl;bay; (Annotated Bibliography). tuyhw;W

Ma;tpd; Jtf;fj;jpNyNa G+u;thq;f E}w;gl;bay; (Preparatory or

Working Bibliography) jahupf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,jd; jpUj;jg;gl;l ,Wjp

E}w;gl;bay; Ma;T Kbtpy; KOikahdjhf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,Wjp

E}w;gl;bay; (Final Bibliography) jahupf;Fk; NghJ ftdj;jpy;

nfhs;s Ntz;bait: 1. mfu tupirahy; ml;ltizaplg;gl

Ntz;Lk;. 2) Mtzk; my;yJ E}ypd; KO tptuq;fs; ,Uf;f

Ntz;Lk;. 3). %y E}ypy; jiyg;G ePskhf ,Ug;gpd; midj;J

tupfSk; xNuf; Nfhl;bypUe;J Jtq;f Ntz;Lk;. 4). tpsf;ff;

Fwpg;G jiyg;ignahl;bajhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. 5). ed;F

mwpKfkhd Mjhuq;fSf;F ntspaPl;Lf; fhyj;ij kl;Lk;

Fwpg;gpl;lhy; NghJk;. 6) Ma;Tf;Fg; gad;gLj;jhj Mdhy; Ma;Tg;

nghUSf;Fj; njhlu;Gila Mjhuq;fisr; Nru;f;fyhk;; 7) Mrpupau;

ngau; ,y;yhj E}y;fisj; jdpNa gl;baypl;Lf; fhl;l Ntz;Lk;; 8).

E}w;gl;baiy xt;nthU mj;jpahaj;jpd; ,WjpapNyh my;yJ

Ma;Tf; fl;Liuapd; KbtpNyh nfhLf;fyhk;. Ma;Tf; fl;Liuapd;

Kd;Diuapy; E}w;gl;bay; gw;wpa Fwpg;igf; nfhLg;gJ kuG. ,jpy;

Ma;tpd; NghJ gad;gLj;jg;gl;l Mjhuq;fspd; jd;ik> jFjp>

gad;> nghUj;jk;> rpwg;G gw;wpr; RUf;fkhff; $wy; Ntz;Lk;.


gpw; Nru;f;iffs; Ma;Tf; fl;Liuapd; $wg;glhj ePskhd Mtz

Mjhuq;fs;> jfty; njhFg;Gfs;> tpsf;fq;fs; my;yJ

ru;r;irf;Fupa tpthjq;fs; gw;wpait. ,tw;iw Ma;Tf; fl;Liuapd;

Kbtpy; E}w;gl;baYf;F Kd;Ngh my;yJ gpd;Ngh ,izf;fyhk;.

,it I, II, III, IV, V... vd;W Nuhkd; vz;zpl;Lr; Nru;f;f Ntz;Lk;.

xt;nthU gf;fj;jpd; cr;rp ikaj;jpy; “gpw;Nru;f;if” vd;W ngupa vOj;Jf;fspy; (Capitals) Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;. gpw;Nru;f;ifj; jiyg;Gk;

mt;thNw ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

230


nghUs; ml;ltiz Ma;Tf; fl;Liuf;F mtrpakpy;iy. Mdhy;

Ma;Tf; fl;Liu mr;rhfp ntspaplg;gl;lhy; ,J mtrpak;. ,J

nghUspd; (Matter) my;yJ Mrpupau; (Author) mbg;gilapy;

jdpj;jdpahfNth my;yJ nghJthfNth ,Uf;fyhk;. nghUs;

ml;ltizjhd; Ma;Tf; fl;Liuapd; ,Wjpg; gFjpahFk;.


Xu; Ma;Tf; fl;LiuahdJ ve;nje;j E}y;fspd; JizAld;

vOjg;gl;lJ vd;w gl;baiyj; njuptpg;gJ jhd; Jiz

E}w;gl;bay;. ,J Ma;tlq;fy; vd;Wk;> fUtp E}w;gl;bay; vd;Wk;>

ghu;it E}w;ghl;bay; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLtJ tof;fk;. ,e;

E}w;gl;bay; vjpu;fhy Ma;Tf;F cjtpahf nray;E}y; gl;bay;

(Working Bibliography) jahupf;f ngUk; cjtpahf ,Uf;fpwJ.

Jiz E}w;gl;bay; jahupf;f ngUk; cjtpahf ,Uf;fpwJ. Jiz

E}w;gl;baiy %d;W tifg;gLj;jyhk;. mit nray; tpguj;

njhFg;G (Working Bibliography)> vLj;jhz;l Jiz E}w;gl;bay;

(Annotated Bibliography)> (Selected Bibliography) vdg;gLk;.

gad;gLj;jpa E}y;fis kl;LNk Jiz E}w;gl;baypy; Nru;g;gJ

Jiz E}w;gl;bay; vdTk;> miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. Ma;tpd;

Kd;Ndhbahf> KJnfOk;ghf JizE}w;gl;bay; fUjg;gLfpwJ.

JizE}w;gl;baiy ,Utpjkhff; nfhLf;fyhk;.

mbg;gilr;rhd;Wfs; my;yJ Kjdpiyr;rhd;Wfs;> ,uz;lhk;

epiyr;rhd;Wfs; vd tifg;gLj;Jjy; xUKiw. ,k;Kiw

jiyg;GfSf;Nfw;wthW tupirg;gLj;Jjy; xU Kiw. ,k;Kiw

jiyg;GfSf;Nfw;wthW tupirg;gLj;Jjy; MFk;. Mrpupaupd;

ngau;fisf; nfhz;L mfutupirapy; tupirg;gbahff; nfhz;L

tupirg;gLj;jp Jiz E}w;ghl;bay; jahupj;jYk; xUtif cz;L.

,k;Kiw nghJthf eilKiwapy; mjpfk; gad;gLj;Jtjpy;iy.

mbg;gil Mjhuq;fisf; nfhz;L jahupf;fg;gLk; Jiz

E}w;gl;bay; cz;L. ,k;Kiw nghJthf eilKiwapy; mjpfk; -.

E}ypd; jiyg;G 3. gjpgfk; ntspaPL 4. gjpg;G nra;j Mz;L

cjhuzkhf Mu;. rj;jpaehj ma;au;> kJiu ehaf;fu;fs; tuyhW>

nrd;id gy;fiyf;fofk;> 1980. ,e;E}iy Ma;Tf;F

gad;gLj;Jtjhff; nfhs;Nthk;. ,jpy; Mrpupau; ngau; ,U

gpupthfj; jug;gl;Ls;sJ.

,t;tpguq;fisj; Jiz E}w;ghl;baYf;Ff; nfhz;L tUk; NghJ

rj;jpaehj ma;au;> Mu;. kJiu ehaf;fu; tuyhW> nrd;id 1980.

vd;W vOjyhk;. Vnddpy;> Mrpupau; ngau; rj;jpaehj ma;au; vd;W

231

,Ug;gjhy; ngaupd; tpFjpahf Fyg;ngau; cs;sJ. nghJthf

Mrpupau; ngau; kl;LNk ehy;gl;baypy; ,lk; ngw Ntz;Lk;.

Mrpupaupd; kjk;> ,dk;> ,lk; kw;Wk; gpw ,Ug;gpd; ngaUf;Fg;

gpd;dhy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. cjhuzkhf nrd;id ,uhkd; Nf.tp.

vd ngau; ,Ue;jhy; ,uhkd; vd vOJtJ jtW. rpwg;Gg;gl;lq;fs;

VNjDk; ngw;wpUe;jhy; mijg; Nghl Ntz;Lnkd;w mtrpak;

,y;iy . cjhuzkhf jpU. m. fzgjp vd;W ,Ug;gjhy; mij

fzgjp> jpU. m. vd;W vOtJ Nghyjhd; lhf;lu; gl;lq;fSk; kw;w

gl;lq;fSkhFk;. Mrpupaupd; ngau; kl;Lk; jhd; NjitNa jtpu.

Mrpupau;fspd; gl;lq;fSk;> kjpg;GfSk; mtrpakpy;yhjJ.

vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> xU mikr;ru; E}y; vOjpapUe;jhy; mjpy; mtuJ

gjtpiar; Nru;ff; Ntz;bajpy;iy. cjhuzkhf gpujku; NeU

Discovery of India vd;Dk; E}y; vOjpapUe;jhy; NeU vd vOjpdhy;

NghJkhdJ. NeU> khz;GkpF gpujku; vd vOjf;$lhJ. vdNt

,dj;jpd; ngaiuNah> Cupd; ngaiuNah> gl;lk;> gjtpfisNah

vOjp Mrpupau;fisj; Jiz E}w;gl;baypy; kjpg;G kupahijfisg;

ngw vz;Zjy; jtW. mq;qdk; vOJtJ Jiz E}w;gl;bay;

jahupg;gpw;Fg; gzpr;Rikahf ,Ug;gJld;> mit epiyahd

kjpg;ghf fUj KbahJ. Mrpupaupd; cz;ikahd ngaiu E}ypy;

nfhLf;fhj nghOJ> E}ypy; nfhLf;fg;gl;l ngau; Gidg;ngau;

MapDk; mg;gbNa vOjj; jilapy;iy. cz;ikahd ngaiu

E}ypy; nfhLf;fhj nghOJ> E}ypy; nfhLf;fg;gl;l ngau;

Gidg;ngau; MapDk; mg;gbNa vOjj; jilapy;iy. cz;ikg;

ngaiuj; Njb fhyj;jho;e;j Ntz;ba mtrpakpy;iy. mwpnthsp

jPgd; vd;Nw Gidg;ngaUld; ,Ue;jhy; mwpnthspjPgd; vd;Nw

vOj Ntz;Lk;. mijg;gpupj;J vOjy; $lhJ. E}ypd; ngau;

Mrpupaupd; ngaiu mLj;J vOjg; ngw Ntz;Lk;. E}ypd;

ngUe;jiyg;ig kl;LNk nfhLj;jhy; NghJkhdJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf

njd;dpe;jpa fy;ntl;Lfs; jkpk; ehL kw;Wk; Nfush vd;W

,Ue;jhy; njd;dpe;jpa fy;ntl;Lfs; vd;W kl;Lk; ,Ue;jhy; mJNt

epiwthd nrayhFk;. ,e;E}y; gy;NtW njhFjpfisf;

nfhz;bUf;Fnkdpy; me;E}Yld; njhFjpiaAk; Nru;j;J ,lk;ngwr;

nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mjhtJ njd;dpe;jpah fy;ntl;Lfs; njhFjp -1

vd;W Nru;f;fg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. Nkw;fz;lthW cs;s E}ypy;

mJ ntspaplg;gl;l Mz;L Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy vd;why; Mz;L

vOJk; ,lj;jpy; Mz;L ,y;iy (M., ) vd;W vOj Ntz;Lk;.

mNjNghy (,., ) vd;w Nghlg;gl;lhy; gjpg;gf;fg;gl;l ,lk;

Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy vd;W nghUs;.

E}iy gjpg;gpj;J ntspapLNthu; ,Ue;jhy; mr;rpl;Nlhu; ngau; vOj

Ntz;bajpy;iy. rpy rkaj;jpy; gjpg;ghsu; ngau; Fwpg;gplg;glhky;

232

,Ug;gJk; cz;L. ,J Nghd;w rkaj;jpy; mr;rpl;Nlhu; ngaiuf;

Fwpg;gpl;L vOjNtz;Lk;.

E}y;fs; gy gjpg;Gfshf ntsptUfpd;wd. Ma;Tf;Fg; gad;gLj;jpa

E}y; ve;jg; ghjpg;G vd;gij Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;. xt;nthU

kWgjpg;Gk; gy khw;wq;fSld; ntsptUtjhy;> filrpahf

ntspte;j E}iyf; fl;lhakhfg; ghu;f;f Ntz;Lk;. khwhf> Kjy;

gjpg;ig kl;LNk ghu;j;jpUe;jhy; Ma;thsUf;F kpFe;j gaidj;

juhJ.

E}y;fisj; jtpu fhyKiw ,jo;fSk; gy Gjpa nra;jpfisj;

jhq;fp tUfpd;wd. xt;nthU ghlj;jpw;Fk; jdpj;jdp ,jo;fs;

,Uf;fpd;wd. Ma;thsu; ,J Nghd;w ,jo;fisg; gad;gLj;Jtjd;

%yk; Gjpa nra;jpfis Ma;tpy; ju KbAk;> ,J Nghd;w fhy

Kiw ,jo;fspy; kw;Wk; rpwg;G kyu;fs; Nghd;wtw;wpy; ntsptUk;

Ma;tpw;Fg; gad;gLk; fl;LiufisAk; Jiz E}w;gl;baypy;

nfhLf;fg;gLk; tpjk; E}y;fspypUe;J rw;W NtWgl;Lf; Fwpf;fg;gLk;

mJ fPo;f;fz;lthW Fwpf;fg;gLk;. 1. fl;Liu Mrpupau; 2.

fl;Liuapd; jiyg;G 3. ,jopd; ngau; 4. ,jopd; vz;> Jiz vz;

5. ,jio ntspapLgtu; 6. ,jo; ntspahFk; ,lk; 7. ,jo;

ntspte;j Mz;L fl;Liufis Nkw;fz;lthW nfhLj;jhYk; rpy

tpjp KiwfisAk; Ma;thsu;fs; filg;gpbf;f Ntz;Lk;.

fl;Liuapd; jiyg;gpid Nkw;Nfhs; Fwpapl Ntz;Lk;. ,jopd;

ngaupy; Ma;T vOj;Jf;fis (italic) ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. fl;Liu

,lk; ngWk; gf;fq;fs; Fwpg;gply; Ntz;Lk;. jpdrupapy; fl;Liu

vLf;fg;gl;lhy; jpdrupapd; ngau;> Njjp> khjk;> Mz;L> Mfpad

Fwpg;gply; rpwg;G jpdrupapd; ngau; Ma;T vOj;Jf;fis (italic)

Jiz E}w;gl;bay; vOJk; NghJ Mrpupau; xUtNuh my;yJ

mjw;F Nkw;gl;ltu;fs; ,Ue;jhy; Vw;gLk; rpf;fy;fSf;Ff;

fPo;fz;lthW tpsf;fk; juyhk;.

Xu; Mrpupau; vdpy; E}y;fSf;F tof;fk; Nghy> Mrpupau; ngau;>

ngaupd; KjnyOj;J> jiyg;G Ma;T vOj;Jf;fis (italic) gjpg;G

nra;j ,lk;> Mz;L> ,k; Kiwiaf; ifahsyhk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> (Krishnaswami Ayyangar S. Sources of Vijayanagar

History. Madras; Universityof Madras, 1991.

MrpupaUk; njhFg;ghrpupauhf ,Utu; ,Ue;jhy;> njhFj;jtu; ed.

vd njhFg;ghrpupaUkhf ngau; jiyg;gpidj; njhlu;e;J vOj

Ntz;Lk;. E}y; kw;nwhUtuhy; jpUj;jp ntspalg;gl;lhy;> jpUj;jp

ntspapl;ltu; ngau; jiyg;gpidj; njhlu;e;J ,lk; ngwy;

Ntz;Lk;. nkhop ngau;f;fg;gl;l E}yhjypd; vk; nkhopapypUe;J

233

ahuhy; nkhopngau;f;fg;gl;lJ vd;gij jiyg;gpid mLj;J vOj

Ntz;Lk;.

tho;tpaw; fsQ;rpak; vOJk; nghOJ fPo;fz;l Kiwiaf;

ifahsyhk;.

tho;tpaw; fsQ;rpak; njhFjp vl;L. jQ;rhT+u; : jkpo;g;

gy;fiyf;fofk; 1991.

Ngl;b vdpy;> Ngl;baspj;jtu; gjtp> Nghl;bapd; Ngl;bapd; jiyg;G>

,lk;> Njjp.

tpupTiu vdpy;> Ngl;baspj;jtu;> gjtp Ngl;bapd; jiyg;G > ,lk;>

Njjp gjpg;gpf;fg;glhj Ma;NtLfSf;F Kiwahf midj;Jk;

vOjptpl;L> ,Wjpapy; gjpf;fg;gltpy;iy (Unpublished) vd

milg;Gf; Fwpg;gpy; Fwpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

mbf;Fwpg;Gfs; (Footnotes) Xu; Ma;Tf;fl;Liu vOJk; Ma;thsu;

Ma;Tf;Fj; Njitahd rhd;Wfis vjpypUe;J vLj;Js;shu;

vd;gijf; Fwpg;gplTk;> njupe;j cz;ikr; rhd;WfSf;F ed;wp

$Wk; KfkhfTk; Fwpg;gpLtNj" mbf;Fwpg;Gfs;

Ma;Tf;fl;Liiuapd; gf;fq;fspd; mbapy; Fwpg;gpLtNj

mbf;Fwpg;Gfs; MFk;. ,it fUj;Jiu tpsf;fTiu kw;Wk; jfty;

mspg;gjw;Fk; gad;gLfpd;wd. mjhtJ rpy vjpu;kiwahd

thjq;fs; cz;ikfis Ma;thsu; re;jpf;f Neu;e;jhy; mtw;iwAk;

mbf;Fwpg;gpy; njupag;gLj;jptpl tha;g;G cs;sJ. mbf; Fwpg;gpd;

%yk; rpy Nkw;Nfhs;fs; KOikahf tiuaWj;Jf; $WKbAk;.

mbf;Fwpg;Gfs; mbf;Fwpg;G (1) Ma;Tf; fl;Liuapy; me;je;j

gf;fq;fSf;F fPohfTk; (2) Ma;Tf; fl;Liuapd; xt;nthU

mj;jpahaq;fSf;F Mrpupau; ,Utu; my;yJ %tu; ,Ue;jhy;

mtu;fs; midtupd; ngau;fis vOjp mjd; gpd; NkNy $wg;gl;l

KiwiaNa ifahsyhk;.

%d;wpw;Fk; Nkw;gl;l Mrpupau;fis xU E}y; ngw;wpUe;jhy; "et al"

Fwpg;gply; Ntz;Lk;."et al " vd;why; jkpopy; kw;Wk; gpwu; vdf;

nfhs;syhk;. cjhuzkhf>

NovoGrod J.R., et.al. Case Book in public Administration New York;,

Holt, Rine chart and Winston, Inc, 1969.

E}y; njhFj;J ntspaplg;gl;lhy; njhFg;ghsu; ngau; Kjypy; ,lk;

ngw Ntz;Lk; njhFg;ghsu; vd;W milg;gpw;Fs; fhl;LtJ rpwe;j

Kiwahff; fUjyhk; (v.fh.)

Basham,A.L.ed. A Cultural History of India, Oxford; 1975.

234

Mrpupau; ngau; njupatpy;iyNay; E}iy mfu tupirapy;

tifg;gLj;jyhk;. v.fh;- jpUf;Nfhfuzk; ];jy tuyhW;

GJf;Nfhl;il Njt];jhd ntspaPL> (M.,)

gpd;dUk; (3) Gj;jfk; my;yJ gp.vr;.b Ma;Tf; fl;Liuapd;

midj;J mj;jpahaq;fSf;F gpd;dUk; nfhLf;fg;glyhk;> (4) r%f

mwptpay; (Social sciences) Ma;Tf; fl;Liufspy; milg;Gfspy;

Fwpg;Gfs; nfhLf;fg;gLfpd;wd (Paranthetical References). mjhtJ>

Nkw; Fwpg;gpl;l Kiwfisj; jtpu fl;Liuapd; tupfSf;F ,ilNa

mbf;Fwpg;G vz;Zf;F gjpyhf (Mrpupau; ngau;> E}ypd; ngau;>

Mz;L) ,it milg;Gf;Fs; nfhLf;fg;gLfpd;wd. mbf;Fwpg;ffs;

gad;ghL Kf;fpakhf MLA (Morden Language Association for

Researchers, USA). The Chicago Manual of Style, APA formating and

Style Guides Curreap Loodu Ma;T Kiwapy; xd;iw Nju;e;njLj;J

gad;gLj;JtJ ed;W. ,q;F MLA Ma;T Kiw cjhuzkhf

nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. xU Ma;thsu; jdJ Ma;Tf;fl;Liuapy;

NkNy nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s ehd;F Kiwfspy; VjhtJ xU

Kiwiaf; ifahsyhk;. mij Ma;thsNu KbntLj;Jf;

nfhs;syhk; vd;whYk;> mbf;Fwpg;G me;je;jg; gf;fq;fspNyNa

nfhLf;fg;gl;lhy; ey;yJ. Vndd;why;> Ma;Tf; fl;Liuiag; gbf;Fk;

NghJ Vw;gLk; rpukk; FiwAk;. NkYk; Ma;thsu;

mbf;Fwpg;GfSf;F vz;fspLtjpy; jtW Vw;gl tha;g;Gf;F

,lkpy;iy. jiyg;GfSf;Fg; gpd;du; mbf;Fwg;gpLtJ jl;nlOj;Jr;

nra;a trjpahf ,Ug;gJld; fl;Liuapd; gzp tpiutpy;

Kbtile;J tpLk;. ,k;Kiwapy; mbf;Fwpg;igg; ghu;f;Fk; Mu;tk;

Fiwe;J tpLk;. ,Nj FiwghL %d;whtJ KiwapYk; tUfpwJ.

vdNt ,ijAk; ey;y Kiwnadf; fUj KbahJ. vd;whYk;

gy;fiyf;fofq;fspd; tpjpahdJ xU Ma;Tf;fl;Liu ,j;jid

gf;fq;fSf;Ff; Fiwthf ,Uf;ff; $lhJ vd;W cs;sjhy;

,k;khjpupahd mbf;Fwpg;G Kiwfs; mtrpakhfpwJ. mbf;Fwpg;G -

Jizg;gl;bay; NtWghL

mbf;Fwpg;Gf;Fk; Jiz E}w;gl;baYf;Fk; rpy mbg;gil

tpj;jpahrq;fs; cs;sd. mbf;Fwpg;gpy; ,uz;L tpj;jpahrq;fs;

njspthff; Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mjhtJ> mbf;Fwpg;gpy; gf;fq;fspd;

vz;Nghl Ntz;baJld;> E}ypd; Mrpupau; ngaiu mg;gbNa

vOjyhk;. cjhuzkhf> v.fzgjp vd vOjyhk;. Mdhy; Jiz

E}w;gl;baypy; fzgjp> v. vd vOj Ntz;Lk;. NkYk;

mbf;Fwpg;gpy; Kjy; Kiw mbf;Fwpg;G ,Lk; NghJ jtpu E}ypd;

gjpg;G> gjpg;ghsu;> ,lk;> Mz;L Nghd;wit Fwpf;fhkYk;

RUf;fj;ij nfhLf;fyhk;. Mdhy; ,d;iwa jpdk; Nkw;fz;l

tpguq;fs; midj;ijAk; mbf;Fwpg;gpy; Nru;g;gJ tof;fkhd xd;W

235

vd;Nw $wyhk;. cjhuzkhf> uhgu;l; rp. gPq;fyp> nka;ij ,aYk;

NjrpaKk;> epA+ahu;f; `hu;ngu;Nuh 1941> gf;. 5.

ahUila ngaupy; E}y; ntspaplg;gLfpwNjh mij vOjpdhy;

NghJkhdJ. ahUf;fhf mJ ntspaplg;gl;bUe;jhYk; mJgw;wp

ftiy nfhs;s Ntz;ba mtrpakpy;iy. rpy rkaq;fspy; %y

E}y; fpilf;fhky; NghFk; tha;g;G Vw;gLkhapd; mij Nkw;Nfhs;

fhl;Lk; E}iyAk; Nru;j;Jf; fhl;lyhk;.

NkYk; rpy E}y;fs; xUtuhy; vOjg;gl;L NtnwhUtuhy;

ntspaplg;gl;L ,Uf;Fk; mt;Ntisapy; vOjpatNu

ntspaPl;lhsuhfTk; ,Uf;FNkh vd;w vz;zk; voyhk;. mg;gb

re;Njfk; nfhs;sj; Njitapy;iy. Flthapy; ghyRg;gpukzp Nrho

kz;lyj;J tuyhw;W ehau;fspd; rpw;gq;fSk; Xtpaq;fSk; vd;Dk;

E}iy vOjpAs;shu;. Mdhy; mij jQ;rhT+u; jkpo;g;

gy;fiyf;fofk; ntspapl;Ls;sJ. vdNt ,e;E}ypd; ntspaPl;Lupik

gy;fiyf; fofj;jpw;Nf cupj;jhFk;. tiuglq;fs; (Maps)

Ma;Tj; jiyg;gpd; jd;ikia nghWj;J tiuglq;fs; Xu;

Ma;Tf;fl;Liufs; ,lk;ngw tha;g;G cs;sJ. ,j;jifa

tiuglq;fs; Ma;Tf;fl;Liufspy; $wg;gl;Ls;s fUj;jpid

typAWj;jpf; $wg;gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. mj;jifa; tiuglq;fspd

vz;zpf;iffs; njhlu;r;rpahf Xu; Ma;Tf;fl;Liuapd; Muk;gj;jpy;

,Ue;J KbT tiu vz;fshy; kw;Wk; tiuglj;jpw;Fupa

jiyg;GfshYk; Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;. xU Ma;Tf;fl;Liuapy; ,lk;

ngw;wpUf;Fk; midj;J tiuglq;fspd; vz;zpf;if> mjd;

jiyg;Gfs; ,it ,lk; ngw;wpUf;Fk; gf;fq;fs; Nghd;wit

tupirahfg; nghUslf;fj;jpy; ,lk; ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. ml;l

tizfs; (Tables)


1. Fwpg;Gfspy; vd;d mlq;Fk;?

2. mbf;Fwpg;Gfs; vd;d Kf;fpakhd nray;ghl;ilr; nra;fpd;wd?

3. mbf;Fwpg;Gfspy; vd;d ,Uf;fpwJ?


1. Fwpg;Gfspy; midj;J Gj;jfq;fs;/gj;jpupiffs;/mwpf;iffs;

Nghd;wit mlq;Fk;> mit Mrpupauhy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l my;yJ

Nkw;Nfhs; fhl;lg;gLfpd;wd.

236

2. mwpf;ifapd; Kbtpy;> kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; Fwpg;Gfis

MNyhrpg;gjw;fhd fbdkhd Kaw;rpiaj; jtpu;f;f> mit ciuapd;

gf;fj;jpNyNa jahuhff; Fwpg;ig toq;Ffpd;wd.

3. mbf;Fwpg;Gfs; ciuapy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s midj;Jg;

nghUl;fisAk;> gf;fj;jpd; fPNo njhlu;Gila Fwpg;Gld; (vz;

my;yJ rpd;dk;) nfhz;bUf;Fk;.


� E}yfg; gzp xU njhlu;r;rpahd nrayhFk;. ,jw;F mt;tg;NghJ

$Ljyhf Njitg;gLfpwJ. Gjpa nghUs; ntspr;rj;jpw;F

tUk;NghJ> E}y; ml;ltizapy; EiofpwJ> Mdhy; ,e;j

tp\aj;jpy; fpilf;Fk; ,yf;fpaj;jpd; msit mwpa Muk;g

fl;lj;jpy; xU Njhuhakhd Nahrid mtrpak;.

� ml;il gl;bay;fs;> FwpaPLfs; Mfpatw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp xU

E}y; gl;bay; jahupf;fg;gLfpwJ

gUt ,jo;fs; kw;Wk; Fwpg;G Gj;jfq;fs; E}yfq;fs;>

mUq;fhl;rpafq;fs;> fhg;gfq;fs; kw;Wk; gpw fsQ;rpaq;fspy;

fpilf;Fk;.

� xU E}ypay; KO ,yf;fpa %yj;ijAk; cs;slf;fpaJ> Ma;T

nra;ag;gl;L nghUj;jkhdjhfTk; gaDs;sjhfTk; fz;lwpag;gl;lJ>

mit ciuapy; Nkw;Nfhs; fhl;lg;gl;l my;yJ Fwpg;gplg;glhky;

,Uf;fyhk;.

� ciuf;Fs; Nkw;Nfhs; fhl;lg;gl;l fl;Liufs;> jhs;fs;>

Gj;jfq;fs;> NkhNdhfpuh/g;fs; Nghd;wit vg;NghJk; njhlu;Gila

Fwpg;GfSld; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;> mjhtJ Mrpupau; kw;Wk;

ntspaplg;gl;l Mz;L> v.fh.> (Nfhj;jhup> 1988).

� rpy re;ju;g;gq;fspy;> mbf;Fwpg;Gfspy; tpsf;f mwpf;iffs;>

RUf;fq;fspd; KO tbtk;> ciuapd; xU gFjpiaf; Fwpg;gpLk;

$Ljy; epahaq;fs;> Njitg;gl;lhy;> mjhtJ> ciu njspthfg;

Gupatpy;iy vd;why;> thrfu; gbf;fyhk;.

� mbf;Fwpg;Gfs; mit Fwpg;gplg;gl;l gf;fj;jpd; fPNo vz;

mbg;gilapy; toq;fg;gLfpd;wd. kWGwk;> E}ypay; vg;NghJk; mfu

tupirg;gb KO ciuapd; Kbtpy; Njhd;Wk;.

� gy;NtW Fwpg;G ghzpfspy; mnkupf;f cstpay; rq;fk; (APA)

ghzpfs;> rpfhNfh ifNaL eil> etPd nkhop rq;fk; Nkw;Nfhs;>

237

`hu;tu;l; Fwpg;G> Mf;];Nghu;L Fwpg;G> MHRA Fwpg;G> Kjypad

mlq;Fk;.


� mbf;Fwpg;G: ,J xU gf;fj;jpd; fPNo mr;rplg;gl;l $Ljy;

jftyhFk;.

� NkhNdhfpuh/g;: ,J xU ghlk; my;yJ xU ghlj;jpd; xU

mk;rk;> ngUk;ghYk; xU vOj;jhsu; my;yJ fiyQuhy;> kw;Wk;

nghJthf xU mwpthu;e;j tp\aj;jpy; vOJjy; my;yJ

fz;fhl;rpf;fhd xU rpwg;Gg; gilg;ghFk;.

� E}y; gl;bay;: ,J cq;fs; Ntiyia Muha;r;rp nra;Ak;

nray;ghl;by; ePq;fs; gad;gLj;jpa midj;J Mjhuq;fspd;

gl;bayhFk; (Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUe;jhYk; ,y;yhtpl;lhYk;).


FWfpa tpdhf;fs;

1. E}ypay; vij cs;slf;fpaJ?

2. gpw;Nru;f;ifapd; cs;slf;fq;fis gl;baypLq;fs;.

tphpthd tpdhf;fs;

1. mwpf;if vOJtjpy; ciu Fwpg;Gfs; kw;Wk; mbf;Fwpg;Gfs;

vt;thW nfhLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gijg; gw;wp tpthjpf;fTk;.

2. mbf;Fwpg;Gfs;> Fwpg;Gfs; kw;Wk; E}ypay; Mfpatw;Wf;F

,ilNa cs;s NtWghLfis tpsf;Fq;fs;.






238



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