The Rise of Nationalists and Sun Yat-Sen

Revolution of 1911

The Revolution of 1911

• 1911-10-10, Wuchang Uprising– Qing dynasty was overthrown

• 1912-01-01, China became a republic

China after 1911

• The Revolution of 1911 was intended to create a modern republican form of government in China.

• Instead, the country broke up into warlord-dominated regions with increasing poverty and violence.

• The Kuomintang (Nationalist) Party led the revolution, but controlled few areas.

Sun Yat-Sen

Republican Revolution (1912)• Sun Yat-sen (Sun Yixian)

– Founded Kuomintang (KMT) – Nationalist party

• Overthrew Manchu (Qing) dynasty

• Established a republic• President of Chinese Republic

who succeeded him – Yuan Shih-k’ai

Kuomintang symbol

Kuomintang Party

• Sun Yat-sen was the main leader of the 1911 Revolution and the Nationalist Party (KMT).

• He died in 1925 and was succeeded as leader by Chiang Kai-shek.

• Chiang cooperated with the Communists for a time, but then massacred them in 1927.

Formation of the Chinese Republic

• Sun Yixian (Yatsen)– Leader of the Kuomintang

• Kuomintang China’s Nationalist Party• Overthrows Qing Emperor in 1911 and becomes

China’s first president, but…• “The Chinese people…do not have national spirit.

Therefore, even though we have four hundred million people gathered together in China…they are just a heap of loose sand.”

– Sun could not unite China– Turns over presidency to a top general who overturns

democratic reforms– China becomes a military dictatorship overrun by warlords

Three Principles of the People

• Book published by Sun Yat-Sen before his death in 19251. Principle of Mínquán

• Democracy – the people are sovereign

2. Principle of Mínzú• Nationalism – an end to foreign imperialism

3. Principle of Mínshēng• Livelihood – economic development, industrialization,

land reform, and social welfare – elements of progressivism and socialism

Dr. Sun Yixian (1866 – 1925)Dr. Sun Yixian (1866 – 1925)

(Dr. Sun Yat-sen)(Dr. Sun Yat-sen)

Problems Facing Nationalists and Sun Yat-Sen

Republic of China: Weaknesses• Disunity

– Local warlords fought Kuomintang for control– Wars raged between 1912 and 1928

• Foreign imperialists– Americans, Europeans, and Japanese

• Poor transportation– 1914 – only 6,000 miles of railroad track

• 225,000 miles in the smaller United States– Few decent roads

The Warlords

They fought for control of Beijing, to be recognised as the official government of China . The effects were disastrous, particularly on the peasants who were raped and pillaged and forced to pay taxes up to 30 years in advance, for their “protection and safety”.

Li Yuanbong Zhang Zuolin Yan Xishan Feng Yuxiang

Warlords (1913-28)

Foreign Imperialists

• Twenty-One Demands (1915)– Japan attempted to make China a Japanese

protectorate– Action condemned and stopped by other leading

world powers• World War I and the Treaty of Versailles

– China attempted to abolish concessions and extraterritoriality

• Attempt failed– China did not sign the Treaty of Versailles– Japan gained mandate over most of Germany’s Asian

possessions and rights

World War I & The Treaty of Versailles

• In 1917, China declares war on Germany– China believed by fighting for the allies that at the end of

the war, territories controlled by Germany would be returned to the people of China

– Treaty of Versailles gave Japan the former German territory

Treaty of Versailles (1919)

• All German privileges in China’s Shandong Peninsula were “transferred” to Japan

May Fourth Movement

• On May 4, 1919 over 3,000 angry Chinese students gathered in Beijing to protest the Treaty of Versailles– Demonstrations spread

to other cities throughout China

– Sun Yixian believes he can regain power, but…

Student protests in Beijing

May 4th protests

Spread of the movement

• Boycott Japanese products• Demand release of arrested students• Workers and merchants joined in• Shanghai, Nanjing, etc.• Paris, California, etc.

Tsinghua University students burn Japanese goods.

Impact• Sun Yat-Sen appealed for Russian (Soviet) aid

following the Versailles Conference– 1921-1925 – China received advisors, arms,

communist propaganda, and loans– Russia revoked its imperialist rights in China

Chinese flag, 1912-1928

His brother in law and leader of the new army Chiang Kai Shek quickly took command and established himself as leader moving against the War Lords in the successful Great Northern Expedition.

Chiang Kai Shek

The Nationalist Party

- The Nationalist Republic of China was led by Jiang Jieshi after the death of Sun Yet-sen . They improved transportation, provided a better education to more people, and encouraged industry.

- However, peasants and workers lives were not improved…

Turn to Communism and Mao Tse-Tung

Frustrated nationalism

• China’s previous efforts to borrow from the West to achieve wealth and power all failed– military hardware and related technologies– economic institutions and organization– science, scholarship, and education– government, political processes and organizations

Frustrated nationalism

• China became weaker and poorer– Continuous civil wars between warlords– Western privileges in China

• humiliated and abused in the world

The Kuomintang (KMT) is Split• Right wing

– Business people– Politicians

• Left wing– Communists– Intellectuals– Radicals– Students

New political parties

• Nationalist Party (GMD) was established– Sun Yat-Sen died in 1925– Chiang Kai-Shek was the military leader

• Communist Party was established in 1921– Mao ZeDong was one of its founding members

The Communist Party in China

• Many intellectual Chinese turned against Western Democracy and turned to Communism– As you might imagine they would considering how

the democracies treated China

• Communist Party – Lead by former university asst. librarian Mao

Zedong– Influence by the Russian Revolutions of 1917

Mao Zedong• Student of Marxism

– However, he believed the communist revolutions would not begin with urban factory workers, but with RURAL PEASANTS

– “The force of the peasantry is like that of the raging winds and driving rain. It is rapidly increasing in violence. No force can stand in its way. The peasantry will tear apart all nets which bind it…They will bury beneath them all forces of imperialism, militarism, corrupt officialdom, village bosses and evil gentry.”

Land Reform

• Mao discovered even in the 1920s that the Communists could win the support of the peasants by taking away land from the rich and sharing this with the poor.

• Mao learned how to get the vast majority of peasants on his side by concentrating the confiscations on a small minority of wealthy farmers.

Civil War in China

Civil War in China• 1927-1932, 1933-1937, 1945-1949 – war

between Communists and Nationalists– Communists – Mao Tse-tung (Mao Zedong)– Nationalists – Chiang Kai-shek

• War halted 1932-1933 and 1937-1945 to fight Japanese aggression

• Communists were victorious in 1949• Nationalists retreated to Formosa (Taiwan)• End of imperialism in China

– Hong Kong returned to China in 1997

Chinese Civil War: Japanese Invasion

• Time Out!!!– The Civil War between the

Nationalists and Red armies is suspended

• JAPAN INVADES MANCHURIA IN 1931

• By 1937 Japan invades all of China

• Nationalists and Communists unite to repel Japanese invasion

• TO BE CONTINUED AFTER WORLD WAR II…

Japanese troops entering Shenyang

Chinese Civil War

• Jiang Jieshi starts a campaign against communists– Has troops and armed gangs kill members of the

Communist Party and union members on the city streets of Shanghai

• Nearly wipes out all members of the Communist Party

• In 1928 the US and Britain recognize Jiang Jieshi as president of China– The Soviet Union does not due to persecution of

Communist Party in China

Chinese Civil War

• Mao forms the Red Army by recruiting peasants– Established themselves in the countryside of

south-central China– Trained Red Army in guerilla warfare with help

from Soviet Union

• Jiang sends Nationalists soldiers after them, but can’t completely wipe them out due to guerilla warfare

Death in Shanghai

Death in Guangzhou

China soon came to know him as the ruler of the country. He liked to be called the Genralissimo. He was able to modernise China as the electric cables for street cars shown in this picture demonstrate. Generally cities, particularly Shanghai, made great progress, even in the harsh economic climate of the 1930’s Great Depression.

The Long March

Long March

• The Long March– Jiang sends 700,000 men after Communists and

surrounds them– 100,000 Communists flee and begin a 6,000 mile-

journey (The Long March)• Tens of thousands die due to

– Starvation– Battle wounds– Exposure to the cold

– Mao and 8,000 survivors take shelter in the caves of northwestern China.

Long March

• Mao led a Communist area in Jiangxi Province in 1934

• But attacks by the Kuomintang (Nationalist Party) government army forced them to undergo the “Long March”

• Lasting over a year and covering 3700 miles to a new, safer area to the north in Shanxi Province.

Long March• The Red Army started to Long March carrying whatever it could. • 87,000 soldiers started the retreat carrying such items as

typewriters, furniture, printing presses etc. • They also took with them 33,000 guns and nearly 2 million

ammunition cartridges. • It took the Red Army 40 days to get through the blockhouses

surrounding Jiangxi but no sooner had they done this than they were attacked at Xiang by the Guomindang

• In the Battle of Xiang, the Red Army lost 45,000 men – over 50% of their fighting force.

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The Long March

The Long MarchThe Long March

Long March

• These survivors had marched over 9000 kilometres. • The march had taken 368 days. • The Long March is considered one of the great

physical feats of the Twentieth Century. However, when those who survived the march reached Yunan, they combined with the communist troops there to form a fighting strength of 80,000 which still made it a formidable fighting force against the Guomindang.

The Long March Primary Sources

Up to individual teacher to select which ones to share

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The Long March

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The Long March

“Down with the Imperialism”Red Army Propaganda Painting from the Long March

Luding Bridge

Red Army soldiers marching part of the 6,000 miles

Mao on the Long MarchCommunist leader addresses the survivors of the Long March

Cave dwellings in ShaanxiRed Army troops crossing the snowy mountains

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Mao’s Long March Poem

The Red Army fears not the trials of the March, Holding light ten thousand crags and torrents. The Five Ridges wind like gentle ripples And the majestic Wumeng roll by, globules of clay. Warm the steep cliffs lapped by the waters of Golden Sand, Cold the iron chains spanning the Tatu River. Minshan's thousand li of snow joyously crossed, The three Armies march on, each face glowing.

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The Long March• Ended December 1935, after 368 days, travelling

12,500 km• Less than 1/20 of those who set off survived• March ended in Wayabao• Red Army impressed peasants in areas that it passed• Mao declared it sowed the seeds revolution:

• “The Long March is a manifesto. It has proclaimed to the world that the Red Army is an army of heroes, while the imperialists and their running dogs, Chiang Kai-shek and his like, are impotent.”

Survivors of the March

Survivors of the March

Yanan Soviet

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The Yanan Soviet

• Chiang Kai Shek forced communists into Yanan, events with Japan stalled

• Communists needed create strategy• Problem of land reform

Yan’an, 1935-1948

• For over a decade, Mao and the Chinese Communist leadership operated from Yan’an in the north of China.

• Land reform was carried out in Yan’an.• During most of this time, the Communists were

fighting against both the KMT and the Japanese.• The Communists and the KMT competed in terms of

which best represented the national interests of China against the Japanese.

The Manchurian Incident

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The Japanese Factor

• 1931 Japanese invaded Manchuria• 1933 Japanese spreading influence• GMD in difficult situation• CCP capitalised on this

The Invasion of Manchuria• September 19, 1931: two artillery pieces installed at the Mukden officers' club opened up on

the Chinese garrison nearby.– response to the alleged Chinese attack on the railway.

• Zhang Xueliang's small air force was destroyed: 500 Japanese troops attacked approx. 7000 Chinese soldiers

• Japanese had occupied Mukden at the cost of 500 Chinese and only 2 Japanese lives.• Zhang Xueliang, under implicit instructions from Chiang Kai-shek's Nationalist Government to

stick to a nonresistance policy, – It had already urged his men not put up a fight, and to store away any weapons in case the

Japanese invaded.• Therefore, the Japanese soldiers continued to occupy and garrison the major cities of

Changchun, Antung, and their surrounding areas with minimal difficulty.• November: Ma Zhanshan, the acting governor of Heilongjiang, began resistance with his

provincial arm.• January: Generals Ting Chao and Li Du with their local Jilin provincial forces. • Within 5 months of the Mukden Incident, the Imperial Japanese Army had overrun all major

towns and cities in the provinces of Liaoning, Jilin, and Heilongjiang.

The Japanese posed an even bigger threat,taking Manchuria and putting Pu Yi on the throne as a puppet. After 1937 they invaded and conquered the rich coastal plains and cities of China in a brilliantly successful but brutal campaign, culminating in the massacre at Nanjing where 300,000 civilians were slaughtered in an orgy of rape, pillage and execution.

It then became Chiang Kai Shek’s turn to flee to the interior of China and resist as best he could in Chung king until the Americans arrived with help.

Visual Primary Sources on Invasion of China

Up to the individual teacher to select which ones to share

Chinese defeat

Chinese refugees flee to the interior

The unlucky remain in Nanjing…

….to await their fate

Japanese Aggression, 1931 - 1945

Japanese Aggression, 1931 - 1945

Victims of the Japanese bombing of Shanghai.

Victims of the Japanese bombing of Shanghai.

Japanese Soldiers March into Nanking

December 9, 1937

Japanese Soldiers March into Nanking

December 9, 1937

The Japanese Invasion, 1937

The Japanese Invasion, 1937

Remains of Chinese Children Bayoneted

by Japanese Soldiers

Remains of Chinese Children Bayoneted

by Japanese Soldiers

Japanese Bayonet Practice

Japanese Bayonet Practice

Beheadings Took Place in Public!

Beheadings Took Place in Public!

Chinese Prisoners Were Often Beheaded & Displayed

Chinese Prisoners Were Often Beheaded & Displayed

UNIT 731: Bio-Chemical Warfare

UNIT 731: Bio-Chemical Warfare

UNIT 731: Live Human Dissections

UNIT 731: Live Human Dissections

Reluctant and distrustful allies, Chiang and Mao

By 1941 the world was at war and China found a great ally in America who sent men and huge quantities of supplies. America also tried to bring the ever distrustful Nationalists and Communists together.

Chiang Kai Shek with “vinegar Joe” Stillwell

End of World War Two: Civil War Resumes

The Americans tried hard to persuade the Communists to work with Chiang.

But with the Japanese defeated, the Civil War (1946-49) began again.

Here a suspected communist is lead off to execution.

Yan’an, 2

• At the end of the Second World War, the Russians moved into Manchuria against the Japanese and were able to share some weapons with the Chinese Communists.

• Stalin urged Mao to ally with Chiang Kai-shek rather than to fight him.

It’s time for the Foreign Devils to go home.

They had started the turmoil and the fall of the Empire a 100 years before after the first Opium War.

Here they are seen escaping Shanghai as refugees from the advancing Red Army, the People’s Liberation Army. There would be no more unequal treaties.

The Communists had the best leaders, the best general Zhu De and the best tactics. America became disillusioned with the corruption of Chiang’s regime and withdrew support. Popular support for the communists among the peasants proved decisive and Chiang fled to Taiwan to set up his Republic of China.

The People’s Republic of China is declared. The Chinese have their first strong government for over a century.

Communist Victory

Communist Victory, 1949

• Due to corruption and inefficiency among the KMT leadership, the Communists took power in mainland China in October, 1949.

• The KMT leaders retreated to the island of Taiwan.

• Now Mao was in charge of the whole country.

Communists in Control – 1949• Communists and Nationalists resumed civil war

following World War II• Chiang Kai-shek’s Nationalist government wasted

foreign economic aid• Many Kuomintang deserted to Communists• Manchuria – taken over by Communists in 1948• December, 1949 -- Communists in control• Chiang Kai-shek and Nationalists retreated to

Formosa (Taiwan)

The Peoples’ Liberation Army,

1949

The Peoples’ Liberation Army,

1949

The Communist Victory

The Communist Victory

Geographical Changes

• Communist China gained control over:– Chinese– Turkestan

(Xinjiang)– Inner

Mongolia– Manchuria– Tibet

PRC = People’s Republic of China (Communists) / ROC = Republic of China (Nationalists)

Political Changes under Mao

• Communist government on mainland China

• Mao Tse-tung (Mao Zedong)– Chairman Mao – chairman

of the Communist party and leader of China – 1943-1976

Mao Zedong毛泽东

Mao and Communism Victorious

October 1949:Mao and Peoples Liberation

Army win

Jiang Jishi and Nationalists flee to Taiwan

Taiwan

Taiwan: The Republic of China

Taiwan: The Republic of China

Jiang Jieshu (1887-1975)

Jiang Jieshu (1887-1975)

(Chiang Kai-shek)(Chiang Kai-shek)

Madame Jiang Jieshu

Madame Jiang Jieshu

Republic of China (Taiwan)Jiang and Nationalists:• Establish Republic of China• Violently repress Taiwanese • Govern as if they were CHINA• Enact land reform (no longer tied to Gentry)• Defended by US, 7th Fleet• Engage in business revolution• Brilliantly successful economy• Nationalist Dictatorship• Holds seat at UN as “CHINA”

Republic of China (Taiwan)Jiang Kaishek (Jishi) dies in 1984• Jiang Ching Kuo (son takes over)• Begins democratic reforms• Dies 1988• Real Democratic Elections in 1988

Tensions between Taiwan and China have been very tense and continue to be tense at times.

Taiwan today is economically advanced, wealthy and democratic society Officially still a province of China, but functioning as a separate nation