206AR-WEEKS 3&4&5 ARCHITECTURE:AESTHETICS VOCABULARY & LISTENING & SPEAKING

206AR-WEEKS 3&4&5ARCHITECTURE:AESTHETICSVOCABULARY & LISTENING & SPEAKING

KEY WORDS

PREVIEW

CANKAYA UNIVERSITY - OFFICE OF BASIC AND ELECTIVE COURSES- ENGLISH UNIT

Aesthetics(n):


Word Formation: aesthetic(adj), aesthetically(adv)

Definition : the branch of philosophy dealing with beauty and taste (emphasizing the evaluative criteria that are applied to art)

Synonyms: artistic taste, philosophy of artAntonym: N/AEx:Buddhist monks developed signal skill in this

branch of aesthetics, and nothing could exceed the delightful harmony which they achieved between nature and art.

Emphasis (n.):


Definition : special importance or significance,

intensity or forcefulness of expression

Synonyms : significance, highlight, priorityAntonym : insignificance, unimportanceCollocations : place emphasis on give emphasis Ex: The president’s proposal places heaviest

emphasis on driving technologies calculated to produce economic benefits.

Extraordinary (adj ):


Definition : Highly unusual, exceptional or remarkable. Something extraordinary goes above and beyond what is expected. This can be good or bad.

Synonyms : exceptional, surprising, uncommon

Antonym : common, familiar, normal

Ex: Saving a child from a burning building is an extraordinary act of heroism.

Origins ( n ):


Definition : the place where something begins, where it springs into being, the first stage of existance.

Synonyms : root, source, basis

Ex: The origin of yoga was India since that’a where the practice began

Ex: The origin of the strawberries in the market is Mexico, since they were grown there.

Ornamentation (n):


Word Formation : ornament (n), ornamental(adj)

Definition : The act of adding extraneous decorations to something. Shortly, it refers to materials or features used for decorations.

Synonyms : decoration, elaborationEx: Swim wear with exposed zippers and metal

ornamentation will not be permitted in the swimming contest.

Plaster (n):


Definition : a mixture of lime or gypsum with sand and water; hardens into a smooth solid; used to cover walls and ceilings

Synonyms : cement

Ex: Clay plaster on two walls adds a delicate contrast to concrete and redwood elements

Scale (n):


Word Formation :

Definition : the ratio between the size of something and a representation of it.

Synonyms : range, rate, systemEx: Despite their scale, each of the jets had

come and gone within less than half a second.

Surround(v):


Word Formation : surrounding(adj), surrounded(adj)

Definition : extend on all sides of simultaneously; encircle

Synonyms : circle, border

Antonym : release

Ex:The forest surrounds my property

Ex: I’m surrounded by buildings in a fairyland and I see people wearing masks all over the city.

Unfamiliar(adj ):


Word Formation :

Definition : not known or well knownSynonyms : unusual, different, strangeAntonym : familiar, known, usual

Ex:Film director said viewers unfamiliar with 19th-century American history needed to be given some context.

Varied (adj):


Word Formation : vary (v)

Definition : show diversity, be different

Synonyms : diverse, various,different

Antonym : same, similar

Ex: Scholars say that the boats were first used hundreds of years earlier for varied reasons.

PREVIEWING THE ACADEMIC CONTENT

PREVIEW



Buildings surround us and are an important part of our lives.

People have strong ideas about them. For example, many say that modern

architecture is boring and ugly and that the buildings of the past were far more attractive.

Others claim that modern buildings are far more varied and interesting than what was previously possible.


In this unit, we will explore, from an architectural viewpoint, some ideas about what makes a building a good building, with an emphasis on aesthetics.


Look at the pictures of these three buildings. Then discuss the questions.


1) Which of these buildings have you seen pictures of or heard about?

2) What do you know about these buildings?

3) What do you like about each of the buildings? What do you dislike?

Look at the pictures of the three buildings. Then discuss the questions.


Very aesthetically pleasing

Not all attractive

Pompidou Center

1 2 3 4 5 6

Taj Mahal

1 2 3 4 5 6

Hundertwasser Apartments

1 2 3 4 5 6

4) Overall, do you think these buildings are attractive? For each, circle a number on the scale from one to six to express your opinion. Explain your opinion.

PREVIEWING THE ACADEMIC SKILLS FOCUS

PREVIEW



Paraphrasing is expressing other people’s ideas in your own words.

This is an essential skill in English language academic context because it is not permissible to present another person’s ideas as your own or to copy another person’s words.

A paraphrase is usually about the same length as the original spoken or written source, while a summary is always shorter than the original source.

This is a key distinction between a paraphrase and a summary.

Paraphrasing: The First Step to Summarizing


It is helpful to know paraphrasing techniques before you learn how to summarize. Here are a few techniques; Use synonyms for the key words in a sentence. Change the form of the key words in a

sentence(change nouns to verbs, verbs to adjectives, adjectives to nouns, and so on)

Change the structure of a sentence( change the organization of the clauses)

Change the voice of a sentence(from active to passive,or passive to active)




1&2


Read the excerpt from an architecture textbook.

As you read, pay attention to the main ideas.

Read three summaries of the excerpt. In the chart, check the features that

each summary has.


Feature of Summaries A B C

Much shorter than the original text * * *

Includes all the important ideas *

Only includes important ideas * *

Leaves out detailed information such as numbers and dates, unless they are very important.

* *

Does not include the opinions of the summary writer

* *

Uses the summary writer’s own words, rather than repeating words from the original

* *

2. Answers

KEY WORDS

BUILDING ACADEMIC LISTENING SKILLS


Affectionate(adj):


Definition: having or displaying warmth or affection. Being affectionate is being warm, tender, and loving. A hug is an affectionate gesture.

Synonym: tender, warm ,lovingAntonym: cold, cool, dislikingEx: I grew up in a family with

an affectionate but complicated relationship with ice cream.

Brick(n):


Definition: rectangular block of baked clay; used as a building or paving material.

Synonyms: cinder block, cube, stoneEx: "I feel like hitting my head against

a brick wall," he says.Ex: Some people like to see players run

through brick walls all the time.

Cathedral(n):


Definition: the principal Christian church building of a bishop's diocese. Any large and important church.

Synonyms: holy place, templeEx: Later, there was an informal memorial

gathering in the grounds in front of the cathedral.

Concrete(n):

Definition: a strong hard building material composed of sand and gravel and cement and water.

Ex: It made sense to do a concrete bookcase since books are so heavy.

Ex: Sidewalks, foundations, and highways are all made of concrete.


Curve(n):

Definition: A continously bending line, without angles.

Synonyms: round, circle, bendingAntonym: lineEx: He had a kind of curve in his spine and

should have been operated as soon as possible.


Elegant(adj):

Definition: refined and tasteful in appearance or behavior or style.

Synonyms: effective,nice, stylishAntonyms: ugly, unfashionableEx: David Orozco, an artist and stay-at-

home father, developed an elegant, boxy framework.


Generate(v):

Definition: bring into existence, give or supply.Synonyms: produce, create, set upAntonyms: break, destroyEx: Europe and the United States nonetheless continue to generate the most food waste.


Rectangle(n):

Definition: A rectangle is any shape with four sides and four right angles.

Synonyms: square, figureEx: In the last few years, consumer

electronics have started to share one characteristic, no matter who makes them: they're all rectangles.


Reinforced(adj):

Definition: When something is reinforced, it is stronger or more supported than before.

Synonyms: supported, strengthenedAntonyms: Backless, weakEx: Cultivating an ecosystem

was reinforced by knowledge sharing, network building, and uplifting anecdotes.


Repetition(n):

Definition: the act of doing or performing again and again.

Synonyms: echo, practice, exerciseEx: Improvements can only come

with repetition and muscle memory.


Serene(adj)

Definition: describe someone who is calm and untroubled.

Synonyms: calm, comfortable, coolAntonyms: excited, troubledEx: The prime minister has also

seemed serene about the country’s position.


Texture(n):

Definition: the feel of a surface or a fabric.

Synonyms: framework, structureEx: They are based on geometric forms,

but both sculptors’ work have the same rough texture,” Mr. Marks said.


Temple(n):

Definition: A building where people go to Worship, for example in the Jewish, Hindu, Mormon religion.

Synonyms: cathedral, churchEx: The temples were once the heart of

village life, serving as meeting places, guesthouses and community centers.


BEFORE YOU LISTEN



1.

Work in small groups. Look at the photographs and information about

the buildings that the professor will discuss in the lecture.

Then read the Claim to Fame statements. These statements describe features of the

buildings that made them famous. Decide which building each Claim to Fame

statements describes. Write the statement in the correct places in the

chart.


MLC Centre: DSydney Opera House: BChrysler Building: ETaj Mahal: FDurham Cathedral: CTodai-ji: A


1. ANSWERS

Read the key words on this page and on the next page.

Decide which relate to a form, material, or type of building, and which is an adjective that describes a building.

Organize the word in the chart.


2.

FORM MATERIAL TYPES of Building

ADJECTIVE

curverectanglereinforcedrepetitiontexturesurface

concretebrick

cathedraltemple

elegantenergeticmonotonousrichserene


2. ANSWERS

Work with a partner. What is your emotional response to the

buildings you discussed in exercise 1? Which adjectives would you choose to

describe each of the buildings? Use the adjectives from the chart in

Exercise 2 and add some of your own. Discuss your choices. Do you agree with

each other’s choice?


3.

GLOBAL LISTENING



Major points are main ideas and supporting details that are necessary for understanding-the essential information.These include evidence and explanations.

Minor points are additional details or information that add interest to the lecture but are not necessary for understanding-non-essential information. These often include examples.CANKAYA UNIVERSITY - OFFICE OF BASIC AND ELECTIVE COURSES- ENGLISH UNIT

Distinguishing Major from Minor Points and Essential from Non-essential Information

How can you identify main ideas?1.Think about the focus of the lecture beforehand. The major points will support the focus.2.Listen carefully to the introduction. The thesis will state the main point or opinion of the lecture, and the scope will give the main ideas to be covered.3.Listen for logical connectives and certain phrases that often introduce main ideas and supporting details, for example:Let’s begin with.....Most importantly......



Sometimes a lecturer also gives emphasis to a point after saying it.

Notice that in the following sentences, this and that refer to the previous idea. I believe this is a key point. I think that goes a long wayto explaining

why.....



Pay attention to how the lecturer is talking about major points and ideas that the lecturer emphasizes-perhaps by speaking more slowly, more clearly, more loudly, or more quietly.

As a check, ask yourself these questions: Is this information important for me to

understand the purpose of the lecture? Is it an important detail that supports the

main idea?



1.

Professors often post course notes on their websites.

Look at the overview of the lecture you will listen to.

Work in pairs. Think of at least 3 questions that you

think may be answered in the lecture. Write them on the next page of your

book.


1. What are the three techniques?2. How do these techniques work?3. What is the lesson that modern

architects can learn?


1. Possible Answers

2.

Listen to the introduction of the lecture. Answer the questions.


2. Possible answers:

1. Good buildings inspire strong emotional

responses.2. a. form b. texture c. scale


3.

Copy the main ideas from question 2 in exercise 2 onto the first column of the chart.

Then listen to the whole lecture. How does the lecturer indicate the main

ideas? Check all that apply. Then compare your chart with a

partner’s.


3. Answers

Main Idea Signals the pointbefore explaining it(e.g. let’s move on to

Gives emphasis tothe point aftermentioning it

Changes how hetalks

Form * *

Texture * * *

Scale * *


4.

Listen to the lecture again. Complete the chart on the next page. Then compare your answers with a

partner’s. Discuss any differences.


4. Possible Answers:


5.

Use your notes to answer the questions. What is the effect of variety on both form

and texture?Positive Effect Why, according to the lecturer, do older

buildings look better than modern buildings?

They have more varied texture.


FOCUSED LISTENING



Identifying Non-essential Information, Including Digressions and Asides Lecturers often try to make their lectures

sound interesting, lively and friendly. One way they do this is by telling

personal stories, giving personal opinions, or mentioning other points that might be interesting but are not essential to the lecture.

These short trips into different topics are called digressions and asides.


Here is how to recognize digressions and asides Try to notice if the lecturer is talking about a

personal story, or if the topic is quite different from the main ideas.

Try to notice whether facts mentioned are relevant

Pay attention to the words and phrases that the lecturer uses. Digressions and asides are often introduced with phrases such as by the way, incidentally, and while we’re on the subject.


Identifying Non-essential Information, Including Digressions and Asides

1.

Listen to the excerpts from the lecture. Make notes about the non-essential information.


1. Possible answers

Excerpt 1: a lovely building (personal opinion)Excerpt 2: world’s tallest building (not relevant to the topic);

an office building (not relevant to emotional responses)

Excerpt 3: ninth favorite building in the U.S. (interesting

fact, but not essential)Excerpt 4: wonderful place to visit, very friendly (not

relevant to the topic); went there a few years ago (personal anecdote)


2.

In addition to course notes, professors often post slides on their websites.

Usually, the notes or slides will only include the main ideas and you will need to fill in the details

Now, listen to the lecture again. Then fill in the missing details in the slides

on pages 84-85. Don’t take notes about digressions, asides,

or non-essential information.CANKAYA UNIVERSITY - OFFICE OF BASIC AND ELECTIVE COURSES- ENGLISH UNIT

2. Possible answers

Slide 1: Taj Mahal: serene, relaxed, peace, calmSydney Opera House: elegant, energetic

Slide 2: MLC Centre: rectangular, interest,

boredom, anger, nothingSydney Opera House: curved, interesting,

shape = yachts sails, more affectionate


2. Possible answers

Slide 3:

Chrysler Building: variety, more curves, interesting shape, more interest, far more to look at;

MLC Centre: plain block, box

Slide 4:

General statement: windows + decoration = pattern;

Chrysler Building: same pattern not over whole building, more interesting surfaces, more people like it because of texture, more positive emotional

MLC Centre: same pattern, whole height


2. Possible answers

Slide 5: old buildings: far richer, more detailednew buildings: large areas same texturemodern architects forgot same texture all over = boringSlide 6: people prefer bigger housesTaj Mahal would have different effect if it was only 12 feet

highbig not necessarily good—but emotional response differentreligious buildings—high because sense of power,

importanceSlide 7: emotional response = most important / appearance


3.

Work with a partner. Use your notes to answer the questions. Possible answers:

1. MLC building; form and texture are boring; inspire a negative emotional response in him

2. yacht sails

3. patterns

4. yes (though not as much as the MLC Centre)

5. older buildings: richer, more detailed

6. that rich texture is less boring

7. no; the emotional response is different, not necessarily better or worse

8. They should consider emotional response first (when designing building’s appearance).CANKAYA UNIVERSITY - OFFICE OF BASIC AND ELECTIVE COURSES- ENGLISH UNIT

4.

Work with a partner to summarize the lecture.

You can use these expressions: The lecture talks about ... The first/second/third point is ... An important example of this ...


KEY WORDS

BUILDING ACADEMIC READING SKILLS


Arch(n):

Definition: Shape or structure with a curved top and straight sides.

Synonyms: round,domeEx: Two rows of trees arched over the

driveway.


Balanced(adj):

Definition: being in a state of proper equilibrium.

Synonym. Stabilized,fairAntonym: imbalanced, unequalEx:We will have to promote

a balanced approach, recognizing that both discipline and solidarity are needed,


Column(n):

Definition: A tall, vertical structure used to support a roof, or as decoration.

Synonym: strip, pileEx: Ivory columns made the dining room

larger.


Consistent(adj):

Definition: the same throughout in structure or composition.Synonym: regular, sameAntonym: irregular, varyingEx: Leeds' pressing was energetic, but also impressively consistent throughout the game.


Dome(n)

Definition: Shape that is like a ball cut in half.

Synonym: arcade, coveringEx: The Dome of the Rock, in Jerusalem, is

a Muslim shrine with a golden dome that sits on a holy rock.


Durability(n):

Definition: The ability to stay in good condition for a long time.

Word Formation: Durable(adj)Synonym: endurance, persistenceAntonym: poorness, weaknessEx: The machines have to be made of

durable materials.Ex: The resolution calls for a durable

peace settlement.


Elaboration (n):

Definition: The supply of extra details.Word Formation: elaborate(adj)Synonyms: decoration, ornamentAntonyms: simplificationEx: All these dishes are familiar, just

improved by ingenuity and elaboration.


Emerge(v):

Definition: come out into view, as from concealment.

Synonym: come out, ariseAntonym: disappear, fade, leaveEx: The public prosecutor has said new

evidence has emerged, meaning a verdict may be postponed.


Façade(n):

Definition: The front of a building, especially a large and important one.

Synonym: window display, mask, coverEx: Troubling signs were evident in the

brick facade on 20th Street.


Pediment(n):

Definition: A flat, triangular shape, often above the entrance to buildings.

Ex: The huge sculptures on the pediment were titled “Integrity Protecting the Works of Man.”


Prominent(adj):

Definition: famous or importantSynonym: outstanding, flashy, preferredAntonym: invisible, worse, depressed Ex: Now 32 years old, she’s one of

Uganda’s most prominent woman rights activists.


Proportions(n):

Definitions: Relationships between length, width, height, and depth; good proportions are aesthetically pleasing.

Synontms: size, volume,range, harmonyAntonyms: disproportion, imbalancedEx: We’re conditioned to think of a human

face as having certain proportions.


Requirement(n):

Definition: required activity; anything indispensable

Synonyms: necessity, concern, fundamental

Antonyms: oppositionEx: While both the United States and

Europe have strict requirements on auto safety and emissions, the rules are different in Turkey.


Satisfy(v):

Definition: To satisfy is to fulfill or meet a want, need, requirement, or expectation.

Synonyms: Please, contentAntonyms: Disappoint, discontent, upsetEx: A glass of water will satisfy your thirst.


Sculpture(n):

Definition: A three dimensional work of art.

Synonyms: Figure, replica, shapeEx: British artist Marc Quinn unveiled

a sculpture of his baby son, titled Planet, in Singapore.


Speculate(v):

Definition: When you speculate, you use what you know to make a prediction about a result.

Synonyms: theorize, guessAntonyms: ignore, neglectEx: Philosophers have speculated on the

question of God for thousands of years.


BEFORE YOU READ



1.

Work with a partner.

Look at the photos.

Discuss the questions on page 86.


1.


2. What would the lecturer in Section 2 think of these buildings? Work with a partner to complete the chart.


WainwrightBuilding

Parthenon MacquarieUniversity

Form rectangular, littlevariation

Basicallyrectangularsome variation

many rectangles,little variation

Texture very regular, boring,repetitive

some variation, quite a lot of detail in places

very regular, boring,repetitive

Scale surroundingbuildings arelarger—newer

large, dominates the city

looks large

3.

The text you are going to read introduces a lot of vocabulary related to architecture.

Work with a partner.Label the elements in the photograph on page 87 with key words.


GLOBAL READING



1. Skim the text and complete the task 1&2 on page 90.1. What is the thesis of the reading selection? What makes a building attractive?2. Which body paragraphs do these points best summarize? A-para:6 B-para:9 C-para:8

D-para: 2-3E-para: 5F-para: 4G-para: 7


FOCUSED READING



1.

Read the list of ideas, styles, and features.

With whom are they associated? Scan the text, and write the name from

the box next to each idea. For some ideas, more than one answer is

possible. Then compare your answers with

another student’s.


1. Sullivan2. Romans3. Alberti4. Vitruvius5. ancient

Greeks, Romans, Alberti

6. Sullivan7. Loos8. Vitruvius9. ancient

Greeks, Alberti10. Vitruvius11. ancient

Greeks, AlbertiCANKAYA UNIVERSITY - OFFICE OF BASIC AND ELECTIVE COURSES- ENGLISH UNIT

1. Possible Answers

2.

Work with a partner. The words and expressions in the box

are all in the text. Use context to help you match the terms

with their meanings.


renaissance characteristic trend stand the test of

time ratio ideal the writing is on

the wall

on the way out excess predominate raise (their)

spirits popularize proponent utility


2. Possible Answers

Distinguishing Essential from Non-essential Information in Written Texts In writing, information sometimes

appears in a sidebar or footnote. Other times, though, it is not signaled. If you are reading for an academic

purpose, you can often ignore information that is not important to your purpose for reading.


3.

Read the excerpts from the reading. Imagine that you are reading the

excerpts to gather information for an academic assignment about what makes a building attractive.

For each excerpt, discuss with a partner which information is most essential for your purpose.

Underline this information.


3. Answers

Excerpt 1:«This is called... That ancient Greeks knew

about.» The other sentences are not about architecture.

Excerpt 2:«Since then, ... Pleasing proportions» The first sentence explains that certain features

have made buildings attractive to the western eyes. Second sentence gives more info abut that, but the last sentence is more about engineering rather than aesthetics.CANKAYA UNIVERSITY - OFFICE OF BASIC AND ELECTIVE COURSES- ENGLISH UNIT

4.

Do you think the sidebar in the reading is essential or non-essential for the main purpose? Why?

Non-essential, it gives details.


5.

Read the text again. Work with a partner and discuss the

questions.


5. Possible Answers

MLC Centre: Loos would like it the most, because there’s

no ornamentation. It looks durable, so Vitruvius would like that

aspect, but he probably would not like the lack of beauty.

Alberti may like the proportions, but would probably want to see a bit of ornamentation.

Sullivan would probably like it because the building’s form definitely follows function.


5. Possible Answers

Sydney Opera House: Loos would like the lack of ornamentation It may well meet all of Vitruvius’s criteria. Sullivan probably wouldn’t like it because

form does not follow function at all. Alberti would probably agree about the

beauty of the building, but he would probably not like the proportions.


5. Possible Answers

Chrysler Building: It probably has too much ornamentation for

Loos. It probably has just enough ornamentation

for Sullivan and Alberti, but Alberti would probably not like the proportions because it does not follow the golden ratio.

The building meets Vitruvius’s principles of durability, utility, and beauty.


5. Possible Answers

Durham Cathedral: Loos would probably hate the

ornamentation, but Albertiwould probably like it.

Vitruvius would like the durability, utility, and beauty.

The building has probably too much ornamentation for Sullivan.


5. Possible Answers

Taj Mahal: If it is close to the golden ratio, Vitruvius

and Alberti would like all aspects of it. Loos would not like the texture, surfaces, or

ornamentation. Sullivan would probably argue that the

function follows form. The building probably has too much

ornamentation for Sullivan to like it.


5. Possible Answers

Todai-ji: If it is close to the golden ratio, Vitruvius

and Alberti would like all aspects of it. Loos would not like the texture or surfaces. The building meets Sullivan’s criteria for

function, but it probably has too much ornamentation for Sullivan to like it.


BEFORE YOU SPEAK

BUILDING ACADEMIC SPEAKING SKILLS


1.

Read the newpaper article and underline the author’s opinions.

Answers: Probably not. The evidence points to

another factor: money. Prefabricated materials, which lead to

boring, repetitive patterns . . . Profit first, aesthetics last.


2.

Work in small groups and answer the questions below. Which points in the article do you agree

with? Which points do you in the article do you

disagree with? Why?


PARAPHRASING

A good paraphrase: Uses few words from the original Has the same meaning as the original Includes neither more nor a lot less

information than the original


PARAPHRASING

You can use the following techniques to help you paraphrase:

Cover the original text and write from memory Put the ideas of the original in a different order Use synonyms or near-synonyms Change word forms Use different grammatical form. Use one sentence to paraphrase several

sentences


3.


Read the paraphrases of the final paragraph of the newapaper article on page 93.

Answer the question on page 95. Compare your answers with a partner’s.

3. Answers


1. Paraphrase 32. Paraphrase 1 uses too many words from

the original. Paraphrase 2 misses too much

information from the original. Paraphrase 4 includes information that

is not in the original.3. Put ideas in different order; use near

synonyms (e.g. detailed for intricate); use a different grammatical form (sentences rather than questions)

4.


Paraphrase these points from the article. Work with a partner and check each

others’ parapharases.


Documents

206AR-WEEKS 3&4&5 ARCHITECTURE:AESTHETICS VOCABULARY & LISTENING & SPEAKING