2 0 5 . Int. Ped. Book of Snow leooardsll:205-217,1980

AUTOPSY F]NDTNGS AND CAUSEIJ O,F DEATI{ TN CAPTTVE

SNOW LEOPARDS (PAN"HERA IINCTA):A PRELTMINARY REPSRT

C a r l W a h l b c r g , D . V . M .T h e H c l - s i n k i Z o oS F - O O 5 7 O H e l - s i n k i 5 2 , F i n l a n d

f n t r o d u c t i o n

A t t h c f i r s t S n o w L e o p a r d C o n f e r c n c e h e 1 d . i n 1 9 7 g i nH c l s i n k i , c e r t a i n r c s c a r c h p r o J e c t s w e r e b e g u n a n d d i v i d c da m o n g t h e c o n f e r c e s . A c c o r d i n g t o t h c r e s o l _ u t i o n f r o mt h c c o n f c r c n c e , t h e a u t h o r w i l r - c o r l e c t a n d e v a l u a t e p o s tm o r t e m r e p o r t s o f S n o w l c o p a r d s . T t w a s r c c o m m c n d e d . t h a tt h c p o s t m o r t e m r c p o r t s b e s c n t t o t h c s t u d b o o k k c e p e r ( t ) .

Thcrc a re few notcs on t t rc cau.ses o f deat t r in Snowl e o p a r d s i n p r e w i o u s l i t c r a t u r e .

A e c o r d i n g t o J o n c s ( z ) , t h e s p e c i e s i s r v e r y s u s c c p t i b l ct o f c l i n e e n t e r i t i s i n c a p t i v i t y a n d m o s t h a v e d i c d . f r o mt h i s o r p n e u m o n i a a l t h o u g h i t h c r e h a s b c e n o t h e i f a c t o r sa s w e l l r r .

F r c c m a n ( 3 ) t r a s c o l l - c c t c d . d . a t a o n c u b m o r t a l i t y a n d . s t a t e dt h a t ' t s t i l l b i r t h s a n d a b o r t i . o n s , m i s t r c a t m c n t b y t h ep a r c n t s , a n d i n f e c t i o n s a s p n c u m o n i a a n d e n t e r i t i s , w c r ct h e r r m a J o r k i l - l e r s o f y o u n g s n o w l e o p a r d . s i l .

Mater ia l and Mcthods

1 5 1 p o s t m o r t c m r e p o r t s f r o m h 6 z o o s i n 1 4 d i f f c r e n t

c o u n t r i c s w e r e c o l l c c t c d b y t h c e n d o f 1 9 7 9 . A c c o r d i n gt o t he S tudbookn , t hc rc wc re 352 reg i s t c r cd dea ths i ncap t i vc Snow l copa rds i n t hc yca rs 1997_1g7g . Thc ma tc r i a lt hus r cp resen ts 465 o t t hc t o ta l numbc r .

o ldes t cases i n t h i s s tudy a rc f r om 1929 , 193Ot and932. t r ' rom 1!60 on, thcy arc more abundant . Many of thc

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r c p o r t s a r e v e r y l a c o n i c , m e n t i o n i n g o n l y t l . c c a u s e o fd c a t h o r t h e s u s p c c t e d c a u s e o f d e a t h . S o m e r e p o r t s a r er a t h . e r d e t a i l e d . r , . w i t h c L i n i c a l h i s t o r y , g r o s s p a t h o l o g y ,h i s t o l o g y , a n d l a b o r a t o r y f i n d i n g s . A 1 1 t h e r e p o r t s w e r ei n e x t e n s o t r a n f e r r e d t o S p e e d e x c a r d s .

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o n t h e r e p o r t e d c a u s c o f d . e a t hJ-og ica l_ f ind i .ngs .

p o s s i b l e p w a s f o u n d , b a s e d .

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n o s i g n o f a i r i n t h e i r 1 u n g s . T n s o m e c a s e s , e s p c c i a l l yi n t h c w i l d - b o r n a n i m a l s , t h e y e a r o f c a p t u r e b u t n o tt h e a g e , i s k n o w n . f n t h c s c c a s e s , t h e a g e h a s b e c ne s t i m a t e d w i t h t h e u s e o f a w a i l a b l e d a t a . A c a s e i s r e -f c r r e d t o a s f r o l d . a g e r w h c n t h e m a i n c h a n g c s a r e d u c t os e n i 1 - e d e g e n e r a t i o n .

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u p t h e s e c o n d l a r g e s t g r o u p a f t e r t h e i n f e c t i o n s r w i t l .

a t o t a l o f 3 3 c a s e s o t 2 0 , 6 / . o f t h e t o t a l . f n m o s t o f

t h e c a s e s ( S Z ' f t ) , t l . e t r a u m a w a s i n f l - i c t e d b y a n o t h e r a n i -

m a l - : t l . e m o t h e r , a c a g e m a t e o f t h e s a m e o r o p p o s i t e s e x ,

o r a n a n i m a l i n a c a g e c 1 - o s e b y . T n t h r e e c a s e s , t h e

c a u s e o f t h e t r a u m a w a s o b v i o u s J - y i n t h e : c o n s t r u c t i o n

o f t h e e n c l o s u r e . F o u r c a s e s o f s u f f o c a t i o n d u e t o a s -

p i r a t i o n o f i n g e s t a a r e r e p o r t e d . O n e o f t h e s e o c c u r e d

u n d e r a n e s t h e s i a , t w o o f t h e s e i n a n i m a l - s d e b i l i t a t e d

b y i n f e c t i o n s ( o n e b y S a l m o n e l l o s i a a n d o n e b y H e m o b a r -

t o n e l l o s i s ) . f n o n e c a s e , t h e r e a s o n f o r t h e a s p h y x i a -

t i o n i s n o t c l e a r . T n f o u r c a s e s , t h e t r a u m a t i c d e a t h

w a s c a u s e d b y s t r o c k d u e t o h a n d l i n g o r h e a t . T n o n e c a s e ,

t t re t raumat ic shock was caused by gas t r i c d i la ta t ion and

i n o n e c a s e , b y t o x i n e s p r o d u c e d b y f 1 y m a g g o t s .

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v o l v e d a 5 n o n t h o 1 d m a l e w h o w a s k i l l e d b y t t r a t p o i s o n r r , i n

t h e o t t r e r c a s e , t t r e a g e n t i - s s t i 1 l n o t k n o w n .

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Two cases o f pu lmonary carc inoma t rave been repor ted . fn

b o t h c a s e s , t t r e y w e r e a g e d a n i m a l s a n d w i l d - b o r n . O n e f e -

male o f approx imate ly 16 years o f age and kept in capt iv i t y

fo r '12 years , and one mal .e o f the same age, kept in cap-

t i v i t y f o r 1 3 y e a r s , s u f f e r e d f r o m d i s s e m i n a t i n g p u l m o n a r y

c a r c i n o m a s . T h e y w e r e k e p t i n s e p a r a t e z o o s . O n e c a s e o f

a gas t r i c carc inoma in an approx imate l -y I year o ld , w i ld -

b o r n m a l e , o n e c e r w i c a l c a n c e r i n a w i l d - b o r n f e m a l e o f o

1 0 y e a r s o f a g e a n d k e p t i n c a p t i v i t y f o r 9 1 / 2 y e a r s r . a n d

one case o f a mye loma in a w i1-d-born female kept 1 1 yea is

i n cap t i v i t y we re repo r ted , t hus comp le t i ng t he l i s t o f

ma l i gnan t t umors . The neop lasms compr i se J .8y ' t o f t he t o t

2 1 8 r .

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T h e 1 3 c a s e s o f c o n g e n i t a l d . e f e c t s o f i m p o r t a n c e w e r ed e t e c t e d i n a g e g r o u p s b e l o w Z - 5 y e a r s , a l . l b u t o n ei n t h e g r o u p s b e l o w o n e y e a r o f a g e .

f t i s p o s s i b l e , t h o u g h , t h a t a J _ a r g e p e r c e n t a g e o f t h ec u b s | t s t i l l b o r r r r r o r r r e a t e n b y m o t h e r r 5 a v e h a d a c o n g e n i t a l ,l e t h a l d e f e c t t h a t h a s n o t b e e n p o s s i b l e t o d e t e c t . E i g h to f t h e c a s e s r e p o r t e d a s c o n g e n i t a r . d e f e c t s b e l o n g e d t o t h ec o l o b o m a c o m p l e x ( 4 ) . S i x o f t h e s e c a s e s w e r e f r o m t h eH e l s i n k i Z o o . O f t h e s e s i x , f i v e w e r e e u t h a n i z e d b e c a u s eof severe changes in the eye , wh i l -e one d ied a t the ageo f 2 8 d a y s d u e t o a c o n g e n i t a l h e a r t f a i l u r e i n a d d i t i o nt o o c u l a r c o l o b o m a

TVo more cubs w i th co l_obomatous changes are found int h e p o s t m o r t e m r e p o r t : o n e f r o m a z o o i n t h e U . S . A ,where a cub w i t t r a spJ- i t eye l id d ied in an in fec t ion re -ce ived a t b i r th , and one f rom the Nether lands , where ac u b d i e d i n t r T o x o c a r a i n f e c t i o n a n d . d e g e n e r a t i o n o fl l - ver? t and was a lso repor ted to have i labnormal , asym_m e t r i c s k u l l , o n l y o n e c o n d y l u s , n o e y e l i d s n . T h e s ec a s e s o b v i o u s l y b e 1 o n g t o t h e c o l o b o m a c o m p t r e r .

?wo o f the cubs in He ls ink i tha t had. to be eu than i_zedbecause o f co l -oboma showed a nonpuru len .b men ing l r t j : s /nen ingoencepha l i t i s . Th j .s fac t cou ld poss ib ly p rove

a v i r a l e t h i o l o g y t o t h e c o n g e n i t a l d e f e c t . ( t n t f r i sp a p e r , t h e y a r e , t r o w e v e r , n o t l i s t e d a s v i r a l d i s e a s e . )

r e m d . i n i n g c a s e s w i t h c o n g e n i t a ! . d e f e c t s w e r e i n _luded as hav ing non ly one k id .neyr r , one w i th a mal_orned rLb cager one w i th a la rge umbi lLca l hern ia tha t

e d i n a p e r i t o n i t i s f o l l o w e d b y s e p t i c a e m i a , a n d o n ewith a c lef t palate. one female was euthanized atage o f t h ree yea rs due to i l congen i t a l deb i l i t a t l on

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F o r i n s t a n c e , t l - e c a s e s o f l - i v e r c i r r h o s i s t w h i c h f o r m s

a g r o u p o f s p e c i a l i n t e r e s t , a r e f o u n d h e r e . T t r e r e a r e

r e p o r t e d s i n g l e c a s e s o f r e n a l f a i l u r e , g a s t r i c u l c e r ,

e p i l e p s i a , d y s t o r c i a , a n d t r e a r t i n J u r y . T h e l a r g e s t

g r o u p L s l l . w e r c i r r h o s i s , w i t h 1 4 r e p o r t e d c a s e s . I n

n i n e o f . t h e s e c a s e s , t h e l " i v e r c i r r h o s i s w a s r e p o r t e d

t o b e t h e o n J - y o r t o b e t h e a b s o l u t e l y d o m L n a t J . n g

p a t h o l o g i c f i n d i n g . I n f i w e c a s e s , t h e r e w e r e

c o n s i d e r a b l e c h a n g e s i n o t h e r o r g a n s a s w e l l a n d t h e

l i v e r c l " r r h o s i s c o u l d o b v l " o u s l y b e s e e n a s a r e s u L t

o f t h e s e , f n t w o c a s e s , t t r e f i b r o s L s w a s f o u n d i n

c o n n e c t i o n w i t h n e o p l a s m a t i c d l s e a s e , o n e m y e l o m a ,

a n d o n e g a s t r i c c a r c L n o m a , a n 4 i n t h r e e c a s e s ,

c h r o n i c i n f l a m m a t o r y c h a n g e s w e r e p r e s e n t i n t h e

o t h e r p a r e n c h y m a t o u s o r g a n s a s w e l l ,

T h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f l l - v e r c i r r h o s i s a c c o r d i n g t o a g e ,

s e x , a n d w i l d / c a p t l v e b o r n L s s t r o w n i n F i g u r e J .

Summarv

T?re most common cause o f death in the capt ive snow

l e o p a r d s r e e m s t o b e i n f e c t i o u s d l s e a s e w l t h l o e a l i s a t l o n

L n t h e r e s p L r a t o r y o r g a n s . T h e m o s t c r l t i c a l a g e s e e m s

t o b e u n d e r o n e m o n t t r a n d b e t w e e n t w o a n d t e n y e a r s o f

a g e .

The second largest group is death due to t rauma, being

abso lu te l y dominan t Ln the age g roup unde r ono mon th .

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R e f e r e n c e s

' l , B lomqv is t , Le i f : F i rs t L : l te rna t iona l Snow leopard

C o n f e r e n c 6 i n H e l s i n k i , 7 f t . - 8 t h M a r c t r 1 9 7 8 , I n t e r -

n a t . Z o o N e w s 2 5 ( 5 ) , m o , 1 5 3 t 5 ' 6 t 1 9 7 8 "

2 , Jones , Marv in : The Snow leopard in cap i i v i t y ' In :

E a t o n ( P a . ) : T h e l f o r l d ' s C a t s f | 2 6 4 - 2 7 2 , M e t r o p o l -

i t a n P r i n t . C o m p . , P o r t l a n d , O r e g o n , 1 9 7 3 .

3 . Freeman, He len : A pre l lm inary s tudy o f the be t rav iour

o f c a p t i v e S n o w l e o p a r d s r P a n t t r e r a u n c i a . I n t e r n a t '

Z o o Y e a r b o o k 1 5 : 2 1 7 - 2 2 2 , 1 9 7 5 .

4 , Wah lberg , Car l : A case o f mu l t ip le ocu la r co loboma

i n a S n o w l e o p a r d . I n t . P e d . B o o k o f S n o w l e o p a r d s

I : 1 0 8 - 1 1 2 ' 1 9 7 8 .