A EPAUnited States ._-~ Environmental Protection " Agency

2021 SmartWay Truck Carrier Partner Tool:

Truck Tool Technical Documentation

U.S. Version 2.0.20 (Data Year 2020)

EPA-420-B-21-002 I January 2021 I SmartWay Transport Partnership I epa.gov/smartway

ft EA~United States 1111ii.•~ Environmental Protection ~, Agency

2021 SmartWay Truck Carrier Partner Tool:

Truck Tool Technical Documentation

U.S. Version 2.0.20 (Data Year 2020)

Transportation and Climate Division Office of Transportation and Air Quality U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

EPA-420-B-21-002 January 2021

Table of Contents 1.0 OVERVIEW ................................................................................................................ 7

2.0 DATA INPUTS AND SOURCES ........................................................................................... 8 2.1 CO2 Factors............................................................................................................................. 8 2.2 NOx, PM and BC Factors .............................................................................................................10 2.3 Alternative Fuels .....................................................................................................................18 2.4 PM Control Effectiveness............................................................................................................20

3.0 EMISSION AND ACTIVITY ESTIMATION ...............................................................................21 3.1 CO2 Emissions .........................................................................................................................21 3.2 NOx, PM and BC Emissions ..........................................................................................................22 3.3 Activity Calculations.................................................................................................................26 3.4 Data Validation .......................................................................................................................31

4.0 PERFORMANCE METRICS...............................................................................................65

SmartWay Technical Documentation ǀ Table of Contents 3

Appendices Appendix A: MOVES2014b NOx, PM & BC Emission Factors (g/mi) 2020 Calendar Year .............................. A-1 Appendix B: NOx, PM & BC Idle Factors – g/hr .............................................................................. B-1

Appendix C: Derivation of National Average g/kW-hr Emission Factors ................................................ C-1 Appendix D: PERE Efficiency Modeling Methodology....................................................................... D-1

SmartWay Technical Documentation ǀ Table of Contents 4

5

10

15

20

25

List of Tables Table 1. CO2 Factors by Fuel Type* .............................................................................................. 9 Table 2. Weighted Average Reefer Fuel Factors (g/gallon).................................................................11

Table 3. MOVES Source Types Associated with Class 2b – 8b Vehicles ....................................................12 Table 4. Default Speed Category Distributions by Vehicle Class for Urban Operation (MOVES2010a basis)........24 Table . Average Payload and Standard Deviation (short tons) by Vehicle Class/Body-Type/SmartWay Category (2011 Partner Data) ................................................................................................................28 Table 6. Payload Validation Ranges (Short Tons) for LTL and Package Delivery Fleets................................30 Table 7. Basic Range and Logical Checks ......................................................................................31

Table 8. Consistent Body-Types Resulting in No Warning Messages .......................................................34 Table 9. Reefer Fuel Consumption Validation Ranges .......................................................................36

Table . Truck Fleet Groupings Used for Distributional Analysis .........................................................37 Table 11. Outlier Definition ......................................................................................................38 Table 12. Values Flagged as Outliers ...........................................................................................38

Table 13. “Red” and “Yellow” Flag Criteria...................................................................................43 Table 14. Yellow/Red Criteria by Fleet Group/Metric Combination Annual Miles per Vehicle.......................48 Table . Yellow/Red Criteria by Fleet Group/Metric Combination Miles per Gallon .................................49

Table 16. Yellow/Red Criteria by Fleet Group/Metric Combination % Revenue Miles .................................50 Table 17. Yellow/Red Criteria by Fleet Group/Metric Combination % Empty Miles....................................51 Table 18. Yellow/Red Criteria by Fleet Group/Metric Combination Idle Hours and Days of Use per Year.........52

Table 19. Number of Values Flagged by Fleet Group/Metric Combination Annual Miles per Vehicle ...............53 Table . Number of Values Flagged by Fleet Group/Metric Combination Miles per Gallon..........................54

Table 21. Number of Values Flagged by Fleet Group/Metric Combination % Revenue Miles .........................55 Table 22. Number of Values Flagged by Fleet Group/Metric Combination % Empty Miles ............................56 Table 23. Maximum and Minimum Observed Miles per Gallon..............................................................57

Table 24. Maximum Diesel Miles per Gallon Estimates (PERE Model Basis) ..............................................58 Table . Maximum Miles per Gallon Estimates – Non-Diesel Vehicles ...................................................59 Table 26. Electric Truck Average mi/kWhr and Validation Ranges........................................................62

Table 27. Maximum and Minimum Observed Payloads (Short Tons).......................................................63

SmartWay Technical Documentation ǀ List of Tables 5

12

345

6

List of Figures Figure . Example Emissions and Activity Fractions by Operating Mode .................................................13 Figure . Default NOx Contribution by Speed Bin.............................................................................16

Figure . Default PM2.5 Contribution by Speed Bin ...........................................................................17 Figure . Number of Observations vs Fraction of Fuel Used by Reefers ..................................................36 Figure . Annual Miles per Vehicle Distribution, Class 8b TL/Dry Van Diesel Fleets ...................................42

Figure . Miles per Gallon Distribution, Class 8b TL/Dry Van Diesel Fleets..............................................43

SmartWay Technical Documentation ǀ List of Figures 6

1.0 Overview This document provides detailed background information on the data sources, calculation methods, and assumptions used within the SmartWay Truck Tool, version 2.0.20. The SmartWay Truck Tool utilizes the most up-to-date emission factors, in combination with detailed vehicle activity data, to estimate emissions and associated performance metrics. The primary purpose of the Tool is to help fleets calculate actual pollutant emissions for specific truck types and applications and track their emissions performance over time. Shippers can, in turn, use the data that truck carriers report using these Tools to develop more advanced emissions inventories associated with their freight activity and to track their emissions performance over time.

The Tool allows the user to evaluate fleet performance in terms of different mass-based performance metrics for carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5), and black carbon (BC) including:1

Grams per mile

Grams per average payload ton-mile

The Tool can also generate estimates of emissions associated with the total miles, loaded miles, and revenue miles traveled by a fleet. Fleet performance can then be assessed at the truck-class and/or fuel-type level, or on an aggregated basis across all classes and fuels.

The Tool also collects extensive information on fleet operations and truck body types, allowing detailed segmentation of Partner fleets for more appropriate, equitable comparisons. For example, fleets that cube-out with low payloads (e.g., those hauling potato chips) will be able to compare themselves to similar fleets on a simple gram per mile basis, rather than a mix of fleets that includes fleets that routinely weigh-out. Similarly, fleets that operate in primarily urban environments at relatively low average speeds will have fundamentally different emission rates and constraints than fleets operating at highway speeds. By collecting detailed information on fleet operations (TL vs. LTL, urban vs. highway, etc.), as well as truck class (2b through 8b) and body type (dry van, reefer, flatbeds, etc.), individual fleets can compare their performance to other, similar fleets, which can help them to better manage their emissions performance.

1 At this time the Truck Tool does not calculate performance metrics for specialty fleets that track their activity in terms of hours of use rather than miles traveled or freight hauled (e.g., refuse haulers and utility fleets). Future modifications may be made to the current Tool to accommodate such fleets.

SmartWay Technical Documentation ǀ Section 1.0 7

2.0 Data Inputs and Sources The SmartWay Truck Tool user provides most vehicle characteristic, operational, and activity data needed for emissions performance estimation (see Section 3 for more information). The Tool calculates emissions by multiplying fleet activity data with EPA-approved emission rate factors that are stored in look-up tables within the Tool.

The Tool contains different types of emission rate factors for different pollutants. CO2 factors are expressed in grams of CO2 per gallon of fuel.2,3 NOx, PM, and BC factors are expressed in grams of pollutant per mile traveled for operating emissions, and in grams per hour for idle emissions. In general, CO2 factors are independent of the truck types, classes, and operational practices in a fleet. NOx, PM and BC factors, however, vary depending upon a number of parameters, including:

Truck class

Engine model year/emission certification standard

Vehicle speed

Vehicle driving pattern (referred to as “drive cycle”)

In addition, PM and BC emissions will also vary with the application of PM control retrofits, including diesel oxidation catalysts (DOC), closed crankcase ventilation (CCV), and diesel particulate filters (“PM traps” or flow-through filters). In the Tool, PM control retrofits are assumed to have the same impact on operating and idle emission factors, and control effectiveness for PM is assumed to equal the effectiveness for BC.4

2.1 CO2 FACTORS

EPA populated the SmartWay Truck Tool with CO2 factors that are based on fuel consumption. These factors and their sources and are summarized below in Table 1.

2 At this time other greenhouse gases such as methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) are not included in the current Truck Tool. 3 The Truck Tool also estimates emissions associated with battery-electric trucks. In this case pollutant emissions (CO2, NOx and PM) are determined based on the kWhrs used for charging. 4 Future versions of the Tool may account for differences in retrofit effectiveness for running versus idle emissions, and differences between PM and BC control effectiveness.

SmartWay Technical Documentation ǀ Section 2.0 8

Table 1. CO2 Factors by Fuel Type* g/gal Source5

Gasoline 8,887 (i) Diesel 10,180 (ii)

Biodiesel (B100) 9,460 (iii) Ethanol (E100) 5,764 (iv)

CNG 7,030 (v) LNG 4,394 (vi) LPG 5,790 (vii)

* 100% combustion (oxidation) assumed

Note that the Tool calculates tailpipe emissions from biofuel blends (gasoline/ethanol, diesel/biodiesel) by applying separate emission factors to the user-specified volume of each blend component. The Tool then adds the emissions from each blend component together to determine total CO2 emissions. Therefore, emission factors for specific blend ratios are not needed for CO2. 6

Within the Tool, users may provide their CNG fuel use estimates in terms of gasoline-gallon equivalent (GGE) (on a Btu basis), diesel-gallon equivalent (DGE), or in standard cubic feet (scf). If CNG consumption is expressed in DGE or scf, the Tool uses the following factors to convert the CNG fuel estimates to GGE.

For CNG:

Diesel-Gallon Equivalent (DGE) to Gasoline-Gallon Equivalent (GGE)

1 DGE = 1.112 GGE7

Note: 1 GGE = 125,000 BTU and 1 DGE = 139,000 BTU, so 1 DGE = 1.112 GGE (139,000/125,000).

Cubic Feet (cuft) to Gasoline-Gallon Equivalent (GGE)

5 i) Final Rule on Light-Duty Vehicle Greenhouse Gas Emissions Standards and Corporate Average Fuel Economy Standards (75 FR 25324, May 7, 2010). The gasoline factor used in this rule was sourced from the California Air Resources Board and is based on measurement of carbon from a gasoline test fuel (indolene). ii) Fuel economy calculations in 40 C.F.R 600.113 available at http://edocket.access.gpo.gov/cfr_2004/julqtr/pdf/40cfr600.113-93.pdf, Accessed 11-29-20. iii) Tables IV.A.3-2 and 3-3 in A Comprehensive Analysis of Biodiesel Impacts on Exhaust Emissions, available at

https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?Lab=OTAQ&dirEntryId=73882, Accessed 11-29-20. iv) Final Rule on Mandatory Reporting of Greenhouse Gases (70 FR 56260, September 15, 2009). Full source documentation is available on pp. 31-32 in the Technical Support Document, Petroleum Products and Natural Gas Liquids: Definitions, Emission Factors, Methods and Assumptions, available at

https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-07/documents/subpartmmproductdefinitions.pdf, Accessed 11-29-20. v) Calculations of Lifecycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions for the 2005 Gasoline and Diesel Baselines in the Notice of Availability of Expert Peer Review Record supporting the proposed revisions to the Renewable Fuel Standard Program (74 FR 41359) available in Docket EPA-HQ-OAR-2005-0161-0925.1 (Spreadsheet “Emission Factors”). vi) Assuming 74,720 Btu/gal lower heating value (http://www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/fuels/properties.html, Accessed 11-29-20), and 0.059 g/Btu (from CNG calculation, source v). vii) Table C-1 in the Final Rule on Mandatory Reporting of Greenhouse Gases (70 FR 56260, October 30, 2009). Full source documentation is available in Table

A-39 and pg. A-60 of the Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990 – 2007 available at https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/inventory-us-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-sinks-1990-2007, Accessed 11-29-20. 6 The Tool also estimates the barrels of petroleum required to make the reported gallons of diesel and gasoline based on national averages: 19 gallons of gasoline and 10 gallons of diesel assumed per barrel of petroleum. 7 Midwest Energy Solutions. Energy Volume & Weight. http://www.midwestenergysolutions.net/cng-resources/energy-volume-weight, Accessed 11-29-20.

SmartWay Technical Documentation ǀ Section 2.0 9

123.57 cuft = 1 GGE8

For LNG, users may provide their fuel use estimates in terms of physical gallons, gasoline-gallon equivalent (GGE) (on a Btu basis), diesel-gallon equivalent (DGE), or in pounds (lbs). If LNG consumption is expressed in GGE, DGE, or pounds, the Tool uses the following factors to convert the LNG fuel estimates to physical gallons.

For LNG:

Diesel-Gallon Equivalent (DGE) to Physical Gallon

1 DGE = 1.7 Gallons LNG9

Gasoline-Gallon Equivalent (GGE) to Physical Gallon

1 GGE = 1.5 Gallons LNG10

Pounds (lbs) to Physical Gallon

3.49 lbs LNG = 1 LNG Gallons11

2.2 NOX, PM AND BC FACTORS

The SmartWay Truck Tool contains NOx, PM10, PM2.5 and BC12 emission factor outputs for on-road operation from EPA’s MOVES2014b model for diesel and E1013 for all heavy truck classes (2b – 8b) under national default temperature and fuel conditions, for model years 1989 through 2021, for the 2020 calendar year (see Appendix A for a full list of factors). The emission factors are broken out by general drive cycle type (urban or highway), and average speed range, as discussed below.

Short-duration (less than 60 minutes) idle emission factors for NOx, PM and BC were developed separately by model year, truck class, and fuel type (diesel and gasoline). MOVES2014b does not currently provide short duration idle factors in terms of grams per hour, so MOVES2014b was run using the Project Level scale with a single link and with an average speed of zero. Runs were performed for typical winter and summer conditions, taking the average of outputs from those runs to obtain g/hr factors.

MOVES2014b does provide emission factors for long-duration idle for long-haul diesel trucks. These factors are applied separately to the long-duration idle hour estimates provided for Class 8b trucks within the Truck Tool.14 Short-duration factors are applied across the board for the remaining truck class types.

8 Alternative Fuels Data Center. Gasoline and Diesel Gallon Equivalency Methodology. http://www.afdc.energy.gov/fuels/equivalency_methodology.html, Accessed 112-29-2020. 9 Midwest Energy Solutions. Energy Volume & Weight. http://www.midwestenergysolutions.net/cng-resources/energy-volume-weight Accessed 11-29-2020. 10 Ibid. 11 Ibid. 12 Black carbon factors are assumed to equal the elemental carbon gram per mile factors output by the MOVES model. 13 All gasoline consumption in the United States and Canada is now assumed to consist of E10. Pure gasoline (E0) emission factors are no longer used in the Truck Tool. References to “gasoline” in the Tool and the associated documentation refer to E10. 14 NOx factors for long-term extended idling are higher than short-duration factors (at least for late model engines), since engine operation temperatures and loads at idle are generally not high enough to activate late-model emission controls such as selective catalytic reduction and exhaust gas recirculation.

SmartWay Technical Documentation ǀ Section 2.0 10

----+---------- -

Note that hybrid electric trucks are assumed to have no short-duration idle emissions (due to assumed engine auto-shut off), although long-duration idle (and regular exhaust15) emissions are assumed unchanged relative to their conventional vehicle counterparts. Finally, battery-electric trucks are assumed to have no idle emissions of either kind.

The resulting idle factors are presented in Appendix B.

Version 2.0.20 of the Truck Tool also calculates the NOx, PM and BC emissions associated with transportation refrigeration (reefer) units. The MOVES2014b emissions model was used to develop emission rates for these units for the 2020 calendar year, following these steps:

A national average model run was performed for the Industrial sector, including gasoline and diesel fueled equipment;

The A/C refrigeration (reefer) unit standard classification codes (SCCs) were extracted from the output files – 2265003060 (gasoline) and 2270003060 (diesel);

Grams per day outputs for weekdays and weekends for each of the 12 months were converted to grams per year by aggregating emissions over day types to arrive at an average day value, multiplying by the number of days in each month, and summing over month. This resulted in annual grams of emissions (of NOx, PM10, and PM2.5) and grams of fuel consumed (in terms of brake specific fuel consumption or BSFC), for each fuel type;

BSFC was converted from grams to gallons fuel using the MOVES energy density values of 2,819 g/gal and 3,167 g/gal for gasoline and diesel, respectively.

Grams/gallon emission factors were then calculated for each pollutant by dividing the annual grams of emissions of NOx, PM10 and PM2.5 by the annual gallons of fuel consumed for gasoline and diesel.

Black carbon emissions associated with reefer activity were scaled from PM2.5 reefer emissions, applying conversion factors for nonroad equipment from the Commission for Environmental Cooperation (0.349 for diesel engines and 0.122 for gasoline engines).16

Table 2 provides the fuel factors used in the latest Truck Tool.

Table 2. Weighted Average Reefer Fuel Factors (g/gallon) Fuel NOx PM10 PM2.5 BC

Diesel 49.928 1.477 1.433 0.500 Gasoline 17.642 0.996 0.916 0.112

15 While there is evidence that NOx emissions may be decreased through the use of hybrid electric technology, EPA has not performed emission testing to assess this effect. Therefore, hybrid NOx and PM/BC exhaust emission rates are assumed to equal conventional vehicle equivalents in the current Truck Tool. 16 Commission for Environmental Cooperation (CEC), 2015. North American Black Carbon Emissions Estimation Guidelines: Methods for Estimating Black Carbon Emissions. Prepared for the CEC by Eastern Research Group, Inc. Final Report, May 2015.

SmartWay Technical Documentation ǀ Section 2.0 11

The next section describes the process followed to select the on-road emission factors from MOVES2014b for use in the Truck Tool. Emission factors in grams per mile were developed for E10 and diesel fuel types for all MOVES source types that correspond to the regulatory heavy-duty vehicle classes, 2b-8b inclusive. The MOVES source types modeled are shown in the table below. Of these, school buses, refuse trucks and motor homes represent only a small fraction of total activity.

Table 3. MOVES Source Types Associated with Class 2b – 8b Vehicles

Source Type ID Source Type Name 31 Passenger Truck 32 Light Commercial Truck 43 School Bus 51 Refuse Truck 52 Single Unit Short-haul Truck 53 Single Unit Long-haul Truck 54 Motor Home 61 Combination Short-haul Truck 62 Combination Long-haul Truck

Separate factors were developed for “Urban” and “Highway/Rural” roadway types. These factors were apportioned according to MOVES operating mode groups, which correspond to speed ranges of 0-25 mph, 25-50 mph, and 50+ mph.

Emission factors calculated by the model, output by MOVES source type, were then converted to a vehicle class basis. In this way, the Truck Tool can select appropriate emission factors for use by:

weight class

model year

road type (urban vs. highway/rural)

speed distribution

The following describes the methodology for the emission factor calculation.

Calculation of MOVES emission factors by operating mode

In calculating emission factors, the primary goal is to disaggregate factors by the percentage of time a given type of vehicle spends operating at certain speeds. The ranges of speeds analyzed include 0-25 mph, 25-50 mph, and greater than 50 mph. These speed ranges correspond to MOVES operating modes #11-16, 21-29, and 30-40 inclusive, where each operating mode is defined by both the speed of the vehicle and its vehicle specific power (VSP). First, for a given source type and model year, the fraction of emissions attributable to each range of speed was determined. Emissions for a vehicle can be expressed in Equation 1:

SmartWay Technical Documentation ǀ Section 2.0 12

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0.0001 0 0 0 ------·-~-/ ----..... -

O.OOOl 0 0 0 0 :o 11 12 13 14 15 16 21 22 23 24 25 V 28 29 JO a:l :l6 37 38 39 40

VSP Giri PLOT2 ---· hc_n

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Equation 1

E` = A1E1` + A2E2` + A3E3` + AIEI + ABEB

Where:

E` = uncorrected17 mass emissions calculated based on operating mode and emissions contribution by speed bin

A1-3 = the sum of activity fractions (in seconds) over speed range n. (AI and AB represent the activity associated with the individual operating modes for idling and braking, respectively.)

E1-3` = the weighted average emissions over a given speed range n. (EI and EB represent the emissions associated with the individual operating modes for idling and braking, respectively.)

The following figure shows a range of emissions and activity fractions for an example source type and model year. The operating mode (or VSP bin) are shown on the x-axis. The dashed red line presents the fraction of vehicle activity associated with a given operating mode, while the black circles present average HC emissions for each operating mode.

Figure 1. Example Emissions and Activity Fractions by Operating Mode

> 50 mph < 25 mph 25 - 50 mph

For our purposes, An from Equation 1 is obtained by retaining the “opmodefraction2” table from the “MOVESExecution” database, which is created by the Operating Mode Distribution Generator (OMDG) during a

17 Subsequent adjustment factors are presented in Equation 3 below.

SmartWay Technical Documentation ǀ Section 2.0 13

MOVES run. This table contains operating mode fractions by source type, roadway type, average speed bin, and pollutant/process. The fractions from this table are normalized using average speed distributions from the “avgspeeddist” table, and the sum of the normalized operating mode fractions in each speed bin constitutes An.

En` is derived from data obtained from the default MOVES “emissionratebyage” table. This table contains emission rates by pollutant process, operating mode, and age group for a wide variety of sourcebinIDs. For this analysis, a MySQL query was used to select sourcebinIDs corresponding to the source type, fuel type, and calendar year of interest, and limited our rate selection to the 4-5 year age group. The emissions obtained here were then converted to a source type basis (from their current sourcebinID basis); this was done by retaining the “sourcebindistribution” table from the MOVESExecution database, which is created by the Source Bin Distribution Generator (SBDG) during each MOVES run, and weighting the activity fractions for each source type and model year combination in this table with the data from the “emissionratebyage” table described above. Having finished this mapping, an emission rate is generated, by source type and model year, for each operating mode (corresponding to the circles in the figure above). Since En` for each speed range represents the average emissions of the range weighted by the activity in that range, the weighted average emissions can be calculated from the 0-25 mph speed bin, E1`, as follows in Equation 2:

Equation 2

𝑅𝑅11𝑇𝑇11 + 𝑅𝑅12𝑇𝑇12 + 𝑅𝑅13𝑇𝑇13 + 𝑅𝑅14𝑇𝑇14 + 𝑅𝑅15𝑇𝑇15 + 𝑅𝑅16𝑇𝑇16𝐸𝐸1 ̀ = 16∑11 𝑅𝑅𝑛𝑛

Where:

Rn = The activity fraction for operating mode n, obtained from the “opmodedist2” table Tn = The emissions for operating mode n.

Other speed bins will use different operating modes in their calculations; the equation above is merely an example illustrating the calculation method for the first speed bin. Having calculated an appropriate En` for each speed range for a given source type and model year, Equation 1 can be used, along with the appropriate activity fraction, to arrive at a total uncorrected emissions value. In and of itself, this emission factor has little value in estimating emissions. However, it can be used along with the modeled emission factor for a particular source type and model year to arrive at an overall adjustment factor, as shown in Equation 3:

Equation 3

𝐸𝐸 𝑍𝑍 =

𝐸𝐸`

Where:

E = The modeled emission, obtained from MOVES outputs, for an individual source type and model year

E` = The uncorrected emissions for an individual source type and model year, calculated using operating mode distributions and emission factors from the “emissionratebyage” table

SmartWay Technical Documentation ǀ Section 2.0 14

This overall adjustment factor, in turn, can be applied to each individual emissions component, En`, as shown in Equation 4:

Equation 4

En = ZEn`

The adjusted emissions, En, are subsequently used to calculate a total, corrected emission factor for a given source type and model year combination, as described by Equation 5:

Equation 5

E = A1E1 + A2E2 + A3E3 + AIEI + ABEB

In this way, a representative emission factor is calculated by operating mode/speed group. This will allow the Truck Tool to adjust the default operating mode percentages (An) to more accurately represent a user-provided speed profile for the vehicles they are evaluating. Default operating mode percentages may also be used, as calculated above.

Conversion of Emission Factors from Source Type to Weight Class Basis

Ultimately, emission factor lookup tables are required for use in the Truck Tool by weight class, fuel type, and model year. However, modeled output from MOVES is aggregated by source type. Therefore a post-processing Tool was developed to convert vehicle emission factors from source types to weight class based on internal MOVES tables. The conversion methodology used in this Tool is described below.

First, the adjusted emissions and activity output from MOVES are combined, by pollutantID, by joining the “movesoutput” and “movesactivityoutput” tables by calendar year, source type, fuel type and model year. The sourcetype and model year for each record are combined in a new field, sourcetypemodelyearID.

Next, the emissions and activity output from the first step are combined with the MOVES “sizeweightfraction” table by joining on the sourcetypemodelyearID. The “sizeweightfraction” table contains, for a given combination of source type and model year, the fraction of vehicles apportioned across weightclassID. Given the weightclassID, the portion of emissions and activity attributable to a given range of vehicle weights is determined, and subsequently, those weights (along with fuel type) are mapped back to MOBILE6 vehicle classes, which are based on GVWR. (This is achieved with a separate lookup table, “M6VehType”, which is derived from Appendix B, Table 3 of the EPA’s MOBILE6.2 User’s Guide.) For each calendar year, sourcetypemodelyearID and pollutantID, the sizeweightfraction is multiplied by the emissions (in grams) and activity (in miles) to obtain EmissionFrac and ActivityFrac, respectively.

Finally, the EmissionFrac and ActivityFrac calculated above are summed by yearID, pollutantID, fueltypeID, and vehicle class (e.g., HDDV8b). This provides total emissions and activity independent of the MOVES source type or vehicle model year. Finally, the aggregated emissions are divided by the activity to arrive at g/mi emission factors presented in Appendix A.

SmartWay Technical Documentation ǀ Section 2.0 15

1.8

1.6

1.4

1.2

E 0)

0.8

0.6

0.4

0 .2

0 Urban Art Urban Frwy Rural Art

Road type

Rural Frwy

■IDLE

OBRAK

0 5070

■2550

0 0025

Modeling Gasoline Emission Rates

In a MOVES run that uses nationwide defaults for fuel supply, the model includes dozens of fuel formulations on a by-fuel region basis in its calculations. In addition to diesel fuels, many counties in the model defaults are characterized by varying market shares of and E10 and E15.18

In order to isolate Gasoline emission factors, the new Fuels Wizard included in MOVES2014b was used to alter the ethanol percentage of fuels nationwide to zero.

Sensitivity Analysis Results

The relative emissions impact of different speed regimes were evaluated for four road types – urban arterial, urban freeway, rural arterial, and rural freeway. To simplify the sensitivity analysis, MOVES outputs were generated for diesel long-haul combination trucks, model year 2012, run for the 2014 calendar year, using national average defaults (e.g., fuel specifications, temperatures, etc.). The results of the analysis are shown for NOx and PM2.5 below.

Figure 2. Default NOx Contribution by Speed Bin

18 Only 2001+ model year light-duty vehicles may use E15 fuel. See http://www.afdc.energy.gov/fuels/ethanol_e15.html. Accessed 11-29-2020.

SmartWay Technical Documentation ǀ Section 2.0 16

0.018

0.016

0.014

0.012

·e 0)

0.01

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0.006

0.004

0.002

0 Urban Art Urban Frwy Rural Art

Road type

Rural Frwy

■IDLE

C BRAK

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C0025

Figure 3. Default PM2.5 Contribution by Speed Bin

As shown in the above charts, the emissions for urban freeways, rural arterials, and rural freeways are all heavily dominated by high speed (50 – 70 mph) operation.19 In addition, actual emission levels are relatively insensitive to road type across these three types. However, speed distribution appears to have a significant bearing on emissions for urban arterial operation. Accordingly, the recommendation for Truck Tool application was to develop fully disaggregated emission factor look up tables (retaining all four road types), and then weight urban freeway, rural arterial, and rural freeway road type operations in order to aggregate emission lookup tables within the SmartWay Tool to reflect “urban” (i.e., urban arterial) and “other” road types. In addition, under this approach users can choose default speed distributions for these selections or specify the percent of operation by major speed range (0 – 25, 25 – 50, 50 – 70). Given the relative insensitivity to speed for the “other” category, specifying speed distributions would only be permitted for urban arterial operation.

Under this approach, the user is given the follow input options:

Specify % Highway/Rural (“other”) operation fraction

Specify % urban operation distribution by speed bin, or select “default speed distribution”

Data entry is handled through the addition of a popup screen for non-default selections (see the Truck Tool User Guides for details).

19 This finding is consistent with the 2008 SmartWay Partner data submissions, wherein 87% of Partners selected the 50+ mph category as the most representative of their non-urban operations.

SmartWay Technical Documentation ǀ Section 2.0 17

2.3 ALTERNATIVE FUELS

Heavy truck emission factors are not available from MOVES2014b for certain alternative fuels, including E85, natural gas, and LPG. Accordingly, EPA used adjustment factors from a number of sources described below to estimate NOx and PM/BC factors for these other fuels.

NOx and PM emission factors for biodiesel are based on the findings from an EPA study, A Comprehensive Analysis of Biodiesel Impacts on Exhaust Emissions (EPA420-P-02-001, October 2002). This study developed regression equations to predict the percentage change in NOx and PM emission rates relative to conventional diesel fuel, as a function of biodiesel blend percentage, expressed in the following form:

Equation 6

% change in emissions = {exp[a × (vol% biodiesel)] - 1} × 100%

Where:

a = 0.0009794 for NOx, and

a = -0.006384 for PM and BC20

Using Equation 6, adjustment factors were developed for biodiesel blends based on the percentage of the biofuel component,21 and then these adjustment factors were applied to the appropriate conventional diesel emission factors in Appendix A. (See Section 2.2 for the sources of conventional diesel emission factors). Note that the fleet-average blend value is assumed to be the same for all truck classes, since the biofuel consumption data is not collected at the truck class level. (This assumption holds for ethanol consumption data inputs as well.)

MOVES2014b now incorporates specific modeling assumptions for biodiesel, including options for modeling 5 and 20 percent biodiesel (B5 and B20). While the pre-2007 vehicle estimates are consistent with EPA’s 2002 study findings, MOVES does not estimate an emissions effect on 2007+ model year diesel trucks because the literature does not show consistent or significant biodiesel effects on theses engines.22,23 Accordingly, the Truck Tool only applies adjustment factors for diesel engine model years prior to 2007.

For gasoline-ethanol blends, the SmartWay Truck Tool only accepts fuel consumption estimates for E10 and E85 since, unlike biodiesel where the biofuel fraction can vary significantly, ethanol is generally blended with gasoline at two discrete levels: 10% (E10) and 85% (E85). As discussed in Section 2.2 above, NOx and PM factors for E10 were output directly from MOVES2014b. Given the lack of heavy-duty E85 test data, adjustment factors for E85 were based on emissions estimates for light-duty vehicles cited by the US DOE Alternative Fuels and

20 BC emission rates as a function of biodiesel blend have not been identified at this time and are currently assumed identical to the PM relationship. 21 Biodiesel blend percentage is calculated by dividing B100-equivalent gallons by total fuel gallons at the fleet level – see the Truck Tool User Guides for details regarding biodiesel use inputs. 22 McCormick, R. and A. Williams, 2011. Impact of Biodiesel on Modern Diesel Engine Emissions. Project ID: FT011. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO. May 9, 2011. http://energy.gov/eere/vehicles/downloads/impact-biodiesel-modern-diesel-engine-emissions, Accessed 11-29-2020. 23 CARB 2011. Final Report for the CE-CERT Engine Testing Portion for the CARB Assessment of the Emissions from the Use of Biodiesel as a Motor Vehicle Fuel in California Biodiesel Characterization and NOx Mitigation Study. Final Report Prepared for CARB. October 2011. https://www.arb.ca.gov/fuels/diesel/altdiesel/20111013_CARB%20Final%20Biodiesel%20Report.pdf, Accessed 11-29-2020.

SmartWay Technical Documentation ǀ Section 2.0 18

- =======~=-~----_ -_ -_ --=-

Advanced Vehicles Data Center.24 These estimates come from a technical paper published in the Journal of Air & Waste Management.25 Relative to conventional gas vehicles, the authors of this paper estimate that vehicles running on E85 provide an average NOx reduction of 54% (based on 73 vehicle tests), and an average PM reduction of 34% (based on 3 vehicle tests). These adjustment factors are applied to the appropriate gasoline engine emission factors in Appendix A to develop emission factors for E85.

Emission adjustment factors were used for gaseous fuels (LPG, CNG and LNG), developed by the National Renewable Energy Lab and University of West Virginia based on field studies on natural gas vehicles.26 For this assessment, it was assumed that CNG and LNG emissions were identical. In addition, it was also assumed LPG vehicle emissions would be equal to natural gas vehicle emissions.27 To be conservative, the smallest emission reduction estimates were selected from the natural gas vehicle field test data (86% for PM and 17% for NOx) relative to comparable diesel vehicles. These adjustment factors are applied to the diesel emission factors in Appendix A and B to develop emission factors for these fuels.

Note, however, that the emissions associated with alternative fuels may be different for older trucks (with minimal emission controls) and newer trucks (with extensive control systems in place) due to recent vehicle emission standards. Newer studies suggest there are differences by model year in the emission rates of gaseous fuel vehicles. A 2014 study performed by West Virginia University28 using Class 8 trucks found that a model year 2011 dual-fuel (5% diesel, 95% LNG) high-pressure direct injection (HDPI) truck emitted 63% and 48% less NOx

and PM, respectively compared to a MY 2011 diesel truck equipped with an SCR and DPF. Both vehicles operated on the urban dynamometer driving schedule (UDDS). The same WVU study found that a MY 2011 natural gas engine equipped with a three-way catalyst (TWC) emitted 79% and 56% less NOx and PM compared to the MY 2011 diesel truck, also on the UDDS.

Based on this new information, the Tool uses a simple average across the two engines tested in the WVU study, resulting in a 71% reduction for NOx and a 52% reduction for PM, and applies these new reduction values to comparable diesel emission factors for 2010 and later model year gaseous fuel trucks. For model years prior to 2010, the adjustment factors of 17% for NOx and 86% for PM are retained.

Emission estimates for battery-electric trucks are based on national average electric generation mix profiles from USDOE’s GREET model, as described in Appendix C.

Black carbon (BC) emissions associated with gaseous fuels are determined by multiplying the ratio of elemental carbon (EC) and PM2.5 emission factors from MOVES2014a for CNG transit buses, for calendar year 2018. The ratio EC to PM2.5 varies by model year group (0.0925 for pre-2002 model years, and 0.1112 for 2002+ model

24 See http://www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/vehicles/emissions_e85.html, Accessed 11-92-2020. 25 See http://www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/pdfs/technical_paper_feb09.pdf, Accessed 11-29-2020. 26 See http://www.conaturalgascoalition.com/clean.html, Accessed 11-16-18. 27 The PM and NOx estimates cited by this source for LPG vehicles were actually slightly lower than for natural gas vehicles -http://www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/vehicles/emissions_propane.html Accessed 11-29-2020. However, based on engineering judgment it was assumed that LPG PM and NOx emissions would be similar to comparable CNG vehicles. 28 Carder, D.K., M. Gautam, A. Thiruvengadam, M. Besch. In-Use Emissions Testing and Demonstration of Retrofit Technology for Control of On-Road Heavy-Duty Engines. Prepared for the South Coast Air Quality Management District. September 2013. https://lazerinitiative.org/resources/in-use-emissions-testing-and-demonstration-of-retrofit-technology-for-control-of-on-road-heavy-duty-engines-2/, Accessed 11-29-2020.

SmartWay Technical Documentation ǀ Section 2.0 19

years), so these different factors are applied for the different engine age groups as appropriate in order to determine BC levels for these fuel types.

2.4 PM CONTROL EFFECTIVENESS

The Truck Tool applies adjustment factors to the PM emission factors in Appendix A and B for any pre-2007 diesel truck for which Partners have installed a specific retrofit control device. The following adjustment factors were obtained from EPA OTAQ (presented as a % reduction in emissions; see Section 3.2 below for details):

Diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) – 25%

Closed crankcase ventilation (CCV) – 5%

Diesel particulate filter (DPF) – 90%

References from EPA’s Clean Diesel Program are generally consistent with the DOC and DPF effectiveness estimates above (20 – 40% for DOCs, and 85% or more for DPFs).29,30 Note that an independent estimate of CCV effectiveness was not identified, as EPA and CARB only verify CCVs when packaged with DOCs.

The Tool applies the above adjustment factors to pre-2007 PM operating and idle emission estimates. The Tool also allows for situations where CCVs are applied in combination with either DOCs or DPFs. In such a case, the reduction effectiveness is calculated additively. For example, if pre-control operating emissions were 1.0 g/mile for a diesel truck, and a CCV and DOC were applied, the resulting emission rate would be:

Equation 7

1.0 x [1 – (0.25 + 0.05)] = 0.07 g/mile, post-control

However, the Truck Tool assumes that DOC and DPF application are mutually exclusive.

At this time the relative effectiveness of the controls addressed above are assumed to be equal for PM and BC.

29 EPA 2010a, National Clean Diesel Campaign Technical Bulletin: Diesel Oxidation Catalyst General Information. See https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-03/documents/420f10031.pdf, Accessed 11-29-2020. 30 EPA 2010b, National Clean Diesel Campaign Technical Bulletin: Diesel Particulate Filter General Information. See https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-03/documents/420f10029.pdf, Accessed 11-29-2020.

SmartWay Technical Documentation ǀ Section 2.0 20

3.0 Emission and Activity Estimation The emission rates and adjustment factors discussed above are combined with appropriate activity data (provided by the Partners) to calculate mass emissions at the fleet and/or partner level for CO2, NOx, PM, and BC as described below.

3.1 CO2 EMISSIONS

CO2 is calculated within the Truck Tool utilizing emission factors expressed in grams per gallon of fuel, (with the exception of battery-electric trucks), as discussed in Section 2.1 above. The general equation for calculating CO2 emissions using reported fuel consumption values is

Equation 8

ECO2 = ((F – B) ×EFF) + (B × EFB))

Where:

ECO2 = grams CO2 per year

F = Total Fuel (Gallons per year) B = Biofuel (Gallons per year)

EFF = Fossil Fuel Emissions Factor (g/gal based on fuel type) EFB = Biofuel Emissions Factor (g/gal based on biofuel type)

Emissions for all pollutants for battery electric trucks are calculated by multiplying the reported kWhrs used for charging by the associated g/kWhr factor (see Appendix C).

In most instances reefer fuel is aggregated with vehicle fuel inputs in the Truck Tool, with the reefer fuel type assumed to be the same as the vehicle fuel type. However, reefer units associated with gaseous fuels (LPG, CNG, and LNG) and electric trucks are assumed to use diesel fuel (by far the most common type of reefer engine). Accordingly, any reefer fuel use reported for gaseous fuels and electric trucks is included in the total CO2 calculation using the diesel fuel factors in Equation 8.

Fuel Allocator

The Truck Carrier Tool asks users to enter Gallons of Fuel Used for Engine Power (including biofuel) by truck class in order to estimate CO2 emissions. This information may be entered directly if available. However, if the user does not have this information but does know total fuel use and MPG by truck class, the Truck Tool’s Fuel Allocator can be used to apportion fuel use across truck classes.

In the Fuel Allocator, the user enters total fuel consumption and truck class MPG estimates. The allocator then calculates the fuel used for each class based on the total fuel and class MPG. If the total fuel calculated matches the total fuel entered to within 2%, the allocator indicates a “Match”. However, instead of writing the exact calculated value seen in the Fuel Allocator to the Activity screen, the Tool adjusts the class fuel amounts

SmartWay Technical Documentation ǀ Section 3.0 21

(and therefore MPG) so the sum matches the Total Fuel entered exactly, and then writes these values on the Activity screen. That means, the MPG entered into the Fuel Allocator, and the calculated fuel used seen on the Fuel Allocator, are not necessarily equal to the MPG and the fuel used that is written to the Activity Screen.

If the user re-opens the Fuel Allocator at this point, the Allocator brings in the MPGs listed on the Activity Screen, NOT the MPGs the user input into the calculator the first time (although it doesn't overwrite the saved MPGs entered on the worksheet, if the user presses Cancel). For remaining calculations in the Tool, the values shown on the Activity Screen are used. The Allocator values the user entered are saved for the XML file, but aren't used for further calculations. Separately in the XML, the MPG and fuel totals that were put onto the Activity Screen are also written.

3.2 NOX, PM AND BC EMISSIONS

Unlike CO2 emissions which only vary with fuel type, NOx, PM and BC emission rates also vary substantially depending upon engine model year and/or emission certification level, vehicle class, drive cycle, speed, and operation mode (running or idle). For this reason, EPA developed lookup tables in the Truck Tool with emission factors that correspond to user-supplied inputs regarding their fleet activity. The NOx, PM and BC emission rates expressed in grams per mile were combined with the appropriate mileage metric (i.e., total miles) in order to estimate mass emissions. The general equation for calculating NOx emissions is as follows:

Equation 9

ENOx = ∑ [(MC × ((GPMH × HDC) + (GPMU1 × UDC1) + (GPMU2 x UDC2) + (GPMU3 x UDC3) + (GPMU4 x UDC4))) × TCY / TCT) + (GPHSDI ×HSDI × TCY) + (GPHLDI ×HLDI × TCY)]

Where:

ENOx = grams NOx per year for a given truck class ∑ = summation across model years

MC = Miles driven for Truck Class C per year GPMH = Grams/mi (by truck class & engine yr) for Highway/Rural Driving

HDC = Highway drive cycle % (% of miles under highway/rural driving) GPMU1/2/3/4 = Grams/mi (by truck class & engine yr) for Urban Driving by mode (1 = 0 – 25 mph; 2 =

25 – 50 mph; 3 = 50+ mph; 4 = deceleration)

UDC1/2/3/4 = Urban drive cycle % (% of miles under urban driving conditions, by mode (1, 2, 3, 4)) TCY = Number of trucks for a given Class/Year combination TCT = Number of trucks total for a given Class

GPHSDI = Grams per hour (by truck class & engine year) for short-duration Idling31

HSDI = Hours of short duration Idling per year (average per truck per year by class) GPHLDI = Grams per hour (by truck class & engine year) for long-duration Idling

31 The idle calculation for Class 8a and lighter trucks does not distinguish between short and long duration idling, and all idle hours are multiplied by the short duration idle factor for these trucks. Hybrid electric trucks are assumed to have no short-duration idling emissions, while battery-electric trucks have no idling emissions of any kind.

SmartWay Technical Documentation ǀ Section 3.0 22

HLDI = Hours of long duration Idling per year (average per truck per year by class)

PM emissions for non-diesel vehicles are calculated using an equation identical to that for NOx, utilizing PM emission factors. PM emission for diesel vehicles may be adjusted for PM control effectiveness, as shown below. (BC emissions are calculated in identical fashion.)

Equation 10

EPM = ∑ [(((MC × ((GPMH × HDC) + (GPMU1 × UDC1) + (GPMU2 x UDC2) + (GPMU3 x UDC3) + (GPMU4 x UDC4))) × TCY / TCT) + (GPHSDI ×HSDI × TCY) + (GPHLDI ×HLDI × TCY)) × (1 – ((0.25 × TDOC / TCT) + (0.05 × TCCV / TCT) + (0.9 × TDPF /

TCT)))]

Where:

EPM = grams PM per year for a given truck class TDOC = Number of trucks using Diesel Oxidation Catalysts by class TCCV = Number of trucks using Closed Crankcase Ventilation by class

TDPF = Number of trucks using Diesel Particulate Filters by class 0.25 = Effectiveness of DOCs (25%) at reducing particulate matter 0.05 = Effectiveness of CCVs (5%) at reducing particulate matter

0.9 = Effectiveness of DPFs (90%) at reducing particulate matter

Note the above calculation methodology assumes that the same highway/urban drive cycle fractions apply across all model years of a given truck class. Similarly, the method assumes that estimated idle hours apply equally to all model years of a given truck class.

The above methodology also utilizes estimates for the fraction of miles traveled associated with different road types and speed categories, as shown in the equations above. The Truck Tool user must provide an estimate of the percent of total miles associated with highway/rural driving for each truck class. The user may also provide percentages for the miles spent driving in urban conditions (e.g., unrestricted access, surface roads in well-traveled urban areas), for different speed categories (0 – 25 / 25 – 50 / 50+ mph). This information may be obtained from analysis of truck ECM or possibly GPS data. If urban speed distribution data is not available, the user may select to use default distributions, obtained from the MOVES model. The default speed distributions for urban operation (as defined in Section 2.2 above) varies with vehicle class and model year. However, the variation over model years is very slight (typically with a range of 1 to 2 percent for the largest speed category), the percentages were averaged over all model years for a given speed category/vehicle type combination for use within the Truck Tool.

Table 4 presents the resulting default urban speed distributions by speed category for each truck class, for both diesel and gasoline vehicles. Note that the Truck Tool utilizes the diesel default speed distributions for LPG, LNG, and CNG.

SmartWay Technical Documentation ǀ Section 3.0 23

Table 4. Default Speed Category Distributions by Vehicle Class for Urban Operation (MOVES2010a basis)32

Vehicle Class Speed Group Percent by Class*

Diesels

HDDV2b

0 - 25 35% 25 - 50 38% 50+ 13% Deceleration 15%

HDDV3

0 - 25 41% 25 - 50 36% 50+ 12% Deceleration 11%

HDDV4

0 - 25 42% 25 - 50 35% 50+ 12% Deceleration 11%

HDDV5

0 - 25 42% 25 - 50 35% 50+ 12% Deceleration 11%

HDDV6

0 - 25 42% 25 - 50 35% 50+ 12% Deceleration 10%

HDDV7

0 - 25 42% 25 - 50 35% 50+ 12% Deceleration 10%

HDDV8a

0 - 25 44% 25 - 50 35% 50+ 12% Deceleration 9%

HDDV8b

0 - 25 45% 25 - 50 34% 50+ 12% Deceleration 8%

Vehicle Class Speed Group Percent by Class*

Gasoline

HDGV2b

0 - 25 43% 25 - 50 31% 50+ 10% Deceleration 15%

HDGV3

0 - 25 45% 25 - 50 34% 50+ 11% Deceleration 11%

HDGV4

0 - 25 45% 25 - 50 34% 50+ 11% Deceleration 10%

HDGV5

0 - 25 46% 25 - 50 33% 50+ 10% Deceleration 11%

HDGV6

0 - 25 46% 25 - 50 33% 50+ 10% Deceleration 11%

HDGV7

0 - 25 45% 25 - 50 32% 50+ 10% Deceleration 14%

HDGV8a

0 - 25 45% 25 - 50 34% 50+ 11% Deceleration 10%

HDGV8b

0 - 25 43% 25 - 50 31% 50+ 10% Deceleration 15%

* Class totals may not sum to 100% due to rounding error.

32 These values represent the urban component of driving only. If the user specifies a non-zero percentage for Highway/Rural driving, the values in the above table are automatically renormalized, so as to make the sum across urban and highway operation modes equal to 100%.

SmartWay Technical Documentation ǀ Section 3.0 24

As seen in the above table, the MOVES model assumes that some fraction of vehicle operation is associated with “deceleration” events, evaluated independently from other operation due to their unique emission rate patterns.33 However, it is assumed that most Truck Tool users will not know their fleet’s deceleration fraction. As such, the Truck Tool will adjust any values input by the user to include a deceleration fraction based on MOVES model percentages. If the user selects the default urban speed distributions, the Truck Tool will adjust the urban values from Table 4 to account for the percentage of miles specified for Highway/Rural operation as well. The following provides an illustrative example for calculating PM emissions for diesels given a specific set of road type/speed category distributions. NOx and BC emission calculations follow the same procedure.

User specifies 1 Class 8b diesel, model year 2011, traveling 100,000 mi/yr. User specifies the following Road type/speed category distributions:

40% highway/rural 30% 0-25 mph 20% 25-50 mph 10% 50+ mph

For highway/rural operation, the lookup value from MOVES is 0.0187 g/mi for PM2.5

For urban operation, the lookup values are as follows (2016 calendar year basis):

0-25: 0.0272 g/mi 25-50: 0.0463 g/mi 50+: 0.0233 g/mi deceleration: 0.0015 g/mi

Now the urban speed distribution percentage inputs must to account for deceleration, as follows:

0-25: 30% x sum of default percentages for the three speed bins (but excluding default deceleration fraction) = 30% x (45% + 34% + 12%) = 27.3%

25-50: 20% x sum of default percentages (45% + 34% + 12%) = 18.2%

50+: 10% x sum of default percentages (45% + 34% + 12%) = 9.1%

deceleration: remaining percentage, which equals 100% - 40% (highway) - 27.3% - 18.2% - 9.1% = 5.4%

Now apply these percentage weights to the total mileage, and then multiply by the corresponding emission factors to obtain mass, as follows:

Highway/rural component: 0.40 x 100,000 x 0.0187 = 748 grams 0-25 urban component: 0.273 x 100,000 x 0.0272 = 743 grams 25 - 50 urban component: 0.182 x 100,000 x 0.0463 = 843 grams 50+ urban component: 0.091 x 100,000 x 0.0233 = 212 grams Deceleration urban component: 0.54 x 100,000 x 0.0015 = 81 grams

Therefore total = 2,627 grams of PM2.5 (This value will then be summed with any other model year/vehicle class combinations and converted to short tons.)

33 MOVES also assigns some fraction of emissions to idle operation. However, operating fractions and emission factors associated with idle in MOVES outputs are expressed in grams per mile rather than grams per hour. Thus, in order to utilize the grams per hour emission factors developed for use in the Truck Tool, MOVES outputs associated with idle operation were removed and the operating mode fractions for the four remaining categories were renormalized to equal 100%.

SmartWay Technical Documentation ǀ Section 3.0 25

As discussed in Section 2.3, the Truck Tool assumes that B100-equivalent biodiesel volumes are distributed proportionately across all diesel vehicle classes. For example, if a fleet uses 100 B-100 equivalent gallons of biodiesel, and 1,000 gallons of fuel total, the Tool assumes that B10 (100 / 1,000 = 10%) is the blend used by each truck class. Accordingly, emission rate adjustment factors are calculated for B10 using Equation 6 and applied to the diesel emission factors for each vehicle class.

Finally, note that the PM factors output by the MOVES model for use in the Truck Tool are expressed in terms of PM2.5. The MOVES model assumes a fixed ratio of PM10 / PM2.5 for a given fuel type, as summarized below:

Gasoline – 1.1304

Diesel – 1.087

CNG – 1.1304

These factors are applied directly to the PM2.5 emission factors to obtain mass emission and performance metrics for PM10 within the Truck Tool. In addition, it was assumed that LNG and LPG have PM ratios equivalent to the CNG value. The ratio for biodiesel was assumed to equal that for diesel.

3.3 ACTIVITY CALCULATIONS

The Truck Tool requires users to provide specific activity information on fuel consumption, miles traveled, payload, road type/speed, and idle hours at the vehicle class level for the emissions performance assessment (see Section 4.0 below). While the user may provide direct data inputs for any or all of these activity parameters, the Truck Tool also allows the user to select default values for payload determination, in the absence of fleet-specific information. (Direct inputs for payload are highly preferred over the use of defaults.) The data sources and assumptions used to develop these default values are discussed below.

Default Payload Distributions

Average payloads can vary widely among fleets, even within a given vehicle class, depending upon commodity type and body/trailer type. With the exception of LTL and Package carriers, exact data entries were used from the 2011 Truck Tool submissions to obtain payload distributions for the 2017 Tool.34 This data was categorized by fuel type, truck class, body-type, and SmartWay Category. Body-type refers to the categories presented in the Truck Tool payload calculator (e.g., Step Van, Beverage, Combination Flatbed, etc.). SmartWay Category is based on the Fleet Description inputs (e.g., Truckload Dry Van, Dray, Mixed, etc.). 1,850 unique records were identified using this categorization of the 2011 Partner data.

This data was then reviewed and four outliers were identified and removed from the data set.35 Next, the data was grouped by truck class and body type and examined for notable differences in payload values across SmartWay Categories. However, with the exception of certain Class 8 trucks, no truck class/body-type/ranking category combination had greater than 20 observations. Therefore, it was concluded that there was not an

34 An evaluation of carrier payload data in 2016 found the vast majority of fleets selected from the tool’s default ranges rather than providing exact values. Accordingly, the available 2016 data was not robust enough to use as the basis for an update to the existing ranges provided in the tool. 35 Three Class 2bs were removed due to high payloads (16, 13, and 5 tons). A Class 8b truck was removed due to incongruous text explanation (“none used”).

SmartWay Technical Documentation ǀ Section 3.0 26

adequately large data set available for establishing category-specific payload distributions for Truck Classes 2b-7. In these cases, payload data were aggregated across all SmartWay Categories for each truck class/body-type combination.

The larger population of Class 8 trucks in the 2011 data set allowed for a differentiation of payload distributions across SmartWay Categories. Considering both available sample size and average payloads, the following unique truck class/body-type/SmartWay Category groupings were established.

Class 8a Dry Van Single body-types: differentiate LTL (9.9 tons average) and non-LTL (12.4 tons average) categories. No differentiation across categories for other body-types.

Class 8b Dry Van Single body-types: differentiate Heavy-bulk (24.1 tons), LTL/Moving/Package (15.0 tons), Tanker (24 tons), and all other categories (18.5 tons).

Class 8b Specialty body-types: differentiate Auto Carriers (16.2 tons), Heavy/Mixed (30.3 tons), Flatbed (21.6 tons), and all other categories (25.6 tons).

Class 8b Dry Van Double body-types: differentiate TL/Reefer/Mixed (27.7 tons) and all other categories (19.4 tons)

Class 8b Other body-types: differentiate Heavy/Flatbed/Mixed (27.4 tons) and all other categories (21.5 tons).

Based on this data, Table 5 presents the payload averages, standard deviations, minimum and maximum values by truck class/body-type/and-or SmartWay Category.36 Note that the average values and standard deviations presented below are not weighted by fleet size.

36 Given the lack of data on non-diesel heavy-duty vehicles, payload ranges are assumed to apply to all fuel types.

SmartWay Technical Documentation ǀ Section 3.0 27

-

Table 5. Average Payload and Standard Deviation (short tons) by Vehicle Class/Body-Type/SmartWay Category (2011 Partner Data)

Body Type by Class Avg Payload (tons) Std Dev Class 2b

Flatbed 1.19 0.69 Step Van 1.14 0.48

Walk-In Van 1.05 0.48 Conventional Van 0.77 0.41

Other 0.58 0.49 Class 3

Step Van 1.65 0.53 Walk-In Van 1.64 0.57

Conventional Van 1.50 0.83 Other 1.08 0.90

Class 4 Flatbed 2.68 1.53 Step Van 2.24 1.19

Walk-In Van 1.70 0.80 Conventional Van 2.27 0.90

Other 1.16 0.76 Class 5

Walk-In Van 1.99 1.08 Conventional Van 3.39 0.99

Other 2.91 1.19 Class 6

Flatbed 4.67 1.71 Reefer 4.84 1.80

Walk-In Van 4.01 1.68 Single-Axle Van 3.78 1.19

Other 4.17 1.48 Class 7

Beverage 6.10 2.22 Flatbed 7.05 0.85 Reefer 6.03 1.27 Tanker 7.45 0.92

Single-Axle Van 5.53 1.83 Other - straight truck 8.30 4.63 Combination Flatbed 5.22 0.41 Combination Reefer 3.58 1.01

Dry Van - Single 5.44 2.57 Other - combo 5.90 1.15

Class 8a

SmartWay Technical Documentation ǀ Section 3.0 28

-Body Type by Class Avg Payload (tons) Std Dev

Flatbed 10.04 5.88 Tanker 12.12 5.43

Single-Axle Van 8.09 3.80 Other - straight truck 9.76 4.08

Beverage 12.30 4.40 Combination Flatbed 12.51 1.41

Dry Van - Single (other than LTL) 12.42 4.66 Other - combo 12.68 4.56

Class 8b Dry Van - Single (Heavy-Bulk) 24.1 2.98

Dry Van - Single (Tanker) 24.06 2.96 Dry Van - Single (other bins) 18.46 3.97

Dry Van - Double (Mixed-TL-Reefer) 27.74 13.33 Dry Van - Double (Other bins) 19.39 3.82

Dry Van – Triple 27.10 3.20 Combination Reefer 20.10 2.82 Combination Flatbed 22.50 4.23 Combination Tanker 24.90 2.89

Chassis 21.80 5.28 Specialty (Other bins) 25.62 2.72

Other (Other bins) 21.50 8.41 Specialty (Auto bin)* 18.20 5.29

Specialty (Heavy-bulk bin)* 29.20 7.15 Specialty (Moving bin)* 14.60 2.70 Specialty (Flatbed bin) 21.56 2.58

Other (Heavy-Flatbed-Mixed bins) 27.41 6.36 * Calculated using 2014 calendar year data, for new body type additions to the payload calculator.

The values above serve as the basis for the default payload ranges provided in the Truck Tool payload calculator. For most vehicle class/body-type/SmartWay Category combinations,37 seven default ranges are offered for Partner selection:

Range 1: from 0 tons to (Average payload – 2 x standard deviation);

Range 2: from (Average payload – 2 x standard deviation) to (Average payload – 1 x standard deviation);

Ranges 3-5: evenly split in three sections, from (Average payload – 1 x standard deviation) to (Average payload + 1 x standard deviation);

37 In a few instances, the calculated lower bound value for Range 2 was less than zero. In these cases the lower bound value for Range 2 was set to zero and the Payload Calculator indicates Range 1 as “N/A”.

SmartWay Technical Documentation ǀ Section 3.0 29

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Range 6: from (Average payload + 1 x standard deviation) to (Average payload + 2 x standard deviation); and,

Range 7: from (Average payload + 2 x standard deviation) to (Average payload + 3 x standard deviation).

Once a particular range is selected, the payload calculator determines the midpoint of the range in order to estimate class level average payloads. The midpoint payload values for each body type are weighted by one of the four allocation methods specified by the user in the payload calculator: # miles, # trips, % operation, and # vehicles by body type. The weighted sum is then used as the class level average payload, which in turn is used directly in determining grams per ton-mile performance metrics for the fleet.

Payload data based on bills of lading and entered directly into the payload calculator are validated using the same data described above (see Section 3.4).

LTL and Package Fleet Payloads

For most payload validations in the Tool, ranges are calculated by class and by body type as described above. LTL and package delivery payload validation ranges were updated using data from the 2015 tools, and are calculated on a simple truck class basis, as there was not enough LTL and Package Delivery Partner information to break payload out by body type. Therefore, each body type in a class is validated using the same range, as shown in Table 6.

Table 6. Payload Validation Ranges (Short Tons) for LTL and Package Delivery Fleets

Truck Class

Avg Payload # Obs

Standard Dev R1 Min R2 Min R3 Min R4 Min R5 Min R6 Min R7 Min

2B 0.93 86 0.172 >0 0.30 0.761 0.875 0.990 1.104 1.190

3 1.52 61 0.269 >0 1.10 1.250 1.430 1.609 1.789 1.924

4 2.04 33 0.379 >0 1.50 1.666 1.918 2.171 2.423 2.613

5 2.62 21 0.475 >0 1.60 2.146 2.462 2.779 3.095 3.333

6 3.45 102 0.561 >0 2.70 2.892 3.266 3.640 4.015 4.296

7 5.31 84 0.754 >0 4.00 4.560 5.063 5.566 6.069 6.446

8A 9.64 67 2.357 >0 6.50 7.287 8.859 10.431 12.002 13.181

8B 15.28 144 2.903 >0 10.70 12.381 14.316 16.252 18.187 19.639

The lower payload ranges (for “R1” and “R2”) were set so as to identify less than 20% of the observed LTL/package fleets during validation. The middle R3-R5 ranges extend from one standard deviation less than the average payload to one standard deviation greater than the average. The upper payload values for “R6” range from the payload average plus one standard deviation to the average plus 1.5 standard deviations. The

SmartWay Technical Documentation ǀ Section 3.0 30

range for “R7” extends above the “R6” maximum value. The maximum R7 range values are taken directly from the original R7 maximum values described above by class and by body type.38

3.4 DATA VALIDATION

The SmartWay Truck Tool has a number of standard logical, range and value checks that must be passed before Partners can submit their data to EPA. Many of these checks simply confirm the presence of required data (e.g., total miles for each truck class selected), or the accuracy of logical relationships (e.g., revenue miles less than or equal to total miles). The list of these basic checks is provided below. Partners will not be able to finalize their fleet files until all associated errors have been resolved. Also note that there is an implicit validation check on all numeric fields because the system will not accept any non-numeric characters (including minus signs) within these fields.

Table 7. Basic Range and Logical Checks Contact Information User must enter at least two distinct contacts

Fleet Description User must include a Partner Name.

Fleet Description If entered, SCACs must be between 2 and 4 characters in length, and at least one character must be a letter. Multiple SCACs must be separated by commas.

Fleet Description If entered, MCNs must be between 6 and 7 digits.

Fleet Description If entered, DOT numbers must be 7 digits or less.

Fleet Description User must select a Fleet Type.

Fleet Description User must indicate operational control over at least 95% of the fleet. (If Partner does not have at least 95% operational control, Truck Tool may not be used for the fleet.)

Fleet Description The Operation Category totals must add up to 100%.

Fleet Description The Body Type totals must add up to 100%.

Fleet Description If a value for the Special Hauler body type is entered, a description must be provided.

Fleet Description

Warnings are issued for any of the following Operation Type/Body Type combinations. NOTE: This validation will only be invoked if there is a single selection made for either Operation or Body Type - otherwise combinations can’t be determined with certainty. LTL/Chassis; LTL/Moving; LTL/Heavy; LTL/Specialized; Dray/Flatbed; Dray/Moving; Dray/Utility; Package/Flatbed; Package/Chassis; Package/Heavy; Package/Auto; Package/Moving; Package/Utility; Package/Specialized.

General Information User must designate the operations split between U.S. and Canadian operations.

General Information User must select at least one fuel type.

General Information User must indicate what percent of the company’s total freight volume they broker-out. If no freight volume is brokered-out, a zero can be entered.

Activity Information All fields are required, so no field can be left blank. (If appropriate, a zero can be placed in certain fields.)

38 For two body types under Class 7 trucks (Combination Flatbed and Combination Reefer), the original Range 7 max value is less than the new Range 6 max value. (R7 max is 6.45 and 6.61 respectively, while the new R6 max value for all class 7 body types is 6.914). Therefore, for just these two body types within Class 7, instead of using the original Range 7 max, we use the Range 7 max that would be calculated from the new table values. This is calculated as Avg + 2.5 x standard deviation, based on the table above (7.896 in this case). [Note it is Avg + 2.5 x standard deviation instead of Avg + 3 x standard deviation because of the 1.5 sigma rule for Range 6. Therefore, the Range 7 max value is simply 1 standard deviation larger than the Range 6 max.]

SmartWay Technical Documentation ǀ Section 3.0 31

Contact Information User must enter at least two distinct contacts

Activity Information For all numeric fields except Empty Miles, Biofuel gallons, and Idle Hours, the value must be greater than zero. (An explanation must be provided for zero Empty Miles and idle hours).

Activity Information For mileage and gallons fields, enter exact rather than rounded values. (warning)

Activity Information For Revenue Miles, the amount cannot exceed the number of Total Miles Driven.

Activity Information Revenue Miles that are significantly outside the expected range for percent of total miles for the given truck class (based on a lookup table) must be explained.

Activity Information For Empty Miles, the amount must be less than the number of Total Miles.

Activity Information Empty Miles that are significantly outside the expected range for the given truck class (based on a lookup table) must be explained.

Activity Information Distance per truck that is significantly outside the expected range for the given truck class (based on a lookup table) must be explained.

Activity Information On the Biofuel Blend Worksheet, the total gallons of biofuel cannot exceed the amount entered for Total Fuel on the Activity Information screen.

Activity Information For Idle Hours, the value cannot exceed 8,760 per year per truck.

Activity Information For Idle Hours, values significantly outside the expected range for daily short duration idle hours, daily long duration idle hours, and average number of days on the road must be explained.

Activity Information MPG must be greater than zero.

Activity Information MPG that is significantly outside the expected range for the given truck class (based on a lookup table) must be explained.

Activity Information Reefer fuel inputs for each fuel type must be less than 50% of the total fuel volume used for reefer truck engine power.

Activity Information Reefer fuel as a percent of fuel used for reefer truck engine power that is significantly outside the expected range (based on lookup table) must be explained.

Model Year & Class Total truck count for each fleet cannot be zero.

Model Year & Class Total truck counts for each selected truck class (those with a check mark) cannot be zero.

PM Reduction The number of trucks using any particular PM reduction strategy cannot be greater than the number of trucks for the given class and model year.

PM Reduction The sum of the trucks using either DOC or Particulate Matter Traps cannot be greater than the number of trucks for the given class and model year.

PM Reduction If user indicates that the company uses PM reduction equipment, there must be at least one truck included on the PM Reduction sub-tab.

Payload Calculator User must provide a preferred allocation method for the information entered.

Payload Calculator The sum of the total miles or total trucks entered in the calculator must equal the number entered on the Activity Information screen.

Payload Calculator The calculated average cannot be equal to zero.

Payload Calculator For percentages, the total must equal 100%.

Payload Calculator For each body type for which some information has been entered, all of the visible field must be completed (including the explanation field if shown).

Payload Calculator Zero is not a valid value for any payload (absolute minimum payload = 0.001 tons).

Payload Calculator Values that are significantly outside the expected range for the truck class must be explained.

SmartWay Technical Documentation ǀ Section 3.0 32

Contact Information User must enter at least two distinct contacts Payload Calculator Ensure consistency between body-type selections in the Fleet Description section with

those from the Payload Calculator. For example, if 100% is specified for Dry Van under Fleet Description, only Dry Vans (single, double, triple) may be selected within the calculator. See Table 9.

Payload Calculator If “# of Vehicles in this class” is selected, the number of body-types selected cannot exceed the number of vehicles specified.

Data Sources Data sources for Total Miles Driven, Gallons of Fuel Used, Average Payload, and Other Data must be specified.

As noted in Table 7, a warning is issued if an inconsistency is identified between body-types specified within the Fleet Description Section and those within the payload calculator. Warning conditions (associated with 100% body-type entries under Fleet Description) are presented in Table 8 below. Warnings are also issued if a body type is specified in the Fleet Description section that does not appear in the payload calculator.

SmartWay Technical Documentation ǀ Section 3.0 33

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Table 8. Consistent Body-Types Resulting in No Warning Messages

Body Type (100%) 2b 3 4 Acceptable selections 5 6 7 8a 8b

Dry Van all

except flatbed

all all

except flatbed

all walk-in, single

axle van

beverage, single axle van, dry van single

single axle van, beverage, dry van

single

dry van (single, double, triple)

Refrigerated other other other other reefer, other

reefer, beverage,

combination reefer, other

beverage, other

combination reefer, dry van double, dry van

triple

Flatbed flatbed other flatbed other flatbed flatbed,

combination flatbed

flatbed, combination

flatbed

combination flatbed

Tanker other other other other other tanker Tanker combination tanker

Chassis N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A other Other chassis

Heavy-Bulk N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A other Other heavy-bulk

Auto Carrier N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A other Other auto carrier

Moving all

except flatbed

all all

except flatbed

all

all except reefer, flatbed

single axle van, dry van-single,

other

single axle van, dry van-single,

other

moving, dry van single, dry van double, dry van

triple, other Specialty Hauler other other other other other other Other Specialty, other

Utility all all all all all

except reefer

single axle van, combination

flatbed, other

single axle van, combination

flatbed, other

dry van single, combination

flatbed, other

SmartWay Technical Documentation ǀ Section 3.0 34

Additional, rigorous validation checks of key data inputs are also needed to ensure the overall quality of the performance metrics calculated by the Truck Tool. Validation checks serve three purposes to this end. First, unusually high or low values can be identified and flagged for the user’s attention before finalizing inputs. For example, a user may misplace a decimal, inadvertently add an extra zero, or utilize the wrong units (e.g. reporting pounds instead of tons for payload) upon data entry. By comparing these data entries to reliable industry averages and distributions, these values can be flagged allowing users to quickly correct such errors.

Second, under certain circumstances Partners may operate their fleets under atypical conditions, resulting in extreme (outlier) data values. For example, permitted heavy-haul operations may routinely exceed industry-average payload values by 10 or more tons. By flagging such data entries Partners have the opportunity to provide additional information regarding their unique operating conditions through use of the Truck Tool comment fields.

Finally, independent criteria can be established to ensure that data inputs are never allowed to exceed certain physically-constrained absolute limits. For example, a truck cannot exceed roughly 500,000 miles per year, even with dual drivers and minimal maintenance time, simply due to the available hours per year and highway speed limits. Data values above these absolute maximum levels are not allowed by the Truck Tool, and users are required to modify the associated inputs before proceeding.

The following presents the Truck Tool validation ranges for all parameters but payload, which is discussed above. Validation flags are of three types:

“Yellow” values indicating that the input or derived performance value is notably lower/higher than the expected value. Partners may enter an explanation backing up such entries, but this is not mandatory.

“Red” values indicating that the input or derived performance value differs greatly from the expected value. In this case the partner must enter text explaining why this value is accurate. Once entered, the value will change from “Red” to “Yellow” on the data entry screen.

“Absolute errors” exceed values deemed physically possible and must be changed in order to be accepted by the tool.

Reefer Fuel Validation

1,008 diesel fleets designated as “Reefer” for the 2019 calendar year were evaluated to determine the distribution of the fraction of reefer fuel consumption to total fuel consumption. Four of these observations were dropped from the analysis data set, having greater than 50% of their total fuel consumption attributed to reefer fuel.39 As shown in Figure 4 below, the distribution for the remaining reefer fleets was highly skewed toward low fractions (reefer consumption / total consumption). For this reason, the Tool does not generate Range 1 or Range 2 warnings at the low end of the distribution. Range 4 and Range 5 warnings were set to flag upper end reefer fuel consumption percentages as shown in Table 9.

39 EPA suspects these reefer trucks are primarily used for storage rather than transportation. An additional validation rule has been adopted to flag such entries as errors.

SmartWay Technical Documentation ǀ Section 3.0 35

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Figure 4. Number of Observations vs Fraction of Fuel Used by Reefers

Table 9. Reefer Fuel Consumption Validation Ranges

Min Max % of Obs Range 1 N/A N/A N/A

Range 2 N/A N/A N/A

Range 3 >0 19% 92.7%

Range 4 19% 26% 5.6%

Range 5 26% 50% 1.7%

The mean of the distribution shown in Figure 4 (11%) can be used as the default percentage reefer fuel consumption if the partner lacks data for this parameter.

The percentages discussed above are multiplied by the total fuel value entered on the Activity screen (engine fuel plus reefer fuel) to determine the Reefer fuel validation ranges and default values for a given fleet. If the percentage designated as “Reefer” in the Body Types section of the Truck Tool is less than 100%, then the validation ranges and default value are scaled downward by the reported percentage.

Data Processing

Except as noted, the validation range recommendations are based upon a distributional analysis performed on the 2015 Truck Partner input and performance data.40 Fleet level data was grouped by truck class and bin category. If a particular combination had less than 20 fleets, it was aggregated to the next “higher” level until at least 20 fleets were included. This process resulted in 29 groupings, as shown in Table 10. Note these

40 Miles per gallon distributions were updated based on 2019 partner data to reflect recent changes in fleet fuel efficiency.

SmartWay Technical Documentation ǀ Section 3.0 36

groupings are mutually exclusive – e.g. “Class 6_Mixed” (Group 6) includes all Class 6 vehicles with the exception of TL/Dry Van, LTL/Dry Van, and Package (Groups 8, 10, and 11).

Table 10. Truck Fleet Groupings Used for Distributional Analysis

Group # Name # Fleets 1 2B_Expedited 35 2 2B_Mixed 96 3 2B_Package 34 4 2B_TL/Dry Van 42 5 3_Mixed 85 6 4_Mixed 71 7 5_Mixed 59 8 6_LTL/Dry Van 55 9 6_Mixed 124

10 6_Package 25 11 6_TL/Dry Van 51 12 7_LTL/Dry Van 61 13 7_Mixed 144 14 7_TL/Dry Van 44 15 8A_LTL/Dry Van 54 16 8A_Mixed 106 17 8A_Refrigerated 21 18 8A_TL/Dry Van 61 19 8B_AutoCarrier 36 20 8B_Dray 109 21 8B_Expedited 26 22 8B_Flatbed 159 23 8B_Heavy/Bulk 22 24 8B_LTL/Dry Van 106 25 8B_Mixed 470 26 8B_Refrigerated 574 27 8B_Specialized 60 28 8B_TL/Dry Van 912 29 8B_Tanker 84

A distributional assessment was then performed for each of the above groupings for the following parameters.

Miles per vehicle

SmartWay Technical Documentation ǀ Section 3.0 37

Miles per gallon

Revenue Miles (as a percent of total miles)

Empty Miles (as a percent of total miles)

The following parameters were not updated based on 2015 data due to one of two reasons: (1) the data set for 2015 was too thin, or (2) the majority of the data relied on default values.

Percent Biofuel

Percent Miles Traveled, Urban

Percent Miles Traveled, Highway

Average Idle Hours per Year

ERG then identified suspected outliers and erroneous data entry values for each parameter/group combination, based on the criteria presented in Table 11.

Table 11. Outlier Definition Metric Unreasonably Low Unreasonably High

Miles per Vehicle Mean – 3*Std dev Mean + 3*std dev MPG 0 Mean + 3*std dev Percent Revenue Miles <40 100 Percent Empty Miles 0 >60 Percent Biofuel 0 >20 Percent Urban Operation 0 100 Percent Highway Operation 0 100 Average Idle Hours 0 Mean + 3*std dev

Using these criteria ERG identified 132 values, which were subsequently dropped from the data set in order to develop “yellow” and “red” validation ranges for generalized distributions. The dropped values are shown below in Table 12.

Table 12. Values Flagged as Outliers

Parameter Class/Category Value Mean

gallons per year 2B_Expedited 412,514 53,503

gallons per year 2B_Mixed 1,118,423 97,172

gallons per year 2B_Mixed 2,575,025 97,172

gallons per year 2B_Mixed 1,155,575 97,172

gallons per year 2B_Package 16,598,790 1,573,156

SmartWay Technical Documentation ǀ Section 3.0 38

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gallons per year 2B_Package 18,812,438 1,573,156

gallons per year 2B_TL/Dry Van 9,561,432 297,320

gallons per year 3_Mixed 7,488,083 566,721

gallons per year 3_Mixed 6,000,532 566,721

gallons per year 3_Mixed 10,025,500 566,721

gallons per year 3_Mixed 6,895,410 566,721

gallons per year 4_Mixed 32,131,244 1,287,415

gallons per year 4_Mixed 23,340,749 1,287,415

gallons per year 5_Mixed 5,886,948 526,173

gallons per year 5_Mixed 8,195,008 526,173

gallons per year 5_Mixed 5,391,967 526,173

gallons per year 6_LTL/Dry Van 3,981,088 229,194

gallons per year 6_LTL/Dry Van 2,229,735 229,194

gallons per year 6_Mixed 971,878 64,977

gallons per year 6_Mixed 434,514 64,977

gallons per year 6_Mixed 655,144 64,977

gallons per year 6_Package 42,086,822 5,063,945

gallons per year 6_TL/Dry Van 4,063,283 202,354

gallons per year 7_LTL/Dry Van 2,027,074 251,393

gallons per year 7_LTL/Dry Van 2,991,399 251,393

gallons per year 7_LTL/Dry Van 2,241,644 251,393

gallons per year 7_Mixed 6,172,258 273,971

gallons per year 7_Mixed 3,374,633 273,971

gallons per year 7_Mixed 5,989,442 273,971

gallons per year 7_Mixed 3,559,828 273,971

gallons per year 7_TL/Dry Van 4,950,320 262,592

gallons per year 8A_LTL/Dry Van 36,116,464 3,648,512

gallons per year 8A_LTL/Dry Van 53,625,048 3,648,512

gallons per year 8A_Mixed 57,351,694 986,765

gallons per year 8A_Refrigerated 5,643,067 443,374

gallons per year 8A_TL/Dry Van 70,846,629 2,760,796

gallons per year 8B_AutoCarrier 25,533,283 3,748,093

gallons per year 8B_Dray 14,150,069 1,604,817

gallons per year 8B_Dray 34,766,125 1,604,817

gallons per year 8B_Dray 13,354,331 1,604,817

SmartWay Technical Documentation ǀ Section 3.0 39

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Parameter Class/Category Value Mean

gallons per year 8B_Expedited 1,424,076 218,990

gallons per year 8B_Flatbed 36,752,966 2,361,101

gallons per year 8B_Flatbed 34,640,701 2,361,101

gallons per year 8B_Flatbed 17,704,415 2,361,101

gallons per year 8B_Flatbed 17,023,256 2,361,101

gallons per year 8B_Heavy/Bulk 9,404,277 1,037,619

gallons per year 8B_LTL/Dry Van 92,200,872 7,616,076

gallons per year 8B_LTL/Dry Van 124,000,000 7,616,076

gallons per year 8B_LTL/Dry Van 89,849,912 7,616,076

gallons per year 8B_Mixed 66,558,332 2,535,432

gallons per year 8B_Mixed 37,456,768 2,535,432

gallons per year 8B_Mixed 59,418,064 2,535,432

gallons per year 8B_Mixed 48,225,936 2,535,432

gallons per year 8B_Mixed 180,000,000 2,535,432

gallons per year 8B_Mixed 119,000,000 2,535,432

gallons per year 8B_Refrigerated 33,225,674 1,941,435

gallons per year 8B_Refrigerated 42,919,799 1,941,435

gallons per year 8B_Refrigerated 28,773,217 1,941,435

gallons per year 8B_Refrigerated 37,152,519 1,941,435

gallons per year 8B_Refrigerated 20,502,480 1,941,435

gallons per year 8B_Refrigerated 53,869,408 1,941,435

gallons per year 8B_Refrigerated 18,295,369 1,941,435

gallons per year 8B_Refrigerated 18,899,380 1,941,435

gallons per year 8B_Refrigerated 31,452,760 1,941,435

gallons per year 8B_Refrigerated 67,708,438 1,941,435

gallons per year 8B_Specialized 109,000,000 3,815,822

gallons per year 8B_TL/Dry Van 39,566,042 3,015,269

gallons per year 8B_TL/Dry Van 86,776,622 3,015,269

gallons per year 8B_TL/Dry Van 41,147,713 3,015,269

gallons per year 8B_TL/Dry Van 40,502,655 3,015,269

gallons per year 8B_TL/Dry Van 102,000,000 3,015,269

gallons per year 8B_TL/Dry Van 47,825,507 3,015,269

gallons per year 8B_TL/Dry Van 131,000,000 3,015,269

gallons per year 8B_TL/Dry Van 55,482,608 3,015,269

gallons per year 8B_TL/Dry Van 72,226,731 3,015,269

SmartWay Technical Documentation ǀ Section 3.0 40

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Parameter Class/Category Value Mean

gallons per year 8B_TL/Dry Van 182,000,000 3,015,269

gallons per year 8B_TL/Dry Van 61,329,730 3,015,269

gallons per year 8B_TL/Dry Van 99,023,569 3,015,269

gallons per year 8B_Tanker 63,833,642 2,691,859

annual miles/vehicle 2B_Mixed 116,299 28,854

annual miles/vehicle 3_Mixed 85,788 22,873

annual miles/vehicle 3_Mixed 81,697 22,873

annual miles/vehicle 4_Mixed 87,149 23,285

annual miles/vehicle 5_Mixed 93,600 18,865

annual miles/vehicle 5_Mixed 77,510 18,865

annual miles/vehicle 6_Mixed 343,740 34,199

annual miles/vehicle 6_Package 103,854 24,362

annual miles/vehicle 6_TL/Dry Van 116,000 36,656

annual miles/vehicle 7_Mixed 135,356 35,442

annual miles/vehicle 7_Mixed 117,865 35,442

annual miles/vehicle 7_TL/Dry Van 166,021 37,351

annual miles/vehicle 8B_Flatbed 5,000 78,258

annual miles/vehicle 8B_Flatbed 7,500 78,258

annual miles/vehicle 8B_LTL/Dry Van 271,366 69,987

annual miles/vehicle 8B_Mixed 203,275 74,314

annual miles/vehicle 8B_Mixed 175,555 74,314

annual miles/vehicle 8B_Refrigerated 215,350 101,711

annual miles/vehicle 8B_Refrigerated 211,217 101,711

annual miles/vehicle 8B_Refrigerated 248,360 101,711

annual miles/vehicle 8B_Refrigerated 221,995 101,711

annual miles/vehicle 8B_Refrigerated 225,974 101,711

annual miles/vehicle 8B_Refrigerated 262,511 101,711

annual miles/vehicle 8B_Refrigerated 208,809 101,711

annual miles/vehicle 8B_Specialized 189,507 73,838

annual miles/vehicle 8B_TL/Dry Van 195,768 90,012

annual miles/vehicle 8B_TL/Dry Van 193,195 90,012

annual miles/vehicle 8B_TL/Dry Van 189,257 90,012

annual miles/vehicle 8B_TL/Dry Van 250,391 90,012

annual miles/vehicle 8B_TL/Dry Van 194,704 90,012

annual miles/vehicle 8B_TL/Dry Van 191,012 90,012

SmartWay Technical Documentation ǀ Section 3.0 41

iles Per Vehicle A.rrf Outtye1s Have Been Removej

Giuuµ ID Nur11!Je1 =28 T1m.:k.Clc1s~_B i11Cc1h:~yu1y=BB_ TU 01 yVc111 Nu111iJe1 i11 G 1uup=9 12

70

60

50

C a:i -~

4n

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20

10

.I I al I I I I I I I al 10000 20000 JOOOC '10000 50000 60000 70000 80000 QQOOO 100000 110000 120000 uoc,oo HOJOO 1500(10 1600)0 17000C 18000)

Bin Value IPf0!1/E.PA_TruCl<TOOIYalA.Jp]~e201~1\1al.3.S3S 14DEC16 12:41

Parameter Class/Category Value Mean

annual miles/vehicle 8B_TL/Dry Van 215,143 90,012

annual miles/vehicle 8B_Tanker 148,721 79,629

% Empty Miles 3_Mixed 90.19 13.39

% Empty Miles 8B_Specialized 99.38 30.34

% Empty Miles 2B_Mixed 0.02 82.54

% Empty Miles 8B_TL/Dry Van 35.17 87.37

Once values were defined as outliers and excluded from the data set, the mean and standard deviation of the distribution for each truck fleet grouping were then re-calculated for each metric. Each fleet was treated equally in the distributional assessment, independent of the number of vehicles in the fleet. Histograms presenting the distributions for each truck fleet grouping/metric combination are available electronically from SmartWay.

For groupings with large numbers of fleets (e.g., Class 8b diesel TL/Dry Van, Refrigerated, and Mixed), the data for miles per vehicle and miles per gallon appear normally distributed. Examples for Class 8b TL/Dry Van Diesel fleets are shown in Figures 5 and 6.

Figure 5. Annual Miles per Vehicle Distribution, Class 8b TL/Dry Van Diesel Fleets

SmartWay Technical Documentation ǀ Section 3.0 42

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140

120

100

80

60

40

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Figure 6. Miles per Gallon Distribution, Class 8b TL/Dry Van Diesel Fleets

N= 929 Avg = 6.36 stdev= 0.79

Other fleet group/metric combinations displayed sharp drop offs at certain discrete levels. For example, % Revenue Miles were seldom less than 50% of total miles, and conversely, % Empty Miles were seldom greater than 50% of total miles. % Biofuel also displayed a discrete maximum value with no fleets using blends higher than 20% biodiesel.41

Based on this assessment, red and yellow flag areas were defined for each fleet group/metric combination as shown in Table 13.

Table 13. “Red” and “Yellow” Flag Criteria

Class Category Count Variable Low Red Low Yellow High Yellow High Red

2B_Expedited 35 Miles Per Vehicle 5.0% 15.0% 85.0% 95.0%

2B_Mixed 96 Miles Per Vehicle 5.0% 15.0% 85.0% 95.0%

2B_Package 34 Miles Per Vehicle 5.0% 15.0% 85.0% 95.0%

2B_TL/Dry Van 42 Miles Per Vehicle 5.0% 15.0% 85.0% 95.0%

3_Mixed 85 Miles Per Vehicle NONE 5,000 Mean+1.5StD Mean+2StD

4_Mixed 71 Miles Per Vehicle 5.0% 15.0% 85.0% 95.0%

5_Mixed 59 Miles Per Vehicle 5.0% 15.0% 85.0% 95.0%

6_LTL/Dry Van 55 Miles Per Vehicle 5.0% 15.0% 85.0% 95.0%

6_Mixed 124 Miles Per Vehicle 5.0% 15.0% 85.0% 95.0%

6_Package 25 Miles Per Vehicle 5.0% 15.0% 85.0% 95.0%

41 As such, a yellow warning is issued for any biodiesel blend > 20%, with no red warning.

SmartWay Technical Documentation ǀ Section 3.0 43

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Class Category Count Variable Low Red Low Yellow High Yellow High Red

6_TL/Dry Van 51 Miles Per Vehicle 5.0% 15.0% 85.0% 95.0%

7_LTL/Dry Van 61 Miles Per Vehicle 5.0% 15.0% 85.0% 95.0%

7_Mixed 144 Miles Per Vehicle NONE 5,000 Mean+1.5StD Mean+2StD

7_TL/Dry Van 44 Miles Per Vehicle 5.0% 15.0% 85.0% 95.0%

8A_LTL/Dry Van 54 Miles Per Vehicle 5.0% 15.0% 85.0% 95.0%

8A_Mixed 106 Miles Per Vehicle 5.0% 15.0% 85.0% 95.0%

8A_Refrigerated 21 Miles Per Vehicle 5.0% 15.0% 85.0% 95.0%

8A_TL/Dry Van 61 Miles Per Vehicle 5.0% 15.0% 85.0% 95.0%

8B_AutoCarrier 36 Miles Per Vehicle Mean – 2StD Mean-1.5StD Mean+1.5StD Mean+2StD

8B_Dray 109 Miles Per Vehicle Mean – 2StD Mean-1.5StD Mean+1.5StD Mean+2StD

8B_Expedited 26 Miles Per Vehicle 5.0% 15.0% 85.0% 95.0%

8B_Flatbed 159 Miles Per Vehicle Mean – 2StD Mean-1.5StD Mean+1.5StD Mean+2StD

8B_Heavy/Bulk 22 Miles Per Vehicle 5.0% 15.0% 85.0% 95.0%

8B_LTL/Dry Van 106 Miles Per Vehicle Mean – 2StD Mean-1.5StD Mean+1.5StD Mean+2StD

8B_Mixed 470 Miles Per Vehicle Mean – 2StD Mean-1.5StD Mean+1.5StD Mean+2StD

8B_Refrigerated 574 Miles Per Vehicle Mean – 2StD Mean-1.5StD Mean+1.5StD Mean+2StD

8B_Specialized 60 Miles Per Vehicle 5.0% 15.0% 85.0% 95.0%

8B_TL/Dry Van 912 Miles Per Vehicle Mean – 2StD Mean-1.5StD Mean+1.5StD Mean+2StD

8B_Tanker 84 Miles Per Vehicle Mean – 2StD Mean-1.5StD Mean+1.5StD Mean+2StD

2B 72 Miles Per Gallon Mean – 2StD Mean-1.5StD Mean+1.5StD Mean+2StD

3 45 Miles Per Gallon 5.0% 10.0% 90.0% 95.0%

4 38 Miles Per Gallon 5.0% 10.0% 90.0% 95.0%

5 38 Miles Per Gallon 5.0% 10.0% 90.0% 95.0%

6 214 Miles Per Gallon Mean – 2StD Mean-1.5StD Mean+1.5StD Mean+2StD

7 234 Miles Per Gallon Mean – 2StD Mean-1.5StD Mean+1.5StD Mean+2StD

8A 234 Miles Per Gallon Mean – 2StD Mean-1.5StD Mean+1.5StD Mean+2StD

8B_AutoCarrier 40 Miles Per Gallon 5.0% 10.0% 90.0% 95.0%

8B_Dray 107 Miles Per Gallon Mean – 2StD Mean-1.5StD Mean+1.5StD Mean+2StD

8B_Expedited 18 Miles Per Gallon 5.0% 10.0% 90.0% 95.0%

8B_Flatbed 166 Miles Per Gallon Mean – 2StD Mean-1.5StD Mean+1.5StD Mean+2StD

8B_Heavy/Bulk 37 Miles Per Gallon 5.0% 10.0% 90.0% 95.0%

8B_LTL/Dry Van 76 Miles Per Gallon Mean – 2StD Mean-1.5StD Mean+1.5StD Mean+2StD

8B_Mixed/Moving 452 Miles Per Gallon Mean – 2StD Mean-1.5StD Mean+1.5StD Mean+2StD

8B_Refrigerated 492 Miles Per Gallon Mean – 2StD Mean-1.5StD Mean+1.5StD Mean+2StD

8B_Specialized 41 Miles Per Gallon 5.0% 10.0% 90.0% 95.0%

8B_TL/Dry Van 929 Miles Per Gallon Mean – 2StD Mean-1.5StD Mean+1.5StD Mean+2StD

SmartWay Technical Documentation ǀ Section 3.0 44

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8B_Tanker 80 Miles Per Gallon 5.0% 10.0% 90.0% 95.0%

2B_Expedited 35 Percent Revenue Miles 5.0% 15.0% NONE NONE

2B_Mixed 96 Percent Revenue Miles 5.0% 15.0% NONE NONE

2B_Package 34 Percent Revenue Miles 5.0% 15.0% NONE NONE

2B_TL/Dry Van 42 Percent Revenue Miles 5.0% 15.0% NONE NONE

3_Mixed 85 Percent Revenue Miles 5.0% 15.0% NONE NONE

4_Mixed 71 Percent Revenue Miles 5.0% 15.0% NONE NONE

5_Mixed 59 Percent Revenue Miles 5.0% 15.0% NONE NONE

6_LTL/Dry Van 55 Percent Revenue Miles 5.0% 15.0% NONE NONE

6_Mixed 124 Percent Revenue Miles 5.0% 15.0% NONE NONE

6_Package 25 Percent Revenue Miles 5.0% 15.0% NONE NONE

6_TL/Dry Van 51 Percent Revenue Miles 5.0% 15.0% NONE NONE

7_LTL/Dry Van 61 Percent Revenue Miles 5.0% 15.0% NONE NONE

7_Mixed 144 Percent Revenue Miles 5.0% 15.0% NONE NONE

7_TL/Dry Van 44 Percent Revenue Miles 5.0% 15.0% NONE NONE

8A_LTL/Dry Van 54 Percent Revenue Miles 5.0% 15.0% NONE NONE

8A_Mixed 106 Percent Revenue Miles 5.0% 15.0% NONE NONE

8A_Refrigerated 21 Percent Revenue Miles 5.0% 15.0% NONE NONE

8A_TL/Dry Van 61 Percent Revenue Miles 5.0% 15.0% NONE NONE

8B_AutoCarrier 36 Percent Revenue Miles Mean – 2StD Mean-1.5StD NONE NONE

8B_Dray 109 Percent Revenue Miles 5.0% 15.0% NONE NONE

8B_Expedited 26 Percent Revenue Miles 5.0% 15.0% NONE NONE

8B_Flatbed 159 Percent Revenue Miles Mean – 2StD Mean-1.5StD NONE NONE

8B_Heavy/Bulk 22 Percent Revenue Miles 5.0% 15.0% NONE NONE

8B_LTL/Dry Van 106 Percent Revenue Miles Mean – 2StD Mean-1.5StD NONE NONE

8B_Mixed 470 Percent Revenue Miles Mean – 2StD Mean-1.5StD NONE NONE

8B_Refrigerated 574 Percent Revenue Miles Mean – 2StD Mean-1.5StD NONE NONE

8B_Specialized 60 Percent Revenue Miles 5.0% 15.0% NONE NONE

8B_TL/Dry Van 912 Percent Revenue Miles Mean – 2StD Mean-1.5StD NONE NONE

8B_Tanker 84 Percent Revenue Miles Mean – 2StD Mean-1.5StD Mean+1.5StD Mean+2StD

2B_Expedited 35 Percent Empty Miles NONE NONE 85.0% 95.0%

2B_Mixed 96 Percent Empty Miles NONE NONE Mean+1.5StD Mean+2StD

2B_Package 34 Percent Empty Miles NONE NONE Mean+1.5StD Mean+2StD

2B_TL/Dry Van 42 Percent Empty Miles 5.0% 15.0% Mean+1.5StD Mean+2StD

3_Mixed 85 Percent Empty Miles NONE NONE 85.0% 95.0%

4_Mixed 71 Percent Empty Miles NONE NONE 85.0% 95.0%

SmartWay Technical Documentation ǀ Section 3.0 45

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Class Category Count Variable Low Red Low Yellow High Yellow High Red

5_Mixed 59 Percent Empty Miles NONE NONE 85.0% 95.0%

6_LTL/Dry Van 55 Percent Empty Miles NONE NONE Mean+1.5StD Mean+2StD

6_Mixed 124 Percent Empty Miles NONE NONE Mean+1.5StD Mean+2StD

6_Package 25 Percent Empty Miles NONE NONE 85.0% 95.0%

6_TL/Dry Van 51 Percent Empty Miles NONE NONE 85.0% 95.0%

7_LTL/Dry Van 61 Percent Empty Miles NONE NONE 85.0% 95.0%

7_Mixed 144 Percent Empty Miles NONE NONE 85.0% 95.0%

7_TL/Dry Van 44 Percent Empty Miles NONE NONE Mean+1.5StD Mean+2StD

8A_LTL/Dry Van 54 Percent Empty Miles NONE NONE Mean+1.5StD Mean+2StD

8A_Mixed 106 Percent Empty Miles NONE NONE 85.0% 95.0%

8A_Refrigerated 21 Percent Empty Miles NONE NONE Mean+1.5StD Mean+2StD

8A_TL/Dry Van 61 Percent Empty Miles Mean – 2StD Mean-1.5StD Mean+1.5StD Mean+2StD

8B_AutoCarrier 36 Percent Empty Miles 5.0% 15.0% 85.0% 95.0%

8B_Dray 109 Percent Empty Miles 5.0% 15.0% 85.0% 95.0%

8B_Expedited 26 Percent Empty Miles 5.0% 15.0% 85.0% 95.0%

8B_Flatbed 159 Percent Empty Miles 5.0% 15.0% 85.0% 95.0%

8B_Heavy/Bulk 22 Percent Empty Miles NONE NONE Mean+1.5StD Mean+2StD

8B_LTL/Dry Van 106 Percent Empty Miles NONE NONE Mean+1.5StD Mean+2StD

8B_Mixed 470 Percent Empty Miles NONE NONE Mean+1.5StD Mean+2StD

8B_Refrigerated 574 Percent Empty Miles NONE NONE Mean+1.5StD Mean+2StD

8B_Specialized 60 Percent Empty Miles 5.0% 15.0% 85.0% 95.0%

8B_TL/Dry Van 912 Percent Empty Miles NONE NONE Mean+1.5StD Mean+2StD

8B_Tanker 84 Percent Empty Miles 5.0% 15.0% NONE 50.0%

2B_Expedited 35 Percent Biofuel 5.0% 15.0% 85.0% 95.0%

2B_Mixed 96 Percent Biofuel 5.0% 15.0% 85.0% 95.0%

2B_Package 34 Percent Biofuel 5.0% 15.0% 85.0% 95.0%

2B_TL/Dry Van 42 Percent Biofuel 5.0% 15.0% 85.0% 95.0%

3_Mixed 85 Percent Biofuel 5.0% 15.0% 85.0% 95.0%

4_Mixed 71 Percent Biofuel 5.0% 15.0% 85.0% 95.0%

5_Mixed 59 Percent Biofuel 5.0% 15.0% 85.0% 95.0%

6_LTL/Dry Van 55 Percent Biofuel 5.0% 15.0% 85.0% 95.0%

6_Mixed 124 Percent Biofuel 5.0% 15.0% 85.0% 95.0%

6_Package 25 Percent Biofuel 5.0% 15.0% 85.0% 95.0%

6_TL/Dry Van 51 Percent Biofuel 5.0% 15.0% 85.0% 95.0%

7_LTL/Dry Van 61 Percent Biofuel 5.0% 15.0% 85.0% 95.0%

7_Mixed 144 Percent Biofuel 5.0% 15.0% 85.0% 95.0%

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7_TL/Dry Van 44 Percent Biofuel 5.0% 15.0% 85.0% 95.0%

8A_LTL/Dry Van 54 Percent Biofuel 5.0% 15.0% 85.0% 95.0%

8A_Mixed 106 Percent Biofuel 5.0% 15.0% 85.0% 95.0%

8A_Refrigerated 21 Percent Biofuel 5.0% 15.0% 85.0% 95.0%

8A_TL/Dry Van 61 Percent Biofuel 5.0% 15.0% 85.0% 95.0%

8B_AutoCarrier 36 Percent Biofuel 5.0% 15.0% 85.0% 95.0%

8B_Dray 109 Percent Biofuel 5.0% 15.0% 85.0% 95.0%

8B_Expedited 26 Percent Biofuel 5.0% 15.0% 85.0% 95.0%

8B_Flatbed 159 Percent Biofuel 5.0% 15.0% 85.0% 95.0%

8B_Heavy/Bulk 22 Percent Biofuel 5.0% 15.0% 85.0% 95.0%

8B_LTL/Dry Van 106 Percent Biofuel 5.0% 15.0% 85.0% 95.0%

8B_Mixed 470 Percent Biofuel 5.0% 15.0% 85.0% 95.0%

8B_Refrigerated 574 Percent Biofuel 5.0% 15.0% 85.0% 95.0%

8B_Specialized 60 Percent Biofuel 5.0% 15.0% 85.0% 95.0%

8B_TL/Dry Van 912 Percent Biofuel 5.0% 15.0% 85.0% 95.0%

8B_Tanker 84 Percent Biofuel 5.0% 15.0% 85.0% 95.0%

For distributions that appeared to have a relatively normal distribution on the low and/or high end, yellow flag criteria were set at ± 1.5 times the standard deviation (StD), and the red flag criteria at ± 2.0 times the standard deviation of the distribution for each truck fleet grouping. In most cases these criteria result in roughly 10-20% of the values for these metrics being flagged as either red or yellow for partner attention. For several variables with a clearly skewed distribution yellow cutoffs were set to include approximately 15% of observations, and red cutoffs were selected to include approximately 5% of observations. Selecting cutoffs at these levels of stringency is intended to identify likely input errors without unduly burdening the large majority of Truck Tool users with unnecessary data checks and text explanations.

Finally, certain distributions showed common values up to and including the absolute min/max values. For example, a substantial number of truck carriers reported revenue miles equal to 100% of total miles. In these instances no yellow/red flags are assigned for that variable.

Tables 14-18 present the actual yellow and red flag values for each fleet group/metric combination, given the decision criteria presented in Table 13. Tables 19-22 present the number of observations that would be flagged with yellow and red warnings for these combinations. The complete set of histograms associated with the distributional analysis of the 2016 data is available upon request from SmartWay.

SmartWay Technical Documentation ǀ Section 3.0 47

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Table 14. Yellow/Red Criteria by Fleet Group/Metric Combination Annual Miles per Vehicle

Class Category Absolute Min Low Red Low

Yellow High

Yellow High Red Absolute Max

2B-Expedited >0 9,698 16,183 63,029 90,800 500,000

2B-Mixed >0 2,046 7,741 53,432 71,391 500,000

2B-PD >0 5,247 11,565 47,936 65,500 500,000

2B-TL/Dry van >0 6,799 18,007 52,984 58,368 500,000

3-Mixed >0 0 5,000 45,712 53,814 500,000

4-Mixed >0 1,402 6,556 40,071 51,362 500,000

5-Mixed >0 306 3,470 40,000 49,485 500,000

6-LTL/Dry van >0 9,631 11,696 49,080 60,950 500,000

6-Mixed >0 2,036 10,931 51,916 67,014 500,000

6-Moving >0 3,000 8,000 68,107 79,506 500,000

6-PD >0 5,921 9,073 65,000 72,065 500,000

6-TL/Dry van >0 8,632 14,133 56,713 68,836 500,000

7-LTL/Dry van >0 12,488 15,654 54,122 72,666 500,000

7-Mixed >0 0 5,000 67,560 78,694 500,000

7-TL/Dry van >0 2,326 10,312 57,249 79,650 500,000

8A-LTL/.Dry van >0 10,558 15,625 68,215 88,352 500,000

8A-Mixed >0 6,271 13,039 85,890 102,000 500,000

8A-Reefer >0 15,505 26,162 70,000 79,308 500,000

8A-TL/Dry van >0 10,069 13,877 97,567 128,406 500,000

8B-Auto >0 43,112 51,769 103,710 112,367 500,000

8B-Dray >0 6,985 18,413 86,984 98,413 500,000

8B-Expedited >0 23,226 27,112 92,857 140,232 500,000

8B-Flatbed >0 36,935 47,495 110,856 121,416 500,000

8B-Heavy >0 44,171 48,663 101,118 108,168 500,000

8B-LTL/Dry van >0 13,983 27,504 108,634 122,156 500,000

8B-Mixed >0 12,029 27,477 120,168 135,616 500,000

8B-Reefer >0 36,939 52,743 147,566 163,370 500,000

8B-Special >0 20,765 39,854 105,338 117,433 500,000

8B-TL/Dry van >0 29,853 44,672 133,586 148,405 500,000

8B-Tanker >0 36,503 47,076 110,517 121,090 500,000

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Table 15. Yellow/Red Criteria by Fleet Group/Metric Combination Miles per Gallon42

Class Category Absolute Min Low Red Low Yellow High Yellow High Red Absolute Max

2B >0 5.38 7.58 20.75 22.95 37.5 3 >0 3.52 6.41 13.52 14.37 28.5 4 >0 6.45 7.10 12.22 13.20 24.4 5 >0 4.42 5.69 12.40 15.10 21.4 6 >0 5.41 6.21 10.98 11.77 16.8 7 >0 4.74 5.57 10.58 11.41 15.8

8A >0 3.94 4.66 8.97 9.69 12.2 8B-Auto >0 4.27 4.61 5.51 6.20 9.3 8B-Dray >0 4.88 5.14 6.70 6.96 10.5

8B-Expedited >0 5.76 5.82 7.14 7.20 10.2 8B-Flatbed >0 4.38 4.75 6.97 7.34 10.8 8B-Heavy >0 2.95 3.77 5.91 5.95 9.9

8B-LTL/Dry van >0 5.52 5.79 7.41 7.68 11.8 8B-Mixed/Moving >0 4.78 5.18 7.55 7.94 11.8

8B-Reefer >0 5.09 5.57 8.42 8.89 11.9 8B-Specialized >0 3.04 3.75 6.21 6.66 10.1 8B-TL/Dry van >0 5.02 5.39 7.61 7.98 12.4

8B-Tanker >0 3.74 4.34 6.75 7.10 10.8

42 Equivalent MPG cutoffs can be found by dividing these values by 1.26 for gasoline and CNG vehicles; dividing by 1.35 for LPG vehicles; and dividing by 1.52 for LNG vehicles – see “Non-Diesel MPG” section below for details.

SmartWay Technical Documentation ǀ Section 3.0 49

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Table 16. Yellow/Red Criteria by Fleet Group/Metric Combination % Revenue Miles

Class Category Absolute Min Low Red Low Yellow High Yellow High Red Absolute Max

2B-Expedited N/A 52 59 N/A N/A N/A 2B-Mixed N/A 53 61 N/A N/A N/A

2B-PD N/A 66 72 N/A N/A N/A 2B-TL/Dry van N/A 69 74 N/A N/A N/A

3-Mixed N/A 65 71 N/A N/A N/A 4-Mixed N/A 65 71 N/A N/A N/A 5-Mixed N/A 59 67 N/A N/A N/A

6-LTL/Dry van N/A 61 68 N/A N/A N/A 6-Mixed N/A 55 63 N/A N/A N/A 6-Moving N/A 55 65 N/A N/A N/A

6-PD N/A 75 80 N/A N/A N/A 6-TL/Dry van N/A 56 64 N/A N/A N/A 7-LTL/Dry van N/A 64 71 N/A N/A N/A

7-Mixed N/A 57 64 N/A N/A N/A 7-TL/Dry van N/A 64 70 N/A N/A N/A

8A-LTL/.Dry van N/A 67 73 N/A N/A N/A 8A-Mixed N/A 52 59 N/A N/A N/A 8A-Reefer N/A 59 65 N/A N/A N/A

8A-TL/Dry van N/A 69 74 N/A N/A N/A 8B-Auto N/A 43 50 N/A N/A N/A 8B-Dray N/A 46 54 N/A N/A N/A

8B-Expedited N/A 57 63 N/A N/A N/A 8B-Flatbed N/A 62 67 N/A N/A N/A 8B-Heavy N/A 34 43 N/A N/A N/A

8B-LTL/Dry van N/A 68 73 N/A N/A N/A 8B-Mixed N/A 62 68 N/A N/A N/A 8B-Reefer N/A 72 76 N/A N/A N/A 8B-Special N/A 40 49 N/A N/A N/A

8B-TL/Dry van N/A 68 73 N/A N/A N/A 8B-Tanker N/A 48 50 N/A N/A N/A

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Table 17. Yellow/Red Criteria by Fleet Group/Metric Combination % Empty Miles

Class Category Absolute Min Low Red Low Yellow High Yellow High Red Absolute Max

2B-Expedited N/A 1 5 38 44 N/A 2B-Mixed N/A 1 5 41 48 N/A

2B-PD N/A 1 5 31 37 N/A 2B-TL/Dry van N/A 1 5 28 33 N/A

3-Mixed N/A 1 5 28 34 N/A 4-Mixed N/A 1 5 30 35 N/A 5-Mixed N/A 1 5 33 40 N/A

6-LTL/Dry van N/A 1 5 36 44 N/A 6-Mixed N/A 1 5 38 45 N/A 6-Moving N/A 1 5 40 50 N/A

6-PD N/A 1 5 15 31 N/A 6-TL/Dry van N/A 1 5 35 47 N/A 7-LTL/Dry van N/A 1 5 32 35 N/A

7-Mixed N/A 1 5 33 44 N/A 7-TL/Dry van N/A 1 5 33 39 N/A

8A-LTL/.Dry van N/A 1 5 30 36 N/A 8A-Mixed N/A 1 5 36 47 N/A 8A-Reefer N/A 1 5 35 41 N/A

8A-TL/Dry van N/A 1 5 31 36 N/A 8B-Auto N/A 5 15 40 49 N/A 8B-Dray N/A 5 7 40 50 N/A

8B-Expedited N/A 5 6 33 37 N/A 8B-Flatbed N/A 5 7 27 37 N/A 8B-Heavy N/A 1 5 56 64 N/A

8B-LTL/Dry van N/A 1 5 29 34 N/A 8B-Mixed N/A 1 5 34 40 N/A 8B-Reefer N/A 1 5 25 29 N/A 8B-Special N/A 1 5 49 50 N/A

8B-TL/Dry van N/A 1 5 28 32 N/A 8B-Tanker N/A 20 36 50 50 N/A

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Table 18. Yellow/Red Criteria by Fleet Group/Metric Combination Idle Hours and Days of Use per Year

Class Category Low Red Low Yellow High Yellow High Red

Average Service Days/Year Non-Class 8b (less Package/Specialty) 96 171 320 --Non-Class 8b (Package/Specialty) 142 200 315 --Class 8b (less LTL/Package) 157 213 325 --Class 8b (LTL/Package) 135 193 309 --

Average Hours Long Duration Idle/Day Non-Class 8b (less Package/Specialty) -- 1.00 1.73 2.81 Non-Class 8b (Package/Specialty) -- 1.00 24.00 --Class 8b (less LTL/Package) -- 1.00 4.11 6.10 Class 8b (LTL/Package) -- 1.00 2.53 4.18

Average Hours Short Duration Idle/Day Non-Class 8b (less Package/Specialty) -- 0 1.87 2.81 Non-Class 8b (Package/Specialty) -- 0 1.42 1.99 Class 8b (less LTL/Package) -- 0 2.36 3.60 Class 8b (LTL/Package) -- 0 2.63 4.15

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Table 19. Number of Values Flagged by Fleet Group/Metric Combination Annual Miles per Vehicle

Class/Category N Minimum Value

Low Red Flags

Low Yellow Flags

Mean Value

High Yellow Flags

High Red Flags

Maximum Value

2B_Expedited 35 6,001 1 3 40,870 3 1 95,938 2B_Mixed 96 720 4 9 27,933 9 4 76,590

2B_Package 34 4,144 1 3 30,012 3 1 70,685 2B_TL/Dry Van 42 505 2 3 31,821 3 2 59,203

3_Mixed 85 581 0 6 21,406 6 4 76,320 4_Mixed 71 117 3 6 22,373 6 3 53,172 5_Mixed 59 83 2 5 16,525 5 2 54,486

6_LTL/Dry Van 55 1,429 2 5 29,919 5 2 70,391 6_Mixed 124 53 6 11 31,682 11 6 79,858

6_Package 25 814 1 1 21,050 1 1 90,196 6_TL/Dry Van 51 3,179 2 4 35,069 4 2 93,498 7_LTL/Dry Van 61 5,701 3 5 34,379 5 3 87,534

7_Mixed 144 100 0 10 34,158 7 6 106,615 7_TL/Dry Van 44 1,693 2 3 34,359 3 2 109,287

8A_LTL/Dry Van 54 3,458 2 5 45,351 5 2 108,183 8A_Mixed 106 155 5 9 47,086 9 5 124,901

8A_Refrigerated 21 1,738 1 1 45,741 1 1 79,469 8A_TL/Dry Van 61 7,460 3 5 59,438 5 3 155,136 8B_AutoCarrier 36 47,525 0 2 77,740 1 1 120,671

8B_Dray 109 3,165 1 9 52,699 4 4 102,164 8B_Expedited 26 22,697 1 1 63,362 1 1 150,415 8B_Flatbed 159 15,680 3 5 79,175 8 2 130,597

8B_Heavy/Bulk 22 40,305 1 1 73,132 1 1 116,004 8B_LTL/Dry Van 106 14,096 0 5 68,069 3 3 146,016

8B_Mixed 470 3,658 7 20 73,822 22 11 151,353 8B_Refrigerated 574 9,171 20 20 100,155 22 10 203,947 8B_Specialized 60 4,568 2 5 71,877 5 2 178,303 8B_TL/Dry Van 912 2,072 27 33 89,129 39 19 176,478

8B_Tanker 84 28,055 4 3 78,796 0 3 136,449

SmartWay Technical Documentation ǀ Section 3.0 53

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Table 20. Number of Values Flagged by Fleet Group/Metric Combination Miles per Gallon

Class/Category N Minimum Value

Low Red Flags

Low Yellow Flags

Mean Value

High Yellow Flags

High Red Flags

Maximum Value

2B_Expedited 35 10.00 1 3 14.47 3 1 25.00 2B_Mixed 96 2.00 4 9 12.93 9 4 22.91

2B_Package 34 3.51 1 3 11.68 3 1 20.74 2B_TL/Dry Van 42 2.50 2 3 10.68 3 2 19.50

3_Mixed 85 1.07 2 3 9.82 6 1 18.99 4_Mixed 71 1.34 3 6 8.98 6 3 16.27 5_Mixed 59 0.96 3 1 7.77 2 1 14.25

6_LTL/Dry Van 55 0.68 2 5 8.01 5 2 11.17 6_Mixed 124 4.02 1 6 7.93 2 2 12.06

6_Package 25 0.91 1 1 7.39 1 1 11.37 6_TL/Dry Van 51 0.76 1 0 7.86 0 0 10.00 7_LTL/Dry Van 61 5.48 0 2 7.82 2 2 10.50

7_Mixed 144 3.69 4 4 7.55 3 4 11.25 7_TL/Dry Van 44 4.60 2 3 7.76 3 2 9.76

8A_LTL/Dry Van 54 4.25 1 0 6.31 1 1 8.13 8A_Mixed 106 3.38 3 3 6.57 5 3 8.97

8A_Refrigerated 21 5.19 1 2 6.38 2 1 8.34 8A_TL/Dry Van 61 1.84 1 1 6.43 0 1 8.69 8B_AutoCarrier 36 4.29 1 3 4.96 3 1 6.22

8B_Dray 109 3.35 5 2 5.83 3 0 7.00 8B_Expedited 26 4.79 1 1 6.04 1 1 6.80 8B_Flatbed 159 3.10 5 4 5.80 6 2 7.20

8B_Heavy/Bulk 22 4.11 1 1 5.32 1 1 6.63 8B_LTL/Dry Van 106 4.08 5 3 6.27 1 1 7.87

8B_Mixed 470 3.18 17 11 5.94 17 6 7.88 8B_Refrigerated 574 1.11 12 15 5.96 19 15 7.96 8B_Specialized 60 0.50 3 6 5.07 6 3 6.72 8B_TL/Dry Van 912 2.30 26 21 6.18 36 16 8.26

8B_Tanker 84 2.66 2 4 5.95 4 0 7.21

SmartWay Technical Documentation ǀ Section 3.0 54

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Class/Category N Minimum Value

Low Red

Flags

Low Yellow Flags

Mean Value

High Yellow Flags

High Red Flags

Maximum Value

2B_Expedited 35 54.2 0 3 80.9 0 0 100

2B_Mixed 96 50.0 3 9 83.4 0 0 100

2B_Package 34 60.1 3 1 88.6 0 0 100

2B_TL/Dry Van 42 63.3 1 2 89.7 0 0 100

3_Mixed 85 57.0 3 7 89.7 0 0 100

4_Mixed 71 65.0 3 9 90.4 0 0 100

5_Mixed 59 50.0 2 5 88.5 0 0 100

6_LTL/Dry Van 55 50.0 3 4 88.4 0 0 100

6_Mixed 124 47.0 8 2 84.4 0 0 100

6_Package 25 64.0 2 0 94.2 0 0 100

6_TL/Dry Van 51 45.2 3 1 87.3 0 0 100

7_LTL/Dry Van 61 65.0 0 10 89.2 0 0 100

7_Mixed 144 50.0 6 2 84.4 0 0 100

7_TL/Dry Van 44 41.1 2 2 89.5 0 0 100

8A_LTL/Dry Van 54 55.0 5 2 90.5 0 0 100

8A_Mixed 106 46.1 5 4 82.3 0 0 100

8A_Refrigerated 21 60.0 0 2 85.0 0 0 100

8A_TL/Dry Van 61 49.1 3 3 91.3 0 0 100

8B_AutoCarrier 36 50.0 0 0 71.8 0 0 100

8B_Dray 109 49.5 0 7 79.2 0 0 100

8B_Expedited 26 56.2 1 2 82.8 0 0 100

8B_Flatbed 159 50.0 6 5 82.8 0 0 100

8B_Heavy/Bulk 22 46.0 0 0 70.9 0 0 100

8B_LTL/Dry Van 106 55.0 4 5 89.0 0 0 100

8B_Mixed 470 50.0 18 30 85.4 0 0 100

8B_Refrigerated 574 50.0 25 25 88.4 0 0 100

8B_Specialized 60 49.4 0 0 74.6 0 0 100

8B_TL/Dry Van 912 50.0 49 34 87.4 0 0 100

8B_Tanker 84 44.9 4 2 61.9 1 1 100

SmartWay Technical Documentation ǀ Section 3.0 55

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Table 22. Number of Values Flagged by Fleet Group/Metric Combination % Empty Miles

Class/Category N Minimum Value

Low Red Flags

Low Yellow Flags

Mean Value

High Yellow Flags

High Red Flags

Maximum Value

2B_Expedited 35 2.96 0 0 20.65 3 1 45.75 2B_Mixed 96 0.00 0 0 18.10 8 3 50.00

2B_Package 34 0.00 0 0 12.26 1 4 39.91 2B_TL/Dry Van 42 0.00 0 3 14.00 0 2 39.60

3_Mixed 85 0.00 0 0 12.47 7 4 42.23 4_Mixed 71 0.00 0 0 12.55 6 3 40.00 5_Mixed 59 0.00 0 0 16.01 5 2 50.00

6_LTL/Dry Van 55 0.00 0 0 14.99 3 2 50.00 6_Mixed 124 0.00 0 0 16.57 2 9 52.99

6_Package 25 0.00 0 0 6.27 1 1 35.98 6_TL/Dry Van 51 0.00 0 0 17.42 4 2 54.76 7_LTL/Dry Van 61 0.00 0 0 13.09 5 3 40.00

7_Mixed 144 0.00 0 0 17.54 13 7 50.00 7_TL/Dry Van 44 0.00 0 0 15.42 4 1 45.00

8A_LTL/Dry Van 54 0.00 0 0 11.35 5 2 45.00 8A_Mixed 106 0.00 0 0 19.51 9 5 53.91

8A_Refrigerated 21 0.00 0 0 14.93 2 0 40.00 8A_TL/Dry Van 61 0.00 0 0 13.44 3 2 50.94 8B_AutoCarrier 36 0.00 0 3 29.68 3 1 50.00

8B_Dray 109 0.00 3 10 25.36 10 5 50.45 8B_Expedited 26 5.00 1 1 18.12 1 1 43.83 8B_Flatbed 159 0.00 3 15 18.12 15 7 50.00

8B_Heavy/Bulk 22 0.00 0 0 31.51 0 0 50.81 8B_LTL/Dry Van 106 0.00 0 0 12.65 4 6 50.00

8B_Mixed 470 0.00 0 0 16.49 28 22 50.00 8B_Refrigerated 574 0.00 0 0 12.91 20 25 50.00 8B_Specialized 60 0.00 0 4 29.17 4 2 50.61 8B_TL/Dry Van 912 0.00 0 0 13.71 39 51 50.00

8B_Tanker 84 3.00 4 7 43.51 0 9 55.12

SmartWay Technical Documentation ǀ Section 3.0 56

Absolute errors were also developed for each fleet category/metric combination. Cutoffs for absolute errors are intended to prevent users from inadvertently entering data with incorrect units and typos. For this reason we have defined absolute errors to ensure an adequate “safety” interval between the highest values observed in the cleaned (no outlier) dataset. The recommended values for absolute errors and their associated justifications are discussed below for each metric.

Annual Miles per Vehicle

The maximum number of miles a vehicle can accumulate in a year are constrained by truck highway speed limits (typically 65 mph or less) and the number of hours in a year.43 Excluding engine down-time associated with maintenance and repairs, the absolute maximum annual mileage possible for a truck is estimated to be ~500,000 miles per year. This estimate is more than twice the highest observed value of 228,151 miles per year (for Class 8b TL/Dry Van diesels). Therefore 500,000 miles per year value is set as the absolute maximum for all vehicle classes. Values greater than 0 and less than 500,000 are permissible.

Miles per Gallon

The maximum and minimum miles per gallon from the diesel dataset are presented in Table 23.

Table 23. Maximum and Minimum Observed Miles per Gallon Class/Category N Minimum Value Maximum Value

2B 72 2.37 24.48

3 45 0.68 16.90

4 38 5.75 15.60

5 38 1.83 16.93

6 214 2.35 14.59

7 234 2.45 12.23

8A 234 0.84 10.98

8B_AutoCarrier 48 4.27 6.38

8B_Dray 107 3.95 7.33

8B_Expedited 18 5.76 7.30

8B_Flatbed 166 3.15 7.99

8B_Heavy/Bulk 37 2.95 6.15

8B_LTL/Dry Van 75 5.10 7.69

8B_Mixed/Moving 452 1.42 8.40

8B_Refrigerated 492 4.85 10.46

8B_Specialized 41 3.00 7.17

8B_TL/Dry Van 929 2.10 8.76

8B_Tanker 80 1.49 7.36

43 While DOT regulations limit drivers’ daily hours, some companies utilize driver teams to maximize on-road time.

SmartWay Technical Documentation ǀ Section 3.0 57

[Note: Unlike the other parameters discussed above, miles per gallon values are derived from other inputs (total miles and gallons). Therefore, any changes to address absolute limits on MPG (as well as red and yellow warnings) must be handled through updates to one or both of these primary inputs.]

As seen from the above table, fuel efficiency estimates can be very low (<1.0 mpg) and for this reason the absolute lower bound is set to 0.001 for miles per gallon. To establish absolute upper bounds for miles per gallon estimates the results from the PERE modeling analysis previously developed for the 2010 Truck Tool were used. Background on the PERE modeling exercise is provided in Appendix D.

Absolute maximum miles per gallon estimates were developed for conventional diesel trucks using the PERE model, and are shown in Table 24 by truck class.

Table 24. Maximum Diesel Miles per Gallon Estimates (PERE Model Basis)

Class Maximum MPG 2b 25.0 3 23.3 4 20.2 5 18.7 6 18.0 7 14.5

8a 11.2 8b 11.2

Note that the maximum MPG estimates obtained from the PERE model are substantially higher than almost all of the maximum value observed for diesel trucks in the 2018 Truck Tool data.

Non-Diesel MPG

The 2018 data submissions from SmartWay Truck partners did not include enough information on non-diesel trucks in order to develop a robust distribution of mpg values specific to non-diesels for validation purposes. Accordingly, engineering judgment was used to adjust the diesel mpg values for other fuel types, accounting for general, relative vehicle and/or fuel efficiency differences. First, a ratio was developed for adjusting diesel mpg values to comparable gasoline mpg values, based upon simulated modeling performed by Argonne National Laboratory.44 The Argonne data for gas and diesel trucks was based on PSAT simulations of a typical pickup in the Class 2b or Class 3 range. The fuel consumption was reported for the same truck equipped with both gasoline and diesel engines over the various EPA emissions and fuel economy driving cycles. Using this data, a combined fuel economy was calculated using the method from EPA's pre-2008 combined 2-cycle fuel

44 Delorme, A. et. al., Impact of Advanced Technologies on Medium-Duty Trucks Fuel Efficiency, Argonne National Laboratory, 2010-01-1929. https://www.autonomie.net/docs/6%20-%20Papers/Heavy%20duty/impact_of_advancedtechnologies.pdf, Accessed 11-29-2020.

SmartWay Technical Documentation ǀ Section 3.0 58

economy using the FTP and Highway cycles as given in 40 CFR Part 600. This method uses a weighted harmonic average of the two values, with the FTP weighted at 55% and the Highway weighted at 45%.

The difference in the calculated combined fuel economies for the gas- and diesel-powered model results showed that the diesel had a 25.9% greater fuel economy than gasoline. These results are a direct volumetric comparison rather than in terms of gasoline-equivalent gallons. As such, the diesel mpg values shown in Table 28 above can be divided by 1.259 to obtain comparable mpg ranges for gasoline vehicles. Since CNG vehicle fuel consumption is reported in terms of gasoline-equivalent gallons, the mpg validation ranges for CNG vehicles can be set equal to those for comparable gasoline vehicles.

Validation ranges for LPG and LNG vehicles can be developed from the gasoline ranges, dividing the gasoline values by the appropriate gasoline gallon-equivalent factor for these fuels (1.35 for LPG and 1.52 for LNG),45

thereby adjusting mpg values for volumetric energy density. Table 25 presents the corresponding upper bound MPG values for non-diesel vehicles by truck class.

Table 25. Maximum Miles per Gallon Estimates – Non-Diesel Vehicles Class Gasoline/CNG LPG LNG 2b 19.9 18.5 16.4 3 18.5 17.3 15.3 4 16.0 15.0 13.3 5 14.9 13.9 12.3 6 14.3 13.3 11.8 7 11.5 10.7 9.5 8a 8.9 8.3 7.4 8b 8.9 8.3 7.4

Hybrid MPG

EPA’s Physical Emission Rate Estimator (PERE) model was used in order to establish estimates of the fuel economy benefit of hybridization of medium- and heavy-duty trucks. The details of the modeling are presented in Appendix D.

However, the in-use fuel economy of hybrid vehicles is highly dependent upon drive cycle. Specifically the expected hybrid truck fuel economy will vary depending upon the relative fraction of highway versus urban driving. Therefore the MPG ranges used for validation of hybrid fuel economy are calculated using the following steps.

Step 1 – Weight the following GALLON PER MILE (Not MPG) values based on the Highway/Urban split

45 See https://afdc.energy.gov/fuels/equivalency_methodology.html, Accessed 11-29-2020.

SmartWay Technical Documentation ǀ Section 3.0 59

10

11

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Gallons/Mile - Urban Group # Name Low Red Low Yellow Mean High Yellow High Red

2B_Mixed 0.2641 0.1813 0.0942 0.0636 0.0576

3_Mixed 0.2340 0.1857 0.1147 0.0830 0.0760

4_Mixed 0.2090 0.1763 0.1213 0.0925 0.0861

5_Mixed 0.2599 0.2127 0.1392 0.1026 0.0943

6_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel 0.1951 0.1765 0.1390 0.1147 0.1080

6_Mixed 0.2200 0.1972 0.1467 0.1179 0.1111

6_Moving 0.1906 0.1783 0.1514 0.1301 0.1242

6_Package_Diesel 0.1788 0.1628 0.1254 0.1029 0.0965

6_TL/Dry Van_Diesel 0.2350 0.2056 0.1495 0.1175 0.1097

7_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel 0.1968 0.1806 0.1450 0.1211 0.1148

7_Mixed 0.2506 0.2169 0.1545 0.1200 0.1117

7_TL/Dry Van_Diesel 0.2131 0.1915 0.1467 0.1202 0.1130

8A_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel 0.2184 0.2104 0.1837 0.1653 0.1607

8A_Mixed 0.2747 0.2519 0.1950 0.1591 0.1492

8A_Refrigerated_Diesel 0.2502 0.2402 0.2036 0.1793 0.1716

8A_TL/Dry Van_Diesel 0.2477 0.2337 0.1966 0.1697 0.1630

8B_AutoCarrier_Diesel 0.2980 0.2781 0.2407 0.2158 0.2052

8B_Dray_Diesel 0.2434 0.2338 0.2056 0.1835 0.1780

8B_Flatbed_Diesel 0.2912 0.2727 0.2248 0.1942 0.1857

8B_Heavy/Bulk_Diesel 0.3768 0.3371 0.2562 0.2033 0.1912

8B_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel 0.2383 0.2250 0.2025 0.1814 0.1761

8B_Mixed 0.2597 0.2493 0.2149 0.1889 0.1807

8B_Refrigerated_Diesel 0.2656 0.2500 0.2236 0.1992 0.1931

8B_Specialized_Diesel 0.3389 0.2995 0.2342 0.1894 0.1789

8B_TL/Dry Van_Diesel 0.2534 0.2436 0.2147 0.1891 0.1836

8B_Tanker_Diesel 0.2596 0.2492 0.2149 0.1888 0.1806

SmartWay Technical Documentation ǀ Section 3.0 60

10

15

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5

Gallons/Mile – Highway Group # Name Low Red Low Yellow Mean High Yellow High Red

1 2B_Mixed 0.1759 0.1208 0.0627 0.0424 0.0383

2 3_Mixed 0.1594 0.1265 0.0781 0.0565 0.0518

3 4_Mixed 0.1482 0.1250 0.0860 0.0656 0.0611

4 5_Mixed 0.1805 0.1477 0.0967 0.0713 0.0655

6_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel 0.1470 0.1330 0.1047 0.0864 0.0813

6 6_Mixed 0.1657 0.1486 0.1105 0.0889 0.0837

7 6_Moving 0.1436 0.1343 0.1141 0.0980 0.0936

8 6_Package_Diesel 0.1347 0.1226 0.0944 0.0775 0.0727

9 6_TL/Dry Van_Diesel 0.1770 0.1549 0.1127 0.0885 0.0826

7_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel 0.1513 0.1389 0.1115 0.0931 0.0883

11 7_Mixed 0.1928 0.1668 0.1188 0.0923 0.0859

12 7_TL/Dry Van_Diesel 0.1640 0.1473 0.1128 0.0924 0.0869

13 8A_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel 0.1558 0.1501 0.1310 0.1179 0.1147

14 8A_Mixed 0.1960 0.1796 0.1391 0.1135 0.1065

8A_Refrigerated_Diesel 0.1785 0.1714 0.1452 0.1279 0.1224

16 8A_TL/Dry Van_Diesel 0.1767 0.1667 0.1402 0.1210 0.1163

17 8B_AutoCarrier_Diesel 0.2126 0.1984 0.1717 0.1539 0.1464

18 8B_Dray_Diesel 0.1736 0.1668 0.1467 0.1309 0.1270

19 8B_Flatbed_Diesel 0.2078 0.1945 0.1604 0.1385 0.1325

8B_Heavy/Bulk_Diesel 0.2688 0.2405 0.1828 0.1450 0.1364

21 8B_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel 0.1700 0.1605 0.1445 0.1294 0.1256

22 8B_Mixed 0.1853 0.1779 0.1533 0.1347 0.1289

23 8B_Refrigerated_Diesel 0.1894 0.1783 0.1595 0.1421 0.1378

24 8B_Specialized_Diesel 0.2418 0.2137 0.1670 0.1351 0.1276

8B_TL/Dry Van_Diesel 0.1807 0.1738 0.1532 0.1349 0.1310

26 8B_Tanker_Diesel 0.1852 0.1778 0.1533 0.1347 0.1288

Example:

Truck Class 2b has 40% urban, 60% highway. The Low Red Gallon/Mile value is therefore 0.2641 x 0.40 + 0.1759 x 0.60 = 0.2112

SmartWay Technical Documentation ǀ Section 3.0 61

Step 2: Convert the weighted gallon per mile values back to MPG

Example:

0.2112 gal/mi = 4.74 MPG

Step 3: Use these final, weighted, converted MPG values for validation

Electric Truck Efficiency

Mi/kWhr estimates for battery electric trucks were developed based on available data sources and engineering judgment. The average value for Class 2b, Class 6, and Class 8b trucks was assumed to equal the mi/kWhr value estimates for light commercial, single unit long-haul, and combination long-haul truck categories respectively in the 2019 AFLEET model.46 Estimates for Class 3-5, 7 and 8a trucks were estimated from these values, scaling by the relative values used in the prior version of the Truck Tool. Once average mi/kWhr estimates were derived, “red” and “yellow” validation ranges were established based on simple multiplicative factors applied to the averages – Low red from 0 to 0.5 x average; low yellow from 0.5 x average to 0.75 x average; high yellow from 1.25 x average to 1.5 x average; and high red from 1.5 x average to 10 x average (absolute max). The prior and updated mi/kWhr estimates are presented by truck class in Table 26.

Table 26. Electric Truck Average mi/kWhr and Validation Ranges

Truck Class Prior Avg Updated Avg Low Red Low Yellow High Yellow High Red Max 2a 3.01 1.14 0.57 0.86 1.43 1.72 11.44

3 2.22 0.94 0.47 0.70 1.17 1.41 9.38

4 1.43 0.73 0.37 0.55 0.92 1.10 7.32

5 1.22 0.68 0.34 0.51 0.85 1.01 6.76

6 1.00 0.62 0.31 0.47 0.78 0.93 6.20

7 0.75 0.48 0.24 0.36 0.60 0.72 4.81

8a 0.50 0.34 0.17 0.26 0.43 0.51 3.41

8b 0.40 0.29 0.14 0.21 0.36 0.43 2.85

Percent Revenue Miles

Revenue miles were frequently equal to total miles in the dataset. Accordingly, no absolute upper (or lower) bound was set for this field, beyond requiring all values to be ≥ 0 and ≤ 100.

46 Argonne National Laboratory, Welcome to AFLEET. https://afleet-web.es.anl.gov/home/. Accessed 11-30-2020.

SmartWay Technical Documentation ǀ Section 3.0 62

Percent Empty Miles

Empty miles were occasionally equal to 0 in the dataset. Accordingly, no absolute lower (or upper) bound was set for this field, beyond requiring all values to be ≥ 0 and ≤ 100.

Percent Biodiesel

While the maximum observed blend level for biodiesel was 20 percent, B100 use is possible. Therefore no absolute upper (or lower) bound was set for this field, beyond requiring all values to be ≥ 0 and ≤ 100.

Average Payload

The maximum and minimum payloads from the 2011 dataset (prior to cleaning) are presented in Table 27.47

Table 27. Maximum and Minimum Observed Payloads (Short Tons)

Group # Name Min Mean Max 1 2B_Mixed 0.1 1.0 1.948

2 3_Mixed 0.1 1.7 3.0

3 4_Mixed 0.5 2.4 4.0

4 5_Mixed 1.3 3.1 5.3

5 6_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel 0.9 4.6 6.3

6 6_Mixed 0.9 4.5 6.5

7 6_Moving 2.5 3.6 4.9

8 6_Package_Diesel 2.0 4.2 6.0

9 6_TL/Dry Van_Diesel 0.9 4.1 6.9

10 7_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel 1.8 6.0 8.7

11 7_Mixed 1.1 6.0 20.0

12 7_TL/Dry Van_Diesel 4.5 6.4 12.7

13 8A_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel 6.0 10.6 15.0

14 8A_Mixed 1.9 11.3 24.0

15 8A_Refrigerated_Diesel 6.3 13.3 21.0

16 8A_TL/Dry Van_Diesel 3.8 11.4 20.0

17 8B_AutoCarrier_Diesel 9.3 19.6 24.5

18 8B_Dray_Diesel 15.0 20.5 24.5

19 8B_Flatbed_Diesel 14.8 23.2 33.3

20 8B_Heavy/Bulk_Diesel 20.0 27.6 40.0

21 8B_LTL/Dry Van_Diesel 7.8 18.2 27.9

47 As noted above, the 2016 dataset did not have an adequate number of exact payload estimates to allow for a robust distributional analysis. Accordingly, the 2011 payload analysis results are retained in the current Truck Tool. 48 Three extreme outliers for Class 2b trucks were dropped for the purposes of establishing maximum upper bounds: 16.0, 13.0 and 5.0 tons.

SmartWay Technical Documentation ǀ Section 3.0 63

Group # Name Min Mean Max 22 8B_Mixed 7.5 20.3 33.1

23 8B_Refrigerated_Diesel 13.2 20.9 27.5

24 8B_Specialized_Diesel 7.3 24.4 37.0

25 8B_TL/Dry Van_Diesel 6.5 18.9 50.0

26 8B_Tanker_Diesel 17.5 24.6 34.6

Based on a review of previous out of range values, unit conversion problems are the most common source of data entry errors for payload. One type of error results from data being entered in pounds instead of short tons, resulting in overestimates by a factor of 2,000. Such errors should be easy to prevent using a reasonable upper bound ton level. Another possible source of error could be reporting metric or long tons instead of short tons, although detecting these errors will be extremely difficult, due to the small difference in units (roughly 10 percent difference). Finally, note that standard payload limitations can be waived by obtaining permits for heavy loads, or by avoiding over-the-road operation.49 Accordingly, the absolute upper bound payload levels were set equal to 3 times the maximum observed values shown in Table 26.

The absolute lower-bound payload value was set at 0.001 tons, to allow for light package and specialty deliveries.

Percent Urban/Highway Miles

There is no clear distributional pattern associated with these data fields, with values frequently ranging from 0 to 100. Therefore, no lower or upper bound values are set.

Idle Hours per Day and Days of Use per Year

Absolute limits are placed on the number of hours per day (short plus long duration idle hours less than or equal to 24) and days of use per year (less than or equal to 365). In addition, since extended idling is defined as sustained idling events an hour or more in duration, warnings are issued for extended idle hour per day entries less than an hour.

49 One SmartWay Truck Partner indicated unusually high payloads for their Class 2b truck fleet, but noted they only use their trucks in terminal operations.

SmartWay Technical Documentation ǀ Section 3.0 64

4.0 Performance Metrics The Truck Tool allows the user to calculate their emissions performance using a number of different metrics, at different levels of aggregation. Available performance metrics include:

Grams per mile

Grams per Payload Ton-Mile

The Internal Metrics report within the Truck Tool presents the results of 30 calculations (2 x 5 x 3 = 30), which represent the following two calculations for each of the five pollutants (CO2, NOx, PM10 PM2.5 and BC) and for each of three different mileage types (total, loaded, and revenue). Note that all capitalized fields represent fields in the user interface:

g/mile: ∑ E / M

where

E = Emissions, M = Miles Driven

g/avg payload ton-mile: ∑ E / (M × AP)

where

E = Emissions, M = Miles Driven, AP = Average Payload

For each of the two calculations:

Emissions = grams of pollutant (as specified above)

Miles Driven = Total Miles, Revenue Miles, or Loaded Miles (Total Miles minus Empty Miles)

As shown in the equations above, summations are performed for the different metrics. Each of the metrics is automatically aggregated across model years (for NOx and PM) for all reporting purposes. Additional aggregation may be reported across truck classes, fuel types, fleets, and at the company level, as specified by the user.

SmartWay Technical Documentation ǀ Section 4.0 65

Appendix A: MOVES2014b NOx, PM & BC Emission Factors (g/mi) 2020 Calendar Year

DIESEL

Highway Urban

Deceleration 0 25 mph 25 50 mph >50 mph

Model Yr Vehicle Class NOx BC PM NOx BC PM NOx BC PM NOx BC PM NOx BC PM

Pre 1991 HDV2b 10.714 0.25833 0.3879 1.323 0.01760 0.0310 17.791 0.32724 0.6700 21.918 0.36776 0.7197 11.523 0.31684 0.6096 Pre 1991 HDV3 12.136 0.28448 0.4378 1.456 0.01176 0.0245 21.009 0.39276 0.8163 27.018 0.41984 0.8642 12.997 0.32288 0.6666 Pre 1991 HDV4 20.386 0.54563 0.6886 1.355 0.01029 0.0187 24.308 0.53993 0.8616 35.567 0.96188 1.4270 24.914 0.63174 0.9563 Pre 1991 HDV5 12.852 0.27998 0.4183 1.469 0.01538 0.0302 20.488 0.37169 0.7935 26.139 0.37596 0.7790 13.497 0.31986 0.6611 Pre 1991 HDV6 17.011 0.43890 0.5858 1.407 0.01105 0.0217 22.780 0.47156 0.8411 31.635 0.71122 1.1654 19.411 0.48868 0.8221 Pre 1991 HDV7 20.566 0.54688 0.6885 1.360 0.01043 0.0191 24.270 0.53631 0.8629 35.584 0.94897 1.4101 24.920 0.62571 0.9515 Pre 1991 HDV8a 25.100 0.69735 0.8339 1.273 0.00902 0.0134 26.704 0.64964 0.8954 42.396 1.39471 1.8745 34.277 0.87645 1.1851 Pre 1991 HDV8b 26.627 0.75138 0.8863 1.232 0.00842 0.0112 27.681 0.69126 0.9075 44.900 1.57330 2.0569 37.858 0.97619 1.2775

1991 HDV2b 10.714 0.25833 0.3879 1.323 0.01760 0.0310 17.791 0.32724 0.6700 21.918 0.36776 0.7197 11.523 0.31684 0.6096 1991 HDV3 12.136 0.28448 0.4378 1.456 0.01176 0.0245 21.009 0.39276 0.8163 27.018 0.41984 0.8642 12.997 0.32288 0.6666 1991 HDV4 20.386 0.54563 0.6886 1.355 0.01029 0.0187 24.308 0.53993 0.8616 35.567 0.96188 1.4270 24.914 0.63174 0.9563 1991 HDV5 12.852 0.27998 0.4183 1.469 0.01538 0.0302 20.488 0.37169 0.7935 26.139 0.37596 0.7790 13.497 0.31986 0.6611 1991 HDV6 17.011 0.43890 0.5858 1.407 0.01105 0.0217 22.780 0.47156 0.8411 31.635 0.71122 1.1654 19.411 0.48868 0.8221 1991 HDV7 20.566 0.54688 0.6885 1.360 0.01043 0.0191 24.270 0.53631 0.8629 35.584 0.94897 1.4101 24.920 0.62571 0.9515 1991 HDV8a 25.100 0.69735 0.8339 1.273 0.00902 0.0134 26.704 0.64964 0.8954 42.396 1.39471 1.8745 34.277 0.87645 1.1851 1991 HDV8b 26.627 0.75138 0.8863 1.232 0.00842 0.0112 27.681 0.69126 0.9075 44.900 1.57330 2.0569 37.858 0.97619 1.2775 1992 HDV2b 9.5407 0.22922 0.3375 1.192 0.01791 0.0301 14.996 0.26763 0.5342 18.192 0.31541 0.5959 10.383 0.29040 0.5363 1992 HDV3 11.943 0.28173 0.4324 1.391 0.01144 0.0234 20.416 0.38158 0.7842 26.086 0.41034 0.8389 12.776 0.31774 0.6504 1992 HDV4 12.122 0.28785 0.4433 1.456 0.01172 0.0241 21.045 0.39498 0.8135 27.055 0.42622 0.8765 12.999 0.32784 0.6748 1992 HDV5 13.203 0.28653 0.4328 1.461 0.01217 0.0260 21.255 0.38800 0.8261 27.545 0.38746 0.8156 13.896 0.31466 0.6662

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SmartWay Technical Documentation ǀ Appendix A A-1

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DIESEL

Highway Urban

Deceleration 0 25 mph 25 50 mph >50 mph

Model Yr Vehicle Class NOx BC PM NOx BC PM NOx BC PM NOx BC PM NOx BC PM

1992 HDV6 16.484 0.41965 0.5683 1.413 0.01111 0.0217 22.589 0.46442 0.8377 31.177 0.67194 1.1310 18.703 0.46923 0.8075 1992 HDV7 18.440 0.47105 0.6146 1.398 0.01103 0.0213 23.250 0.48846 0.8508 32.927 0.75703 1.2113 21.202 0.52068 0.8567 1992 HDV8a 24.713 0.68377 0.8204 1.289 0.00925 0.0142 26.433 0.63796 0.8940 41.759 1.34525 1.8234 33.338 0.84977 1.1615 1992 HDV8b 26.689 0.74795 0.8821 1.234 0.00849 0.0113 27.709 0.69238 0.9117 45.007 1.56032 2.0443 37.995 0.97234 1.2755 1993 HDV2b 11.020 0.26736 0.4041 1.396 0.01685 0.0303 18.615 0.34321 0.7033 22.980 0.38392 0.7598 11.755 0.32408 0.6328 1993 HDV3 11.862 0.28168 0.4325 1.435 0.01270 0.0255 20.468 0.38105 0.7890 26.037 0.41158 0.8409 12.663 0.32301 0.6598 1993 HDV4 13.586 0.33380 0.4866 1.441 0.01153 0.0236 21.522 0.41541 0.8205 28.257 0.50587 0.9548 14.769 0.37293 0.7156 1993 HDV5 12.472 0.28674 0.4385 1.457 0.01190 0.0250 21.077 0.39020 0.8178 27.161 0.40992 0.8487 13.284 0.32149 0.6691 1993 HDV6 15.805 0.39650 0.5446 1.423 0.01136 0.0229 22.257 0.44511 0.8333 30.250 0.61345 1.0617 17.541 0.43572 0.7752 1993 HDV7 16.892 0.43556 0.5829 1.412 0.01112 0.0219 22.656 0.46646 0.8382 31.492 0.69996 1.1535 19.174 0.48293 0.8186 1993 HDV8a 24.590 0.68444 0.8215 1.294 0.00927 0.0144 26.330 0.63473 0.8906 41.612 1.34922 1.8259 33.093 0.84886 1.1591 1993 HDV8b 26.720 0.75359 0.8880 1.235 0.00846 0.0113 27.718 0.69317 0.9099 45.055 1.57854 2.0616 38.056 0.98002 1.2814 1994 HDV2b 10.853 0.30937 0.4797 1.157 0.01534 0.0321 17.647 0.47979 1.0233 21.916 0.45284 0.9582 11.580 0.31711 0.6722 1994 HDV3 11.721 0.34889 0.5368 1.377 0.01891 0.0394 19.621 0.54574 1.1593 24.813 0.54475 1.1421 12.521 0.37323 0.7859 1994 HDV4 12.153 0.36142 0.5633 1.457 0.01960 0.0423 21.062 0.57053 1.2318 27.105 0.57024 1.2301 13.043 0.38934 0.8404 1994 HDV5 13.034 0.38636 0.5928 1.459 0.02023 0.0440 21.224 0.59455 1.2928 27.621 0.58421 1.2516 13.862 0.42349 0.9165 1994 HDV6 15.423 0.44818 0.6364 1.434 0.01920 0.0403 22.054 0.60972 1.2308 29.958 0.75584 1.4109 16.986 0.46859 0.9159 1994 HDV7 18.732 0.53506 0.7012 1.394 0.01778 0.0351 23.392 0.63784 1.1557 33.589 1.02553 1.6603 21.957 0.54778 0.9401 1994 HDV8a 25.156 0.70471 0.8323 1.286 0.01430 0.0219 26.630 0.71723 1.0144 42.614 1.68351 2.2730 34.386 0.75847 1.0440 1994 HDV8b 26.660 0.74479 0.8633 1.238 0.01306 0.0177 27.674 0.73521 0.9708 44.953 1.87727 2.4466 37.900 0.81761 1.0714 1995 HDV2b 10.199 0.31975 0.4801 1.318 0.02029 0.0385 16.377 0.52311 1.0606 19.879 0.50369 0.9979 10.986 0.36059 0.7157 1995 HDV3 12.278 0.36555 0.5666 1.448 0.01977 0.0423 20.880 0.57977 1.2463 26.951 0.57944 1.2344 13.206 0.39671 0.8488 1995 HDV4 13.102 0.38746 0.5835 1.442 0.01965 0.0416 21.173 0.58752 1.2337 27.581 0.63110 1.2819 14.194 0.41447 0.8580 1995 HDV5 14.568 0.42599 0.6220 1.442 0.01968 0.0420 21.789 0.61001 1.2673 29.057 0.69149 1.3532 15.810 0.45362 0.9216 1995 HDV6 16.088 0.46489 0.6473 1.422 0.01876 0.0387 22.388 0.61722 1.2091 30.802 0.82392 1.4744 18.100 0.48270 0.9078 1995 HDV7 18.203 0.52068 0.6905 1.400 0.01803 0.0359 23.191 0.63692 1.1736 33.063 0.98648 1.6259 21.198 0.53570 0.9357

SmartWay Technical Documentation ǀ Appendix A A-2

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DIESEL

Highway Urban

Deceleration 0 25 mph 25 50 mph >50 mph

Model Yr Vehicle Class NOx BC PM NOx BC PM NOx BC PM NOx BC PM NOx BC PM

1995 HDV8a 25.050 0.70221 0.8296 1.292 0.01443 0.0224 26.549 0.71077 1.0115 42.440 1.68278 2.2676 34.120 0.75275 1.0377 1995 HDV8b 26.638 0.74432 0.8619 1.242 0.01309 0.0179 27.645 0.72834 0.9619 44.909 1.88656 2.4498 37.823 0.81395 1.0642 1996 HDV2b 10.424 0.33240 0.4996 1.325 0.02066 0.0397 17.190 0.53327 1.0867 20.686 0.52818 1.0550 11.125 0.37104 0.7418 1996 HDV3 12.353 0.36750 0.5663 1.458 0.01956 0.0418 21.081 0.56977 1.2192 27.064 0.58688 1.2426 13.313 0.39348 0.8379 1996 HDV4 14.489 0.42263 0.6109 1.440 0.01890 0.0396 21.964 0.59054 1.1956 29.085 0.71967 1.3714 15.990 0.43916 0.8659 1996 HDV5 15.792 0.45862 0.6470 1.435 0.01944 0.0408 22.178 0.61630 1.2452 29.825 0.76064 1.4141 17.268 0.48017 0.9405 1996 HDV6 17.281 0.49752 0.6708 1.419 0.01827 0.0370 22.889 0.61708 1.1692 31.808 0.91754 1.5557 19.718 0.50685 0.9129 1996 HDV7 19.843 0.56360 0.7225 1.385 0.01726 0.0331 23.950 0.64727 1.1288 34.805 1.12221 1.7501 23.832 0.57721 0.9522 1996 HDV8a 25.383 0.71150 0.8364 1.291 0.01415 0.0214 26.847 0.71304 0.9980 42.795 1.72599 2.3061 34.920 0.76388 1.0401 1996 HDV8b 26.821 0.74989 0.8670 1.243 0.01299 0.0174 27.869 0.73453 0.9632 45.038 1.90758 2.4718 38.330 0.82347 1.0722 1997 HDV2b 8.9760 0.29674 0.4414 1.198 0.01946 0.0361 14.332 0.49283 0.9813 16.732 0.46536 0.9033 9.5320 0.33926 0.6594 1997 HDV3 13.209 0.39125 0.5837 1.425 0.01960 0.0410 20.979 0.58828 1.2259 27.125 0.64252 1.2800 14.318 0.41777 0.8536 1997 HDV4 12.215 0.36372 0.5690 1.463 0.01988 0.0430 21.175 0.58746 1.2714 27.083 0.57250 1.2391 13.149 0.39772 0.8608 1997 HDV5 13.624 0.40215 0.6084 1.460 0.02034 0.0442 21.515 0.61022 1.3152 27.949 0.61377 1.2832 14.532 0.44038 0.9404 1997 HDV6 14.496 0.42302 0.6152 1.444 0.01932 0.0408 21.915 0.60438 1.2403 29.094 0.71558 1.3715 15.954 0.44622 0.8908 1997 HDV7 16.255 0.46936 0.6504 1.429 0.01878 0.0387 22.492 0.61668 1.2093 30.851 0.84366 1.4894 18.323 0.48541 0.9092 1997 HDV8a 24.346 0.68342 0.8129 1.313 0.01483 0.0242 26.254 0.68970 1.0127 41.070 1.61835 2.1972 32.547 0.71981 1.0105 1997 HDV8b 26.505 0.74055 0.8570 1.254 0.01315 0.0183 27.660 0.71554 0.9486 44.467 1.88663 2.4406 37.524 0.80347 1.0496 1998 HDV2b 7.1680 0.14777 0.2189 1.039 0.01827 0.0313 10.186 0.15179 0.2848 11.794 0.20084 0.3674 8.1994 0.22110 0.3952 1998 HDV3 11.359 0.19596 0.3211 1.688 0.01985 0.0406 18.173 0.22826 0.4692 22.926 0.32502 0.6676 13.778 0.27950 0.5737 1998 HDV4 11.490 0.19754 0.3243 1.720 0.01994 0.0410 18.434 0.23083 0.4753 23.386 0.33038 0.6802 13.998 0.28192 0.5807 1998 HDV5 11.883 0.19699 0.3227 1.722 0.02068 0.0430 18.507 0.22211 0.4607 23.505 0.31282 0.6485 14.331 0.28847 0.5995 1998 HDV6 11.751 0.20060 0.3266 1.721 0.02009 0.0414 18.475 0.23041 0.4729 23.571 0.33320 0.6800 14.295 0.28616 0.5874 1998 HDV7 13.669 0.23619 0.3570 1.698 0.01970 0.0400 19.057 0.25538 0.4899 25.028 0.40327 0.7511 16.706 0.31570 0.6115 1998 HDV8a 22.591 0.42374 0.5198 1.538 0.01444 0.0234 22.675 0.45126 0.6470 35.133 0.96121 1.3519 32.706 0.51254 0.7394 1998 HDV8b 24.783 0.47083 0.5614 1.456 0.01241 0.0173 24.029 0.51551 0.6978 38.288 1.14305 1.5426 38.048 0.58093 0.7873

SmartWay Technical Documentation ǀ Appendix A A-3

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DIESEL

Highway Urban

Deceleration 0 25 mph 25 50 mph >50 mph

Model Yr Vehicle Class NOx BC PM NOx BC PM NOx BC PM NOx BC PM NOx BC PM

1999 HDV2b 5.2393 0.15885 0.2341 0.927 0.02223 0.0376 7.8235 0.16324 0.3048 8.7036 0.21455 0.3899 6.6671 0.25553 0.4531 1999 HDV3 7.0375 0.19028 0.3148 0.930 0.02098 0.0431 11.431 0.21782 0.4521 12.503 0.30081 0.6229 8.9385 0.28421 0.5882 1999 HDV4 7.1179 0.19157 0.3184 0.928 0.02083 0.0434 11.605 0.22035 0.4591 12.729 0.30579 0.6367 9.0655 0.28546 0.5953 1999 HDV5 7.2235 0.19411 0.3205 0.929 0.02079 0.0433 11.640 0.22187 0.4603 12.845 0.31178 0.6433 9.1917 0.28741 0.5966 1999 HDV6 7.5085 0.20078 0.3258 0.922 0.02098 0.0437 11.647 0.22316 0.4580 12.939 0.31780 0.6450 9.4666 0.29514 0.6081 1999 HDV7 8.4876 0.22458 0.3463 0.927 0.02044 0.0420 12.178 0.24202 0.4742 13.989 0.37406 0.7085 10.650 0.31242 0.6166 1999 HDV8a 16.770 0.43100 0.5263 0.942 0.01447 0.0234 18.321 0.45897 0.6520 24.889 0.98702 1.3761 23.923 0.52340 0.7502 1999 HDV8b 18.615 0.47894 0.5693 0.930 0.01223 0.0169 20.288 0.52529 0.7068 27.954 1.17212 1.5731 27.936 0.59007 0.7952 2000 HDV2b 5.6349 0.16036 0.2475 0.874 0.02016 0.0358 8.5350 0.17012 0.3310 9.2726 0.22168 0.4224 7.0131 0.24568 0.4579 2000 HDV3 7.0863 0.19098 0.3162 0.927 0.02077 0.0428 11.515 0.21929 0.4552 12.624 0.30401 0.6304 9.0048 0.28394 0.5883 2000 HDV4 7.2508 0.19465 0.3209 0.930 0.02075 0.0431 11.672 0.22277 0.4614 12.905 0.31387 0.6470 9.2265 0.2876 0.5955 2000 HDV5 7.3904 0.19792 0.3236 0.931 0.02070 0.0429 11.717 0.22473 0.4629 13.058 0.32158 0.6556 9.3951 0.29021 0.5972 2000 HDV6 7.4225 0.19859 0.3238 0.924 0.02095 0.0436 11.627 0.22225 0.4581 12.918 0.31528 0.6441 9.3818 0.29305 0.6049 2000 HDV7 9.4972 0.25027 0.3690 0.928 0.01987 0.0403 12.849 0.26474 0.4940 14.995 0.43183 0.7727 11.865 0.33134 0.6268 2000 HDV8a 16.023 0.41211 0.5099 0.933 0.01518 0.0256 17.687 0.43480 0.6324 23.564 0.91274 1.2953 22.365 0.49846 0.7334 2000 HDV8b 18.603 0.47908 0.5696 0.931 0.01229 0.0171 20.271 0.52493 0.7068 27.906 1.17092 1.5715 27.879 0.58955 0.7952 2001 HDV2b 4.3573 0.14868 0.2017 0.924 0.02343 0.0375 6.3407 0.14557 0.2520 7.4040 0.19424 0.3279 5.7547 0.25352 0.4194 2001 HDV3 7.0949 0.19224 0.3156 0.934 0.02105 0.0428 11.430 0.21914 0.4520 12.541 0.30558 0.6267 8.9921 0.28545 0.5857 2001 HDV4 7.1452 0.19220 0.3189 0.930 0.02075 0.0432 11.650 0.22146 0.4606 12.793 0.30840 0.6412 9.0994 0.28523 0.5937 2001 HDV5 7.2426 0.19458 0.3209 0.931 0.02071 0.0430 11.683 0.22289 0.4618 12.900 0.31402 0.6475 9.2158 0.28704 0.5949 2001 HDV6 8.4679 0.22489 0.3468 0.922 0.02058 0.0424 12.163 0.24113 0.4727 13.793 0.36641 0.6978 10.525 0.31234 0.6194 2001 HDV7 8.3064 0.22027 0.3427 0.925 0.02051 0.0422 12.115 0.23905 0.4719 13.770 0.36252 0.6962 10.406 0.30867 0.6143 2001 HDV8a 17.266 0.44383 0.5379 0.935 0.01390 0.0218 18.845 0.47583 0.6659 25.610 1.03155 1.4229 24.922 0.54010 0.7613 2001 HDV8b 18.553 0.47653 0.5668 0.927 0.01229 0.0170 20.218 0.52253 0.7039 27.870 1.16421 1.5645 27.844 0.58816 0.7934 2002 HDV2b 4.2422 0.14697 0.1984 0.905 0.02340 0.0375 6.1522 0.14273 0.2465 7.2059 0.18987 0.3187 5.6411 0.25473 0.4210 2002 HDV3 6.7539 0.18452 0.3054 0.903 0.02188 0.0444 10.750 0.20664 0.4289 11.735 0.27682 0.5711 8.5565 0.28715 0.5912

SmartWay Technical Documentation ǀ Appendix A A-4

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DIESEL

Highway Urban

Deceleration 0 25 mph 25 50 mph >50 mph

Model Yr Vehicle Class NOx BC PM NOx BC PM NOx BC PM NOx BC PM NOx BC PM

2002 HDV4 6.9152 0.18671 0.3131 0.904 0.02173 0.0456 11.136 0.21176 0.4444 12.226 0.28513 0.5983 8.8299 0.29037 0.6094 2002 HDV5 6.9152 0.18671 0.3131 0.904 0.02173 0.0456 11.136 0.21176 0.4444 12.226 0.28513 0.5983 8.8299 0.29037 0.6094 2002 HDV6 7.1550 0.19206 0.3171 0.899 0.02193 0.0461 11.099 0.21081 0.4402 12.283 0.28758 0.5969 9.0470 0.29713 0.6215 2002 HDV7 9.1056 0.24068 0.3599 0.903 0.02087 0.0429 12.281 0.25096 0.4750 14.183 0.39419 0.7156 11.305 0.33105 0.6389 2002 HDV8a 16.243 0.41734 0.5139 0.927 0.01530 0.0257 17.710 0.43908 0.6328 23.854 0.92990 1.3077 22.850 0.50913 0.7443 2002 HDV8b 18.459 0.47309 0.5632 0.921 0.01246 0.0173 20.079 0.51797 0.6987 27.715 1.15157 1.5489 27.711 0.58638 0.7926 2003 HDV2b 3.2514 0.12592 0.1714 0.423 0.01962 0.0315 4.2244 0.12251 0.2129 5.7631 0.16228 0.2742 4.6060 0.21531 0.3574 2003 HDV3 5.2617 0.16744 0.2764 1.288 0.01935 0.0392 9.2785 0.18831 0.3900 9.4566 0.25443 0.5239 7.1968 0.25675 0.5276 2003 HDV4 5.4072 0.16989 0.2840 1.414 0.01937 0.0405 9.7150 0.19359 0.4051 9.8746 0.26329 0.5509 7.4626 0.26088 0.5459 2003 HDV5 5.4072 0.16989 0.2840 1.414 0.01937 0.0405 9.7150 0.19359 0.4051 9.8746 0.26329 0.5509 7.4626 0.26088 0.5459 2003 HDV6 5.5465 0.17497 0.2878 1.410 0.01955 0.0409 9.7633 0.19308 0.4016 9.9806 0.26641 0.5502 7.6112 0.26719 0.5567 2003 HDV7 6.2110 0.22496 0.3318 1.391 0.01849 0.0378 10.169 0.23443 0.4372 10.662 0.37662 0.6724 8.3183 0.30287 0.5762 2003 HDV8a 8.4157 0.38568 0.4723 1.305 0.01344 0.0222 11.887 0.40793 0.5822 13.945 0.87227 1.2180 11.692 0.46913 0.6777 2003 HDV8b 9.0490 0.4315 0.5129 1.243 0.01113 0.0154 12.599 0.47316 0.6364 15.059 1.05530 1.4160 12.942 0.53375 0.7191 2004 HDV2b 3.0413 0.12613 0.1719 0.411 0.01974 0.0318 4.1000 0.12270 0.2137 5.4045 0.16216 0.2743 4.2760 0.21648 0.3604 2004 HDV3 5.2595 0.16615 0.2752 1.285 0.01955 0.0398 9.2719 0.18618 0.3866 9.4235 0.24936 0.5149 7.1974 0.25777 0.5313 2004 HDV4 5.4200 0.16854 0.2825 1.411 0.01958 0.0410 9.7116 0.19123 0.4011 9.8736 0.25769 0.5405 7.4955 0.26187 0.5494 2004 HDV5 5.4200 0.16854 0.2825 1.411 0.01958 0.0410 9.7116 0.19123 0.4011 9.8736 0.25769 0.5405 7.4955 0.26187 0.5494 2004 HDV6 5.5480 0.17333 0.2862 1.407 0.01972 0.0414 9.7575 0.19107 0.3985 9.9725 0.26127 0.5414 7.6287 0.26751 0.5587 2004 HDV7 6.1505 0.21804 0.3255 1.390 0.01877 0.0385 10.123 0.22785 0.4301 10.586 0.35906 0.6500 8.2665 0.29917 0.5757 2004 HDV8a 8.3511 0.37641 0.4636 1.306 0.01382 0.0232 11.812 0.39614 0.5710 13.810 0.83875 1.1799 11.576 0.45979 0.6720 2004 HDV8b 9.0430 0.42626 0.5076 1.240 0.01130 0.0157 12.581 0.4666 0.6298 15.032 1.03626 1.3948 12.932 0.52895 0.7154 2005 HDV2b 2.7896 0.13001 0.1678 0.359 0.02151 0.0337 3.5573 0.12380 0.2052 5.2326 0.16754 0.2720 4.1083 0.23003 0.3686 2005 HDV3 5.1245 0.16718 0.2729 1.210 0.01957 0.0387 8.9725 0.18706 0.3836 9.1415 0.25324 0.5147 6.9543 0.25569 0.5169 2005 HDV4 5.3979 0.17090 0.2850 1.417 0.01919 0.0400 9.7176 0.19537 0.4080 9.8755 0.26757 0.5587 7.4386 0.25998 0.5429 2005 HDV5 5.3979 0.17090 0.2850 1.417 0.01919 0.0400 9.7176 0.19537 0.4080 9.8755 0.26757 0.5587 7.4386 0.25998 0.5429

SmartWay Technical Documentation ǀ Appendix A A-5

- -

DIESEL

Highway Urban

Deceleration 0 25 mph 25 50 mph >50 mph

Model Yr Vehicle Class NOx BC PM NOx BC PM NOx BC PM NOx BC PM NOx BC PM

2005 HDV6 5.5287 0.17634 0.2892 1.413 0.01931 0.0403 9.7658 0.19604 0.4061 9.9844 0.27330 0.5617 7.5817 0.26608 0.5520 2005 HDV7 6.2753 0.23091 0.3372 1.391 0.01818 0.0369 10.221 0.24109 0.4442 10.750 0.39393 0.6944 8.3874 0.30628 0.5753 2005 HDV8a 8.4708 0.38800 0.4740 1.302 0.01326 0.0216 11.939 0.41174 0.5852 14.051 0.88331 1.2308 11.802 0.47294 0.6792 2005 HDV8b 9.0572 0.42998 0.5113 1.241 0.01115 0.0153 12.604 0.47152 0.6346 15.071 1.05057 1.4108 12.962 0.53280 0.7181 2006 HDV2b 2.9035 0.13908 0.1784 0.378 0.02328 0.0364 3.7248 0.13237 0.2184 5.5063 0.17986 0.2907 4.3076 0.24781 0.3956 2006 HDV3 5.1466 0.16771 0.2738 1.218 0.01998 0.0394 9.0094 0.18745 0.3845 9.2011 0.25353 0.5152 7.0047 0.25876 0.5228 2006 HDV4 5.4027 0.17039 0.2845 1.416 0.01928 0.0403 9.7164 0.19446 0.4065 9.8752 0.26536 0.5547 7.4511 0.26046 0.5445 2006 HDV5 5.4027 0.17039 0.2845 1.416 0.01928 0.0403 9.7164 0.19446 0.4065 9.8752 0.26536 0.5547 7.4511 0.26046 0.5445 2006 HDV6 5.5191 0.17573 0.2887 1.413 0.01935 0.0404 9.7618 0.19586 0.4058 9.9765 0.27237 0.5600 7.5775 0.26592 0.5519 2006 HDV7 6.2067 0.22603 0.3329 1.392 0.01832 0.0373 10.179 0.2371 0.4406 10.677 0.38286 0.6815 8.3154 0.30285 0.5735 2006 HDV8a 8.4054 0.38408 0.4707 1.306 0.01345 0.0222 11.877 0.40629 0.5808 13.931 0.86758 1.2134 11.675 0.46741 0.6760 2006 HDV8b 9.0439 0.43006 0.5115 1.242 0.01116 0.0154 12.592 0.47139 0.6347 15.047 1.05009 1.4105 12.931 0.53221 0.7178 2007 HDV2b 1.5916 0.00101 0.0105 0.624 0.00049 0.0051 2.4499 0.00126 0.0133 2.9291 0.00161 0.0170 2.1551 0.00165 0.0173 2007 HDV3 2.9589 0.00095 0.0106 0.589 0.00023 0.0025 5.1967 0.00154 0.0171 5.2818 0.00181 0.0201 4.0801 0.00146 0.0162 2007 HDV4 3.0714 0.00094 0.0105 0.585 0.00019 0.0020 5.4723 0.00157 0.0175 5.5923 0.00183 0.0204 4.3128 0.00143 0.0160 2007 HDV5 3.0714 0.00094 0.0105 0.585 0.00019 0.0020 5.4723 0.00157 0.0175 5.5923 0.00183 0.0204 4.3128 0.00143 0.0160 2007 HDV6 3.1485 0.00096 0.0107 0.587 0.00019 0.0020 5.4927 0.00157 0.0176 5.6588 0.00185 0.0207 4.3735 0.00145 0.0162 2007 HDV7 3.8691 0.00116 0.0129 0.537 0.00018 0.0020 6.1841 0.00177 0.0198 6.5767 0.00230 0.0257 5.1131 0.00158 0.0177 2007 HDV8a 5.7522 0.00166 0.0186 0.330 0.00016 0.0017 8.5217 0.00244 0.0272 10.050 0.00398 0.0445 7.8814 0.00208 0.0232 2007 HDV8b 6.2239 0.0018 0.0201 0.249 0.00014 0.0016 9.3303 0.00267 0.0298 11.071 0.00449 0.0502 8.7327 0.00224 0.0250 2008 HDV2b 1.4665 0.00102 0.0105 0.658 0.00052 0.0055 2.2325 0.00125 0.0133 2.8346 0.00159 0.0168 2.0511 0.00168 0.0178 2008 HDV3 2.7142 0.00091 0.0101 0.646 0.00026 0.0028 4.7187 0.00144 0.0160 4.7894 0.00162 0.0179 3.7181 0.00148 0.0164 2008 HDV4 2.8751 0.00090 0.0100 0.646 0.00019 0.0021 5.0905 0.00147 0.0164 5.1923 0.00162 0.0181 4.0308 0.00145 0.0162 2008 HDV5 2.8751 0.00090 0.0100 0.646 0.00019 0.0021 5.0905 0.00147 0.0164 5.1923 0.00162 0.0181 4.0308 0.00145 0.0162 2008 HDV6 2.9230 0.00091 0.0102 0.646 0.00019 0.0021 5.1111 0.00147 0.0165 5.2354 0.00164 0.0183 4.0707 0.00146 0.0163 2008 HDV7 3.2851 0.00101 0.0112 0.620 0.00019 0.0020 5.4500 0.00157 0.0175 5.6769 0.00185 0.0207 4.4245 0.00151 0.0169

SmartWay Technical Documentation ǀ Appendix A A-6

- -

DIESEL

Highway Urban

Deceleration 0 25 mph 25 50 mph >50 mph

Model Yr Vehicle Class NOx BC PM NOx BC PM NOx BC PM NOx BC PM NOx BC PM

2008 HDV8a 5.1836 0.00151 0.0169 0.428 0.00017 0.0018 7.6210 0.00218 0.0244 8.7943 0.00336 0.0375 6.9050 0.00192 0.0215 2008 HDV8b 6.1025 0.00176 0.0196 0.274 0.00015 0.0016 9.1047 0.00260 0.0291 10.769 0.00433 0.0484 8.5125 0.00219 0.0245 2009 HDV2b 1.3740 0.00100 0.0100 0.516 0.00043 0.0043 2.0617 0.00115 0.0118 2.4637 0.00158 0.0162 1.8326 0.00157 0.0161 2009 HDV3 2.9584 0.00096 0.0106 0.557 0.00023 0.0024 5.1836 0.00154 0.0171 5.2331 0.00184 0.0204 4.0483 0.00145 0.0160 2009 HDV4 3.1234 0.00095 0.0107 0.569 0.00019 0.0020 5.5733 0.00159 0.0178 5.6981 0.00188 0.0210 4.3875 0.00143 0.0160 2009 HDV5 3.1234 0.00095 0.0107 0.569 0.00019 0.0020 5.5733 0.00159 0.0178 5.6981 0.00188 0.0210 4.3875 0.00143 0.0160 2009 HDV6 3.1996 0.00097 0.0109 0.576 0.00019 0.0020 5.5687 0.00159 0.0178 5.7418 0.00189 0.0212 4.4344 0.00145 0.0162 2009 HDV7 3.9294 0.00117 0.0131 0.524 0.00018 0.0020 6.2777 0.00179 0.0200 6.6810 0.00236 0.0263 5.1869 0.00159 0.0177 2009 HDV8a 5.8086 0.00168 0.0188 0.317 0.00016 0.0017 8.6281 0.00247 0.0276 10.181 0.00405 0.0453 7.9661 0.0021 0.0234 2009 HDV8b 6.2604 0.00181 0.0202 0.241 0.00014 0.0016 9.4032 0.00269 0.0301 11.155 0.00454 0.0508 8.7800 0.00225 0.0252 2010 HDV2b 0.5493 0.00091 0.0089 0.217 0.00036 0.0035 0.7408 0.00098 0.0099 0.9887 0.00143 0.0143 0.7515 0.00141 0.0141 2010 HDV3 0.8805 0.00088 0.0096 0.238 0.00021 0.0022 1.5481 0.00138 0.0153 1.5745 0.00165 0.0182 1.1835 0.00133 0.0146 2010 HDV4 0.9238 0.00087 0.0097 0.245 0.00017 0.0019 1.6735 0.00145 0.0162 1.6994 0.00169 0.0189 1.2665 0.00132 0.0147 2010 HDV5 0.9238 0.00087 0.0097 0.245 0.00017 0.0019 1.6735 0.00145 0.0162 1.6994 0.00169 0.0189 1.2665 0.00132 0.0147 2010 HDV6 0.9519 0.00088 0.0099 0.244 0.00017 0.0019 1.6835 0.00144 0.0161 1.7217 0.00169 0.0189 1.2978 0.00134 0.0149 2010 HDV7 1.0830 0.00106 0.0118 0.241 0.00017 0.0018 1.7673 0.00162 0.0181 1.8575 0.00209 0.0233 1.4389 0.00145 0.0162 2010 HDV8a 1.4869 0.00156 0.0175 0.228 0.00015 0.0016 2.0962 0.00228 0.0255 2.4653 0.00372 0.0416 2.0649 0.00195 0.0218 2010 HDV8b 1.5955 0.00170 0.0190 0.219 0.00014 0.0015 2.2224 0.00253 0.0283 2.6552 0.00426 0.0476 2.2795 0.00212 0.0237 2011 HDV2b 0.6105 0.00091 0.0092 0.276 0.00044 0.0045 0.8800 0.00108 0.0113 1.1777 0.00142 0.0148 0.8619 0.00147 0.0153 2011 HDV3 0.8855 0.00085 0.0094 0.248 0.00023 0.0024 1.5533 0.00135 0.0150 1.5953 0.00157 0.0173 1.2043 0.00134 0.0148 2011 HDV4 0.9219 0.00084 0.0094 0.241 0.00017 0.0019 1.6583 0.00139 0.0156 1.6851 0.00159 0.0178 1.2707 0.00131 0.0147 2011 HDV5 0.9219 0.00084 0.0094 0.241 0.00017 0.0019 1.6583 0.00139 0.0156 1.6851 0.00159 0.0178 1.2707 0.00131 0.0147 2011 HDV6 0.9431 0.00086 0.0096 0.241 0.00017 0.0019 1.6680 0.00140 0.0156 1.7043 0.00161 0.0180 1.2938 0.00133 0.0148 2011 HDV7 1.0495 0.00100 0.0111 0.239 0.00017 0.0018 1.7356 0.00154 0.0172 1.8130 0.00192 0.0215 1.4063 0.00141 0.0158 2011 HDV8a 1.4555 0.00151 0.0169 0.228 0.00015 0.0016 2.0601 0.00219 0.0245 2.4029 0.00350 0.0392 2.0071 0.00189 0.0211 2011 HDV8b 1.5911 0.00168 0.0188 0.219 0.00014 0.0015 2.2157 0.00250 0.0279 2.6438 0.00419 0.0468 2.2702 0.00210 0.0234

SmartWay Technical Documentation ǀ Appendix A A-7

- -

DIESEL

Highway Urban

Deceleration 0 25 mph 25 50 mph >50 mph

Model Yr Vehicle Class NOx BC PM NOx BC PM NOx BC PM NOx BC PM NOx BC PM

2012 HDV2b 0.6102 0.00086 0.0089 0.273 0.00042 0.0043 0.8958 0.00105 0.0112 1.1782 0.00137 0.0145 0.8637 0.00141 0.0149 2012 HDV3 0.8900 0.00085 0.0094 0.247 0.00022 0.0023 1.5701 0.00135 0.0151 1.6074 0.00156 0.0174 1.2130 0.00133 0.0147 2012 HDV4 0.9205 0.00084 0.0094 0.241 0.00017 0.0019 1.6573 0.00139 0.0156 1.6830 0.00159 0.0178 1.2686 0.00131 0.0147 2012 HDV5 0.9205 0.00084 0.0094 0.241 0.00017 0.0019 1.6573 0.00139 0.0156 1.6830 0.00159 0.0178 1.2686 0.00131 0.0147 2012 HDV6 0.9413 0.00086 0.0096 0.241 0.00017 0.0019 1.6673 0.00140 0.0157 1.7027 0.00162 0.0181 1.2911 0.00133 0.0148 2012 HDV7 1.0082 0.00095 0.0106 0.240 0.00017 0.0018 1.7097 0.00149 0.0166 1.7695 0.00181 0.0202 1.3605 0.00138 0.0154 2012 HDV8a 1.3978 0.00142 0.0159 0.231 0.00015 0.0017 2.0011 0.00207 0.0231 2.3124 0.00323 0.0361 1.9092 0.00180 0.0201 2012 HDV8b 1.5740 0.00164 0.0184 0.219 0.00014 0.0015 2.1957 0.00244 0.0273 2.6085 0.00405 0.0452 2.2338 0.00205 0.0229 2013 HDV2b 0.6002 0.00085 0.0087 0.271 0.00041 0.0043 0.8815 0.00103 0.0110 1.1658 0.00135 0.0143 0.8538 0.00139 0.0147 2013 HDV3 0.8259 0.00078 0.0086 0.230 0.00020 0.0022 1.4570 0.00125 0.0139 1.4963 0.00144 0.0160 1.1295 0.00123 0.0136 2013 HDV4 0.8494 0.00077 0.0086 0.222 0.00016 0.0017 1.5282 0.00127 0.0142 1.5520 0.00145 0.0162 1.1714 0.00120 0.0134 2013 HDV5 0.8494 0.00077 0.0086 0.222 0.00016 0.0017 1.5282 0.00127 0.0142 1.5520 0.00145 0.0162 1.1714 0.00120 0.0134 2013 HDV6 0.8662 0.00078 0.0088 0.222 0.00016 0.0017 1.5356 0.00128 0.0143 1.5676 0.00147 0.0165 1.1895 0.00121 0.0136 2013 HDV7 0.9195 0.00085 0.0095 0.220 0.00016 0.0017 1.5676 0.00135 0.0151 1.6200 0.00163 0.0182 1.2449 0.00125 0.0140 2013 HDV8a 1.2467 0.00126 0.0140 0.210 0.00014 0.0015 1.7956 0.00183 0.0204 2.0692 0.00283 0.0317 1.7044 0.00160 0.0179 2013 HDV8b 1.4029 0.00145 0.0162 0.196 0.00012 0.0013 1.9587 0.00215 0.0241 2.3254 0.00357 0.0399 1.9904 0.00181 0.0203 2014 HDV2b 0.5890 0.00082 0.0086 0.267 0.00040 0.0042 0.8782 0.00102 0.0109 1.1526 0.00133 0.0141 0.8450 0.00136 0.0145 2014 HDV3 0.8224 0.00078 0.0086 0.229 0.00020 0.0021 1.4560 0.00124 0.0138 1.4932 0.00144 0.0159 1.1274 0.00122 0.0135 2014 HDV4 0.8454 0.00077 0.0086 0.222 0.00016 0.0017 1.5234 0.00127 0.0142 1.5471 0.00145 0.0162 1.1677 0.00120 0.0134 2014 HDV5 0.8454 0.00077 0.0086 0.222 0.00016 0.0017 1.5234 0.00127 0.0142 1.5471 0.00145 0.0162 1.1677 0.00120 0.0134 2014 HDV6 0.8610 0.00078 0.0087 0.221 0.00016 0.0017 1.5296 0.00128 0.0143 1.5614 0.00147 0.0164 1.1846 0.00121 0.0135 2014 HDV7 0.9068 0.00084 0.0094 0.219 0.00015 0.0017 1.5572 0.00134 0.0150 1.6085 0.00161 0.0181 1.2354 0.00125 0.0139 2014 HDV8a 1.1982 0.00122 0.0136 0.206 0.00014 0.0015 1.7563 0.00179 0.0200 2.0227 0.00278 0.0310 1.6646 0.00157 0.0175 2014 HDV8b 1.3269 0.00139 0.0156 0.190 0.00012 0.0013 1.8929 0.00209 0.0234 2.2468 0.00347 0.0388 1.9226 0.00176 0.0197 2015 HDV2b 0.5915 0.00082 0.0086 0.266 0.00040 0.0042 0.8838 0.00102 0.0109 1.1550 0.00133 0.0141 0.8471 0.00136 0.0145 2015 HDV3 0.8235 0.00077 0.0086 0.228 0.00020 0.0021 1.4590 0.00124 0.0139 1.4956 0.00144 0.0160 1.1292 0.00122 0.0135

SmartWay Technical Documentation ǀ Appendix A A-8

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DIESEL

Highway Urban

Deceleration 0 25 mph 25 50 mph >50 mph

Model Yr Vehicle Class NOx BC PM NOx BC PM NOx BC PM NOx BC PM NOx BC PM

2015 HDV4 0.8454 0.00077 0.0086 0.222 0.00016 0.0017 1.5234 0.00127 0.0142 1.5471 0.00145 0.0162 1.1676 0.00120 0.0134 2015 HDV5 0.8454 0.00077 0.0086 0.222 0.00016 0.0017 1.5234 0.00127 0.0142 1.5471 0.00145 0.0162 1.1676 0.00120 0.0134 2015 HDV6 0.8608 0.00078 0.0087 0.221 0.00016 0.0017 1.5296 0.00128 0.0143 1.5613 0.00147 0.0165 1.1844 0.00121 0.0135 2015 HDV7 0.9068 0.00084 0.0094 0.219 0.00015 0.0017 1.5573 0.00134 0.0150 1.6087 0.00162 0.0181 1.2355 0.00125 0.0139 2015 HDV8a 1.1983 0.00122 0.0136 0.206 0.00014 0.0015 1.7565 0.00179 0.0200 2.0227 0.00278 0.0310 1.6647 0.00157 0.0175 2015 HDV8b 1.3269 0.00139 0.0156 0.190 0.00012 0.0013 1.8929 0.00209 0.0234 2.2467 0.00347 0.0388 1.9226 0.00176 0.0197 2016 HDV2b 0.5788 0.00080 0.0084 0.262 0.00039 0.0041 0.8743 0.00100 0.0107 1.1399 0.00130 0.0139 0.8363 0.00133 0.0142 2016 HDV3 0.8116 0.00076 0.0085 0.225 0.00019 0.0021 1.4396 0.00123 0.0137 1.4753 0.00142 0.0157 1.1139 0.00120 0.0133 2016 HDV4 0.8331 0.00076 0.0085 0.219 0.00015 0.0017 1.5015 0.00125 0.0140 1.5249 0.00143 0.0160 1.1509 0.00118 0.0132 2016 HDV5 0.8331 0.00076 0.0085 0.219 0.00015 0.0017 1.5015 0.00125 0.0140 1.5249 0.00143 0.0160 1.1509 0.00118 0.0132 2016 HDV6 0.8480 0.00077 0.0086 0.218 0.00015 0.0017 1.5074 0.00126 0.0141 1.5386 0.00145 0.0162 1.1669 0.00119 0.0133 2016 HDV7 0.8938 0.00083 0.0093 0.216 0.00015 0.0017 1.5354 0.00132 0.0148 1.5859 0.00159 0.0178 1.2177 0.00123 0.0138 2016 HDV8a 1.1867 0.00121 0.0135 0.204 0.00014 0.0015 1.7385 0.00177 0.0198 2.0021 0.00275 0.0307 1.6473 0.00155 0.0174 2016 HDV8b 1.3179 0.00138 0.0155 0.188 0.00012 0.0013 1.8799 0.00208 0.0233 2.2311 0.00345 0.0385 1.9092 0.00175 0.0196 2017 HDV2b 0.5694 0.00080 0.0084 0.262 0.00039 0.0041 0.8743 0.00100 0.0108 1.1274 0.00130 0.0139 0.8194 0.00133 0.0142 2017 HDV3 0.8112 0.00076 0.0085 0.225 0.00019 0.0020 1.4410 0.00123 0.0137 1.4748 0.00142 0.0157 1.1127 0.00120 0.0133 2017 HDV4 0.8331 0.00076 0.0085 0.219 0.00015 0.0017 1.5015 0.00125 0.0140 1.5248 0.00143 0.0160 1.1508 0.00118 0.0132 2017 HDV5 0.8331 0.00076 0.0085 0.219 0.00015 0.0017 1.5015 0.00125 0.0140 1.5248 0.00143 0.0160 1.1508 0.00118 0.0132 2017 HDV6 0.8478 0.00077 0.0086 0.218 0.00015 0.0017 1.5073 0.00126 0.0141 1.5385 0.00145 0.0162 1.1668 0.00119 0.0133 2017 HDV7 0.8934 0.00083 0.0093 0.216 0.00015 0.0017 1.5353 0.00132 0.0148 1.5855 0.00159 0.0178 1.2173 0.00123 0.0138 2017 HDV8a 1.1860 0.00121 0.0135 0.204 0.00014 0.0015 1.7379 0.00177 0.0198 2.0008 0.00275 0.0307 1.6461 0.00155 0.0174 2017 HDV8b 1.3177 0.00138 0.0155 0.188 0.00012 0.0013 1.8797 0.00208 0.0233 2.2306 0.00345 0.0385 1.9086 0.00175 0.0196 2018 HDV2b 0.2853 0.00048 0.0051 0.121 0.00024 0.0025 0.4414 0.00061 0.0066 0.5427 0.00078 0.0083 0.3986 0.00080 0.0085 2018 HDV3 0.4866 0.00048 0.0054 0.131 0.00012 0.0013 0.8681 0.00078 0.0087 0.8796 0.00090 0.0100 0.6627 0.00076 0.0085 2018 HDV4 0.5039 0.00048 0.0054 0.133 0.00010 0.0011 0.9115 0.00080 0.0090 0.9254 0.00091 0.0102 0.6953 0.00076 0.0085 2018 HDV5 0.5039 0.00048 0.0054 0.133 0.00010 0.0011 0.9115 0.00080 0.0090 0.9254 0.00091 0.0102 0.6953 0.00076 0.0085

SmartWay Technical Documentation ǀ Appendix A A-9

- -

DIESEL

Highway Urban

Deceleration 0 25 mph 25 50 mph >50 mph

Model Yr Vehicle Class NOx BC PM NOx BC PM NOx BC PM NOx BC PM NOx BC PM

2018 HDV6 0.5165 0.00049 0.0055 0.133 0.00010 0.0011 0.9184 0.00081 0.0090 0.9381 0.00093 0.0104 0.7088 0.00076 0.0085 2018 HDV7 0.5600 0.00054 0.0061 0.133 0.00010 0.0010 0.9514 0.00086 0.0096 0.9849 0.00104 0.0116 0.7556 0.00080 0.0089 2018 HDV8a 0.8288 0.00083 0.0093 0.136 0.00009 0.0010 1.1899 0.00122 0.0136 1.3793 0.00190 0.0212 1.1390 0.00106 0.0119 2018 HDV8b 0.9477 0.00097 0.0108 0.134 0.00008 0.0009 1.3471 0.00145 0.0163 1.6003 0.00241 0.0270 1.3705 0.00122 0.0137 2019 HDV2b 0.2616 0.00047 0.0050 0.109 0.00024 0.0025 0.4045 0.00061 0.0065 0.4915 0.00076 0.0082 0.3625 0.00078 0.0084 2019 HDV3 0.4722 0.00048 0.0054 0.126 0.00012 0.0013 0.8428 0.00078 0.0087 0.8518 0.00090 0.0100 0.6414 0.00076 0.0085 2019 HDV4 0.4905 0.00048 0.0054 0.129 0.00010 0.0011 0.8881 0.00080 0.0090 0.9015 0.00091 0.0102 0.6764 0.00076 0.0085 2019 HDV5 0.4905 0.00048 0.0054 0.129 0.00010 0.0011 0.8881 0.00080 0.0090 0.9015 0.00091 0.0102 0.6764 0.00076 0.0085 2019 HDV6 0.5036 0.00049 0.0055 0.129 0.00010 0.0011 0.8956 0.00081 0.0090 0.9148 0.00093 0.0104 0.6904 0.00076 0.0085 2019 HDV7 0.5495 0.00054 0.0061 0.130 0.00010 0.0010 0.9310 0.00086 0.0096 0.9644 0.00104 0.0117 0.7398 0.00080 0.0089 2019 HDV8a 0.8270 0.00084 0.0093 0.135 0.00009 0.0010 1.1835 0.00122 0.0136 1.3738 0.00191 0.0213 1.1355 0.00106 0.0119 2019 HDV8b 0.9477 0.00097 0.0108 0.134 0.00008 0.0009 1.3466 0.00146 0.0163 1.6002 0.00241 0.0270 1.3707 0.00122 0.0137 2020 HDV2b 0.2381 0.00046 0.0049 0.096 0.00024 0.0025 0.3679 0.00060 0.0065 0.4404 0.00074 0.0079 0.3265 0.00077 0.0083 2020 HDV3 0.4579 0.00048 0.0054 0.121 0.00012 0.0013 0.8176 0.00078 0.0087 0.8240 0.00089 0.0100 0.6202 0.00076 0.0084 2020 HDV4 0.4772 0.00048 0.0054 0.126 0.00010 0.0011 0.8646 0.00080 0.0090 0.8776 0.00091 0.0102 0.6575 0.00076 0.0085 2020 HDV5 0.4772 0.00048 0.0054 0.126 0.00010 0.0011 0.8646 0.00080 0.0090 0.8776 0.00091 0.0102 0.6575 0.00076 0.0085 2020 HDV6 0.4907 0.00049 0.0055 0.126 0.00010 0.0011 0.8727 0.00081 0.0090 0.8915 0.00093 0.0104 0.6720 0.00076 0.0085 2020 HDV7 0.5389 0.00054 0.0061 0.127 0.00010 0.0010 0.9105 0.00086 0.0096 0.9439 0.00105 0.0117 0.7237 0.00080 0.0089 2020 HDV8a 0.8250 0.00084 0.0094 0.133 0.00009 0.0010 1.1769 0.00122 0.0137 1.3679 0.00191 0.0214 1.1315 0.00107 0.0119 2020 HDV8b 0.9476 0.00097 0.0108 0.133 0.00008 0.0009 1.3459 0.00146 0.0163 1.5999 0.00242 0.0270 1.3707 0.00123 0.0137 2021 HDV2b 0.2156 0.00044 0.0048 0.084 0.00023 0.0025 0.3328 0.00059 0.0064 0.3922 0.00071 0.0077 0.2927 0.00075 0.0081 2021 HDV3 0.4444 0.00048 0.0054 0.117 0.00012 0.0013 0.7938 0.00078 0.0087 0.7976 0.00089 0.0099 0.6002 0.00076 0.0084 2021 HDV4 0.4649 0.00048 0.0054 0.123 0.00010 0.0011 0.8430 0.00080 0.0090 0.8556 0.00091 0.0102 0.6401 0.00076 0.0085 2021 HDV5 0.4649 0.00048 0.0054 0.123 0.00010 0.0011 0.8430 0.00080 0.0090 0.8556 0.00091 0.0102 0.6401 0.00076 0.0085 2021 HDV6 0.4788 0.00049 0.0055 0.123 0.00010 0.0011 0.8515 0.00081 0.0090 0.8699 0.00093 0.0104 0.6549 0.00076 0.0085 2021 HDV7 0.5288 0.00055 0.0061 0.124 0.00010 0.0010 0.8914 0.00086 0.0096 0.9245 0.00105 0.0117 0.7085 0.00080 0.0089

SmartWay Technical Documentation ǀ Appendix A A-10

- -

DIESEL

Highway Urban

Deceleration 0 25 mph 25 50 mph >50 mph

Model Yr Vehicle Class NOx BC PM NOx BC PM NOx BC PM NOx BC PM NOx BC PM

2021 HDV8a 0.8224 0.00084 0.0094 0.132 0.00009 0.0010 1.1701 0.00123 0.0137 1.3614 0.00192 0.0215 1.1268 0.00107 0.0119 2021 HDV8b 0.9474 0.00097 0.0108 0.133 0.00008 0.0009 1.3451 0.00146 0.0163 1.5994 0.00242 0.0271 1.3704 0.00123 0.0137 2022 HDV2b 0.2156 0.00044 0.0048 0.084 0.00023 0.0025 0.3328 0.00059 0.0064 0.3922 0.00071 0.0077 0.2927 0.00075 0.0081 2022 HDV3 0.4444 0.00048 0.0054 0.117 0.00012 0.0013 0.7938 0.00078 0.0087 0.7976 0.00089 0.0099 0.6002 0.00076 0.0084 2022 HDV4 0.4649 0.00048 0.0054 0.123 0.00010 0.0011 0.8430 0.00080 0.0090 0.8556 0.00091 0.0102 0.6401 0.00076 0.0085 2022 HDV5 0.4649 0.00048 0.0054 0.123 0.00010 0.0011 0.8430 0.00080 0.0090 0.8556 0.00091 0.0102 0.6401 0.00076 0.0085 2022 HDV6 0.4788 0.00049 0.0055 0.123 0.00010 0.0011 0.8515 0.00081 0.0090 0.8699 0.00093 0.0104 0.6549 0.00076 0.0085 2022 HDV7 0.5288 0.00055 0.0061 0.124 0.00010 0.0010 0.8914 0.00086 0.0096 0.9245 0.00105 0.0117 0.7085 0.00080 0.0089 2022 HDV8a 0.8224 0.00084 0.0094 0.132 0.00009 0.0010 1.1701 0.00123 0.0137 1.3614 0.00192 0.0215 1.1268 0.00107 0.0119 2022 HDV8b 0.9474 0.00097 0.0108 0.133 0.00008 0.0009 1.3451 0.00146 0.0163 1.5994 0.00242 0.0271 1.3704 0.00123 0.0137

SmartWay Technical Documentation ǀ Appendix A A-11

- -

GASOLINE

Highway Urban

Deceleration 0 25 mph 25 50 mph >50 mph

Model Yr Vehicle Class NOx BC PM NOx BC PM NOx BC PM NOx BC PM NOx BC PM

Pre 1991 HDV2b 4.8270 0.00832 0.0568 0.142 0.00057 0.0039 4.6848 0.01089 0.0743 8.0065 0.00462 0.0315 6.8087 0.00435 0.0296 Pre 1991 HDV3 5.7544 0.01474 0.1006 0.137 0.00062 0.0042 6.4833 0.01623 0.1107 9.1494 0.00518 0.0353 7.3830 0.00441 0.0301 Pre 1991 HDV4 5.8345 0.01498 0.1022 0.137 0.00062 0.0042 6.5035 0.01628 0.1111 9.2184 0.00548 0.0374 7.4501 0.00457 0.0312 Pre 1991 HDV5 5.6351 0.01445 0.0986 0.137 0.00062 0.0042 6.5055 0.01633 0.1114 9.0934 0.00510 0.0348 7.2920 0.00428 0.0292 Pre 1991 HDV6 5.4553 0.01402 0.0957 0.137 0.00062 0.0042 6.5736 0.01661 0.1134 9.0219 0.00518 0.0353 7.1378 0.00412 0.0281 Pre 1991 HDV7 5.4553 0.01402 0.0957 0.137 0.00062 0.0042 6.5736 0.01661 0.1134 9.0219 0.00518 0.0353 7.1378 0.00412 0.0281 Pre 1991 HDV8a 5.7576 0.01502 0.1025 0.136 0.00062 0.0042 6.7632 0.01719 0.1173 9.4243 0.00727 0.0496 7.4636 0.00503 0.0343 Pre 1991 HDV8b 5.7576 0.01502 0.1025 0.136 0.00062 0.0042 6.7632 0.01719 0.1173 9.4243 0.00727 0.0496 7.4636 0.00503 0.0343

1991 HDV2b 4.8270 0.00832 0.0568 0.142 0.00057 0.0039 4.6848 0.01089 0.0743 8.0065 0.00462 0.0315 6.8087 0.00435 0.0296 1991 HDV3 5.7544 0.01474 0.1006 0.137 0.00062 0.0042 6.4833 0.01623 0.1107 9.1494 0.00518 0.0353 7.3830 0.00441 0.0301 1991 HDV4 5.8345 0.01498 0.1022 0.137 0.00062 0.0042 6.5035 0.01628 0.1111 9.2184 0.00548 0.0374 7.4501 0.00457 0.0312 1991 HDV5 5.6351 0.01445 0.0986 0.137 0.00062 0.0042 6.5055 0.01633 0.1114 9.0934 0.00510 0.0348 7.2920 0.00428 0.0292 1991 HDV6 5.4553 0.01402 0.0957 0.137 0.00062 0.0042 6.5736 0.01661 0.1134 9.0219 0.00518 0.0353 7.1378 0.00412 0.0281 1991 HDV7 5.4553 0.01402 0.0957 0.137 0.00062 0.0042 6.5736 0.01661 0.1134 9.0219 0.00518 0.0353 7.1378 0.00412 0.0281 1991 HDV8a 5.7576 0.01502 0.1025 0.136 0.00062 0.0042 6.7632 0.01719 0.1173 9.4243 0.00727 0.0496 7.4636 0.00503 0.0343 1991 HDV8b 5.7576 0.01502 0.1025 0.136 0.00062 0.0042 6.7632 0.01719 0.1173 9.4243 0.00727 0.0496 7.4636 0.00503 0.0343 1992 HDV2b 4.8833 0.00863 0.0588 0.139 0.00056 0.0038 4.7966 0.01113 0.0760 8.0890 0.00459 0.0313 6.8590 0.00427 0.0292 1992 HDV3 5.8104 0.01491 0.1017 0.137 0.00062 0.0042 6.4927 0.01625 0.1109 9.1931 0.00535 0.0365 7.4284 0.00451 0.0308 1992 HDV4 5.9418 0.01531 0.1045 0.137 0.00062 0.0042 6.5332 0.01636 0.1116 9.3122 0.00591 0.0403 7.5391 0.00478 0.0326 1992 HDV5 5.6628 0.01451 0.0990 0.137 0.00062 0.0042 6.4976 0.01630 0.1112 9.1051 0.00509 0.0347 7.3131 0.00431 0.0294 1992 HDV6 5.4568 0.01403 0.0957 0.137 0.00062 0.0042 6.5764 0.01662 0.1134 9.0269 0.00518 0.0353 7.1391 0.00412 0.0281 1992 HDV7 5.4568 0.01403 0.0957 0.137 0.00062 0.0042 6.5764 0.01662 0.1134 9.0269 0.00518 0.0353 7.1391 0.00412 0.0281 1992 HDV8a 6.0508 0.01599 0.1091 0.136 0.00062 0.0042 6.9617 0.01779 0.1214 9.8355 0.00939 0.0640 7.7946 0.00596 0.0407 1992 HDV8b 6.0508 0.01599 0.1091 0.136 0.00062 0.0042 6.9617 0.01779 0.1214 9.8355 0.00939 0.0640 7.7946 0.00596 0.0407 1993 HDV2b 4.9683 0.00971 0.0662 0.137 0.00057 0.0038 5.0797 0.01198 0.0817 8.1477 0.00454 0.0310 6.8961 0.00411 0.0281 1993 HDV3 5.6602 0.01455 0.0993 0.138 0.00062 0.0042 6.4391 0.01613 0.1101 9.0258 0.00505 0.0344 7.3126 0.00428 0.0292

SmartWay Technical Documentation ǀ Appendix A A-12

- -

GASOLINE

Highway Urban

Deceleration 0 25 mph 25 50 mph >50 mph

Model Yr Vehicle Class NOx BC PM NOx BC PM NOx BC PM NOx BC PM NOx BC PM

1993 HDV4 5.7658 0.01480 0.1010 0.138 0.00062 0.0042 6.4527 0.01614 0.1101 9.1150 0.00518 0.0353 7.3923 0.00441 0.0301 1993 HDV5 5.6624 0.01454 0.0992 0.138 0.00062 0.0042 6.4351 0.01612 0.1100 9.0245 0.00500 0.0341 7.3127 0.00427 0.0291 1993 HDV6 5.3720 0.01392 0.0950 0.138 0.00062 0.0042 6.4271 0.01623 0.1107 8.7611 0.00496 0.0338 7.0670 0.00394 0.0269 1993 HDV7 5.3720 0.01392 0.0950 0.138 0.00062 0.0042 6.4271 0.01623 0.1107 8.7611 0.00496 0.0338 7.0670 0.00394 0.0269 1993 HDV8a 5.4701 0.01424 0.0971 0.137 0.00062 0.0042 6.4880 0.01641 0.1120 8.8915 0.00561 0.0383 7.1701 0.00423 0.0288 1993 HDV8b 5.4701 0.01424 0.0971 0.137 0.00062 0.0042 6.4880 0.01641 0.1120 8.8915 0.00561 0.0383 7.1701 0.00423 0.0288 1994 HDV2b 4.7143 0.01014 0.0692 0.111 0.00031 0.0021 4.5531 0.00227 0.0154 7.6386 0.00706 0.0482 6.7764 0.01790 0.1221 1994 HDV3 5.6210 0.01697 0.1158 0.135 0.00038 0.0025 6.4191 0.00322 0.0220 9.0144 0.01225 0.0836 7.2433 0.02731 0.1864 1994 HDV4 5.8554 0.01833 0.1251 0.135 0.00038 0.0025 6.4637 0.00324 0.0221 9.2050 0.01277 0.0871 7.4383 0.02869 0.1958 1994 HDV5 5.6819 0.01736 0.1184 0.135 0.00038 0.0026 6.3547 0.00313 0.0214 8.9901 0.01211 0.0826 7.2727 0.02759 0.1882 1994 HDV6 5.3630 0.01543 0.1053 0.135 0.00037 0.0025 6.4605 0.00332 0.0226 8.8640 0.01194 0.0815 7.0188 0.02565 0.1750 1994 HDV7 5.3630 0.01543 0.1053 0.135 0.00037 0.0025 6.4605 0.00332 0.0226 8.8640 0.01194 0.0815 7.0188 0.02565 0.1750 1994 HDV8a 9.2534 0.03741 0.2553 0.123 0.00033 0.0023 10.694 0.00737 0.0502 16.097 0.03383 0.2308 12.949 0.06555 0.4473 1994 HDV8b 9.2534 0.03741 0.2553 0.123 0.00033 0.0023 10.694 0.00737 0.0502 16.097 0.03383 0.2308 12.949 0.06555 0.4473 1995 HDV2b 4.7140 0.01011 0.0689 0.116 0.00034 0.0023 4.6047 0.00320 0.0218 7.6279 0.00443 0.0302 6.7365 0.00540 0.0369 1995 HDV3 5.5089 0.01634 0.1115 0.135 0.00039 0.0026 6.4041 0.00451 0.0308 8.9213 0.00410 0.0280 7.1474 0.00528 0.0360 1995 HDV4 5.6726 0.01682 0.1148 0.135 0.00039 0.0026 6.3954 0.00449 0.0306 9.0231 0.00438 0.0299 7.2787 0.00557 0.0380 1995 HDV5 5.5887 0.01654 0.1129 0.135 0.00039 0.0026 6.3765 0.00447 0.0305 8.9508 0.00403 0.0275 7.2075 0.00536 0.0366 1995 HDV6 5.3561 0.01593 0.1087 0.135 0.00038 0.0026 6.4483 0.00458 0.0312 8.8424 0.00412 0.0281 7.0129 0.00505 0.0345 1995 HDV7 5.3561 0.01593 0.1087 0.135 0.00038 0.0026 6.4483 0.00458 0.0312 8.8424 0.00412 0.0281 7.0129 0.00505 0.0345 1995 HDV8a 9.2534 0.03095 0.2112 0.123 0.00036 0.0024 10.694 0.00818 0.0558 16.097 0.04854 0.3313 12.949 0.02565 0.1750 1995 HDV8b 9.2534 0.03095 0.2112 0.123 0.00036 0.0024 10.694 0.00818 0.0558 16.097 0.04854 0.3313 12.949 0.02565 0.1750 1996 HDV2b 3.5270 0.00885 0.0604 0.099 0.00043 0.0029 3.4401 0.00255 0.0174 5.1974 0.00672 0.0459 5.0014 0.00291 0.0198 1996 HDV3 5.5901 0.0162 0.1105 0.135 0.00046 0.0031 6.3991 0.00366 0.0250 8.9769 0.00605 0.0413 7.2116 0.00276 0.0188 1996 HDV4 5.7167 0.01651 0.1127 0.135 0.00046 0.0031 6.3920 0.00367 0.0250 9.0492 0.00636 0.0434 7.3096 0.00287 0.0196 1996 HDV5 5.6673 0.01638 0.1118 0.135 0.00046 0.0031 6.3614 0.00365 0.0249 8.9886 0.00588 0.0401 7.2630 0.00279 0.0190

SmartWay Technical Documentation ǀ Appendix A A-13

- -

GASOLINE

Highway Urban

Deceleration 0 25 mph 25 50 mph >50 mph

Model Yr Vehicle Class NOx BC PM NOx BC PM NOx BC PM NOx BC PM NOx BC PM

1996 HDV6 5.3694 0.01565 0.1068 0.135 0.00046 0.0031 6.4717 0.00368 0.0251 8.8840 0.00604 0.0412 7.0242 0.00261 0.0178 1996 HDV7 5.3694 0.01565 0.1068 0.135 0.00046 0.0031 6.4717 0.00368 0.0251 8.8840 0.00604 0.0412 7.0242 0.00261 0.0178 1996 HDV8a 9.2534 0.02547 0.1738 0.123 0.00042 0.0028 10.694 0.00609 0.0416 16.097 0.06136 0.4187 12.949 0.01220 0.0832 1996 HDV8b 9.2534 0.02547 0.1738 0.123 0.00042 0.0028 10.694 0.00609 0.0416 16.097 0.06136 0.4187 12.949 0.01220 0.0832 1997 HDV2b 3.2924 0.00712 0.0486 0.106 0.00020 0.0013 3.0882 0.00181 0.0123 4.8652 0.00546 0.0372 4.5122 0.00731 0.0498 1997 HDV3 5.4964 0.01228 0.0837 0.135 0.00022 0.0015 6.4354 0.00247 0.0168 8.9478 0.00503 0.0343 7.1385 0.00848 0.0578 1997 HDV4 5.6981 0.01292 0.0882 0.135 0.00022 0.0015 6.3805 0.00245 0.0167 9.0266 0.00497 0.0339 7.2919 0.00893 0.0609 1997 HDV5 5.6009 0.01259 0.0859 0.135 0.00022 0.0015 6.3840 0.00245 0.0167 8.9697 0.00482 0.0328 7.2165 0.0087 0.0593 1997 HDV6 5.3709 0.01187 0.0810 0.135 0.00022 0.0015 6.4743 0.00248 0.0169 8.8886 0.00507 0.0345 7.0254 0.00814 0.0555 1997 HDV7 5.3709 0.01187 0.0810 0.135 0.00022 0.0015 6.4743 0.00248 0.0169 8.8886 0.00507 0.0345 7.0254 0.00814 0.0555 1997 HDV8a 9.2535 0.02655 0.1811 0.123 0.00019 0.0013 10.694 0.00520 0.0355 16.097 0.04479 0.3057 12.949 0.02848 0.1943 1997 HDV8b 9.2535 0.02655 0.1811 0.123 0.00019 0.0013 10.694 0.00520 0.0355 16.097 0.04479 0.3057 12.949 0.02848 0.1943 1998 HDV2b 2.4447 0.00589 0.0402 0.117 0.00025 0.0017 1.7766 0.00196 0.0133 3.6797 0.00496 0.0338 3.9945 0.00535 0.0365 1998 HDV3 4.1691 0.01517 0.1035 0.258 0.00030 0.0020 4.0058 0.00380 0.0259 6.1410 0.00830 0.0566 6.4996 0.01155 0.0788 1998 HDV4 4.4189 0.01662 0.1134 0.255 0.00030 0.0020 4.1254 0.00408 0.0278 6.5632 0.01121 0.0765 6.7277 0.01266 0.0864 1998 HDV5 3.8504 0.01345 0.0918 0.263 0.00031 0.0021 3.7760 0.00335 0.0228 5.5121 0.00381 0.0260 6.2082 0.01011 0.0690 1998 HDV6 3.8161 0.01315 0.0897 0.263 0.00030 0.0021 3.8258 0.00339 0.0231 5.5113 0.00393 0.0268 6.1688 0.00993 0.0677 1998 HDV7 3.8161 0.01315 0.0897 0.263 0.00030 0.0021 3.8258 0.00339 0.0231 5.5113 0.00393 0.0268 6.1688 0.00993 0.0677 1998 HDV8a 5.3507 0.02158 0.1472 0.226 0.00025 0.0017 5.6535 0.00701 0.0479 9.7495 0.03400 0.2320 8.2019 0.01994 0.1360 1998 HDV8b 5.3507 0.02158 0.1472 0.226 0.00025 0.0017 5.6535 0.00701 0.0479 9.7495 0.03400 0.2320 8.2019 0.01994 0.1360 1999 HDV2b 2.6278 0.00826 0.0564 0.138 0.00008 0.0005 2.0219 0.00111 0.0075 3.8700 0.00435 0.0296 4.2326 0.00282 0.0192 1999 HDV3 3.8484 0.01761 0.1201 0.263 0.00009 0.0006 3.8132 0.00183 0.0125 5.5462 0.00238 0.0162 6.2090 0.00347 0.0237 1999 HDV4 3.9317 0.01816 0.1239 0.262 0.00009 0.0006 3.8408 0.00187 0.0127 5.6787 0.00356 0.0243 6.2848 0.00381 0.0260 1999 HDV5 3.8373 0.01774 0.1210 0.263 0.00009 0.0006 3.7642 0.00181 0.0123 5.4871 0.00169 0.0115 6.2022 0.00347 0.0237 1999 HDV6 3.8379 0.01774 0.1211 0.263 0.00009 0.0006 3.7636 0.00181 0.0123 5.4873 0.00169 0.0115 6.2027 0.00348 0.0237 1999 HDV7 3.8057 0.01734 0.1183 0.263 0.00009 0.0006 3.7952 0.00181 0.0123 5.4729 0.00172 0.0117 6.1692 0.00329 0.0225

SmartWay Technical Documentation ǀ Appendix A A-14

- -

GASOLINE

Highway Urban

Deceleration 0 25 mph 25 50 mph >50 mph

Model Yr Vehicle Class NOx BC PM NOx BC PM NOx BC PM NOx BC PM NOx BC PM

1999 HDV8a 3.9784 0.01824 0.1245 0.261 0.00009 0.0006 3.9169 0.00192 0.0131 5.8192 0.00502 0.0342 6.3316 0.00398 0.0271 1999 HDV8b 3.9784 0.01824 0.1245 0.261 0.00009 0.0006 3.9169 0.00192 0.0131 5.8192 0.00502 0.0342 6.3316 0.00398 0.0271 2000 HDV2b 2.5785 0.00699 0.0477 0.139 0.00008 0.0005 1.9532 0.00083 0.0056 3.8319 0.00405 0.0276 4.1812 0.00368 0.0251 2000 HDV3 3.8061 0.01431 0.0976 0.264 0.00009 0.0006 3.7739 0.00108 0.0074 5.4563 0.00169 0.0115 6.1758 0.00402 0.0274 2000 HDV4 3.8232 0.01444 0.0985 0.264 0.00009 0.0006 3.7618 0.00108 0.0073 5.4682 0.00168 0.0115 6.1927 0.00407 0.0278 2000 HDV5 3.8302 0.01450 0.0989 0.264 0.00009 0.0006 3.7554 0.00108 0.0073 5.4714 0.00166 0.0113 6.1994 0.00409 0.0279 2000 HDV6 3.8308 0.01450 0.0989 0.264 0.00009 0.0006 3.7550 0.00108 0.0073 5.4718 0.00166 0.0113 6.2000 0.00409 0.0279 2000 HDV7 3.8000 0.01426 0.0973 0.264 0.00009 0.0006 3.7784 0.00108 0.0074 5.4517 0.00169 0.0115 6.1695 0.00400 0.0273 2000 HDV8a 3.8016 0.01427 0.0974 0.264 0.00009 0.0006 3.7795 0.00108 0.0074 5.4548 0.00171 0.0117 6.1709 0.00401 0.0274 2000 HDV8b 3.8016 0.01427 0.0974 0.264 0.00009 0.0006 3.7795 0.00108 0.0074 5.4548 0.00171 0.0117 6.1709 0.00401 0.0274 2001 HDV2b 1.0912 0.00538 0.0367 0.059 0.00003 0.0002 0.7199 0.00081 0.0055 1.5855 0.00428 0.0292 1.7364 0.00353 0.0241 2001 HDV3 1.7612 0.01775 0.1211 0.121 0.00004 0.0003 1.7539 0.00075 0.0051 2.5369 0.00194 0.0132 2.8459 0.01188 0.0810 2001 HDV4 1.7723 0.01792 0.1222 0.121 0.00004 0.0003 1.7409 0.00075 0.0051 2.5395 0.00192 0.0131 2.8580 0.01188 0.0810 2001 HDV5 1.7747 0.01798 0.1226 0.121 0.00004 0.0003 1.7346 0.00074 0.0051 2.5368 0.00185 0.0126 2.8608 0.01188 0.0810 2001 HDV6 1.7750 0.01798 0.1227 0.121 0.00004 0.0003 1.7343 0.00074 0.0051 2.5368 0.00185 0.0126 2.8611 0.01188 0.0810 2001 HDV7 1.7564 0.01768 0.1206 0.121 0.00004 0.0003 1.7597 0.00076 0.0051 2.5353 0.00193 0.0132 2.8403 0.01188 0.0811 2001 HDV8a 1.7598 0.01770 0.1207 0.121 0.00004 0.0003 1.7620 0.00076 0.0052 2.5419 0.00206 0.0140 2.8434 0.01188 0.0811 2001 HDV8b 1.7598 0.01770 0.1207 0.121 0.00004 0.0003 1.7620 0.00076 0.0052 2.5419 0.00206 0.0140 2.8434 0.01188 0.0811 2002 HDV2b 1.0129 0.00257 0.0175 0.050 0.00012 0.0008 0.6778 0.00131 0.0089 1.4498 0.00270 0.0184 1.5924 0.00222 0.0151 2002 HDV3 1.7616 0.00627 0.0427 0.121 0.00014 0.0009 1.7595 0.00212 0.0144 2.5419 0.00221 0.0151 2.8446 0.00336 0.0229 2002 HDV4 1.7706 0.00635 0.0433 0.121 0.00014 0.0009 1.7469 0.00210 0.0143 2.5424 0.00220 0.0150 2.8549 0.00339 0.0231 2002 HDV5 1.7731 0.00637 0.0434 0.121 0.00014 0.0009 1.7409 0.00209 0.0143 2.5402 0.00218 0.0149 2.8580 0.00340 0.0232 2002 HDV6 1.7734 0.00637 0.0435 0.121 0.00014 0.0009 1.7405 0.00209 0.0143 2.5402 0.00218 0.0149 2.8583 0.00340 0.0232 2002 HDV7 1.7581 0.00624 0.0425 0.121 0.00014 0.0009 1.7646 0.00212 0.0145 2.5415 0.00222 0.0151 2.8402 0.00334 0.0228 2002 HDV8a 1.7600 0.00625 0.0426 0.121 0.00014 0.0009 1.7659 0.00213 0.0145 2.5453 0.00225 0.0153 2.8421 0.00335 0.0228 2002 HDV8b 1.7600 0.00625 0.0426 0.121 0.00014 0.0009 1.7659 0.00213 0.0145 2.5453 0.00225 0.0153 2.8421 0.00335 0.0228

SmartWay Technical Documentation ǀ Appendix A A-15

- -

GASOLINE

Highway Urban

Deceleration 0 25 mph 25 50 mph >50 mph

Model Yr Vehicle Class NOx BC PM NOx BC PM NOx BC PM NOx BC PM NOx BC PM

2003 HDV2b 1.0463 0.00305 0.0208 0.053 0.00006 0.0004 0.6962 0.00081 0.0055 1.5209 0.00297 0.0202 1.6594 0.00212 0.0145 2003 HDV3 1.7616 0.00888 0.0606 0.121 0.00007 0.0005 1.7596 0.00140 0.0095 2.5420 0.00129 0.0088 2.8446 0.00403 0.0275 2003 HDV4 1.7706 0.00900 0.0614 0.121 0.00007 0.0005 1.7472 0.00138 0.0094 2.5427 0.00128 0.0087 2.8549 0.00409 0.0279 2003 HDV5 1.7729 0.00905 0.0617 0.121 0.00007 0.0005 1.7412 0.00138 0.0094 2.5402 0.00124 0.0084 2.8578 0.00410 0.0280 2003 HDV6 1.7732 0.00905 0.0617 0.121 0.00007 0.0005 1.7408 0.00138 0.0094 2.5402 0.00124 0.0084 2.8581 0.00410 0.0280 2003 HDV7 1.7581 0.00883 0.0602 0.121 0.00007 0.0005 1.7646 0.00140 0.0095 2.5415 0.00129 0.0088 2.8402 0.00401 0.0274 2003 HDV8a 1.7603 0.00885 0.0603 0.121 0.00007 0.0005 1.7661 0.00140 0.0096 2.5458 0.00134 0.0091 2.8423 0.00402 0.0274 2003 HDV8b 1.7603 0.00885 0.0603 0.121 0.00007 0.0005 1.7661 0.00140 0.0096 2.5458 0.00134 0.0091 2.8423 0.00402 0.0274 2004 HDV2b 0.6911 0.00180 0.0123 0.039 0.00012 0.0008 0.4943 0.00090 0.0061 0.9469 0.00202 0.0137 1.0465 0.00203 0.0139 2004 HDV3 1.7612 0.00468 0.0319 0.121 0.00014 0.0009 1.7603 0.00186 0.0127 2.5421 0.00165 0.0112 2.8441 0.00435 0.0297 2004 HDV4 1.7694 0.00476 0.0324 0.121 0.00014 0.0009 1.7492 0.00186 0.0127 2.5430 0.00164 0.0112 2.8535 0.00441 0.0301 2004 HDV5 1.7715 0.00478 0.0326 0.121 0.00014 0.0009 1.7433 0.00186 0.0127 2.5404 0.00162 0.0111 2.8562 0.00443 0.0302 2004 HDV6 1.7717 0.00479 0.0326 0.121 0.00014 0.0009 1.7429 0.00186 0.0127 2.5403 0.00162 0.0110 2.8565 0.00443 0.0302 2004 HDV7 1.7581 0.00465 0.0317 0.121 0.00014 0.0009 1.7646 0.00186 0.0127 2.5415 0.00165 0.0112 2.8402 0.00433 0.0295 2004 HDV8a 1.7604 0.00466 0.0318 0.121 0.00014 0.0009 1.7661 0.00187 0.0127 2.5459 0.00167 0.0114 2.8423 0.00434 0.0296 2004 HDV8b 1.7604 0.00466 0.0318 0.121 0.00014 0.0009 1.7661 0.00187 0.0127 2.5459 0.00167 0.0114 2.8423 0.00434 0.0296 2005 HDV2b 0.4735 0.00148 0.0101 0.029 0.00012 0.0008 0.3042 0.00080 0.0055 0.6657 0.00203 0.0139 0.7387 0.00186 0.0126 2005 HDV3 1.7617 0.00468 0.0319 0.121 0.00014 0.0009 1.7596 0.00186 0.0127 2.5421 0.00165 0.0112 2.8447 0.00436 0.0297 2005 HDV4 1.7709 0.00477 0.0325 0.121 0.00014 0.0009 1.7472 0.00186 0.0127 2.5431 0.00164 0.0112 2.8552 0.00442 0.0302 2005 HDV5 1.7731 0.00480 0.0327 0.121 0.00014 0.0009 1.7409 0.00186 0.0127 2.5402 0.00162 0.0110 2.8580 0.00444 0.0303 2005 HDV6 1.7734 0.00480 0.0327 0.121 0.00014 0.0009 1.7406 0.00186 0.0127 2.5402 0.00162 0.0110 2.8583 0.00445 0.0303 2005 HDV7 1.7581 0.00465 0.0317 0.121 0.00014 0.0009 1.7646 0.00186 0.0127 2.5415 0.00165 0.0112 2.8402 0.00433 0.0295 2005 HDV8a 1.7607 0.00466 0.0318 0.121 0.00014 0.0009 1.7663 0.00187 0.0127 2.5465 0.00167 0.0114 2.8426 0.00434 0.0296 2005 HDV8b 1.7607 0.00466 0.0318 0.121 0.00014 0.0009 1.7663 0.00187 0.0127 2.5465 0.00167 0.0114 2.8426 0.00434 0.0296 2006 HDV2b 0.4581 0.00157 0.0107 0.030 0.00012 0.0008 0.3030 0.00083 0.0057 0.6105 0.00204 0.0139 0.6935 0.00191 0.0130 2006 HDV3 1.7605 0.00467 0.0319 0.121 0.00014 0.0009 1.7615 0.00186 0.0127 2.5421 0.00165 0.0112 2.8432 0.00435 0.0296

SmartWay Technical Documentation ǀ Appendix A A-16

- -

GASOLINE

Highway Urban

Deceleration 0 25 mph 25 50 mph >50 mph

Model Yr Vehicle Class NOx BC PM NOx BC PM NOx BC PM NOx BC PM NOx BC PM

2006 HDV4 1.7672 0.00473 0.0323 0.121 0.00014 0.0009 1.7526 0.00186 0.0127 2.5433 0.00165 0.0112 2.8510 0.0044 0.0300 2006 HDV5 1.7688 0.00476 0.0324 0.121 0.00014 0.0009 1.7473 0.00186 0.0127 2.5406 0.00163 0.0111 2.8532 0.00441 0.0301 2006 HDV6 1.7690 0.00476 0.0324 0.121 0.00014 0.0009 1.7470 0.00186 0.0127 2.5406 0.00163 0.0111 2.8534 0.00441 0.0301 2006 HDV7 1.7581 0.00465 0.0317 0.121 0.00014 0.0009 1.7646 0.00186 0.0127 2.5415 0.00165 0.0112 2.8402 0.00433 0.0295 2006 HDV8a 1.7603 0.00466 0.0318 0.121 0.00014 0.0009 1.7661 0.00187 0.0127 2.5457 0.00167 0.0114 2.8423 0.00434 0.0296 2006 HDV8b 1.7603 0.00466 0.0318 0.121 0.00014 0.0009 1.7661 0.00187 0.0127 2.5457 0.00167 0.0114 2.8423 0.00434 0.0296 2007 HDV2b 0.3671 0.00114 0.0077 0.021 0.00009 0.0006 0.2344 0.00061 0.0041 0.4715 0.00153 0.0104 0.5482 0.00141 0.0096 2007 HDV3 1.7608 0.00354 0.0241 0.121 0.00010 0.0007 1.7609 0.00141 0.0096 2.5420 0.00125 0.0085 2.8435 0.00329 0.0224 2007 HDV4 1.7681 0.00359 0.0245 0.121 0.00010 0.0007 1.7509 0.00141 0.0096 2.5427 0.00124 0.0085 2.8520 0.00333 0.0227 2007 HDV5 1.7701 0.00361 0.0246 0.121 0.00010 0.0007 1.7454 0.00141 0.0096 2.5405 0.00123 0.0084 2.8546 0.00335 0.0228 2007 HDV6 1.7703 0.00361 0.0246 0.121 0.00010 0.0007 1.7451 0.00141 0.0096 2.5404 0.00123 0.0084 2.8549 0.00335 0.0228 2007 HDV7 1.7581 0.00352 0.0240 0.121 0.00010 0.0007 1.7646 0.00141 0.0096 2.5415 0.00125 0.0085 2.8402 0.00328 0.0223 2007 HDV8a 1.7600 0.00353 0.0240 0.121 0.00010 0.0007 1.7659 0.00141 0.0096 2.5451 0.00126 0.0086 2.8420 0.00328 0.0224 2007 HDV8b 1.7600 0.00353 0.0240 0.121 0.00010 0.0007 1.7659 0.00141 0.0096 2.5451 0.00126 0.0086 2.8420 0.00328 0.0224 2008 HDV2b 0.2485 0.00117 0.0080 0.013 0.00009 0.0006 0.1317 0.00062 0.0042 0.3327 0.00154 0.0105 0.3944 0.00143 0.0097 2008 HDV3 0.5279 0.00353 0.0241 0.036 0.00010 0.0007 0.5287 0.00141 0.0096 0.7626 0.00125 0.0085 0.8527 0.00329 0.0224 2008 HDV4 0.5295 0.00357 0.0243 0.036 0.00010 0.0007 0.5267 0.00141 0.0096 0.7629 0.00125 0.0085 0.8545 0.00332 0.0226 2008 HDV5 0.5298 0.00358 0.0244 0.036 0.00010 0.0007 0.5254 0.00141 0.0096 0.7622 0.00123 0.0084 0.8550 0.00333 0.0227 2008 HDV6 0.5299 0.00358 0.0244 0.036 0.00010 0.0007 0.5253 0.00141 0.0096 0.7622 0.00123 0.0084 0.8551 0.00333 0.0227 2008 HDV7 0.5274 0.00352 0.0240 0.036 0.00010 0.0007 0.5293 0.00141 0.0096 0.7624 0.00125 0.0085 0.8520 0.00328 0.0223 2008 HDV8a 0.5280 0.00353 0.0240 0.036 0.00010 0.0007 0.5297 0.00141 0.0096 0.7635 0.00126 0.0086 0.8526 0.00328 0.0224 2008 HDV8b 0.5280 0.00353 0.0240 0.036 0.00010 0.0007 0.5297 0.00141 0.0096 0.7635 0.00126 0.0086 0.8526 0.00328 0.0224 2009 HDV2b 0.2061 0.00116 0.0079 0.005 0.00009 0.0006 0.0957 0.00062 0.0042 0.2473 0.00152 0.0103 0.3141 0.00141 0.0096 2009 HDV3 0.5280 0.00354 0.0241 0.036 0.00010 0.0007 0.5285 0.00141 0.0096 0.7625 0.00125 0.0085 0.8528 0.00329 0.0224 2009 HDV4 0.5298 0.00358 0.0244 0.036 0.00010 0.0007 0.5259 0.00141 0.0096 0.7627 0.00124 0.0085 0.8549 0.00332 0.0226 2009 HDV5 0.5304 0.0036 0.0245 0.036 0.00010 0.0007 0.5245 0.00141 0.0096 0.7622 0.00123 0.0084 0.8557 0.00334 0.0227

SmartWay Technical Documentation ǀ Appendix A A-17

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GASOLINE

Highway Urban

Deceleration 0 25 mph 25 50 mph >50 mph

Model Yr Vehicle Class NOx BC PM NOx BC PM NOx BC PM NOx BC PM NOx BC PM

2009 HDV6 0.5304 0.00360 0.0245 0.036 0.00010 0.0007 0.5244 0.00141 0.0096 0.7621 0.00123 0.0084 0.8557 0.00334 0.0227 2009 HDV7 0.5274 0.00352 0.0240 0.036 0.00010 0.0007 0.5293 0.00141 0.0096 0.7624 0.00125 0.0085 0.8520 0.00328 0.0223 2009 HDV8a 0.5278 0.00352 0.0240 0.036 0.00010 0.0007 0.5296 0.00141 0.0096 0.7632 0.00126 0.0086 0.8524 0.00328 0.0224 2009 HDV8b 0.5278 0.00352 0.0240 0.036 0.00010 0.0007 0.5296 0.00141 0.0096 0.7632 0.00126 0.0086 0.8524 0.00328 0.0224 2010 HDV2b 0.1931 0.00113 0.0077 0.004 0.00009 0.0006 0.0845 0.00060 0.0041 0.2266 0.00151 0.0103 0.2934 0.00139 0.0095 2010 HDV3 0.5280 0.00353 0.0241 0.036 0.00010 0.0007 0.5285 0.00141 0.0096 0.7625 0.00125 0.0085 0.8528 0.00329 0.0224 2010 HDV4 0.5297 0.00358 0.0244 0.036 0.00010 0.0007 0.5260 0.00141 0.0096 0.7626 0.00124 0.0085 0.8548 0.00332 0.0226 2010 HDV5 0.5303 0.00359 0.0245 0.036 0.00010 0.0007 0.5246 0.00141 0.0096 0.7622 0.00123 0.0084 0.8556 0.00333 0.0227 2010 HDV6 0.5304 0.0036 0.0245 0.036 0.00010 0.0007 0.5245 0.00141 0.0096 0.7622 0.00123 0.0084 0.8556 0.00334 0.0227 2010 HDV7 0.5274 0.00352 0.0240 0.036 0.00010 0.0007 0.5293 0.00141 0.0096 0.7624 0.00125 0.0085 0.8520 0.00328 0.0223 2010 HDV8a 0.5277 0.00352 0.0240 0.036 0.00010 0.0007 0.5296 0.00141 0.0096 0.7631 0.00126 0.0085 0.8524 0.00328 0.0224 2010 HDV8b 0.5277 0.00352 0.0240 0.036 0.00010 0.0007 0.5296 0.00141 0.0096 0.7631 0.00126 0.0085 0.8524 0.00328 0.0224 2011 HDV2b 0.2122 0.00122 0.0083 0.005 0.00009 0.0006 0.1030 0.00064 0.0043 0.2512 0.00153 0.0104 0.3209 0.00146 0.0099 2011 HDV3 0.5278 0.00353 0.0241 0.036 0.00010 0.0007 0.5288 0.00141 0.0096 0.7625 0.00125 0.0085 0.8526 0.00328 0.0224 2011 HDV4 0.5292 0.00356 0.0243 0.036 0.00010 0.0007 0.5270 0.00141 0.0096 0.7628 0.00125 0.0085 0.8542 0.00331 0.0226 2011 HDV5 0.5295 0.00357 0.0244 0.036 0.00010 0.0007 0.5258 0.00141 0.0096 0.7622 0.00124 0.0084 0.8547 0.00332 0.0226 2011 HDV6 0.5296 0.00358 0.0244 0.036 0.00010 0.0007 0.5257 0.00141 0.0096 0.7622 0.00124 0.0084 0.8548 0.00332 0.0226 2011 HDV7 0.5274 0.00352 0.0240 0.036 0.00010 0.0007 0.5293 0.00141 0.0096 0.7624 0.00125 0.0085 0.8520 0.00328 0.0223 2011 HDV8a 0.5278 0.00353 0.0240 0.036 0.00010 0.0007 0.5296 0.00141 0.0096 0.7632 0.00126 0.0086 0.8524 0.00328 0.0224 2011 HDV8b 0.5278 0.00353 0.0240 0.036 0.00010 0.0007 0.5296 0.00141 0.0096 0.7632 0.00126 0.0086 0.8524 0.00328 0.0224 2012 HDV2b 0.1997 0.00106 0.0072 0.005 0.00007 0.0005 0.1059 0.00054 0.0037 0.2325 0.00126 0.0086 0.2958 0.00123 0.0084 2012 HDV3 0.5277 0.00290 0.0198 0.036 0.00008 0.0006 0.5290 0.00116 0.0079 0.7625 0.00103 0.0070 0.8524 0.00270 0.0184 2012 HDV4 0.5288 0.00292 0.0199 0.036 0.00008 0.0006 0.5277 0.00116 0.0079 0.7629 0.00103 0.0070 0.8537 0.00272 0.0185 2012 HDV5 0.5290 0.00293 0.0200 0.036 0.00008 0.0006 0.5267 0.00116 0.0079 0.7623 0.00102 0.0069 0.8540 0.00272 0.0186 2012 HDV6 0.5290 0.00293 0.0200 0.036 0.00008 0.0006 0.5266 0.00116 0.0079 0.7623 0.00102 0.0069 0.8541 0.00272 0.0186 2012 HDV7 0.5274 0.00290 0.0197 0.036 0.00008 0.0006 0.5293 0.00116 0.0079 0.7624 0.00102 0.0070 0.8520 0.0027 0.0184

SmartWay Technical Documentation ǀ Appendix A A-18

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GASOLINE

Highway Urban

Deceleration 0 25 mph 25 50 mph >50 mph

Model Yr Vehicle Class NOx BC PM NOx BC PM NOx BC PM NOx BC PM NOx BC PM

2012 HDV8a 0.5278 0.00290 0.0198 0.036 0.00008 0.0006 0.5296 0.00116 0.0079 0.7633 0.00103 0.0070 0.8524 0.00270 0.0184 2012 HDV8b 0.5278 0.00290 0.0198 0.036 0.00008 0.0006 0.5296 0.00116 0.0079 0.7633 0.00103 0.0070 0.8524 0.00270 0.0184 2013 HDV2b 0.1972 0.00105 0.0071 0.005 0.00007 0.0005 0.1035 0.00054 0.0036 0.2291 0.00125 0.0085 0.2920 0.00122 0.0083 2013 HDV3 0.5277 0.00290 0.0198 0.036 0.00008 0.0006 0.5290 0.00116 0.0079 0.7625 0.00103 0.0070 0.8524 0.00270 0.0184 2013 HDV4 0.5287 0.00292 0.0199 0.036 0.00008 0.0006 0.5278 0.00116 0.0079 0.7629 0.00103 0.0070 0.8536 0.00272 0.0185 2013 HDV5 0.5289 0.00293 0.0200 0.036 0.00008 0.0006 0.5269 0.00116 0.0079 0.7623 0.00102 0.0069 0.8539 0.00272 0.0185 2013 HDV6 0.5289 0.00293 0.0200 0.036 0.00008 0.0006 0.5268 0.00116 0.0079 0.7623 0.00102 0.0069 0.8539 0.00272 0.0185 2013 HDV7 0.5274 0.00290 0.0197 0.036 0.00008 0.0006 0.5293 0.00116 0.0079 0.7624 0.00102 0.0070 0.8520 0.0027 0.0184 2013 HDV8a 0.5278 0.00290 0.0198 0.036 0.00008 0.0006 0.5296 0.00116 0.0079 0.7632 0.00103 0.0070 0.8524 0.00270 0.0184 2013 HDV8b 0.5278 0.00290 0.0198 0.036 0.00008 0.0006 0.5296 0.00116 0.0079 0.7632 0.00103 0.0070 0.8524 0.00270 0.0184 2014 HDV2b 0.1737 0.00095 0.0065 0.004 0.00006 0.0004 0.0978 0.00048 0.0033 0.1980 0.00112 0.0076 0.2514 0.00110 0.0075 2014 HDV3 0.5268 0.00259 0.0176 0.036 0.00007 0.0005 0.5283 0.00103 0.0070 0.7615 0.00091 0.0062 0.8512 0.00241 0.0164 2014 HDV4 0.5277 0.00260 0.0177 0.036 0.00007 0.0005 0.5271 0.00103 0.0070 0.7617 0.00092 0.0062 0.8522 0.00242 0.0165 2014 HDV5 0.5279 0.00261 0.0178 0.036 0.00007 0.0005 0.5261 0.00103 0.0070 0.7610 0.00091 0.0062 0.8523 0.00242 0.0165 2014 HDV6 0.5279 0.00261 0.0178 0.036 0.00007 0.0005 0.5261 0.00103 0.0070 0.7610 0.00091 0.0062 0.8524 0.00242 0.0165 2014 HDV7 0.5265 0.00258 0.0176 0.036 0.00007 0.0005 0.5286 0.00103 0.0070 0.7614 0.00091 0.0062 0.8509 0.00240 0.0164 2014 HDV8a 0.5270 0.00259 0.0176 0.036 0.00007 0.0005 0.5289 0.00104 0.0070 0.7622 0.00092 0.0063 0.8513 0.00241 0.0164 2014 HDV8b 0.5270 0.00259 0.0176 0.036 0.00007 0.0005 0.5289 0.00104 0.0070 0.7622 0.00092 0.0063 0.8513 0.00241 0.0164 2015 HDV2b 0.1753 0.00096 0.0065 0.004 0.00006 0.0004 0.0995 0.00048 0.0033 0.1995 0.00112 0.0076 0.2533 0.00110 0.0075 2015 HDV3 0.5268 0.00259 0.0176 0.036 0.00007 0.0005 0.5283 0.00103 0.0070 0.7615 0.00091 0.0062 0.8512 0.00241 0.0164 2015 HDV4 0.5277 0.00260 0.0177 0.036 0.00007 0.0005 0.5272 0.00103 0.0070 0.7617 0.00092 0.0062 0.8521 0.00242 0.0165 2015 HDV5 0.5278 0.00261 0.0178 0.036 0.00007 0.0005 0.5263 0.00103 0.0070 0.7610 0.00091 0.0062 0.8522 0.00242 0.0165 2015 HDV6 0.5278 0.00261 0.0178 0.036 0.00007 0.0005 0.5262 0.00103 0.0070 0.7610 0.00091 0.0062 0.8523 0.00242 0.0165 2015 HDV7 0.5265 0.00258 0.0176 0.036 0.00007 0.0005 0.5286 0.00103 0.0070 0.7614 0.00091 0.0062 0.8509 0.00240 0.0164 2015 HDV8a 0.5270 0.00259 0.0176 0.036 0.00007 0.0005 0.5289 0.00104 0.0070 0.7622 0.00092 0.0063 0.8513 0.00241 0.0164 2015 HDV8b 0.5270 0.00259 0.0176 0.036 0.00007 0.0005 0.5289 0.00104 0.0070 0.7622 0.00092 0.0063 0.8513 0.00241 0.0164

SmartWay Technical Documentation ǀ Appendix A A-19

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GASOLINE

Highway Urban

Deceleration 0 25 mph 25 50 mph >50 mph

Model Yr Vehicle Class NOx BC PM NOx BC PM NOx BC PM NOx BC PM NOx BC PM

2016 HDV2b 0.1403 0.00086 0.0059 0.003 0.00006 0.0004 0.0807 0.00043 0.0029 0.1602 0.00100 0.0068 0.2032 0.00099 0.0067 2016 HDV3 0.4190 0.00231 0.0158 0.029 0.00007 0.0004 0.4247 0.00092 0.0063 0.6122 0.00082 0.0056 0.6843 0.00215 0.0147 2016 HDV4 0.4198 0.00233 0.0158 0.029 0.00007 0.0004 0.4239 0.00092 0.0063 0.6124 0.00082 0.0056 0.6850 0.00216 0.0147 2016 HDV5 0.4200 0.00233 0.0159 0.029 0.00007 0.0004 0.4232 0.00092 0.0063 0.6118 0.00081 0.0055 0.6851 0.00216 0.0148 2016 HDV6 0.4200 0.00233 0.0159 0.029 0.00007 0.0004 0.4231 0.00092 0.0063 0.6118 0.00081 0.0055 0.6851 0.00217 0.0148 2016 HDV7 0.4187 0.00231 0.0157 0.029 0.00007 0.0004 0.4250 0.00092 0.0063 0.6121 0.00082 0.0056 0.6840 0.00215 0.0146 2016 HDV8a 0.4191 0.00231 0.0158 0.029 0.00007 0.0004 0.4252 0.00093 0.0063 0.6128 0.00082 0.0056 0.6844 0.00215 0.0147 2016 HDV8b 0.4191 0.00231 0.0158 0.029 0.00007 0.0004 0.4252 0.00093 0.0063 0.6128 0.00082 0.0056 0.6844 0.00215 0.0147 2017 HDV2b 0.1713 0.00087 0.0059 0.004 0.00006 0.0004 0.0929 0.00044 0.0030 0.2013 0.00100 0.0068 0.2552 0.00099 0.0067 2017 HDV3 0.4190 0.00231 0.0158 0.029 0.00007 0.0004 0.4247 0.00092 0.0063 0.6122 0.00082 0.0056 0.6843 0.00215 0.0147 2017 HDV4 0.4198 0.00232 0.0158 0.029 0.00007 0.0004 0.4240 0.00092 0.0063 0.6124 0.00082 0.0056 0.6850 0.00216 0.0147 2017 HDV5 0.4199 0.00233 0.0159 0.029 0.00007 0.0004 0.4233 0.00092 0.0063 0.6118 0.00081 0.0055 0.6850 0.00216 0.0147 2017 HDV6 0.4199 0.00233 0.0159 0.029 0.00007 0.0004 0.4232 0.00092 0.0063 0.6118 0.00081 0.0055 0.6850 0.00216 0.0147 2017 HDV7 0.4187 0.00231 0.0157 0.029 0.00007 0.0004 0.4250 0.00092 0.0063 0.6121 0.00082 0.0056 0.6840 0.00215 0.0146 2017 HDV8a 0.4191 0.00231 0.0158 0.029 0.00007 0.0004 0.4252 0.00093 0.0063 0.6128 0.00082 0.0056 0.6844 0.00215 0.0147 2017 HDV8b 0.4191 0.00231 0.0158 0.029 0.00007 0.0004 0.4252 0.00093 0.0063 0.6128 0.00082 0.0056 0.6844 0.00215 0.0147 2018 HDV2b 0.0986 0.00053 0.0036 0.002 0.00003 0.0002 0.0606 0.00026 0.0018 0.1054 0.00059 0.0040 0.1363 0.00060 0.0041 2018 HDV3 0.3500 0.00147 0.0100 0.024 0.00004 0.0003 0.3527 0.00059 0.0040 0.5084 0.00052 0.0035 0.5685 0.00137 0.0093 2018 HDV4 0.3517 0.00148 0.0101 0.024 0.00004 0.0003 0.3534 0.00059 0.0040 0.5105 0.00052 0.0035 0.5713 0.00138 0.0094 2018 HDV5 0.3526 0.00148 0.0101 0.024 0.00004 0.0003 0.3538 0.00059 0.0040 0.5114 0.00052 0.0035 0.5728 0.00138 0.0094 2018 HDV6 0.3527 0.00148 0.0101 0.024 0.00004 0.0003 0.3538 0.00059 0.0040 0.5115 0.00052 0.0035 0.5729 0.00138 0.0094 2018 HDV7 0.3495 0.00147 0.0100 0.024 0.00004 0.0003 0.3525 0.00059 0.0040 0.5078 0.00052 0.0035 0.5677 0.00137 0.0093 2018 HDV8a 0.3495 0.00147 0.0100 0.024 0.00004 0.0003 0.3526 0.00059 0.0040 0.5080 0.00052 0.0036 0.5677 0.00137 0.0093 2018 HDV8b 0.3495 0.00147 0.0100 0.024 0.00004 0.0003 0.3526 0.00059 0.0040 0.5080 0.00052 0.0036 0.5677 0.00137 0.0093 2019 HDV2b 0.0909 0.00050 0.0034 0.002 0.00003 0.0002 0.0556 0.00025 0.0017 0.0960 0.00055 0.0037 0.1249 0.00056 0.0038 2019 HDV3 0.3317 0.00147 0.0100 0.022 0.00004 0.0003 0.3336 0.00059 0.0040 0.4809 0.00052 0.0035 0.5378 0.00137 0.0093

SmartWay Technical Documentation ǀ Appendix A A-20

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GASOLINE

Highway Urban

Deceleration 0 25 mph 25 50 mph >50 mph

Model Yr Vehicle Class NOx BC PM NOx BC PM NOx BC PM NOx BC PM NOx BC PM

2019 HDV4 0.3336 0.00148 0.0101 0.023 0.00004 0.0003 0.3347 0.00059 0.0040 0.4834 0.00052 0.0035 0.5411 0.00138 0.0094 2019 HDV5 0.3348 0.00148 0.0101 0.023 0.00004 0.0003 0.3353 0.00059 0.0040 0.4848 0.00052 0.0035 0.5431 0.00138 0.0094 2019 HDV6 0.3349 0.00148 0.0101 0.023 0.00004 0.0003 0.3354 0.00059 0.0040 0.4849 0.00052 0.0035 0.5432 0.00138 0.0094 2019 HDV7 0.3311 0.00147 0.0100 0.022 0.00004 0.0003 0.3333 0.00059 0.0040 0.4801 0.00052 0.0035 0.5368 0.00137 0.0093 2019 HDV8a 0.3311 0.00147 0.0100 0.022 0.00004 0.0003 0.3333 0.00059 0.0040 0.4802 0.00052 0.0036 0.5367 0.00137 0.0093 2019 HDV8b 0.3311 0.00147 0.0100 0.022 0.00004 0.0003 0.3333 0.00059 0.0040 0.4802 0.00052 0.0036 0.5367 0.00137 0.0093 2020 HDV2b 0.0827 0.00046 0.0031 0.002 0.00002 0.0002 0.0504 0.00022 0.0015 0.0861 0.00048 0.0032 0.1129 0.00050 0.0034 2020 HDV3 0.3134 0.00147 0.0100 0.021 0.00004 0.0003 0.3145 0.00059 0.0040 0.4533 0.00052 0.0035 0.5071 0.00137 0.0093 2020 HDV4 0.3156 0.00148 0.0101 0.021 0.00004 0.0003 0.3160 0.00059 0.0040 0.4564 0.00052 0.0035 0.5110 0.00138 0.0094 2020 HDV5 0.3169 0.00148 0.0101 0.021 0.00004 0.0003 0.3169 0.00059 0.0040 0.4581 0.00052 0.0035 0.5133 0.00138 0.0094 2020 HDV6 0.3170 0.00148 0.0101 0.021 0.00004 0.0003 0.3169 0.00059 0.0040 0.4583 0.00052 0.0035 0.5135 0.00138 0.0094 2020 HDV7 0.3128 0.00147 0.0100 0.021 0.00004 0.0003 0.3141 0.00059 0.0040 0.4524 0.00052 0.0035 0.5060 0.00137 0.0093 2020 HDV8a 0.3126 0.00147 0.0100 0.021 0.00004 0.0003 0.3140 0.00059 0.0040 0.4524 0.00052 0.0036 0.5058 0.00137 0.0093 2020 HDV8b 0.3126 0.00147 0.0100 0.021 0.00004 0.0003 0.3140 0.00059 0.0040 0.4524 0.00052 0.0036 0.5058 0.00137 0.0093 2021 HDV2b 0.0748 0.00042 0.0028 0.001 0.00002 0.0001 0.0454 0.00020 0.0013 0.0764 0.00041 0.0028 0.1012 0.00044 0.0030 2021 HDV3 0.2965 0.00147 0.0100 0.020 0.00004 0.0003 0.2969 0.00059 0.0040 0.4279 0.00052 0.0035 0.4788 0.00137 0.0093 2021 HDV4 0.2989 0.00148 0.0101 0.020 0.00004 0.0003 0.2987 0.00059 0.0040 0.4314 0.00052 0.0035 0.4831 0.00138 0.0094 2021 HDV5 0.3005 0.00148 0.0101 0.020 0.00004 0.0003 0.2998 0.00059 0.0040 0.4335 0.00052 0.0035 0.4859 0.00138 0.0094 2021 HDV6 0.3006 0.00148 0.0101 0.020 0.00004 0.0003 0.2999 0.00059 0.0040 0.4337 0.00052 0.0035 0.4861 0.00138 0.0094 2021 HDV7 0.2958 0.00147 0.0100 0.020 0.00004 0.0003 0.2963 0.00059 0.0040 0.4269 0.00052 0.0035 0.4775 0.00137 0.0093 2021 HDV8a 0.2956 0.00147 0.0100 0.020 0.00004 0.0003 0.2962 0.00059 0.0040 0.4267 0.00052 0.0036 0.4772 0.00137 0.0093 2021 HDV8b 0.2956 0.00147 0.0100 0.020 0.00004 0.0003 0.2962 0.00059 0.0040 0.4267 0.00052 0.0036 0.4772 0.00137 0.0093 2022 HDV2b 0.0748 0.00042 0.0028 0.001 0.00002 0.0001 0.0454 0.00020 0.0013 0.0764 0.00041 0.0028 0.1012 0.00044 0.0030 2022 HDV3 0.2965 0.00147 0.0100 0.020 0.00004 0.0003 0.2969 0.00059 0.0040 0.4279 0.00052 0.0035 0.4788 0.00137 0.0093 2022 HDV4 0.2989 0.00148 0.0101 0.020 0.00004 0.0003 0.2987 0.00059 0.0040 0.4314 0.00052 0.0035 0.4831 0.00138 0.0094 2022 HDV5 0.3005 0.00148 0.0101 0.020 0.00004 0.0003 0.2998 0.00059 0.0040 0.4335 0.00052 0.0035 0.4859 0.00138 0.0094

SmartWay Technical Documentation ǀ Appendix A A-21

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GASOLINE

Highway Urban

Deceleration 0 25 mph 25 50 mph >50 mph

Model Yr Vehicle Class NOx BC PM NOx BC PM NOx BC PM NOx BC PM NOx BC PM

2022 HDV6 0.3006 0.00148 0.0101 0.020 0.00004 0.0003 0.2999 0.00059 0.0040 0.4337 0.00052 0.0035 0.4861 0.00138 0.0094 2022 HDV7 0.2958 0.00147 0.0100 0.020 0.00004 0.0003 0.2963 0.00059 0.0040 0.4269 0.00052 0.0035 0.4775 0.00137 0.0093 2022 HDV8a 0.2956 0.00147 0.0100 0.020 0.00004 0.0003 0.2962 0.00059 0.0040 0.4267 0.00052 0.0036 0.4772 0.00137 0.0093 2022 HDV8b 0.2956 0.00147 0.0100 0.020 0.00004 0.0003 0.2962 0.00059 0.0040 0.4267 0.00052 0.0036 0.4772 0.00137 0.0093

Note – MOVES does not provide consistent outputs for Class 8b gasoline vehicles; therefore gasoline 8bs are set equal to 8as.

SmartWay Technical Documentation ǀ Appendix A A-22

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Appendix B: NOx, PM & BC Idle Factors – g/hr (MOVES2014b, 2019 Calendar Year, ULSD)

Table B-1. Short Duration Idle Emission Factors (< 60 minutes per idle event) (g/hr)

Pollutant Fuel Model Year Class 2b Class 3 Classes 4 5 Classes 6 7 Classes 8a/b

NOx Gasoline 1990 12.92726 7.274804 7.27478 7.27477 7.27478 NOx Gasoline 1991 12.92726 7.274804 7.27478 7.27477 7.27478 NOx Gasoline 1992 13.2205 7.274779 7.274758 7.274772 7.274782 NOx Gasoline 1993 13.41114 7.274784 7.274771 7.274771 7.274762 NOx Gasoline 1994 13.27161 7.156092 7.156034 7.156071 7.156044 NOx Gasoline 1995 13.5168 7.156035 7.156048 7.15604 7.156059 NOx Gasoline 1996 13.68704 7.156056 7.156049 7.156075 7.156079 NOx Gasoline 1997 13.85722 7.156059 7.156055 7.156052 7.156067 NOx Gasoline 1998 29.02486 14.82833 14.8283 14.82833 14.82833 NOx Gasoline 1999 29.02474 14.82838 14.82837 14.82832 14.82833 NOx Gasoline 2000 29.02489 14.82827 14.82829 14.82831 14.82832 NOx Gasoline 2001 17.14999 6.8954 6.895417 6.895414 6.895404 NOx Gasoline 2002 17.14994 6.895416 6.895402 6.895381 6.895413 NOx Gasoline 2003 17.14998 6.895371 6.89541 6.895416 6.895413 NOx Gasoline 2004 17.23979 6.895411 6.895392 6.895425 6.895413 NOx Gasoline 2005 17.23982 6.895381 6.895395 6.895403 6.895407 NOx Gasoline 2006 17.23977 6.895376 6.895435 6.895407 6.895417 NOx Gasoline 2007 17.23981 6.895448 6.895403 6.895407 6.895393

SmartWay Technical Documentation ǀ Appendix B B-1

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Pollutant Fuel Model Year Class 2b Class 3 Classes 4 5 Classes 6 7 Classes 8a/b

NOx Gasoline 2008 8.746104 2.068621 2.068627 2.068623 2.06862 NOx Gasoline 2009 0.255073 2.068622 2.068621 2.068624 2.068617 NOx Gasoline 2010 0.255072 2.06862 2.068619 2.068625 2.068624 NOx Gasoline 2011 0.255072 2.06862 2.068621 2.06862 2.068622 NOx Gasoline 2012 0.220072 2.068623 2.068622 2.068625 2.06862 NOx Gasoline 2013 0.220072 2.068623 2.06862 2.068621 2.068621 NOx Gasoline 2014 0.176638 2.068621 2.068617 2.06863 2.068626 NOx Gasoline 2015 0.176638 2.068623 2.06862 2.068623 2.068617 NOx Gasoline 2016 0.138643 1.118552 1.11855 1.118548 1.118547 NOx Gasoline 2017 0.243936 1.118547 1.118547 1.11855 1.118549 NOx Gasoline 2018 0.082914 0.655377 1.118548 1.118556 1.118548 NOx Gasoline 2019 0.067368 0.532494 1.118549 1.11855 1.118545 NOx Gasoline 2020 0.051822 0.409611 1.118548 1.118544 1.118546 NOx Gasoline 2021 0.037471 0.296181 1.11855 1.118546 1.118548 NOx Gasoline 2022 0.037471 0.296181 1.11855 1.118546 1.118548 NOx Diesel 1990 220.4358 139.7535 139.7533 139.753 139.7538 NOx Diesel 1991 220.4358 139.7535 139.7533 139.753 139.7538 NOx Diesel 1992 225.6123 139.7534 139.7535 139.7536 139.753 NOx Diesel 1993 228.9769 139.7535 139.7533 139.7533 139.7535 NOx Diesel 1994 230.4006 139.753 139.7537 139.7534 139.7534 NOx Diesel 1995 234.8 139.7535 139.7529 139.7536 139.7534 NOx Diesel 1996 237.8541 139.7529 139.7533 139.7542 139.7536 NOx Diesel 1997 240.9077 139.7535 139.7533 139.7533 139.7529 NOx Diesel 1998 194.8783 117.3488 117.3492 117.349 117.3489 NOx Diesel 1999 194.8789 96.53466 96.53499 96.53498 154.804

SmartWay Technical Documentation ǀ Appendix B B-2

2000

2005

2010

2015

2020

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Pollutant Fuel Model Year Class 2b Class 3 Classes 4 5 Classes 6 7 Classes 8a/b

NOx Diesel 194.8784 96.53519 96.53474 96.53482 154.8042 NOx Diesel 2001 194.8786 96.53452 96.53542 96.53523 154.8041 NOx Diesel 2002 194.8784 96.53505 96.53503 96.53472 154.8038 NOx Diesel 2003 44.29877 45.81106 45.81099 45.81104 56.9449 NOx Diesel 2004 44.53385 45.8111 45.81113 45.81102 56.94479 NOx Diesel 44.53387 45.81099 45.81099 45.81103 56.94487 NOx Diesel 2006 44.53388 45.81091 45.81094 45.81094 56.94491 NOx Diesel 2007 41.18445 22.78015 22.78021 22.78014 53.19029 NOx Diesel 2008 41.18437 22.78013 22.78016 22.78016 53.19037 NOx Diesel 2009 41.61956 22.78023 22.78012 22.78013 53.19023 NOx Diesel 17.67254 7.211741 8.088111 8.08814 10.05388 NOx Diesel 2011 17.67253 7.211763 8.088145 8.088143 10.05387 NOx Diesel 2012 17.67253 7.211781 8.088145 8.088141 10.05389 NOx Diesel 2013 17.67252 7.211769 7.211739 7.211754 8.964484 NOx Diesel 2014 17.7649 7.211738 7.211731 7.211762 8.964494 NOx Diesel 17.76494 7.211759 7.211733 7.211741 8.96449 NOx Diesel 2016 17.76492 7.21176 7.211749 6.76824 8.964499 NOx Diesel 2017 17.76496 7.211757 7.211745 6.768251 8.964497 NOx Diesel 2018 8.083527 3.189981 4.564302 4.777262 6.488624 NOx Diesel 2019 7.159541 2.825361 4.564319 4.777257 6.488628 NOx Diesel 6.235605 2.460729 4.56432 4.777258 6.48863 NOx Diesel 2021 5.382705 2.124166 4.564324 4.777266 6.488623 NOx Diesel 2022 5.382705 2.124166 4.564324 4.777266 6.488623 PM10 Gasoline 1990 0.39005 0.39005 0.39005 0.390049 0.39005 PM10 Gasoline 1991 0.39005 0.39005 0.39005 0.390049 0.39005

SmartWay Technical Documentation ǀ Appendix B B-3

1992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007200820092010201120122013201420152016

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Pollutant Fuel Model Year Class 2b Class 3 Classes 4 5 Classes 6 7 Classes 8a/b

PM10 Gasoline 0.390051 0.39005 0.39005 0.39005 0.39005 PM10 Gasoline 0.39005 0.39005 0.39005 0.390049 0.390051 PM10 Gasoline 0.127497 0.127497 0.127497 0.127497 0.127497 PM10 Gasoline 0.151966 0.151966 0.151967 0.151966 0.151966 PM10 Gasoline 0.353582 0.353582 0.353582 0.353582 0.353583 PM10 Gasoline 0.371945 0.371944 0.371944 0.371943 0.371943 PM10 Gasoline 0.222096 0.222096 0.222096 0.222097 0.222096 PM10 Gasoline 0.107731 0.107732 0.107732 0.107732 0.107732 PM10 Gasoline 0.047852 0.047851 0.047851 0.047851 0.047851 PM10 Gasoline 0.044353 0.044353 0.044353 0.044353 0.044353 PM10 Gasoline 0.142283 0.142284 0.142284 0.142283 0.142284 PM10 Gasoline 0.084014 0.084013 0.084013 0.084014 0.084014 PM10 Gasoline 0.079558 0.079557 0.079557 0.079557 0.079557 PM10 Gasoline 0.079558 0.079557 0.079557 0.079557 0.079557 PM10 Gasoline 0.079557 0.079557 0.079557 0.079557 0.079557 PM10 Gasoline 0.060251 0.060251 0.060251 0.060251 0.060251 PM10 Gasoline 0.060251 0.060251 0.060251 0.060251 0.060251 PM10 Gasoline 0.060251 0.060251 0.060251 0.060251 0.060251 PM10 Gasoline 0.060251 0.060251 0.060251 0.060251 0.060251 PM10 Gasoline 0.060251 0.060251 0.060251 0.060251 0.060251 PM10 Gasoline 0.049598 0.049598 0.049598 0.049598 0.049598 PM10 Gasoline 0.049598 0.049598 0.049598 0.049598 0.049598 PM10 Gasoline 0.044379 0.044379 0.044379 0.044379 0.044379 PM10 Gasoline 0.044379 0.044379 0.044379 0.044379 0.044379 PM10 Gasoline 0.039709 0.039709 0.039709 0.039709 0.039709

SmartWay Technical Documentation ǀ Appendix B B-4

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Pollutant Fuel Model Year Class 2b Class 3 Classes 4 5 Classes 6 7 Classes 8a/b

PM10 Gasoline 2017 0.039709 0.039709 0.039709 0.039709 0.039709 PM10 Gasoline 2018 0.025343 0.025343 0.025343 0.025343 0.025343 PM10 Gasoline 2019 0.025343 0.025343 0.025343 0.025343 0.025343 PM10 Gasoline 2020 0.025343 0.025343 0.025343 0.025343 0.025343 PM10 Gasoline 2021 0.025343 0.025343 0.025343 0.025343 0.025343 PM10 Gasoline 2022 0.025343 0.025343 0.025343 0.025343 0.025343 PM10 Diesel 1990 3.80142 4.314075 4.314074 4.314054 4.290527 PM10 Diesel 1991 3.80142 4.314075 4.314074 4.314054 4.290527 PM10 Diesel 1992 3.801412 4.314074 4.314081 4.31408 4.290519 PM10 Diesel 1993 3.801402 4.314076 4.314081 4.31407 4.290516 PM10 Diesel 1994 7.981013 7.458908 7.458917 7.458902 6.559885 PM10 Diesel 1995 7.981034 7.458907 7.458902 7.458926 6.559874 PM10 Diesel 1996 7.981049 7.458894 7.458909 7.458939 6.559889 PM10 Diesel 1997 7.98104 7.458913 7.458905 7.458906 6.559882 PM10 Diesel 1998 7.506484 7.081586 7.081582 7.081564 6.273523 PM10 Diesel 1999 7.506494 7.081595 7.081595 7.081559 6.27353 PM10 Diesel 2000 7.506508 7.081608 7.081603 7.081602 6.273523 PM10 Diesel 2001 7.506488 7.081585 7.081603 7.081573 6.273532 PM10 Diesel 2002 7.506473 7.081624 7.081583 7.081584 6.273541 PM10 Diesel 2003 6.384851 6.384831 6.384803 6.384828 5.669618 PM10 Diesel 2004 6.384823 6.384827 6.384818 6.384816 5.669604 PM10 Diesel 2005 6.384825 6.384823 6.384813 6.384824 5.669607 PM10 Diesel 2006 6.384825 6.384802 6.384835 6.38482 5.669621 PM10 Diesel 2007 0.552165 0.228639 0.22864 0.22864 0.22864 PM10 Diesel 2008 0.552164 0.22864 0.22864 0.22864 0.22864

SmartWay Technical Documentation ǀ Appendix B B-5

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Pollutant Fuel Model Year Class 2b Class 3 Classes 4 5 Classes 6 7 Classes 8a/b

PM10 Diesel 2009 0.552164 0.22864 0.22864 0.22864 0.22864 PM10 Diesel 2010 0.46106 0.190914 0.216065 0.216064 0.216065 PM10 Diesel 2011 0.46106 0.190914 0.216065 0.216065 0.216066 PM10 Diesel 2012 0.461059 0.190915 0.216065 0.216065 0.216065 PM10 Diesel 2013 0.461059 0.190914 0.190914 0.190914 0.190914 PM10 Diesel 2014 0.461058 0.190914 0.190914 0.190914 0.190914 PM10 Diesel 2015 0.461059 0.190915 0.190914 0.190914 0.190914 PM10 Diesel 2016 0.461057 0.190914 0.190914 0.178339 0.190914 PM10 Diesel 2017 0.461058 0.190914 0.190914 0.178339 0.190915 PM10 Diesel 2018 0.276084 0.114549 0.114549 0.120493 0.134097 PM10 Diesel 2019 0.276083 0.114549 0.114549 0.120493 0.134097 PM10 Diesel 2020 0.276083 0.114549 0.114549 0.120493 0.134097 PM10 Diesel 2021 0.276083 0.114549 0.114549 0.120493 0.134097 PM10 Diesel 2022 0.276083 0.114549 0.114549 0.120493 0.134097 PM2.5 Gasoline 1990 0.345044 0.345046 0.345046 0.345045 0.345046 PM2.5 Gasoline 1991 0.345044 0.345046 0.345046 0.345045 0.345046 PM2.5 Gasoline 1992 0.345045 0.345046 0.345046 0.345045 0.345047 PM2.5 Gasoline 1993 0.345045 0.345046 0.345045 0.345045 0.345046 PM2.5 Gasoline 1994 0.112786 0.112786 0.112786 0.112787 0.112787 PM2.5 Gasoline 1995 0.134433 0.134433 0.134432 0.134432 0.134432 PM2.5 Gasoline 1996 0.312786 0.312786 0.312785 0.312785 0.312786 PM2.5 Gasoline 1997 0.329029 0.329029 0.329029 0.329027 0.329028 PM2.5 Gasoline 1998 0.196471 0.196471 0.196471 0.19647 0.19647 PM2.5 Gasoline 1999 0.095301 0.095302 0.095302 0.095301 0.095301 PM2.5 Gasoline 2000 0.04233 0.04233 0.04233 0.04233 0.04233

SmartWay Technical Documentation ǀ Appendix B B-6

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Pollutant Fuel Model Year Class 2b Class 3 Classes 4 5 Classes 6 7 Classes 8a/b

PM2.5 Gasoline 2001 0.039236 0.039236 0.039236 0.039236 0.039236 PM2.5 Gasoline 2002 0.125867 0.125867 0.125867 0.125867 0.125867 PM2.5 Gasoline 2003 0.07432 0.07432 0.07432 0.07432 0.07432 PM2.5 Gasoline 2004 0.070378 0.070378 0.070378 0.070378 0.070378 PM2.5 Gasoline 2005 0.070378 0.070378 0.070378 0.070378 0.070378 PM2.5 Gasoline 2006 0.070378 0.070378 0.070378 0.070378 0.070378 PM2.5 Gasoline 2007 0.053299 0.053299 0.053299 0.053299 0.053299 PM2.5 Gasoline 2008 0.053299 0.053299 0.053299 0.053299 0.053299 PM2.5 Gasoline 2009 0.053299 0.053299 0.053299 0.053299 0.053299 PM2.5 Gasoline 2010 0.053299 0.053299 0.053299 0.053299 0.053299 PM2.5 Gasoline 2011 0.053299 0.053299 0.053299 0.053299 0.053299 PM2.5 Gasoline 2012 0.043875 0.043875 0.043875 0.043875 0.043875 PM2.5 Gasoline 2013 0.043875 0.043875 0.043875 0.043875 0.043875 PM2.5 Gasoline 2014 0.039258 0.039258 0.039258 0.039258 0.039258 PM2.5 Gasoline 2015 0.039258 0.039258 0.039258 0.039258 0.039258 PM2.5 Gasoline 2016 0.035127 0.035128 0.035127 0.035127 0.035127 PM2.5 Gasoline 2017 0.035127 0.035127 0.035127 0.035127 0.035128 PM2.5 Gasoline 2018 0.022419 0.022419 0.022419 0.022419 0.022419 PM2.5 Gasoline 2019 0.022419 0.022419 0.022419 0.022419 0.022419 PM2.5 Gasoline 2020 0.022419 0.022419 0.022419 0.022419 0.022419 PM2.5 Gasoline 2021 0.022419 0.022419 0.022419 0.022419 0.022419 PM2.5 Gasoline 2022 0.022419 0.022419 0.022419 0.022419 0.022419 PM2.5 Diesel 1990 3.497286 3.968937 3.96893 3.968942 3.94728 PM2.5 Diesel 1991 3.497286 3.968937 3.96893 3.968942 3.94728 PM2.5 Diesel 1992 3.497292 3.968933 3.968921 3.96894 3.947262

SmartWay Technical Documentation ǀ Appendix B B-7

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Pollutant Fuel Model Year Class 2b Class 3 Classes 4 5 Classes 6 7 Classes 8a/b

PM2.5 Diesel 3.49728 3.968925 3.968947 3.968926 3.947264 PM2.5 Diesel 7.342525 6.86217 6.86217 6.862166 6.035049 PM2.5 Diesel 7.342527 6.862171 6.86217 6.862176 6.035041 PM2.5 Diesel 7.342536 6.862164 6.862176 6.862199 6.035076 PM2.5 Diesel 7.342533 6.862169 6.862172 6.862172 6.035033 PM2.5 Diesel 6.905959 6.515029 6.515035 6.515051 5.771645 PM2.5 Diesel 6.905954 6.515046 6.515048 6.515009 5.771623 PM2.5 Diesel 6.905952 6.515067 6.515035 6.515056 5.771632 PM2.5 Diesel 6.905939 6.515039 6.515053 6.515026 5.77162 PM2.5 Diesel 6.90594 6.515063 6.51505 6.515059 5.771638 PM2.5 Diesel 5.87404 5.874023 5.874019 5.874024 5.216024 PM2.5 Diesel 5.87402 5.874009 5.874016 5.874006 5.216033 PM2.5 Diesel 5.873999 5.874039 5.874012 5.874018 5.216019 PM2.5 Diesel 5.87402 5.874001 5.874002 5.874003 5.216037 PM2.5 Diesel 0.507991 0.210348 0.210349 0.210348 0.210348 PM2.5 Diesel 0.50799 0.210348 0.210348 0.210348 0.210348 PM2.5 Diesel 0.507993 0.210349 0.210348 0.210348 0.210349 PM2.5 Diesel 0.424174 0.17564 0.198779 0.198779 0.198779 PM2.5 Diesel 0.424173 0.175641 0.198779 0.198779 0.198779 PM2.5 Diesel 0.424173 0.175641 0.198779 0.198779 0.198779 PM2.5 Diesel 0.424173 0.175641 0.175641 0.17564 0.17564 PM2.5 Diesel 0.424172 0.175641 0.17564 0.175641 0.17564 PM2.5 Diesel 0.424172 0.17564 0.17564 0.17564 0.17564 PM2.5 Diesel 0.424174 0.175641 0.175641 0.164071 0.175641 PM2.5 Diesel 0.424172 0.175641 0.17564 0.164072 0.175641

SmartWay Technical Documentation ǀ Appendix B B-8

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Pollutant Fuel Model Year Class 2b Class 3 Classes 4 5 Classes 6 7 Classes 8a/b

PM2.5 Diesel 2018 0.253996 0.105385 0.105385 0.110854 0.123369 PM2.5 Diesel 2019 0.253996 0.105385 0.105385 0.110854 0.123369 PM2.5 Diesel 2020 0.253996 0.105385 0.105385 0.110853 0.123369 PM2.5 Diesel 2021 0.253996 0.105385 0.105385 0.110854 0.123369 PM2.5 Diesel 2022 0.253996 0.105385 0.105385 0.110854 0.123369

Black Carbon Gasoline 1990 0.050559 0.050559 0.050559 0.050559 0.050559 Black Carbon Gasoline 1991 0.050559 0.050559 0.050559 0.050559 0.050559 Black Carbon Gasoline 1992 0.050559 0.050559 0.050559 0.050559 0.050559 Black Carbon Gasoline 1993 0.050559 0.050559 0.050559 0.050559 0.050559 Black Carbon Gasoline 1994 0.016526 0.016526 0.016526 0.016526 0.016526 Black Carbon Gasoline 1995 0.019698 0.019698 0.019698 0.019698 0.019698 Black Carbon Gasoline 1996 0.045832 0.045832 0.045832 0.045832 0.045832 Black Carbon Gasoline 1997 0.048212 0.048212 0.048212 0.048212 0.048212 Black Carbon Gasoline 1998 0.028789 0.028789 0.028789 0.028789 0.028788 Black Carbon Gasoline 1999 0.013964 0.013964 0.013964 0.013964 0.013964 Black Carbon Gasoline 2000 0.006203 0.006203 0.006203 0.006203 0.006203 Black Carbon Gasoline 2001 0.005749 0.005749 0.005749 0.005749 0.005749 Black Carbon Gasoline 2002 0.018442 0.018442 0.018442 0.018442 0.018442 Black Carbon Gasoline 2003 0.010889 0.010889 0.010889 0.010889 0.010889 Black Carbon Gasoline 2004 0.010325 0.010325 0.010325 0.010325 0.010325 Black Carbon Gasoline 2005 0.010325 0.010325 0.010325 0.010325 0.010325 Black Carbon Gasoline 2006 0.010325 0.010325 0.010325 0.010325 0.010325 Black Carbon Gasoline 2007 0.00782 0.00782 0.00782 0.00782 0.00782 Black Carbon Gasoline 2008 0.00782 0.00782 0.00782 0.00782 0.00782 Black Carbon Gasoline 2009 0.00782 0.00782 0.00782 0.00782 0.00782

SmartWay Technical Documentation ǀ Appendix B B-9

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Pollutant Fuel Model Year Class 2b Class 3 Classes 4 5 Classes 6 7 Classes 8a/b

Black Carbon Gasoline 2010 0.00782 0.00782 0.00782 0.00782 0.00782 Black Carbon Gasoline 2011 0.00782 0.00782 0.00782 0.00782 0.00782 Black Carbon Gasoline 2012 0.006437 0.006437 0.006437 0.006437 0.006437 Black Carbon Gasoline 2013 0.006437 0.006437 0.006437 0.006437 0.006437 Black Carbon Gasoline 2014 0.00576 0.00576 0.00576 0.00576 0.00576 Black Carbon Gasoline 2015 0.00576 0.00576 0.00576 0.00576 0.00576 Black Carbon Gasoline 2016 0.005154 0.005154 0.005154 0.005154 0.005154 Black Carbon Gasoline 2017 0.005154 0.005154 0.005154 0.005154 0.005154 Black Carbon Gasoline 2018 0.003289 0.003289 0.003289 0.003289 0.003289 Black Carbon Gasoline 2019 0.003289 0.003289 0.003289 0.003289 0.003289 Black Carbon Gasoline 2020 0.003289 0.003289 0.003289 0.003289 0.003289 Black Carbon Gasoline 2021 0.003289 0.003289 0.003289 0.003289 0.003289 Black Carbon Gasoline 2022 0.003289 0.003289 0.003289 0.003289 0.003289 Black Carbon Diesel 1990 1.502434 1.705055 1.705045 1.705051 1.041053 Black Carbon Diesel 1991 1.502434 1.705055 1.705045 1.705051 1.041053 Black Carbon Diesel 1992 1.502444 1.705058 1.705052 1.705057 1.041051 Black Carbon Diesel 1993 1.502433 1.705053 1.705054 1.705054 1.041051 Black Carbon Diesel 1994 3.154339 2.947992 2.947993 2.947991 1.591689 Black Carbon Diesel 1995 3.154347 2.947984 2.947998 2.947994 1.591686 Black Carbon Diesel 1996 3.15435 2.947978 2.948 2.948006 1.59169 Black Carbon Diesel 1997 3.154353 2.947996 2.947993 2.947995 1.591685 Black Carbon Diesel 1998 2.966801 2.79886 2.798868 2.798863 1.522208 Black Carbon Diesel 1999 2.966797 2.798865 2.798866 2.798864 1.522205 Black Carbon Diesel 2000 2.966805 2.79887 2.798867 2.798868 1.522203 Black Carbon Diesel 2001 2.966795 2.798863 2.798867 2.798869 1.522204

SmartWay Technical Documentation ǀ Appendix B B-10

200220032004200520062007200820092010201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022

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Pollutant Fuel Model Year Class 2b Class 3 Classes 4 5 Classes 6 7 Classes 8a/b

Black Carbon Diesel 2.966799 2.798875 2.798866 2.798868 1.522205 Black Carbon Diesel 2.523485 2.523479 2.523481 2.523482 1.375673 Black Carbon Diesel 2.523482 2.523482 2.52348 2.523484 1.37567 Black Carbon Diesel 2.523481 2.523484 2.523482 2.52348 1.375669 Black Carbon Diesel 2.523479 2.523477 2.523481 2.523479 1.375674 Black Carbon Diesel 0.045436 0.018814 0.018814 0.018814 0.018814 Black Carbon Diesel 0.045436 0.018814 0.018814 0.018814 0.018814 Black Carbon Diesel 0.045436 0.018814 0.018814 0.018814 0.018814 Black Carbon Diesel 0.037939 0.01571 0.017779 0.017779 0.017779 Black Carbon Diesel 0.037939 0.01571 0.017779 0.017779 0.017779 Black Carbon Diesel 0.037939 0.01571 0.017779 0.017779 0.017779 Black Carbon Diesel 0.037939 0.01571 0.01571 0.01571 0.01571 Black Carbon Diesel 0.037939 0.01571 0.01571 0.01571 0.01571 Black Carbon Diesel 0.037939 0.01571 0.01571 0.01571 0.01571 Black Carbon Diesel 0.037939 0.01571 0.01571 0.014675 0.01571 Black Carbon Diesel 0.037939 0.01571 0.01571 0.014675 0.01571 Black Carbon Diesel 0.022718 0.009426 0.009426 0.009915 0.011035 Black Carbon Diesel 0.022718 0.009426 0.009426 0.009915 0.011035 Black Carbon Diesel 0.022718 0.009426 0.009426 0.009915 0.011035 Black Carbon Diesel 0.022718 0.009426 0.009426 0.009915 0.011034 Black Carbon Diesel 0.022718 0.009426 0.009426 0.009915 0.011034

SmartWay Technical Documentation ǀ Appendix B B-11

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Table B-2. Extended Idle Emission Factors – Class 8b Diesels Only (g/hr)

Model Year NOx PM10 PM2.5 Black Carbon

240.2429 5.012193 4.611216 1.07339 240.2429 5.012193 4.611216 1.07339 240.6355 5.0126 4.611584 1.071225 233.7694 5.005548 4.605088 1.109056 239.5414 7.696976 7.081178 1.659313 239.1037 7.699779 7.083789 1.664235 237.157 7.712336 7.095328 1.686137 239.5059 7.697177 7.081382 1.659706 237.4083 7.371036 6.781333 1.608737 241.3615 7.348521 6.760617 1.56685 241.988 7.344966 6.757341 1.560223 239.2928 7.360294 6.771469 1.588777 237.723 7.369255 6.779707 1.60542 239.3402 6.650885 6.118792 1.43515 237.0764 6.662218 6.12922 1.456722 238.3276 6.655958 6.123462 1.4448 239.0454 6.652365 6.12015 1.437956 210.1205 0.418171 0.384716 0.03441 208.6581 0.417737 0.384316 0.034374 211.7047 0.418642 0.38515 0.034449 211.2663 0.416767 0.383424 0.034295 210.1316 0.41643 0.383115 0.034267 210.1319 0.416429 0.383114 0.034267 210.1323 0.412936 0.379899 0.033979

SmartWay Technical Documentation ǀ Appendix B B-12

201420152016201720182019202020212022

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Model Year NOx PM10 PM2.5 Black Carbon

210.1332 0.412936 0.379899 0.033979 210.1322 0.412935 0.379899 0.033979 210.132 0.412934 0.379899 0.033979 210.1325 0.412936 0.379899 0.033979 210.1323 0.412934 0.379899 0.033979 210.1328 0.412935 0.379899 0.033979 210.1321 0.412934 0.379898 0.033979 210.1326 0.412936 0.3799 0.033979 210.1326 0.412936 0.3799 0.033979

SmartWay Technical Documentation ǀ Appendix B B-13

Appendix C: Derivation of National Average g/kW-hr Emission Factors FROM ARGONNE GREET MODEL Version 2019.

http://greet.es.anl.gov/

1. Electric Generation Mix (eGRID U.S. Average 2018 Data (https://www.epa.gov/egrid/emissions-generation-resource-integrated-database-egrid))

U.S. Mix Residual oil 0.6% Natural gas 35.1%

Coal 27.5% Nuclear power 19.4%

Biomass 1.6% Hydro 6.9% Wind 6.5% Solar 1.5%

Geothermal 0.4% Other 0.3%

2. Electric Transmission and Distribution Loss = 4.87%

3. Power Plant Emissions: in Grams per kWh of Electricity Available at Power Plant Gate

GREET Calculated Emission Factors By Fuel Type Plants (Stationary and Transportation)

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- - - -Oil Fired NG Fired Coal Fired Biomass Fired TOTAL based on US Mix NOx 3.97 0.21 0.36 0.92 0.21 PM10 0.16 0.011 0.061 2.09 0.056 PM2.5 0.11 0.011 0.043 0.61 0.026 BC 0.0073 0.0015 0.0018 0.0015 0.0025 CO2 840 404 947 0 407

Assumes no emissions from nuclear power plants, hydro, wind, solar, geothermal, and “Other”

4. Power Plant Emissions: Grams per kWh of Electricity Available at User Sites (wall outlets)

Total power plant gate emissions/(1-electric transmission and distribution loss)

Total delivered based on US electric generation mix NOx 0.22 PM10 0.059 PM2.5 0.028

SmartWay Technical Documentation ǀ Appendix C C-1

BC 0.0026 CO2 428

SmartWay Technical Documentation ǀ Appendix C C-2

Appendix D: PERE Efficiency Modeling Methodology The PERE model is not specifically designed for modeling heavy duty hybrid trucks, but as it is a physical model that is primarily dependent upon input values, its use was considered appropriate for the estimation of the fuel economy effects of truck hybridization. The model calculates second-by-second fuel consumption for user-defined drive cycles based on a physical model. The model takes a number of user-specified parameters, along with some of its own defaults, to perform these calculations for a variety of vehicle and powertrain types. The assumptions and data sources for the model inputs that were used are presented below. The defaults for some parameters, such as hybrid regeneration efficiency and hybrid battery efficiency, were assumed to remain unchanged when scaling from light-duty to heavy-duty vehicles.

Many vehicle parameters, such as road load and transmission data, were used from work already done with the PERE model for the SmartWay program. Many of the parameters for that previous work were taken from findings of internet searches for specifications of various trucks in new “as-delivered” condition, prior to the addition of various vocational or cargo equipment installations that would increase drag and vehicle weight. To establish the test weights for each truck class in this modeling effort, the original estimate of minimum weight was averaged with the maximum possible weight for each truck class. This was done with the intent of modeling an average or medium payload for each truck class. An important source of information was an EPA draft document discussing the use of the PERE model by Nam and Gianelli50 . This document contained equations that could be used for estimates of some of the input parameters, along with information describing the use of the model.

The two foremost inputs to the model include the vehicle weight and engine size. Vehicle empty weights and engine sizes were taken from manufacturer supplied truck specifications where possible. For example, Ford published a .pdf file titled F-250/F-350/F-450/F-550 Specifications51 that contains base curb weights and engine sizes for some of their offerings in the light and medium duty market. Another useful source of manufacturer data was in the Kenworth T170/T270/T370 Body Builders Manual52 . The T170-T370 range consists of medium duty trucks that can be delivered with a cab-only chassis. The manual describes all of the dimensions relevant to the builder of a body or cargo area on the rear of the chassis. As such, it includes curb weights, length and width dimensions, and gross vehicle weight ratings that were instrumental in creating many of the inputs for the Class 5, 6, and 7 fuel economy models. Where specifications of multiple trucks in a class were found, values were taken that would result in maximum fuel economy unless they seemed noticeably atypical of in-use vehicles. Variations in weight and engine size over the ranges found in literature did not have as large an effect on fuel economy as some of the other inputs to the PERE model. For hybrid modeling, the engine size reduction due to hybridization ranged from 1 liter for the Class 2b and 3 trucks, up to 4 liters for the Class 8 trucks. This range was chosen based on the nature of hybrid trucks currently available

50 Nam, Edward and Gianelli, Robert, Fuel Consumption Modeling of Conventional and Advanced Technology Vehicles in the Physical Emission Rate Estimator (PERE). US EPA Publication EPA420-P-05-001, February 2005. 51 FordF150.net. F-250/F-350/F-450/F-550 Specifications. Retrieved from http://www.fordf150.net/specs/05sd_specs.pdf Accessed 11-29-2020. 52 Kenworth. Kenworth T170/T270/T370 Body Builders Manual. Retrieved from https://www.kenworth.com/media/25008/kenworth_medium_duty_bbm_dec_2011.pdf Accessed 11-29-2020.

SmartWay Technical Documentation ǀ Appendix D D-1

on the market. Class 2 hybrid trucks on the market typically have very little engine downsizing from hybridization, however larger trucks were found to have more engine downsizing.

The number of transmission gears in each truck class was also based on specifications found on manufacturers’ web sites, but there is a wide range of the number of gears in the different available transmissions. While it is very likely that the most efficient setup for Class 2b through 4 would be a 6 speed manual transmission, there are a variety of options for Classes 5 through 8. It is also typical for a modern Class 8 truck to have 10 gears, so the model input for Class 6 was taken to be 8 as a representation of typical trucks in that class, and all trucks were modeled with manual transmissions. The PERE model also requires shift speeds as an input to the model, and examples of these were not found in literature or internet searches. ERG has previously logged on-road data from Class 8 trucks with 10-speed manual transmissions, and this data was analyzed briefly to create an estimate of typical upshift speeds for this type of truck. Using this speed/gear curve, two other curves were created by scaling for the 6 and 8 speed trucks modeled in the study. Unfortunately, the shift speed chart has a very strong effect on the model’s predicted fuel economy but using carefully scaled shift point curves hopefully mitigated this source of error. The hybrid trucks were modeled with exactly the same transmissions as the conventional trucks. The model did not readily include a provision for changing the transmission characteristics when changing from conventional to hybrid powertrains. All transmission parameters were kept the same when making this change with the intent of ensuring the resulting fuel economy effects were only due to hybridization, not due to transmission effects.

There were three other values regarding the driveline that were input for this study. The engine efficiency was taken to be 40% over the cycle. The maximum engine speeds and highway cruise speeds were adjusted together as well, to account for the larger displacement heavy duty engines turning more slowly than typical Class 2b truck engines. The effects of the engine speed parameters on fuel economy were fairly small.

The road load estimation required assumptions and calculations as road load curves are not generally a part of manufacturers’ literature. The method of road load calculation used for this PERE modeling was based on the coefficient of rolling resistance (CR), the aerodynamic drag coefficient (Cd), and the vehicle frontal area (AF) in a physical equation of the truck’s road load, given in Equation 1 from Nam and Gianelli (2005). Coefficients of drag were based on values in literature, such as manufacturers’ specifications for Class 2b and in a report publication by Argonne National Laboratory53. Values for Cd ranged from .45 for the Class 2b and the smaller medium duty trucks, to .5 for the class 8 long-haul trucks. The heavier medium duty trucks were assumed to have a Cd of .55 as they were assumed to be vocational trucks with less streamlined aerodynamics. Frontal area was taken from manufacturer specifications where available. As given in Nam and Gianelli, the product of truck height and width was multiplied by a factor of 0.93 to get an estimate of effective AF. Engineering judgment was applied to the dimensions found in literature to ensure a representative increase in frontal area from the smaller to larger trucks. The rolling resistance values were estimated using the trends observed by both Nam and Gianelli (2005) along with Delorme Karbowski, and Sharer (2009), ranging from 0.01 for the light and medium duty trucks, down to 0.008 for the class 8 trucks.

53 Delorme, A., Karbowski, D., and Sharer, P. Evaluation of Fuel Consumption Potential of Medium and Heavy-Duty Vehicles through Modeling and Simulation. Argonne National Laboratory, DEPS-BEES-001, October 2009.

SmartWay Technical Documentation ǀ Appendix D D-2

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The final input to the PERE model was the driving cycle. In order to get a representative range of fuel economy benefit, two drive cycles were modeled. The first was the Heavy-Duty Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule (HDUDDS), and the second was the EPA Highway Fuel Economy Test (HwFET). The HDUDDS can be thought of as a city-type cycle with frequent stops and starts. The HwFET simulates rural driving with varying speeds but no stops. Even though the HwFET is designed only for light duty vehicles, it was still used as it was the best representation available for in-use highway driving.

The key values used as the inputs for the PERE model fuel economy calculations are given by truck class in Table D-1.

Table D-1. PERE Model Inputs for Fuel Economy Estimation

Class Modeled Test Weight, lbs

Conventional Engine Disp., L

Hybrid Engine Disp., L

Number of Gears

Effective Gear Ratio, RPM/mph

2b 7,875 6.0 5 6 35

3 10,000 6.0 5 6 35

4 12,250 6.4 5.4 6 33

5 14,500 6.7 5.7 6 33

6 19,500 6.7 5.7 8 33

7 24,000 8.3 6.3 10 31

8 52,500 13 9 10 30

For modeling hybrid vehicles in the PERE model, the user must adjust the hybrid threshold for each different vehicle and drive cycle combination. This variable represents the amount of power demand during acceleration that is required to cause the engine to start up to assist the electric motor. The user must adjust this value such that the amount of energy taken from the battery is approximately equal to the amount of energy charged back into the battery during regenerative braking. If this is not done, the fuel economy will be misrepresented due to the battery ending up with a different state of charge at the end of the cycle compared to the beginning of the cycle.

For the HwFET cycle in the lower truck classes, there were not enough deceleration events charge the battery back to its initial charge level, even with the hybrid threshold variable at its minimum value. This meant that the battery was ending at a lower level of charge at the end of the cycle than the beginning, which has the effect of overestimating the trucks actual fuel economy. For this reason, ERG added an extra calculation to the model in order to account for the net change in battery power. This calculation used the various efficiencies of the hybrid system to estimate the fuel required to make up the change in battery charge over the cycle, and add that number to the modeled fuel consumption. This calculation was needed for the trucks in Classes 2b through 5.

SmartWay Technical Documentation ǀ Appendix D D-3

- - - -

&EPA U. S. Environmental Protection Agency U. S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Transportation and Air Quality National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory 1200 Pennsylvania Ave. NW 2565 Plymouth Rd. Washington, DC 20460 Ann Arbor, MI 48105 (734) 214-4200 (734) 214-4333

http://www.epa.gov/ www.epa.gov/transportation-air-pollution-and-climate-change

EPA 420 B 21 002 ǀ January 2021 ǀ SmartWay Transport Partnership ǀ epa.gov/smartway