2021 Dissertation

8/2/2019 2021 Dissertation

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Performance Analysis of Hierarchical

Routing Protocols in WirelessSensing Networks

With effect of variation in cluster size

Submitted To:

Er. Sandeep Singh Waraich

Lect. Computer Science Dept.

GNDU, Amritsar.

Submitted By:

Gurpreet Singh

Roll no. 2010CSB2021

M.Tech (CSE)



Wireless Sensing Network

WSN is the ultimate technology in wireless communication that allows

network nodes to communicate without the need for a fixed infrastructure.

Wireless networks are usually composed of small, low-cost devices that

communicate wirelessly and have the capabilities of Processing, Sensing

and Storing

The purpose is to measure different physical parameters in a given

environment, in order to characterize its properties, or to take decisions

depending on these measurements.



3

Enabling Technologies

Embedded Networked

Sensing



WSN’s Architecture



5

Wireless Sensor Network Applications

Military Applications

Environmental Applications

Health Applications

Home Applications

Industrial Applications

Other Commercial Applications



6

Military

Remote deployment of sensors

for tactical monitoring of enemy

troop movements.



7

Sensor Network

Gateway

Server

Internet

Watershed

SensorField



8

Sensing Node

Gateway

Server

Internet

+



Hardware Setup Overview

9



Sensor Characteristics

Wireless sensors are small devicesthat gather information.

Pressure, Humidity, Temperature

Speed, Location

Wireless sensors have somecharacteristics:

Low power

Small size

Low cost



Since the WSN nodes are typically battery equipped,

the primary design goal is to optimize the amount of

energy used for transmission.

For this we have various Routing Protocols

Primary Objective



One-hop model

Multi-hop model

Hierarchical clustering

model

Routing Protocols



Hierarchical clustering model

Some advantages of this model

comparing with multi-hop are

Data moves faster to the base station

thus reducing latency and that only

cluster heads perform data aggregationunlike multi-hop model where every

intermediate node perform this

optimization technique.

Therefore, the clustering-based

model is more suitable for time-critical

applications than the multihop model



Hierarchical clustering Protocols

LEACH PROTOCOL: Low Energy Adaptive Clustering

Hierarchy

PEGASIS PROTOCOL: Power-efficient GAthering in

Sensor Information Systems

TEEN PROTOCOL: Threshold sensitive Energy Efficient

sensor Network protocol

APTEEN PROTOCOL: Adaptive Threshold sensitive

Energy Efficient sensor Network protocol



LEACH PROTOCOL It partitions the nodes into clusters.

In each cluster a dedicated node with

extra privileges called Cluster Head (CH)

is responsible for creating and

manipulating a TDMA (Time division

multiple access) schedule and sending

aggregated data from nodes to the BS

where these data is needed using CDMA

(Code division multiple access).

Remaining nodes are cluster members.



LEACH PROTOCOL This protocol is divided into rounds; each

round consists of two phases:

Setup phase : Responsible for choosing

Cluster head.

Steady state phase : Responsible data

aggregation and transmission to BS.



PEGASIS PROTOCOL Power-efficient GAthering in Sensor Information Systems (PEGASIS) is an

improvement of the LEACH protocol.

Rather than forming multiple clusters, PEGASIS forms chains from sensor

nodes so that each node transmits and receives from a neighbor and only

one node is selected from that chain to transmit to the base station (sink).

Gathered data moves from node to node, aggregated and eventually sent to

the base station. The chain construction is performed in a greedy way.



Hierarchical PEGASIS PROTOCOL

It is an extension to PEGASIS, which aims at decreasing the delay incurred

for packets during transmission to the base station and proposes a solution to

the data gathering problem by considering energy * delay metric.

In order to reduce the delay in PEGASIS, simultaneous transmissions of data

messages are pursued.

To avoid collisions and possible signal interference among the sensors, two

approaches have been investigated. The first approach incorporates signal

coding, e.g. CDMA

In the second approach only spatially separated nodes are allowed to transmit

at the same time.



Hierarchical PEGASIS PROTOCOL

The chain-based protocol with CDMA

capable nodes, constructs a chain of nodes,

that forms a tree like hierarchy, and each

selected node in a particular level transmits

data to the node in the upper level of the

hierarchy.

This method ensures data transmitting in

parallel and reduces the delay significantly.

Since the tree is balanced, the delay will be

in O(log N) where N is the number of nodes.



Research Motivation

During literature survey in the problem domain I have seen there are

having many question or problem statement to which there also exist

some solution .

But among those question I have also found one somewhere less or

unanswered problem/Question which is, “what is the optimal cluster

size?”, In comparison to existing approaches, very little help is

available to answer this question. So for me to answer this question and

analyzing hierarchical routing protocol in contrast with variation in

cluster size will become strong motivational point.



Problem Definition

As per Research motivation outlined in the

previous section, the problem statement is the

performance Analysis of the Hierarchical

routing protocols in WSNs with effect of

variation in cluster size.



Dissertation Objective

And based on this the main objectives of the my research work are :

Simulative study of existing hierarchical routing protocol by

making cluster size variation and taking the values of various

performance metrics.

than compare them with the best existing Benchmark to analyze

the performance of the system.

If possible will try to purpose some modification in existing

LEACH protocol.



REFERNECES

Kumar V., Jain S., and Tiwari S., “energy efficient clustering algorithms in WSNs”, 2011.

Sanjeev Saini, Ram Sewak Singh & V.K.Gupta “Analysis of Energy Efficient Routing

Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks Communication”, Proceedings of the International

Journal of computer Science, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 113-118, January-June 2010.

P.T.V. Bhuvaneswari and V.Vaidehi, “Enhancement techniques incorporated in LEACH- A

Survey”, Proceeding of the Indian Journal of Science and Technology, Vol.2 No 5, May

2009.

M. Bani Yassein, A. Al-zou'bi, Y. Khamayseh, W. Mardini, “Improvement on LEACH

Protocol of Wireless Sensor Network (VLEACH)” Proceedings of the International Journalof Digital Content Technology and its Applications, Vol. 3, Number 2, June 2009.

Lan Tien Nguyen, Xavier Defago, Razvan Beuran, Yoichi Shinoda, “An Energy Efficient

Routing Scheme for Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks”, Proceedings of the IEEE ISWCS,

2008.



REFERNECES

W.R. Heinzelman, A. Chandrakasan and H. Balakrishnan, “Energy-Efficient Communication

Protocol for Wireless Microsensor Networks,” Proceedings of the 33rd Hawaii International

Conference on System Science, Vol. 2, Jan 2000.

S. Lindsey, C.S. Raghavendra, “PEGASIS: power efficient gathering in sensor information

systems”, Proceedings of the IEEE Aerospace Conference, Big Sky, Montana, March 2002.

S. Lindsey, C.S. Raghavendra, K. Sivalingam, “Data gathering in sensor networks using the

energy*delay metric”, Proceedings of the IPDPS Workshop on Issues in Wireless Networks and

Mobile Computing, San Francisco, CA, April 2001.

A. Manjeshwar, D.P. Agrawal, “APTEEN: a hybrid protocol for efficient routing and

comprehensive information retrieval in wireless sensor networks”,Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Parallel and Distributed Computing Issues in Wireless Networks and

Mobile computing, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, April 2002.

A. Manjeshwar, D.P. Agrawal, “TEEN: a protocol for enhanced efficiency in wireless sensor

networks”, Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Parallel and Distributed Computing

Issues in Wireless Networks and Mobile Computing , San Francisco, CA, April 2001.



Thanks

Documents

2021 Dissertation