2019 Seoul INWEPF-PAWEES International Conference & 16th

2019 Seoul INWEPF-PAWEES International Conference

& 16th INWEPF Steering Meeting

New, Green and Smart Paradigm of Agricultural Water

05 - 07 November 2019

1. IntroductionInternational Network for Water and Ecosystem in Paddy Fields(hereinafter referred to as

“INWEPF”) and International Society of Paddy and Water Environment Engineering(hereinafter

referred to as “PAWEES”) jointly held 2019 Seoul INWEPF-PAWEES International

Conference(hereinafter referred to as “2019 Seoul Conference”) with theme of “New, Green and

Smart Paradigm of Agricultural Water” during 5-7 November 2019 in Seoul, Republic of Korea. The

2019 Seoul Conference aims to bring together INWEFPF and PAWEES members including

policymakers, academics, international organizations, experts and students from governments,

institutions and academic bodies from participated countries. The 2019 Seoul Conference

promotes both party discussions, INWEPF which consists of policymakers and the PAWEES which

consist of academics, towards solutions for development of sustainable paddy farming while

protecting nature and conservation of environment.

2. Theme

The theme of 2019 Seoul Conference is “New, Green and Smart Paradigm of Agricultural Water.”

For paddy farming, water is a key element and thus contributes greatly to food security in Asian

countries. However, there is also a growing concern over water scarcity globally amidst growing

water demand from other sectors. Hence, concerted efforts are required to adopt water

management policies and techniques on a larger scale. With close cooperation among INWEPF and

PAWEES member countries, 2019 Seoul Conference provides a valuable platform for policy

planners and experts of member countries. The event stimulates and promotes multidisciplinary

discussions towards sustainable solutions for water management in paddy farming through an

exchange of latest policies and academic reports. The theme of INWEPF is further sub-categorized

into two sub-themes: (Session-1) Innovative and Sustainable Paddy Farming for Water, Food and

Environment and (Session-2) Smart Paddy Farming Policies and Technologies to Address Climate

Change Impact.

3. Date and Venue2019 Seoul Conference will take place in Seoul, Republic of Korea on 5-7 November at Intercontinental Seoul Coex. Following the 2nd INWEPF Steering Meeting in 2005 and the INWEPF-PAWEES International Conference & 7th Steering Meeting in 2010, Korea hosts the conference third time this year.

4. ParticipantsAbout 200 members of INWEPF and PAWEES including policymakers, academics, international organizations, experts and students from governments, institutions and academic bodies from participated countries.List of the countries, international organizations and etc

INWEPF

1 Bangladesh

2 Egypt

3 Ethiopia

4 Ghana

5 India

6 Iran

7 Italy

8 Japan

9 Korea

10 Laos

11 Malaysia

12 Myanmar

13 Nepal

14 Philippines

15 Republic of Cote D'ivoire

16 Sri Lanka

17 Tanzania

18 Thailand

19 Vietnam

20 Zambia

21 Asian Development Bank

22 International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage

23 International Water Management Institute

24 Mekong River Commission

25 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

PAWEES

1 Bangladesh

2 Indonesia

3 Japan

4 Republic of Korea

5 Taiwan

Time Contents Remarks

PAWEES Session 1Sub-Theme : Irrigation Technology and Management 1

Chair : Prof. Wonho Nam & Prof. Eunmi Hong

Allegro room 1

13:00-15:00

15min./each

Reduction Effect of Cyclic Irrigation on Nutrient Loads to the

Downstream Lake

Toshiaki Iida, Sara Yatabe,

Masaomi Kimura, Hiroki Minakawa

Economic Valuation of Water Table Management in SRI PaddyCultivation

Nur Aini Iswati Hasanah,

Budi Indra Setiawan, Chusnul Arif,

Slamet Widodo, Norman Uphoff

Planning of Ablution Water Treatment Plant (IPA) Using Simple Filter Equipment in Public Junior High School 6, Malang City, East Java Province

Dian Chandrasasi, Tri Budi Prayogo

, Dudiman Juziwijaya

The Determination of Real Requirement for Operations andMaintenance (AKNOP) based on Technical Audit Analysis (Case Study in Tuk Kuning Irrigation Area Klaten Regency Central Java)

Ussy Andawayanti

The Assessment of Water Management Planning to Increase CroppingIntensity in Way Sekampung Irrigation System, Lampung, Indonesia

Nova Anika,RA Bustomi Rosadi,

Ridwan Zahab

Impact force on Different Types of Groundsill Yu-Jen Hou, Hung-Pin Huang

Study on the Difference between Irrigation Water Requirements andBiological Species with Eco-agricultural and Conventional FarmingMethods for Paddy Fields

Sheng-Feng Kuo, Chih-Hung Tan,

Wen-Beh Wang, Hsiang-Yi Hsu

Development of a GIS Based Graphical User Interface for IrrigationManagement for Betwa River Basin, India

Ashish Pandey, Nikhil Mogarekar

15:00-15:30 Break

PAWEES Session 3Sub-Theme : Hydrology and Watershed Management 1

Chair : Prof. Tae-il Jang & Prof. Jong gun Kim

Allegro room 2

13:00-15:00

15min./each

Assimilating Rainfall Runoff Process into 2D Hydraulic Model

Bambang Winarta,

Pitojo Tri Juwono,Very Dermawan,

Ali M. I,

Nurul Nadrah Aqilah Tukimat

Utilizing Rain Harvesting for Sustainable Urban Drainage Managementin Indonesia

Caesaria Asri Setyowati

Evaluation of the Effect of Channel Geometry on Streamflow and Water Quality Modelling and Modification of Channel Geometry Module inSWAT: A Case Study of the Andong Dam Watershed

Jeongho Han, Dongjun Lee,

Seoro Lee, Se-Woong Chung,

Seong Joon Kim, Minji Park,

Kyoung Jae Lim, Jonggun Kim

Development of Relationship between Scatter meter-retrieved SoilMoisture and Observed Discharge over Indian River Basins

Deen Dayal, Abhilash Soni,

Ashish Pandey, Praveen K. Gupta

Estimation of Unit Load of Total Nitrogen from Domestic Wastewater of Urban Areas in Vientiane, Lao PDR

Takuya Okada, Keigo Noda,

Masaomi Kimura, Ken Hiramatsu,

Hiromasa Hamada,

Keoduangchai Keokhamphui,

Somphasith Douangsavanh

Effects of Two Systemic Insecticides, Imidacloprid and Fipronil,on Sympetrum Species Inhabiting Japanese Rice Paddy Fields

Hiroshi Jinguji, Testuyuki Ueda

An Innovative Treatment of Handling AMC in SCS-CN Methodologyfor Runoff Computation

S.K. Mishra, Ishan Sharma,

Ashish Pandey and S.K. Kumre

15:00-15:30 Break


PAWEES Session 2Sub-Theme : Irrigation Technology and Management 2

Chair : Prof. Eunmi Hong & Prof. Wonho Nam

Allegro room 1

15:30-17:30

15min./each

Analysis of Water Demand in Sumber Bendo Irrigation Network,

Indonesia

Rahmah Dara Lufira,

Dian Chandrasasi, Rispiningtati,

Dian Ambarsari

Analysis of Water Supply Reliability based on the agricultural reservoir watershed ratios and ET approaches

Gun-Ho Cho, Junaid-Ahmad Mirza,

Kyung-Sook Choi

Application of Best Management Practices for Reducing Non-PointSource Pollution in Upland Fields

Jeongha Lim, Minhwan Shin,

Jonggun Kim, Kisung Kim,

Kyoung Jae Lim, Eunmi Hong

Food Consumption Patterns and Food Wastage: Implications on Water Resources Availability for Sustainable Paddy Farming

Bashir Adelodun, Kyung-Sook Choi

Efforts towards Safety to Agricultural products and Irrigation Waterin the Disaster Area of Fukushima, Japan

Moono Shin, Tomijiro Kubota,

Susumu Miyazu, Sangyoon Lee

Water Use and Actual Conditions of Taro Patch in the Republic of PalauKeigo Noda, Natsuki Yamada,

Masaomi Kimura, Akiko Iida-

Assessment of Water Footprint for Koshi River Basin (KRB), NepalKumar Ghimire, R. D. Singh,

Ashish Pandey and G.S. Murthy -

17:30-18:00 Break

PAWEES Session 4Sub-Theme : Hydrology and Watershed Management 2

Chair : Prof. Hak-kwan Kim & Prof. Yoonsik Park

Allegro room 2

15:30-17:30

15min./each

Runoff-Sediment Management Modelling Responses to Land

Use/Land Cover Changes using SWAT Model in West EthiopiaMulugeta Melese, Won-Ho Nam

Sensitivity Analysis of the Agricultural Reservoir Water Balancesimulation model

Sanghyun Kim,

Junaid-Ahmad Mirza,

Kyung-Sook Choi

Evaluation of Stream Flow and Water Quality Impact of Yeongsanand Seomjin Rivers by Juam Dam Water Transfer Using SWAT

Yongwon Kim, Jiwan Lee,

Soyoung Woo, Seong-joon Kim

The Calibration Usefulness of ET in Watershed Hydrological Modelby Referencing SEBAL Spatial ET

Jinuk Kim, Yonggwan Lee,

Jeehun Chung, Seongjoon Kim

A Modified Grid-Base Continuous Hydrological Model for StreamflowRouting Considering Dam and Weir Operation Data

Yonggwan Lee, Wonjin Kim,

Chunggil Jung, Seongjoon Kim

Development of Advanced Web-Based SWAT LUC System ConsideringYearly Land Use Changes and Recession Curve Characteristics

Dongjun Lee, Jeongho Han,

Min Ji Park, bernard A. Engel,

Jonggun Kim, Kyoung Jae Lim,

Won Seok Jang

Potential Use of Soil Databases to Estimate Hydrologic Component ofHSPF model for Accurate Estimation of Local Direct Runoff Baseflowcomponent

Soo Hong Kim, Yun Soo Sung,

Seoro Lee, Dong Seok Yang,

Jonggun Kim, Kyoung Jae Lim

Measures of Runoff Reduction on Expropriation Zone from MostlyPaddy Field

Hung-Pin Huang

17:30-18:00 Break18:00-20:00 Welcome Dinner


PAWEES Session 5Sub-Theme : Climate Change and Disaster Management 1

Chair : Prof. YongChul Shin & Prof. Se-woon Hwang

Allegro room 1

09:30-11:30

15min./each

Evaluation of Standardized Precipitation Index and Percent Normal

Index Method in Assessment of Drought Characteristic in the Pekalen

River Basin, East Java Province, Indonesia

Donny Harisuseno

Seasonal Climate Variability Impacts on Rice Agriculture inMountainous Watershed Indonesia

Atiqotun Fitriyah,

Alvin Fatikhunnada, Tasuku Kato

Regionalization of Drought Using Hydro-Climatic Characteristics ofSouth Korea

Seung Jin Maeng,

Muhammad Azam,

Ju ha Hwang, Dayea Kim

Evaluation of Leaf Traits Effect on Transportive Cooling in AerobicRice System

Samuel Godson-Amamoo,

Tasuku Kato

Greenhouse Monitoring and Control System based on Humidity andTemperature Sensors

Walaa Kareem Khalaf,

Won-Ho Nam, Yong-Tae Kim

Climatic Drivers of Wheat Yield Variability and their Influences onFuture Water Footprints

Mirza Junaid Ahmad,

Kyung-Sook Choi

Estimation of Slope Displacement using Artificial Neural Network Rong-Jing Ju, Kuo-wei Liao

Evaluate the Impact of Extreme Weather on the Water Resource andCrop Growth in Northern Taiwan

Guan-Zhou Lin, Qun-Zhan Huang,

Shao-Yiu Hsu, Tsung-Yu, Lee

15:00-15:30 Break

PAWEES Session 7Sub-Theme : ICT Convergence and Emerging Issues

Chair : Prof. Inhong Song & Prof. Tae-il Jang

Allegro room 2

09:30-11:30

15min./each

Reliability Analysis for Semi-Rigid Connected Frame Structure Under

Snow Loads

Sangik Lee, Jonghyuk Lee,

Youngjoon Jeong, Won Choi

Integrated Alkaline and Ultrasound Pre-treatment for EnhancedAnaerobic Digestion of Corn Stover

Shu-Yuan Pan, Ning Sun,

Hyunook Kim, Zhaoyang You

Estimation of Leaf Inclination Angle in Three-Dimensional PlantImages Obtained from Lidar

Kenta Itakura, Fumiki Hosoi

Monitoring and Prediction of Small Reservoir Water Level Using ICTand Deep Learning Technique

Daisuke Hayashi, Daiki Matsuura,

Atsushi Yamamoto,

Nobumasa Hatcho,

Yutaka Matsuno

Application of Drone Technology for Investigating Straw and Compost Management Practices in Paddy Irrigation Districts

Jinseok Park, Hyeongjun Kim,

Seongju Jang, Inhong Song

A Feasibility Study of Tributary Mapping using Autonomous Unmanned Aerial Vehicle

Seungwon Kim, Junyoung Kwak,

Chanyoung Ju, Seung-Hwan Yoo,

Hyoung Il Son

Estimation of Spatial Soil Moisture using RNN-LSTM with MODIS andGPM Satellite Data in South Korea

Wonjin Jang, Yonggwan Lee,

Seongjoon Kim

11:30-12:00 Break12:00-13:30 Lunch



Chair : Prof. Se-woon Hwang

Allegro room 1

13:30-15:00

20min./each

The Vulnerability of the Irrigation Water Sector to the Impacts of

Climate Change in Afghanistan

Sayed Shajahan Sadiqi,

Won-Ho Nam, Eun-Mi Hong

Farmers’ Perception of Drought and its Validation in Khon KaenProvince

Miki Nodera, Keigo Noda,

Mallika Srisutham, Koshi Yoshida

Hydrological Data Analysis Using Nonlinear Downscaling Method: Manifold Learning

Yi-Hsuan Shih, Ming-Che Hu,

Shao-Yiu Hsu

Performance Evaluation of Infrared Wave Heating System forPreventing Cold Injury to Fruit Trees

Jonghyuk Lee, Sangik Lee,

Youngjoon Jeong, Seokju Hong,

Sangyeon Kim, Yunhyuk Han,

Kiseok Kim, Won Choi

Break


Chair : Prof. YongChul Shin

Allegro room 2

13:30-15:00

20min./each

Land Surface Temperature (LST) Prediction by Summer Heat Wave

Using Multiple Linear Regression in South Korea

Jeehun Chung, Yonggwan Lee,

Jiwan Lee, Seongjoon Kim

Storm Runoff Evaluation Using GPM Satellite Data and KIMSTORM2Model for Yongdam Dam Watershed

Sehoon Kim, Jinuk Kim,

Jeehun Chung, Seongjoon Kim

Effects of River Morphological Processes on Fish HabitatQuality – Implications for River Management in Urban Regulated River

Meng-Chi Hung

- -Break

15:00-16:00 PAWEES Awards ceremony Allegro room 1&2

16:00-18:00 Closing Ceremony

16:00-16:10 Announcement of 2019 Seoul INWEPF-PAWEES Joint Statement INWEPF and PAWEES

16:10-16:20 Overview of Field Trip INWEPF Korea

16:20-16:30 Closing Speech & Photo Session President, PAWEES


09:00-10:00 Transportation(Venue - Seoul Botanic Park)

10:00-12:00 Technical Tour Seoul Botanic Park

12:00-13:00 LunchCanteen, Seoul Botanic Park

Hub Bibimbap(Korean Mix Bowl)

13:00-14:00 Transportation(Seoul Botanic Park - Majang Reservoir)

14:00-15:30 Technical Tour Majang Reservoir

15:30-17:00 Transportation(Majang Reservoir → Venue)

5. Technical Tour - Thursday 7 November, 2019

6. Oral Session

2019 INWEPF-PAWEES International Conference in Republic of Korea

S1-1

Reduction Effect of Cyclic Irrigation on Nutrient Loads to the Downstream

Lake

Toshiaki Iida (The University of Tokyo, Japan), Sara Yatabe (Chiba University, Japan), Masaomi

Kimura (The University of Tokyo, Japan), Hiroki Minakawa (The National Agriculture and Food

Research Organization, Japan)

Abstract

The Northern Imbanuma lake is located about 50 km east of the center of Tokyo with its water su

rface of about 6.26 km2. The lake is well known for its deterioration of water quality due to excess

nutrients in recent years. In the national irrigation and drainage project launched in 2010 by Japan

Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery, not only renovation of old facilities and integration

of pump stations but also cyclic irrigation was adopted for irrigation to paddy fields surrounding th

e lake. In the newly introduced cyclic irrigation system, all the drainage water is collected in the lo

wland drainage canal to return to the pump station. The returned water is pumped from the lowlan

d drainage canal and supplied again to the paddy fields to be reused as irrigation water. Owing to t

he cyclic irrigation, it is expected that the nutrient loads to the lake would be decreased. However,

the actual movement of nutrient loads have not yet been accurately measured due to difficulties of

frequent water sampling at the site. The nutrient reduction effect by cyclic irrigation has not yet be

en quantitatively evaluated so far. The purpose of the current study is evaluation of the effect of cy

clic irrigation on the discharge of nutrient loads to the Northern Imbanuma lake. It was tried to me

asure the water quality more frequently and to quantify the load amount to the lake. As a study site

, the command area of S pump station was selected. The paddy fields of 983 ha are irrigated by the

water from S pump station and the drained water from the paddy fields are collected in the lowlan

d drainage canal to return to S pump station. In order to grasp the nutrient movement, the water sa

mples were taken at 3 or 4 days intervals during the whole irrigation period in 2018 at the followin

g three points: a small drainage channel where drainage water from paddy field plots directly flow

s out, the most downstream point of the lowland drainage canal near the suction sump of S pump s

tation, the Northern Imbanuma lake near the intake from the lake to S pump station. The samples

were analyzed for SS, TOC, TN, NH4-N, NO3+NO2-N, TP, PO4-P concentrations. The relevant p

recipitation data and pump operation data were obtained to calculate the flux of water and nutrient

s between the lake and the lowland drainage canal. It was revealed that the TN and TP concentrati

ons in the lowland drainage canal were comparative to those in the lake during the irrigation perio

d. TN concentration in the lowland drainage canal tended to be lower than that in the lake during l

ate July. For all parameters except NO3+NO2-N, it was calculated that the net effluent load to the l

ake was reduced by cyclic irrigation. The total net reduction during one irrigation period was calcu

lated to be160,930 kg for SS, 15,405 kg for TOC, 2,065 kg for TN, and 244 kg for TP.

Key Words

Cyclic Irrigation, Nutrient Load, Paddy Field, Water Quality Deterioration, Lake Environ

ment


S1-2

Economic Valuation of Water Table Management in SRI Paddy Cultivation

Nur Aini Iswati Hasanah, Budi Indra Setiawan, Chusnul Arif, Slamet Widodo, Norman Uphoff

Abstract

Water table control in SRI paddy field is one of the local specific water management activities tha

t are conducted by farmers to keep enough water in the field. It cannot be denied that different wat

er table depth implementation in SRI paddy field affects its water balance component that related

with productivity and biomass production, and on carbon content and emission that related to its ca

rbon status. This study was conducted to evaluate the best water table for SRI paddy cultivation ba

sed on its economic value. In this study, SRI paddy rice was grown in experimental pots with alter

native water management regimes. Water tables were controlled by using Mariotte tubes set at -12,

-7, -5, -3, 0, and +2 cm from the soil surface. In determining the best water table that potentially i

mplemented, it is necessary to consider the amount of irrigation water that used, the reduction of c

arbon emissions, and of course the yields. The economic value of those three components can be c

alculated; then optimized by using Excel solver with maximizing the balance in economic value as

the objective. The water table depth was set as changing the value with the constraint not less than

-12 and not more than +2. From this analysis, it is found that -5.90 cm from the soil surface is the

best water table depth for SRI paddy cultivation based economical value with regard to the previou

s water and carbon balance analysis result.


S1-3

Planning of Ablution Water Treatment Plant (IPA) Using Simple Filter

Equipment in Public Junior High School 6, Malang City, East Java Province

Dian Chandrasasi, Tri Budi Prayogo, Dudiman Juziwijaya

Abstract

Ablution must be done before prayer. The condition of ablution water in the Al-Hidayah Mosque

in Public Junior High School 6 Malang does not have a water treatment plant for wastewater abluti

on. The purpose of this study was to determine the quality of water from ablution waste. Alternativ

e filter tool between alternatives I (thickness of silicasand 70 cm zeolite 30 cm), alternative II (thic

kness of silicasand 65 cm zeolite 35 cm) and alternative III (thickness of silicasand 60 cm zeolite 4

0 cm) and know the greatest efficiency of the three alternatives to meet the standard of water qualit

y class I according to Government Regulations.No, 82 of 2001. The discharge produced by a simpl

e alternative I filter tool is 340.48 lt/hour, alternative II is 359.04 lt/hour and for alternative III is 3

77.62 lt/hour. Average reduction efficiency and increase in water quality alternative I BOD parame

ter values are 6.68%, COD is 22.57%, DO is 5.86%, pH is 7.50%, TSS is 14.10%, and NH3 is 11.

83%. Decrease efficiency or increase in water quality in alternative II BOD parameter value is 18.

79%, COD is 7.15%, DO is 2.19%, pH is 0.85%, TSS is 37.21% and NH3 is 9.30%.


S1-4

The Determination of Real Requirement for Operations and Maintenance

(Aknop) Based on Technical Audit Analysis (Case Study in Tuk Kuning

Irrigation Area Klaten Regency Central Java)

Ussy Andawayanti, Dwi Priyantoro, Aziz Rizal Prasetyo (Brawijaya University, Indonesia).

Abstract

The irrigation area of Tuk Kuning is a cross-provincial irrigation area, Sleman Regency (Central

Java. Therefore, it needs for the activities of technical audit to analyze performance in Tuk Kuning

’s irrigation, knowing the plan of activities related O&M, and find out the financing of the plan of

activities for real. Technical audit analysis can be obtained by interviewing farmers and surveying i

rrigation channel conditions for obtained existing performance index value. It is this performance i

ndex that is used to determine the number of real requirements for operation and maintenance (RR

OM) of irrigation channels. Existing performance index value of Tuk Kuning’s irrigation area was

a result of the technical audit is 56.31% which means less performance and need attention. Rehabil

itation activities include repairing canals, repairing damaged sluice gates, constructing measuring b

uildings, tapping buildings and steep buildings. Meanwhile, the maintenance activities are dredgin

g sediments, cleaning vegetation and the procurement of nomenclature. The total cost of the plan t

he necessary activities (RROM) of Tuk Kuning’s irrigation area is Rp2.201.702.081,15 with the re

habilitation costs is Rp1.994.571.670,65 and Operation and Maintenance (O&M) costs each year i

s Rp 207.130.410,58 meanwhile the cost of O&M each year each hectare is Rp633.426.33.

Key Words

Technical Audit, RROM, Operation and Maintenance, Rehabilitation Irrigation


S1-5

Water Management Planning Assessment to Increase Cropping Intensity in

the Way Sekampung Irrigation System, Lampung, Indonesia

Nova Anika (Department of Biosystem Engineering Institut Teknologi Sumatera, Indonesia),

Bustomi Rosadi (Department of Agricultural Engineering, Lampung University, Indonesia),

Ridwan (Department of Agricultural Engineering, Lampung University, Indonesia)

Abstract

The agriculture sector uses a large portion of freshwater for irrigation, where irrigation water dem

and is driven mainly by farmers' perceptions, climatic conditions, and factors of production. Increa

sed demand for water resources increases the pressure of the water supply. The irrigation systems

have been under pressure to produce more with lower water supplies. Way Sekampung irrigation s

ystem with a rice field area of 553,73 km2 is located in the Way Sekampung watershed with a total

area of 4,928 km2. Water resources for twice the year's rice cultivation, depending on the availabili

ty of water in the Batutegi reservoir, which has also been used for domestic, industrial, etc. Proper

water resource management strategies are required not only to ensure efficient water use for all sta

keholders but also to increase rice cropping intensity to three times a year due to increased demand

for rice in this region. The Water Evaluation and Planning Program (WEAP) provides a program f

or managing water demand and supply data and seeks to integrate these principles into a realistic

water resource planning tool. This model evaluates water development and management options a

nd shows the best management planning for increasing rice cropping intensity in the Sekampung ir

rigation system.

Key Words

Water Management, Irrigation System, Cropping Intensity


S1-6

Impact force on Different Types of Groundsill

Yu-Jen Hou, Hung-Pin Huang

Abstract

In view of the short and rapid nature of wild creek in Taiwan, different types of groundsill are oft

en used as a soil and water conservation structure to stabilize creekbed, guide flow direction and re

duce scour. However, besides of linear type of groundsill, the planning and design of nonlinear one

s are less systematic, which might cause some damage or even result in destruction. By means of

mathmatic software, engineer could optimize his design parameters according to the result of stres

s analysis on different types of grounsill. This study aims to simulate the impact, moment and displ

acement distribution of different types of groundsill with different water depths on the rigid bed by

means of the structural analysis software, ABAQUS. Comparing with the flume test, the result cou

ld be as a refernece for engineer in the future.


S1-7

Study on the Difference between Irrigation Water Requirements and

Biological Species with Eco-Agricultural and Conventional Farming

Methods for Paddy Fields

Sheng-Feng Kuo (Secretary General, Taiwan Agricultural Irrigation Association, Taiwan), Chih-

Hung Tan (Director, Agricultural Engineering Research Center, Taiwan), Wen-Beh Wang

(Associate Professor, Dept. of Ecological & Environment Resources, National Tainan University,

Taiwan), Hsiang-Yi Hsu (Research Specialist, Agricultural Engineering Research Center, Taiwan),

Shun-An Xie (Graduate Student, Dept. of Ecological & Environment Resources, National Tainan

University, Taiwan)

Abstract

Eco-agriculture when compared with conventional farming are more diversified and transformabl

e in irrigation methods to fit local conditions. The alternate wetting and drying irrigation (AWD) c

an be used so that the field is not always with standing water, provide a variety of living conditions

for insects, amphibians inhabit environment, while saving considerable amount of water. In the in

creasing shortage of water resources and ecological agriculture growing more attention, eco-agricu

lture and irrigation methods need more discussion and investigation. The objectives of this study i

s to evaluate the difference between irrigation water requirements and biological species with eco-

agricultural and conventional farming methods for paddy fields.

Field experiment were performed in Irrigation technology and promotion center of ChaiNan Irrig

ation Association. The instruments include water gauge, tensiometer, PVP tube and water level sen

sor are install to monitor and record paddy field data, and the results show that eco-agriculture met

hod can save water than conventional farming method about 26% to 39%. Sweeping net method a

nd soil collection method are used to investigate the changes of leaf habitat and ground invertebrat

e insects in paddy fields. The results show that the number of invertebrate species, diversity index

(Shannon-Wiener Index) and species uniformity (Evenness) in the eco-agricultural method are hig

her than in the conventional farming method.zxsx.

Key Words

Paddy Fields, Eco-Agriculture, Conventional Farming, Irrigation Water Requirements,

Biological Species


S1-8

Development of a GIS Based Graphical User Interface for Irrigation

Management for Betwa River Basin, India

Ashish Pandey, Nikhil Mogarekar

Abstract

In this study, the Graphical User Interface for Irrigation Management (GUIIM) has been develop

ed with the support of a Geographical Information System (GIS) customization using Visual Basic

for Application (VBA). The developed Interface (GUIIM) was employed for the purpose of analys

is, simulation, handling and integration of a spatial data pertaining to the irrigation management. In

terpolation of point rainfall was carried out through an embedded environment provided by the GI

S for customization with VBA technique. The developed interface tool can be effectively employe

d for a large area and temporal data with interpolation techniques to generate thematic maps of rai

nfall and effective rainfall, reference evapotranspiration (ETo), crop evapotranspiration (ETc) usin

g weather, crop and soil data. Finally, the developed interface was applied for the estimation of spa

tial irrigation water requirement to provide output i.e. spatial maps of rainfall, effective rainfall, dai

ly ETo, daily ETc and net irrigation requirement (NIR) which can be helpful in the decision makin

g of irrigation management in general and Betwa River Basin in particular.


S2-1

Analysis of Water Demand in Sumber Bendo Irrigation Network, Indonesia

Rahmah Dara Lufira, Dian Chandrasasi, Rispiningtati, Dian Ambarwati (Brawijaya University,

Indonesia)

Abstract

Sumber Bendo Jeruk irrigates an area of 1909 Ha. The use of water at Sumber Bendo Jeruk irriga

tion network is still less effective and less efficient, this can be seen when there is a lack of water d

uring the dry season.The aim of the study is to evaluate the water demand in the Sumber Bendo Jer

uk Irrigation Network, then recalculate the water supply using two methods, SCL (Stagnant Const

ant Level), SRI (System of Rice Intensification) and use a combination of the two methods in orde

r to optimize irrigation water demand. The results show that the amount of the intensity of paddy o

n the Sumber Bendo Jeruk Irrigation Network is 117.63% over the intensity of the paddy planed th

at is equal to 106.29%. By using the intensity of plants that have the same water requirements with

the SRI method can save water up to 90%. By combining the two methods (SCL + SRI) the provis

ion of water can save 36%, and by increasing the intensity of rice planting using the SRI method (

259.39% rice) the use of water can still save up to 90% of the SCL method. To increase rice yields

and use water efficiently and effectively, rice planting using the SRI method (Sytem of Rice Intens

ification) is the right solution to be applied to farmers in the study area.

Key Words

Irrigation Water Demand, SCL Method, SRI Method, Intensity of Paddy


S2-2

Analysis of Water Supply Reliability Based on Agricultural Reservoir

Watershed Ratios and ET Approaches

Gunho Cho (Dept. of Agricultural Civil Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Republic

of Korea), Mirza Junaid Ahmad (Dept. of Agricultural Civil Engineering, Kyungpook National

University, Pakistan), Sanghyun Kim (Dept. of Agricultural Civil Engineering, Kyungpook

National University, Republic of Korea), Kyungsook Choi (Dept. of Agricultural Civil

Engineering, Institute of Agricultural Science & Technology, Kyungpook National University,

Republic of Korea)

Abstract

Irrigation water usage accounts for approximately 48% of total water resource in Korea, and agri

cultural reservoirs play an important role in maintaining an uninterrupted irrigation water supply. T

he Modified Penman (MP) method is being used for evapotranspiration (ET) estimation when calc

ulating the paddy rice net duty of water (NDW). Storage capacities of the agricultural reservoirs ar

e evaluated against the yearly maximum water storage requirements associated with a 10-year freq

uency drought. However, the MP method can often result in over-estimating the ET, NDW and wat

er supply reliability. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) recommends using the Penman

-Monteith (PM) method due to its ability to produce relatively accurate and consistent ET estimate

s. Therefore, this study estimated NDW and water supply reliability depending on the two ET met

hods. The study considers 164 agricultural reservoirs having a collective storage capacity equivale

nt to over one million tons in the south western region of Korea. A daily climate dataset from 1987

to 2016 was applied in the analyses. 30-year averaged PM-ET and PM-NDW were 15.3~19.8%, 1

2.3~16.3% smaller than their respective MP counterparts. The selected reservoirs were categorized

as small and large depending on the ratio of paddy field area to the watershed area. In case of the P

M method, the reservoirs featuring a smaller paddy field to watershed area ratio had higher decreas

ing ET and NDW trends compared to the reservoirs having larger ratios. The majority of the small

er reservoirs changed from unstable for applying the MP method to sufficient reliability for adopti

ng the PM method. The larger reservoirs exhibit unstable water supply reliabilities against 10-year

frequency drought water storage requirements regardless of ET approaches.

Key Words

Agricultural Reservoir, Water Supply Reliability, Watershed Ratio, ET Approaches, Paddy

Field


S2-3

Analysis of Water Supply Reliability Based on Agricultural Reservoir

Watershed Ratios and ET Approaches

Jeongha Lim, Minhwan Shin, Jonggun Kim, Kisung Kim, Kyoung Jae Lim, Eunmi Hong

Abstract

Non-point source pollutions from upland fields are the main cause of water pollution in rivers an

d lakes, particulally due to utilization of large amount of fertilizer with high runoff during rainfall i

n the flood season. Gangwon province has a high percentage non-point source pollutions from hig

hland upland. In particulal, soil losses from upland are big issues and happens severelly even in lo

w rainfall event. Fundamental measurements and monitoring are necessary for managing source of

non point pollution and soil losses. Therefore, this study is aimed at reducing NPS as basic data for

developing the most effective best management practices of highland fields. The research site is lo

cated in Jaun 2-ri, Hongcheon-gun, Gangwon-do. Nine field experiment and monnitoring was con

ducted in period with high rainfall events from June to September, 2018. The test BMP was a Vege

ted soil bag, Grass, Onion net, Rye, and Rice straw mulching. The amount of runoff and non-pollu

tion load in the control area and other test areas were compared and the effect of reducing was anal

yzed by monitoring the rain events. Runoff was reduced by 28.2 percent of the Vegeted soil bag, 7

5.9 percent of the Grass, 96.9 percent of the Rice straw mulch, 27.2 percent of the Onion net and 2

3.6 percent of the Rye. The pollution load reduction rate of 50.3 to 67.0 (average 59.5)% was show

n in the Vegeted soil bag, 86.3 to 94.1 (average 90.3)% and the Rice straw mulch 93.2 to 99.7 (ave

rage 96.2)%. Onion nets showed a reduction of 26.3 to 67.3 (average 43.8) percent, while rye sho

wed a reduction of 29.2 to 56.0 (average 47.9 percent). The average SS EMC-reduction effect was

Vegeted soil bag 43.4%, Grass 80.4%, Rice straw mulch 91.3%, Onion net 50.9%, and Rye 17.8%.

The results of this study show that Rice straw mulch and Grass are the most efficient. Onion nets a

nd Vegeted soil bag were damaged due to heavy rain and Rye was not properly deposited due to de

layed timing of the plant. Therefore, in the next year's study, it is necessary to supplement these pr

oblems and evaluate their efficiency more accurately. For efficient management of NPS in the upla

nd, it is deemed necessary to establish a database through long-term monitoring.


S2-4

Food Consumption Patterns and Food Wastage: Implications on Water

Resources Availability for Sustainable Paddy Farming

Bashir Adelodun, Kyung-Sook Choi

Abstract

The sustainability of food production systems, including paddy farming, strongly depends on the

availability of water resources. As the demand for irrigation water for improved crop yields is expe

cted to increase, the renewable water resources, however, is projected to become more variable wit

h a further decrease in its availability under future climate change, notably in food producing regio

ns. Moreover, the most significant percentage of water resources allocated for the agricultural sect

or is used for paddy farming in Korea. Among the available options for meeting future food deman

d, reducing the overall water demand through changing food consumption pattern and reduction of

food wastage has been identified as the most sustainable approach to ensuring the future availabilit

y of water for paddy farming. The study was, therefore conducted to explore the amount of food w

astage relative to food production in Korea. This study quantifies and analyses the food wastage at

various food groups in each stage of the supply chain using the top-down approach of Korean spec

ific food production data. The representative water footprints of selected food crops were used to d

etermine the volume of water inherent in the estimated amount of food wastage. The results showe

d that about 14.14 million tons (0.78 kg/capita/day) were either lost or wasted, accounting for 54.9

2% of domestic food production. Moreover, the fruits and vegetables have the highest percentage (

44.58%) of food wastage by weight when compared to cereals, starchy roots, and pulses and oil cr

ops, with 32.69%, 7.01%, and 0.82%, respectively. This shows significant variations in food wasta

ge among the food consumption groups. Similarly, it was estimated that an average of 56.49 billio

n m3/year water resources was lost due to food wastage. This represents a considerable percentage

(44%) of the country’s water resources (129.7 billion m3). Cereal and meat wastages were respons

ible for the loss of 28.6 and 18.9% of the water resources due to food wastage, respectively. This st

udy demonstrated that changing food consumption patterns and food wastage reduction offer the si

gnificant potential for water resources availability for sustainable paddy farming.

Various decontamination measures, such as topsoil removal, the use of inverting plows, and deco

ntamination using soil puddling with water, were implemented in the paddy fields and irrigation an

d drainage canals after the Tokyo Electric Power Company’s Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Pl

ant in 2011. The decontamination work of the government’s planned agricultural land (31,060 ha)

was completed as of March 2018. Before agricultural activities can safely resume after this accide

nt, it is necessary to evaluate the dynamics of radiocesium in irrigation water in the area. We meas

ured the concentrations of radiocesium in irrigation water and analyzed radiocesium concentration

s in rice and soil samples, the soil to brown rice transfer factor (TF) in two decontaminated paddy f

ields located within the zone where paddy rice culture was prohibited, and radiocesium/water bala

nce in a paddy field in Fukushima prefecture after the accident. In this report, we introduce the eff

orts towards safety to agricultural products and irrigation water in the disaster area of Fukushima p

refecture, Japan. Our key findings were as follows: (1) the soil to brown rice TF was 0.0015–0.006

8 in the decontaminated paddy fields where soil improvement was performed to increase the conte

nt of exchangeable potassium to 200 (mg K)/kg soil before the conventional application and (2) th

e concentration of radiocesium in brown rice was About one tenth or less of the standard limit in J

apan (100 Bq/kg), and the impact on brown rice from radiocesium in the irrigation water was limit

ed.

Key Words

Paddy Field, Irrigation Water, Radiocesium, Fukushima, Decontamination


S2-5

Efforts towards Safety to Agricultural products and Irrigation Water in the

Disaster Area of Fukushima, Japan

Moono Shin (Fukushima University, Republic of Korea), Tomijiro Kubota (National Agriculture

and Food Research Organization, Japan), Susumu Miyazu (Niigata University, Japan), Sangyoon

Lee (National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Republic of Korea)

Abstract

Acknowledgements

This study was supported partly by a grant-in-aid from the Kurita Water and Environment

Foundation (15A012, 16K004 and 19X003) and JSPS KAKENHI Project (16H01791). We

gratefully acknowledge the help of many people during our research.

References

Ministry of the Environment, Government of Japan (MOE) (2019) Environmental Remediation in

Affected Areas in Japan. http://josen.env.go.jp/en/pdf/environmental_remediation_1901.pdf.

Accessed 14 June 2019

Shin M, Kubota T, Manpuku Y, Suzuki Y, Yasutaka T, Matsunami H, Ota T (2019) Behavior of

radiocesium in decontaminated paddy fields in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan, Paddy Water

Environ. 17(4):703–714

Shin M, Kubota T, Miyazu S, Hikigi S, Lee S (2018) Efforts utilized ICT towards Safety and

Security of Irrigation Water in Fukushima Disaster Area, Water Land Environ Eng 86(4):281–

284 (in Japanese)


S2-6

Water Use and Actual Conditions of Taro Patch in the Republic of Palau

Keigo Noda (Gifu Univ., Japan), Natsuki Yamada (Gifu Univ., Japan), Masaomi Kimura (Univ. of

Tokyo, Japan), Akiko Iida (Univ. of Tokyo, Japan)

Abstract

The island countries including the Republic of Palau have geographical background such as narro

wness of land and sequestration from continents, vulnerability to climate change, reduction of food

self-sufficiency rate, increase of abandoned cultivation area, environmental destruction by develop

ment, etc. The taro which has long been a staple food in Palau is cultivated in a paddy field called t

aro patch. Taropatch plays an important role not only in food self-sufficiency but also in the transm

ission of local culture, and its sustainable management is required. In recent years, the increase of

abandoned taro patch is considered to be a problem due to salt damage and a decrease in demand.

Studies on the ecology and cultivation of taro, and cultural aspects have been done, but the spatial

distribution and progress of the abandonment of cultivation are unclear. In this study, we evaluated

salt damage, geographical conditions, the cultivation situation, and the current condition of abando

nment in Babeldaub Island. Most of the taro patches were located on flat coastal areas with elevati

ons below 10 m, distances from the sea within 1 km, and slopes below 3%. As a result of on-site s

ampling, salt damage reported after the typhoon in 2013 has been recovered. Water was supplied b

y drawing the spring water from the mountain directly into the taro patch, though taro patches wer

e conventionally considered to be irrigated by river water. From this, it was thought that the size of

the catchment area behind directly affects the cultivation in taro patch. From the comparison with t

he past land use map, the group with a large taro patch area per potential collection area has many

plots that have been used since ancient times, while the small group contains many areas that have

not been used in the past. It was suggested that the latter used to be unsuitable for cultivation by th

e local people, because the possibility of soil runoff due to the large catchment area or the distance

from the sea.

Key Words

Water Use, Irrigation, Taropatch, Palau


S2-7Assessment of Water Footprint for Koshi River Basin (KRB), Nepal

Kumar Ghimire, R. D. Singh, Ashish Pandey and G.S. Murthy

Abstract

Nepal is an agrarian country and almost one-third of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is dependen

t on agricultural sector. Koshi river basin is the largest basin in the country and serves large share o

n agricultural production. Like another country, Nepalese agriculture holds largest water use in agr

iculture. In this context, it is necessary to reduce water use pressure. In this study, water footprint o

f different crop (rice, maize, wheat, millet, sugarcane, potato and barley) have been estimated for t

he year 2005 -2014 to get the average water footprint of crop production during study period. CR

OPWAT model, developed by Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO 2010b) that requires clima

tic data, soil properties, and crop characteristics as input, is applied for the estimation of Water Foo

tprint (WF). It calculates evapotranspiration that is the water consumption in the field. Under the ir

rigation schedule option of the model, medium soil and 70 % irrigation efficiency are considered, a

nd ET of the crops are calculated considering daily moisture balance for both rainfed as well as irri

gation scenarios in the model. Conveyance losses are not considered during the irrigation process.

So, water footprint production of any crop (Mm3/year) doesn’t represent the irrigation diversion re

quirement but represents the crop water use at the field level for producing that crop during the stu

dy period. For the computation of the green and blue water footprints, estimated values of ET (the

output of CROPWAT model) and yield (derived from statistical data) are utilised. Blue and green

water footprint are computed for different districts (16 districts within KRB) / for KRB in different

years (10 years from 2005 to 2014) and crops (considered 7 local crops). The water footprint of cr

ops production for any district or basin represents the average of WF production of seven crops in

the respective district or basin. The study provides a picture of green and blue water use in crop pr

oduction in the field and reduction in the water footprint of crop production by selecting suitable cr

ops at different places in the field. Water footprint of sugarcane has been significantly decreased af

ter the introduction of higher yielding or diseases resistant variety in the year 2010. In the year 200

9, most of the crops have tolerated water stress. During this year, the rainfall was less than the othe

r years and it was recognized as a drought year. In order to meet crop water requirements, more irri

gation water has been supplied during that year. As a result, the blue water use has been significant

ly increased. The Crop, that has lower water footprint, can be intensified at that location and the cr

ops, having higher water footprint, can be discontinued for production or measure for water saving

technique needs to be implemented reducing evapotranspiration. The water footprint of agriculture

crop production can be reduced by increasing the yield of the crops. Some measures like use of an

improved variety of seed, fertilizer, mechanized farming and soil moisture conservation technolog

y may also be used to increase the crop yields. The crop harvested areas include both rainfed as we

ll as irrigated land. Agricultural land occupies 22% of the study area, out of which 94% areas are r

ainfed whereas remaining 6% areas are under irrigation. The study shows 98% of total water use i

n crop production is due to green water use (received from rainfall) and remaining 2 % is due to bl

ue water use received from irrigation (surface and ground water as source). Potato has 22% blue w

ater proportion and contributes 85% share to the total blue water use in the basin. Maize and rice t

ogether hold 77% share of total water use in crops production. The average annual water footprint

of crop production in KRB is 1248 cubic meter/ton having the variation of 9% during the period of

2005-2014. Sunsari, Dhankuta districts have lower water footprint of crop production. The coeffici

ent of variation of water footprint of millet crop production is lower as compared to those of other

crops considered for study whereas sugarcane has a higher variation of water footprint for its prod

uction.


S3-1

Assimilating Rainfall Runoff Process into 2D Hydraulic Model

Bambang Winarta, Pitojo Tri Juwono, Very Dermawan, Ali M. I, Nurul Nadrah Aqilah Tukimat

Abstract

Hydrology model usually adopts a lumped approach where each sub-catchment is assigned a spat

ial average for each model variable. Besides that, the rainfall runoff process is simulated using sim

plistic storage and routing based equations. In order to minimize the error due to this simplicity, tw

o-dimensional hydraulics modeling was proposed in this present study. In term of the spatial varia

bility of model variables, this approach is at a much finer resolution than the hydrology modeling.

The application of rainfall directly onto an HEC-RAS 2D hydraulics model grid offers an alternati

ve scheme for a rainfall-runoff model. Then, this method was applied to simulate flow hydrograph

in Kecau River basin, one of the tributaries of Pahang River, Malaysia. The results of the 2D Hydr

aulic model scheme revealed that the observed and simulated discharge hydrographs were reasona

bly close. This paper also summarized the comparison between the results of a direct rainfall mode

l to 2D hydraulic model and the results of a hydrology modeling using HEC-HMS.

Metropolitan Jakarta is located in straddles around the equator which has relatively tropical clima

te around the years, dry and rainy season. The rainstorms mostly concentrate within 5 (five) month

s whereas the other in 7 (seven) months faces as dry season. The hydrological condition in Metrop

olitan Jakarta has varied rainfall distribution from 800-4000 mm/years. Along with thus hydrologic

al conditions, Jakarta as a metropolitan city also has many complex issues toward urban stormwate

r runoff and water crisis. Furthermore, the growth of population (1,4 % per a year), urbanization in

creases and economics boom slowly pressures spatial utilization of land use from green area refor

m into residentials, public facilities and business centre which later commits problems for urban st

ormwater runoff. The management of urban stormwater runoff has become increasingly complex o

ver recent decades. Rainwater harvesting is one the most ancient practice which has new approach

es since 1970s that contains nuanced understanding of sustainable principles as water supply, detai

ned, reduce urban stormwater runoff and sustainable development tool that in order to overcome in

equality of water during rainy season and dry season. Based from water balance theory, probability

of rainstorm total volume falling into catchment area in the form of low intensity rainfall (<30 mm

/ 24 hours) is about 75%, 25% in the form of moderate intensity rainfall (30-60 mm / 24 hours) an

d 5% of it is high intensity rainfall (> 60 mm / 24 hours) and has potential to cause flooding. Urba

n stormwater runoff management for urban drainage solution is utilizing low to moderate intensity

rainfall with eco-drainage method. At the other hand, high intensity rainfall (5%) occupy flood con

trol management which not to absorb the rainfall but detained, storage the water and if its possible

recycling for domestic used.

The paper analyses the descriptive induction related to rainwater harvesting; the data is collected

from literatures relating to rain water harvesting system based from hydrology analyses and sustain

able urban drainage management. Jakarta where has high intensity rainfall the best way to manage

the urban stormwater runoff is used flood control management which one of the methods is develo

ping Rain Harvesting. Then conducted further hydrological analyses shown the volume of stormw

ater runoff can be accommodated approximately about 20-30 % from rainfall data per year. Rainw

ater harvesting can contribute towards meeting one of targets of sustainable urban stormwater runo

ff management for water supply which on this paper used as for non-potable purpose (e.g. toilet flu

shing, laundry, irrigation and car washing) due to the quality of rainstorms. Furthermore, it’s espec

ially for irrigation small scale urban farming and reducing urban stormwater runoff to manage and

hold the runoff not immediately flows into river.

Key Words

Rainwater Harvesting, Urban Stormwater Runoff, Sustainable Water Management,

Sustainable Urban Drainage, Urban Farming


S3-3

Utilizing Rainwater Harvesting toward Sustainable Urban Stormwater

Runoff Management in Metropolitan Jakarta, Indonesia

Caesaria Asri Setyowati (Engineer at PT. Arsinsi Prima Cipta, Indonesia)

Abstract


S3-4

Evaluation of the Effect of Channel Geometry on Streamflow and Water

Quality Modeling and Modification of Channel Geometry Module in SWAT:

A Case Study of the Andong Dam Watershed

Jeongho Han (Kangwon National University, Republic of Korea), Dongjun Lee (Kangwon

National University, Republic of Korea), Seoro Lee (Kangwon National University, Republic of

Korea), Se-Woong Chung (Chungbuk National University, Republic of Korea), Seong Joon Kim

(Konkuk University, Republic of Korea), Minji Park (Han River Environment Research Center,

Republic of Korea), Kyoung Jae Lim (Kangwon National University, Republic of Korea), Jonggun

Kim (Kangwon National University Republic of Korea)

Abstract

The impact of the channel geometry on water quantity and quality simulation of Soil and Water A

ssessment Tool (SWAT) was evaluated for the Andong Dam watershed. The new equations to deter

mine the bankfull width of the channels and the bottom width of the floodplains were developed u

sing aerials photographs, and its performance was compared with the current equations of SWAT.

The new equations were more exact than the current equations since the current equations tended t

o overestimate the widths of the channel and floodplain. When compared with the observed data, t

he streamflow of the scenario 2 (S2, applying the new equations) showed the lower deviation and t

he higher accuracy than the scenario 1 (S1, applying the current equations) because the peak flow

of S2 captured the observed data better due to the impact of the change geometry. Moreover, the w

ater quality results of S2 outperformed S1 regarding suspended solid, total nitrogen, and dissolved

oxygen. This is attributed to the variables, such as flow travel time, directly related to the channel

geometry. Additionally, SWAT was modified to consider the various channel cross-sectional shape

s. The results of this study suggest that the channel geometry information for the water quantity an

d quality estimation should be carefully applied, which could improve the model performance rega

rding streamflow and water quality simulations (Han et al., 2019).

Key Words

Channel Geometry, SWAT, Hydrological Modeling, Water Quality Modeling


S3-5

Development of Relationship between Scatterometer-retrieved Soil Moisture

and Observed Discharge over Indian River Basins

Deen Dayal, Abhilash Soni, Ashish Pandey, Praveen K. Gupta

Abstract

Microwave remote sensing sensors (scatterometers and radiometers) offer emerging capabilities t

o monitor global soil moisture at high temporal resolution, which is essential for hydrologic model

ing over large river basins. Though, a number of recent studies have geared towards the use of spa

ce-borne soil moisture estimates for the hydrological applications, the concepts regarding the integ

ration of satellite soil moisture data into hydrological models are still ambiguous. In this study, the

high-resolution Advanced Scatterometer (ASCAT) data has been used to compute Basin Water Ind

ex (BWI) over ten catchments from five major river basins (Ganga, Narmada, Krishna, Kaveri, Ma

hanadi) of India for 2007-2016. The BWI is representative of the average soil moisture condition o

f a catchment. A relationship has been established between the BWI and the observed discharge da

ta over these ten catchments. The results reveal an excellent agreement between BWI and the obse

rved discharge. The correlation between the time series of these two variables is high (R2 is up to

0.8). Further, the relationship established for discharge as an exponential function of the BWI yield

s positive Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) values at all the ten cases with a maximum value of 0.6

8. The seasonal changes in the discharge from dry to wet season as well as inter-annual variations

are also well captured by the anomalies of scatterometer-retrieved BWI up to a fair extent. Thus, th

e high temporal resolution scatterometer data has a great potential to replicate relevant hydrologic i

nformation and can be handy for streamflow estimations over Indian monsoon region.


S3-6

Estimation of Unit Load of Total Nitrogen from Domestic Wastewater of

Urban Areas in Vientiane, Lao PDR

Takuya Okada, Keigo Noda, Masaomi Kimura, Hiromasa Hamada, Keoduangchai

Keokhamphui, Somphasith Douangsavanh

Abstract

Vientiane, Lao PDR, has been subject to extensive and ongoing urbanization plans, including dev

elopment of natural marshes and residentialization of paddy fields into suburban areas, despite nat

ural marshes playing a vital role in wastewater treatment from urban areas. They rely on natural

purification systems such as marshes and paddy to treat wastewater due to lack of wastewater facil

ities. However, water deterioration has been progressing beyond the limit of natural purification ca

pacity due to increasing population and industrial activity. Therefore, it is important to estimate the

unit load of Total Nitrogen (TN) in the urban areas to reveal how much amount of TN load dischar

ges into urban drainage canals in order to design appropriate countermeasure. In this study, we con

ducted a periodic survey of drainage canals and Mak Hiao River in the wastewater catchment syste

m of Vientiane. We collected the population data and continuous data of precipitation, discharge an

d concentration of total nitrogen. We described the discharge model of urban drainage canals by us

ing the continuous precipitation and discharge data to predict the discharge of urban drainage for e

ach precipitation events. The discharge model can be used for calculation of TN load which is fluct

uated by discharge. TN load of rainy season is significantly higher than dry season because of inte

nsive precipitation of rainy season. Intensive precipitation has some function such as dilution, flus

hing the sedimentation of riverbed and supplying oxygen.

Key Words

TN Load, Domestic Wastewater, Discharge Model, Lao PDR


S3-7

Effects of Two Systemic Insecticides, Imidcloprid and Fipronil, on

Sympetrum Species Inhabiting Japanese Rice Paddy Fields

Hiroshi Jinguji (Miyagi University, Japan), Testuyuki Ueda (Ishikawa Prefectural College, Japan)

Abstract

The application of insecticides to nursery boxes for rice seedlings prior to transplantation to prote

ct rice plants from pests during the early growth stage has been practiced in Japan since the 1970s.

Depending on the farmer and the pest species being targeted, systemic insecticides of imidacloprid

and fipronil are typically applied to the nursery-box immediately before transplanting or at the tim

e of sowing. The increased usage of these insecticides for rice cultivation since ca. 2000 has had a

detrimental effect on populations of Sympetrum spp.The effect of two relatively selective nursery-

box-applied insecticides on Sympetrum frequens larvae as substitutes for the commonly used, imid

acloprid and fipronil, was examined using an experimental micro-paddy lysimeter (MPL) system.

Fifty hatched larvae were placed on the soil surface of separate MPLs that had been treated with i

midacloprid, fipronil, dinotefuran, and cartap hydrochloride, as well as an untreated control MPL.

At 30 days after transplantation, the complete absence of S. frequens larvae and exuviae in the imi

dacloprid and fipronil-treated MPLs was remarkable. In the control, cartap- and dinotefuran-treate

d MPLs, the mean number of larvae was 31.0 ± 6.0, 27.0 ± 6.0, and 6.3 ± 1.5%, respectively. No

S. frequens adults were observed later in the imidacloprid- and fipronil-treated MPLs. The rate of

emergence did not differ significantly among the control, cartap- and dinotefuran-treated MPLs. H

owever, the mean head width of S. frequens in the dinotefuran-treated MPL was significantly narr

ower than that of S. frequens in the control and cartap-treated MPLs. The mean EM50 in the carta

p-treated MPL was significantly longer than that in the control- and dinotefuran-treated MPLs. Th

e findings showed that the ecological impact of cartap on S. frequens was slightly less than the app

lication of fipronil, imidacloprid and dinotefuran to rice paddy fields.

Key Words

Systemic Insecticide, Imidacloprid, Fipronil, Sympetrum Frequens, Micro-Paddy

Lysimeter


S3-8

An Innovative Treatment of Handling AMC in SCS-CN Methodology for

Runoff Computation

S.K. Mishra, Ishan Sharma, Ashish Pandey, S.K. Kumre

Abstract

The Soil Conservation Service Curve Number (SCS-CN) method now renamed as Natural Resou

rce Conservation Service (NRCS) was originally developed by the Soil Conservation Service unde

r United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) (SCS, 1956, 1972; NRCS, 1997, 2010) to esti

mate the volume of direct surface runoff for given rainfall events. It was documented in the Nation

al Engineering Handbook Section 4 (NEH-4) and it is presently in Part-630 Hydrology of NEH (N

RCS, 2007). SCS-CN method gained its popularity among engineers and researchers because of it

s simplicity, stability and user friendliness. Therefore, it has been adopted by many hydrological an

d ecological models to compute runoff, including CREAMS, AGNPS, ANSWERS, QUALHYMO

, and SWAT (Xia Bo et al., 2011) to name a few. It was extended to estimate sediment yield from a

catchment due to soil erosion and also to model soil moisture (Singh et al. 2008). Nowadays, it is a

part of many GIS and Remote Sensing software for runoff estimation (Satheesh et al. 2017), and th

us, has widened its application to heterogeneous watersheds. The above popular SCS-CN methodo

logy has often faced the criticism of exhibiting quantum jumps in runoff computations because of t

he sudden jumps appearing in CN-values derived from NEH-4 tables for three antecedent moisture

conditions, viz. AMC-I, AMC-II, and AMC-III valid for dry, normal, and wet conditions, respectiv

ely. This paper suggests a novel procedure of handling the antecedent moisture (M) in CN determi

nation and, in turn, eliminating quantum jumps in runoff estimation. Its validity is verified by usin

g the data of 36 US watersheds. CN is shown to behave consistently and rationally with M. Beside

s M having shown to be related with measured water content (W) both theoretically and pragmatic

ally, the inconsistent CN-P behavior is also fully rectified by modifying S as a parameter decaying

exponentially with rainfall.


S4-1

Runoff-Sediment Management Modelling Responses to Land Use/Land

Cover Changes using SWAT Model in West Ethiopia

Mulugeta Melese, Won-Ho Nam

Abstract

Land use/land cover (LULC) change is a conversion of one cover type to another and/or modifica

tion a change within one land use category and it is an undeniable global trend. This study was con

ducted in Dabus watershed in west Ethiopia where there is high soil erosion which aggravated by

LULC change. The objectives of this study were to examine the LULC dynamics in the Dabus wat

ershed in the last three decades, to identify the main drivers of LULC change in the watershed, to a

ssess the soil erosion risk and determine sedimentation to the watershed by using hydrological mo

deling and prioritize land management intervention in the watershed. The study will utilize a differ

ent type of data including Digital Elevation Model (DEM), soil map, Landsat Thematic Mapper (T

M) and Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM) satellite and weather data. Three decades, Landsat TM

/ETM, 1986, 2005 and 2017 will use for generating land use and land cover map for a study area a

nd detecting the change between these three time periods and simulated by the Soil and Water Ass

essment Tool (SWAT) compared with measured values. The SWAT model will evaluate through se

nsitivity analysis calibration and validation. Finally, see the results of land use land cover change d

ynamics on runoff and sediment yield on the Dabus subbasin. Prioritizing sub-watersheds which ar

e, first stage and second stage need urgent solutions. Therefore, appropriate land use planning, phy

sical conservation mechanisms (Terracing and contour plowing) and biological conservation (Affo

restation and area closure) should be implemented.


S4-2

Sensitivity Analysis of Input Parameters for the Agricultural Reservoir

Water Balance Simulation Model (HOMWRS)

Sanghyun Kim (Dept. of Agricultural Civil Engineering, Kyungpook National University,

Republic of Korea), Mirza Junaid Ahmad (Dept. of Agricultural Civil Engineering, Kyungpook

National University, Pakistan), Gunho Cho (Dept. of Agricultural Civil Engineering, Kyungpook

National University, Republic of Korea), Kyungsook Choi (Dept. of Agricultural Civil

Engineering, Institute of Agricultural Science & Technology, Kyungpook National University,

Republic of Korea)

Abstract

Currently, Korea uses Hydrological Operation Model for Water Resources System (HOMWRS) f

or designing and operating agricultural reservoirs. HOMWRS incorporates the paddy water deman

ds (PWD) from Modified Penman equation in the irrigated area and watershed inflows (I) with Ta

nk model to establish an operational plan for agricultural reservoirs, and to gauge the inter-annual

water shortages. In the HOMWRS modeling environment, PWD and I estimates are influenced by

various input parameters. Primarily, the irrigation area, conveyance losses, ponding depth and perc

olation losses control the PWD estimate. Height of discharge outlet, the runoff coefficient and the i

nfiltration coefficient control I estimate. In this study, sensitivity coefficients were derived to identi

fy the most influential input parameters dictating the PWD and I estimations in the HOMWRS by

varying them in the range of ±50% with an interval of ±10%. The PWD was highly sensitive to irri

gation area followed by conveyance losses, ponding depth and percolation losses, whereas, I was h

ighly influenced by height of discharge outlet followed by runoff coefficient and infiltration coeffi

cient. The results suggested that conveyance losses and height of discharge coefficients should be

calibrated carefully based on the field observations to avoid extraneous estimates in order to establ

ish a reliable reservoir operation plan. It was concluded that the I simulation module in HOMWRS

require more careful calibration to avoid unrealistic estimates compared to the PWD module. The s

tudy findings could facilitate the field data collection by pin pointing the influential input variables

which could significantly shape the HOMWRS simulation outcomes and the subsequent reservoir

operation plan.

Key Words

HOMWRS, Sensitivity Analysis, Input Parameters, Agricultural Reservoirs


S4-3

Evaluation of Stream Flow and Water Quality Impacts of Yeongsan and

Seomjin Rivers by Juam Dam Water Transfer Using SWAT

Yongwon Kim (Department of Civil, Environmental, and Plant Engineering, Konkuk University,

Republic of Korea), Jiwan Lee (Department of Civil, Environmental, and Plant Engineering,

Konkuk University, Republic of Korea), Soyoung Woo (Department of Civil, Environmental, and

Plant Engineering, Konkuk University, Republic of Korea), SeongJoon Kim (School of Civil and

Environmental Engineering, Konkuk University, Republic of Korea)

Abstract

The Yeongsan river basin (3,371.4 km2), one of the five major basins of South Korea, has the chr

onic problem of streamflow deficiency by streamwater withdrawals for agricultural activities and a

ffects the stream water quality. The necessary waters are come from the neighbor Seomjin river ba

sin (4,896.5 km2) for about 27 % water transfer since 1991 by government decision. Another 54%

of Seomjin water are transferred to 2 river basins of Dongjin and Namhae. Thus, the Seomjin river

basin has the problem of normal streamflow and salt stress in the downstream areas. Now, such wa

ter transfer between watersheds provokes the water troubles and conflicts for sustainable water res

ources management and future healthy water environment. In this study, the Soil and Water Assess

ment Tool (SWAT) was established considering the inter-basin water transfer for Yeongsan and Se

omjin river basins by using SWAT inlet function. The Yeongsan river basin was calibrated at 2 mul

ti-functional weirs (Seungchon and Juksan) with 6 years (2012~2017) daily streamflow and water

quality data and 2 stations (Nampyeong and Mareuk) with 13 years (2005~2017) daily streamflow

data and water quality data. The Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) for streamflows were from 0.45 t

o 0.72 and NSE for water quality data were from 0.47 to 0.81. The Seomjin river basin was calibra

ted at 2 multipurpose dams (Seomjingang and Juam) and 2 stations (Gokseong and Gurye) using 1

3 years (2005~2017) daily streamflow data and water qaulity data with streamflow NSE of 0.43~0

.75. In case of water quality data, The NSE were from 0.46 to 0.82. After the SWAT setup for 2 riv

er basins, the adjustment scenarios of water transfer amount from Seomjin to Yeongsan river basin

were applied to understand the streamflow and water quality changes for each basin river.

Key Words

Yeongsan River Basin, Seomjin River Basin, Water Transfer, Water Resources

Acknowledgements

This subject is supported by Korea Ministry of Environment(MOE) as “Water Management

Research Program(79617)”, and this work was supported by "University Innovation Grant" from

the Ministry of Education and National Research Foundation of Korea.


S4-4

The Calibration Usefulness of ET in Watershed Hydrological Model by

Referencing SEBAL Spatial ET

Jinuk Kim (Department of Civil, Environmental, and Plant Engineering, Konkuk University,

Republic of Korea), Yonggwan Lee (Department of Civil, Environmental, and Plant Engineering,

Konkuk University, Republic of Korea), Jeehun Chung (Department of Civil, Environmental, and

Plant Engineering, Konkuk University, Republic of Korea), SeongJoon Kim (School of Civil and


Abstract

Calibrating the spatial distribution of hydrological components is difficult due to the lack of credi

ble data and uncertainty in expressing the physical characteristics of a watershed. Therefore, the hy

drological conponents estimated from remote sensing can be used to reflect the uncertain spatial pa

rameters in hydrological model. This study is to estimate the spatial distribution of remote sensing

based evapotranspiration (ET) from 2012 to 2017 using Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for La

nd (SEBAL), and use the results in the calibration of Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) ET

in Yongdam Dam watershed of South Korea. The SEBAL ET uses the Normarlized Difference Ve

getation Index (NDVI), Land Surface Temperature (LST), Albedo of the Terra Moderate-resolutio

n Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), and meteorological data from five weather stations. The S

EBAL and SWAT ETs were seperately calibrated using eddy flux tower ET data, and the average c

oefficient of determination (R2) were 0.59 and 0.42, respectively. During the 7 years calibrarion pe

riod, the SEBAL ET was 0.91 mm/day ranging from 0 to 5.88 mm/day while SWAT ET was 0.92

mm/day ranging from 0 to 3.60 mm/day. The difference between SEBAL and SWAT ET was main

ly due to the elevation and surface albedo factors in SEBAL, and the land cover and soil characteri

stics in the SWAT respectively. By referencing the SEBAL ET spatial pattern, the SWAT ET will b

e recalibrated by adjusting SWAT ET parameters.

Key Words

SEBAL, Evapotranspiration, SWAT, Terra MODIS, Energy Balance

Acknowledgements





S4-5

A Modified Grid Base Continuous Hydrological Model for Streamflow

Routing Considering Dam and Weir Operation Data

Yonggwan Lee (Department of Civil, Environmental, and Plant Engineering, Konkuk University,

Republic of Korea), Wonjin Kim (Department of Civil, Environmental, and Plant Engineering,

Konkuk University, Republic of Korea), Chunggile Jung (Agricultural and Water Resources

Engineering, Texas A&M AgriLife Research Center at El Paso, USA), Seongjoon Kim (School of

Civil and Environmental Engineering, Konkuk University, Republic of Korea)

Abstract

The natural water cycle structure changes due to rapid urbanization and climate change affects th

e water use trends and causes stream drying phenomena. In order to manage these changes, techni

ques for predicting and assessing stream drying phenomena are needed, and in South Korea the dis

tributed hydrological model, Drying Stream Assessment Tool and Water Flow Tracking (DrySAT-

WFT) based on water budget method has been developed and utilized. Although this model is easy

to detect the vertical water flow in the unit cell, it is difficult to estimate stream flow routing accor

ding to the discharge amount of irrigation facilities such as reservoirs, dams, and weirs. The purpo

se of this study is to improve the runoff simulation performance of the DrySAT-WFT by developin

g a stream routing algorithm in connection with the dam and storm discharge data. Also, through t

he runoff simulation from 1976 to 2015, it is aimed to track and evaluate the causes of stream dryi

ng phenomena for each watershed in the hydrologic unit map. The time series data of forest height,

road network, groundwater use, land use, and soil depth from 1976 to 2015 were used as the influe

nce factors of stream drying. As weather data, relative humidity, average wind speed, temperature

and daylight time were prepared for the same period. The results of the improved DrySAT-WFT ru

noff simulation will be compared and evaluated quantitatively with previous studies.

Key Words

Low Flow Routing, Dam and Weir Discharge, Distributed Hydrological Model, Stream

Drying Phenomena

Acknowledgements





S4-6

Development of Advanced Web-Based SWAT LUC System Considering

Yearly Land Use Changes and Recession Curve Characteristics

Dongjun Lee (Kangwon National University, Republic of Korea), Jeong Ho Han (Kangwon

National University, Republic of Korea), Min Ji Park (National Institute of Environmental

Research, Republic of Korea), Bernard A. Engel (Purdue University, USA), Jonggun Kim

(Kangwon National University, Republic of Korea), Kyoung Jae Lim (Kangwon National

University, Republic of Korea), Won Seok Jang (University of Colorado Boulder, USA)

Abstract

Land use changes need to be considered in hydrological modeling because these affect various hy

drologic components and water quality in a watershed. It cannot predict the hydrological phenome

na accurately without considering the dynamics of land use changes. Most of the hydrological mod

els reflect invariable land use with time. The LUC module that can be used in Soil and Water Asse

ssment Tool (SWAT) has been developed to overcome the issue. To help the users to prepare its in

put files, the SWAT2009_LUC tool and LUU system had been also developed as the subsidiary to

ols. Although these tools can consider the temporal and spatial changes of land use, these tools hav

e several limitations that cannot consider the period between two or more land uses generated at di

fferent years when land use and relative characteristics are changing. Thus, this study developed th

e web-based LUC system with two modules which can supplement the limitations of the previous t

ools. Based on the results of this study, it was found that the model performance (streamflow predi

ction) using the newly developed modules showed an improvement compared with the original mo

del performance. Thus, these modules included in the web-based LUC system are useful to consid

er the dynamics of land use changes sparially as well as temporarily and appropriate recession cur

ve characteristics at watershed scales.

Key Words

Land Use Changes, SWAT, Recession Curve, Web-Based LUC System

Potential Use of Soil Databases to Estimate Hydrologic Component of HSPF

Model for Accurate Estimation of Local Direct Runoff·Baseflow Component

SooHong Kim (Dept. of Regional Infrastructure Engineering, Kangwon National University,

Republic of Korea), YunSoo Sung (Ministry of Environment Won-Ju Regional Environment

Office, Republic of Korea), Seoro Lee (Dept. of Regional Infrastructure Engineering, Kangwon

National University, Republic of Korea), DongSeok Yang (Dept. of Regional Infrastructure

Engineering, Kangwon National University, Republic of Korea), JongGun Kim (Agriculture and

Life Sciences Research Institute, Kangwon National University, Republic of Korea), Kyoung Jae

Lim (Dept. of Regional Infrastructure Engineering, Kangwon National University, Republic of

Korea)

Abstract


S4-7

In order to manage water quality in the watersheds, the Ministry of Environment introduced Total

Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) which allocates the total pollutant load. The Ministry of Environm

ent has used the Hydrologic Simulation Program-Fortran (HSPF) which is able to simulate various

contaminants to assess TMDL. However, HSPF doesn't consider the properties of soil layers and si

mulates hydrology by dividing soil layers into upper zone, lower zone, and groundwater zone. Thi

s could increase uncertainty of the model simulation. Therefore, this study proposed the available

water capacity (AWC) representative values of domestic soil types and the ranges of the parameter

considering the AWC values according to properties of soil layers. Using the range of the paramete

r suggested in this study, the users can reduce the uncertainty of the simulation for water quality m

anagement of watersheds.

Key Words

Available Water Capacity, HSPF, Soil Parameters, Soil Property, TMDL


S4-8

Measures of Runoff Reduction on Expropriation Zone from Mostly Paddy

Field

Hung-Pin Huang

Abstract

The urban renaissance project always carries out by expropriation or land redrawing project. In w

hich, the planning area of expropriation project is usually bigger than that of land redrawing one.

However, the area of residential, commercial and public facilities in expropriation project always t

ransforms from paddy field in Taiwan, recently. Except for agricultural production, paddy field pro

vides the benefits of runoff retention and storage, as well as the groundwater recharge. When majo

rity of paddy field transforms to impermeable land of residential, commercial and community road

, the surface runoff increases with impermeable area. In order to make sure that the urban renaissa

nce project could absorbs its increased runoff for development activities, the local agency usually c

arries out the measures of runoff reduction. The Chunglu expropriation project of Taoyuan City all

ocates the integrated drainage system with detention ponds and permeable facilities of green land,

recreation parks, community road to reduce the surface runoff. This study analyzes and explores th

e effect of these flood prevention and permeable facilities in Chunglu expropriation zone, Taoyuan

City.


S5-1

Evaluation of Standardized Precipitation and Percent Normal Index Method

in Assessment of Drought Characteristic in the Pekalen River Basin, East

Java Province, Indonesia

Donny Harisuseno (University of Brawijaya, Indonesia), Ledib Aprilansi (Division of Water

Resources East Java Province, Indonesia)

Abstract

Drought is a natural hazard which is characterized by the scarcity of water, known as a normal pa

rt of climate and including in a slow-onset natural hazard which may have several impacts on hydr

ology, agriculture, and socioeconomic. Drought monitoring, including its severity, spatial and dura

tion is essential to enhance resilience towards drought, particularly for overcoming drought risk m

anagement and mitigation plan. Many meteorological drought indexes that commonly based on rai

nfall as a single input have been introduced and applied in regions with different climate characteri

stics. This paper has an objective to apply and evaluate the Standardized Precipitation and Percent

Normal Index method in for assessing drought in spatial and temporal at the Pekalen River Basin,

East Java, Indonesia. The rainfall data over period 1999-2018 collected from nine rain gauges wer

e used in this study. The Standardized Precipitation and Percent Normal Index was employed to ob

tain drought index in monthly based that represent drought characteristic. Subsequently, the results

of drought index from the two methods were statistically evaluated and compared with the Souther

n Oscillation Index (SOI), and determine their suitability for assessing of drought attribute in the st

udy area. The results of statistical analysis demonstrated that the SPI exhibited high correlation if c

ompared with the Percent Normal Index, thus it is confirmed that the SPI has a good compatibility

in assessing drought characteristic in the study area. Further analysis showed that the SPI has a go

od agreement with the SOI pattern. Accordingly, the SPI showed more reliable and suitable than th

e Percent Normal Index for estimating drought feature in the study area.

Key Words

Drought, Meteorological Drought Index, Standardized Precipitation Method, Percent of

Normal, Southern Oscillation Index


S5-2

Seasonal Climate Variability Impacts on Rice Agriculture in Mountainous

Watershed Indonesia

Atiqotun Fitriyah (United Graduate School of Agriculture Science, Tokyo University of

Agriculture and Technology, Indonesia), Tasuku Kato (Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University

of Agriculture and Technology, Japan)

Abstract

Rice production even now is one of the focus priority on food security issues in Indonesia. Aside

from the high demand caused by population increase, climate variability also becoming a great con

cern on securing rice production supply. Indonesia as one of the most vulnerable country in the fac

e of climate change is affected by many factors such as El-Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Ind

ian Ocean Dipole (IOD), and tropical monsoon. Though the potential impacts of such events have

been examined variably from regional to the national scale, because of its spatial coherence the im

pact on each local area has the possibility to be different especially on a topographically distinct ar

ea like a mountain. Here we study the impact of climate variables such as rainfall onset, withdrawa

l, rainfall intensity, and land surface temperature on rice production activity in Keduang watershed,

Wonogiri, Indonesia. Though the land surface temperature showed a positive correlation to ENSO

index, rice production in mountain watershed not necessarily affected because of other factors suc

h as hydrology condition. Seasonal variability of rice production will be examined further with its

relation to climate variables.

Key Words

ENSO, Climate Change, Rice Production


S5-3

Regionalization of Drought Using Hydro-Climatic Characteristics Of South

Korea

Seung Jin Maeng, Muhammad Azam, Ju ha Hwang, Dayea Kim

Abstract

Recent variation of climate on an interdecadal time scale due to global warming across South Kor

ea has a large impact on agriculture production and water resource management. In recent two dec

ades, the occurrence of extreme drought increased abruptly in the East Asian region since 1980. Th

e spatial and temporal relationships of drought occurrence and intensity between South Korea and

East Asia showed strong correlation. Drought is expected to become more frequent and severe, wit

h increasing water shortage due to increase in population and uncertainty in water supplies. Since l

arge urban and industrial areas in Korea showed a significant increase in the annual temperature w

hich may lead to changes in precipitation pattern[1], the meteorological droughts in Korea can be c

orrelated with the attributes such as hydrological, climatic, and physiographic characteristics. Ther

efore, drought events should be characterized by the joint behavior of the variables which are not u

sually independent. Hierarchical Classification on Principal Components (HCPC) analysis results i

ndicate that the South Korea should be divided into four regions which are closer to being homoge

neous. Univariate and bivariate homogeneity and discordancy tests showed the significant differen

ce in their results due to the inability of univariate homogeneity and discordancy measures to consi

der the joint behavior of duration and severity. Results indicate that Region I at the south coastal ar

eas, faced the droughts of longest duration and highest severities as compared to other regions bec

ause of unusual precipitation patterns. The results of this study can be used as basic data required t

o establish proper water demand and supply system on regional scales.


S5-4

Evaluation of Leaf Traits Effect on Transpirative Cooling in Aerobic Rice

System

Samuel Godson-Amamoo (United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of

Agriculture and Technology, Ghana), Tasuku Kato (Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of

Agriculture and Technology, Japan)

Abstract

Aerobic rice system which involves cultivating rice in non-flooded soils improves rice water prod

uctivity (Kato et al., 2009). However, changing rice ecosystems from flooded to non-flooded condi

tions will have significant influence on important physiological processes such as transpirative coo

ling and hence influence the potential yield. Transpirative cooling is the phenomenon whereby pla

nts keep their canopy temperature below air temperature through the carbon dioxide (CO2) – wate

r (H2O) diffusion pathway as a result of latent heat loss.

In non-flooded soils, plant transpirative cooling will be retarded as result of reduced stomatal ope

ning (Kato and Okami, 2010) and therefore canopy temperature will increase. We hypothesize that

some leaf traits could lower the canopy temperature. The effect of different leaf traits on transpirati

ve cooling in aerobic rice is unknown and so our objective in this study is to compare the effect of

some leaf traits in contrasting water regimes (flooded vs aerobic) on transpirative cooling in rice.

In this study, a temperature controlled (29/22 oC, day/night) experiment will be conducted with t

wo contrasting rice gentopyes (Takanari and IRAT109) in two water regimes (flooded vs aerobic) i

n a phytotron. After full heading, thermal images of the rice canopy will be captured with an infrar

ed camera to estimate transpirative cooling. Briefly after capturing thermal images, samplings will

be done on the second leaf from the top of rice canopies between 9am-12pm after measuring singl

e leaf area and thickness. One centimeter sections will be excised from middle portions of leaves i

n the lab and images captured under 10x magnification using a flourescence stereo microscope. Im

age analysis software (imageJ v.1.52a) will be used to analyse the visible longitudinal leaf vein nu

mbers to compute leaf venation traits such as leaf vein density and inter-vein distance. These traits

will be evaluated using a multiple regression method with transpirative cooling as a dependent vari

able.

We expect some leaf venation traits such as increased leaf vein density in the flooded water regim

e to improve transpirative cooling and vice versa for aerobic water regime. Identifying suitable leaf

venation traits responsible for increased transpirative cooling will provide a template for improvin

g rice genotypes for other water saving regimes in rice cultivation.

Key Words

Aerobic Rice, Transpirative Cooling, Leaf Rraits, Water Productivity


S5-5

Greenhouse Monitoring and Control System based on Humidity and

Temperature Sensors

Walaa Kareem Khalaf, Won-Ho Nam, Yong-Tae Kim

Abstract

In the paper we study the environment variables that have an effects on raise of plant and growin

g structures in greenhouses. We suggest optimal humidity levels and optimum temperature range t

hrough using remote sensors network in the greenhouse. Temperature and humidity sensor DH22,

leaf moisture sensor AH-300 and soil moisture sensor FC-28 are used to send the data to microcon

troller (Arduino Uno) and according to the state of environment, sensor data are sent to devices (li

ke heaters, humidifiers, water pumps, fans) to turn on or off. This operation maintains equilibrium

between plants and weather variables inside the prototype of greenhouse. For each of air humidity

and temperature, leaf moisture and soil moisture information are measured by using sensors becau

se of the transpiration dependent on humidity of air. If air humidity is high, then the leaf moisture c

ontent is high and the water absorbed from soil by plant is low. If the air humidity is low, the leaf

moisture content is low and the plant absorbed more water from soil to compensate the water conte

nt loss in it. Also, we study the irrigation status dependent on leaf moisture content and soil moistu

re sensors and decide which status is better according to results.


S5-6

Climatic Drivers of Wheat Yield Variability and Their Influences on Future

Water Footprints

Mirza Junaid Ahmad (Dept. of Agricultural Civil Engineering, Kyungpook National University,

Pakistan), Gunho Cho (Dept. of Agricultural Civil Engineering, Kyungpook National University,

Republic of Korea), Sanghyun Kim (Dept. of Agricultural Civil Engineering, Kyungpook National

University, Republic of Korea), Kyungsook Choi (Dept. of Agricultural Civil Engineering,

Institute of Agricultural Science & Technology, Kyungpook National University, Republic of

Korea)

Abstract

Sustainable wheat production is crucial for economic and food security of Pakistan; since wheat i

s a staple for masses and millions of agricultural workers rely on its production for employment an

d livelihood. In this work, wheat yield sensitivity to the maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum t

emperature (Tmin), solar radiation (Rn) and rainfall (P) was parametrized based on their change tr

ends during the 1980 - 2010 in Punjab, Pakistan. Statistically bias-corrected future projections of t

he climate variables from nine global circulation models were employed to quantify the wheat yiel

d variations along with associated green and blue water footprints by the end of 2080. Historically,

the seasonal averaged Tmax and Tmin trends were positive and the seasonal cumulative Rn and P t

rend was negative. The wheat yield was highly sensitive to Tmin followed by Tmax, P and Rn. Tm

ax and Tmin showed negative and Rn and P showed positive influences on historic wheat yield tre

nds. Future climate projections envisaged substantially hotter and drier wheat growing season feat

uring significant Rn declines. Future climate warming cut short the average wheat growth-span by

7 – 20 days leading to yield losses of 11 – 20%. During the 2030s (2021 – 2050), the seasonal cum

ulative crop evapotranspiration (ET) and irrigation requirements declined because of growth-span

shortening induced by the moderate warming; whereas, during the 2060s (2051 – 2080), they both

increased despite a significant growth span shortening caused by intense warming. Future wheat pr

oduction was more irrigation-dependent because of limited green water availability. Future wheat t

otal water footprint (TWF) continuously increased; implying that the ET decrease would not result

in TWFs reduction. The projected green water footprints (GWF) declined and inclined during the

2030s and 2060s, respectively, showing higher green water availability during the 2nd half of the 2

1st century. During the 2030s, despite the limited green water availability, the blue water footprint

(BWF) increments were marginal because of moderate warming. The BWF increments were highe

r during the 2060s compared to the 2030s; highlighting that higher green water contribution would

not suffice warming driven 2060s-ET increments. The CO2 enrichment effects partially compensat

e for the detrimental climate change impacts on wheat yield and WFs; the reliability of such estima

tes demands a further in-depth examination of crop yield responses to climate change under field c

onditions.

Key Words

Wheat Yield, Climate Change, Water Footprint, Pakistan


S5-7

Estimation of Slope Displacement Using Artificial Neural Network

Rong-Jing Ju (National Taiwan University in the department of Bioenvironmental Systems

Engineering, Taiwan), Kuo-wei Liao (National Taiwan University in the department of

Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, Taiwan)

Abstract

Slope stability estimation or prediction is an important task for infrastructures and life saftey. In-s

itu monitoring often provides a direct and instant measurement. However, monotoring data cannot

provide a long term prediction. To compensate this drawback, the approach of artificial neural net

work is proposed in this study. Several important factors, such as rainfall, groundwater level, soil d

epth, soil cohesion, internal friction angles, slope degree, are collected. A finite volume-based num

erical model (i.e., Abaqus) is established and calibrated with the in-situ data for stablity analysis, in

which the displacement is selected as the measurement indicator. The calibrated Abaqus is conside

red as an authentic model to provide input and output values for the neural network (Back Propaga

tion Neural Network, BPNN). To be specific, the aforementioned factors are treated as the input of

the BPNN to predict the Abaqus-generated displacement. Sensitivity analysis is then performed usi

ng the built BPNN to reveal the relative weights for each input factor, in which the factors that hav

e most significant influence on slope displacment can be identified. To demonstrate the proposed

method, a case study is provided. Because Nanshi River in the Wulai Zhongzhi area of Xindian in

New Taipei City was identified as a potential debris flow after the Typhoon Sudile in 2015, it is sel

ected as the study area. The predicted displacement can be utilized as a safety indicator to assist th

e decision of a mitigation plan or retrofitting strategy.

Key Words

Riverbank, Displacement, BPNN, Abaqus


S5-8

Evaluate the Impact of Extreme Weather on the Water Resource and Crop

Growth in Northern Taiwan

Guan-Zhou Lin (National Taiwan Normal University, Taiwan), Qun-Zhan Huang (National

Taiwan University, Taiwan), Shao-Yiu Hsu (National Taiwan University, Taiwan), Tsung-Yu Lee

(National Taiwan Normal University, Taiwan)

Abstract

Crop yield is of great concern all over the world and strongly controlled by specific growing con

ditions, including weather and nutrient availability. Climate change is associated with shifts in mea

n climate conditions and the occurrence of severe extreme weather events. The extreme weather ev

ents including the extreme temperature, drought, and extreme precipitation would cause different i

mpacts on crop yield and water resource. We define the extreme temperature event as a 5- to 10-da

y period with temperature continuously larger than 35℃ or less than 10℃. A drought period in thi

s study is a long-term weather event with 30 or 60 consecutive days without rainfall. To evaluate t

he impact of extreme weather events in water resource and rice yield, we apply the Generalized W

atershed Loading Function (GWLF) hydrology model, System Dynamic Model (SDM) and agricul

ture model SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) to simulate the irrigated amount and crop yie

ld in Taoyuan irrigated area.

The result demonstrates that extreme temperature events will reduce about 2~10% rice yield. Als

o, the beginning date and duration of droughts will impact the rice growth and yield. The rice grow

th rate decreases by 30% due to the chilling injury during low-temperature weather events. Drough

ts reduce about 10~35% rice yield and 50% rice growth rate in this area. The 60 day-drought event

s will reduce about 17~34% irrigation supply in this area. The water deficit seriously impacts rice

cultivation. The extreme weather will occur more frequently, and the adapted strategies will be im

portant to help the farmer to reduce the economic loss and steady the food supply in the future.

Key Words

Extreme Weather, SWAT Model, Water Resource Management, Crop Growth


S6-1

The Vulnerability of the Irrigation Water Sector to the Impacts of Climate

Change in Afghanistan

Sayed Shajahan Sadiqi, Won-Ho Nam, Eun-Mi Hong

Abstract

Access to a safe and reliable water supply for irrigation water sector is recognized as an urgent co

ncern for the people of Afghanistan, because Afghanistan is among water-stressed country and wat

er availability per person is low and decreasing, this situation has a negative implication for the mil

lions of people who depend on irrigation agriculture for their livelihoods and food security, also th

ere is growing concern about the potential impact of climate change like rising temperatures, spurri

ng higher evaporation rates, more glacial melting and potential for more intense rainfall and chang

e in spring and winter rainfall, these are just some of the potential impacts of climate change on the

Afghanistan hydrologic resources. This study is initiated to provide analysis regarding how climat

e change is or could adversely affect the availability of water resources in five river basin of Afgha

nistan, and therefore limit the country's future economic and social development. Its objectives are

to develop a fuller picture of current knowledge to enhance understanding of and capacity to respo

nd to the vulnerability of Afghanistan irrigation water resources to climate change and the potentia

l socioeconomic ramifications of the impact. Water supply and demand analysis synthesize the curr

ent state knowledge regarding how climate change could alter the future availability of irrigation w

ater resources. Policy analysis aimed to boost decision-making capability inside government minis

tries, analysis institutes and therefore the general public in relevance water resource management i

n a very dynamical climate. This study concludes with recommendations regarding how to the gov

ernment of Afghanistan could move forward to enhance in-country capacity to better understand th

e vulnerability of its irrigation water resource to the impact climate change and develop strategies f

or reducing this risk. the recommendations are: research-focused actions, policy-related actions, im

plementation focused actions, infrastructure-focused actions and climate change adaption actions,

which opens the opportunity for extended irrigation water or even additional agricultural husbandr

y when our water resource properly managed.


S6-2

Farmers’ Perception of Drought and its Validation in Khon Kaen Province

Miki Nodera (Gifu university, Japan), Keigo Noda (Gifu university, Japan), Koshi Yoshida

(Ibaraki university, Japan), Mallika Srisutam (Khon Kaen University, Thailand)

Abstract

We need appropriate combination of mitigation and adaptation for avoiding climate change da

mage. A crop calendar adjustment is expected to avoid drought damage and to improve and be stab

ilized farmers living. We conducted a questionnaire survey in Khon Kaen province, Thailand in or

der to grasp farmers’ conditions of water use, cultivation, and recognition of climate change. We al

so analysed rainfall and agricultural production data in order to examine the factor of questionnaire

result. We found that the more easily farmers can use water the more similar crop calendars and th

e rainy season which farmers thought were, and many farmers knew global warming/climate chan

ge and thought rainfall had changed. In addition, some farmers thought yields decreased and rice

was suffering from damage by climate change. As a result of analyzing rainfall data, because dry s

pell which is the period of little rain in the rainy season appears in various timing the more easily f

armers can use water the more similar crop calendar and the rainy season which farmers thought w

ere, and not because rainfall has decreased but because rainfall Parttern was various farmers thoug

ht rainfall had changed and yield decreased by climate change.

Key Words

Northeast Thailand, Climate Change, Crop Calendar, Rainfall


S6-4

Hydrological data analysis using nonlinear downscaling method: manifold

learning

Yi-Hsuan Shih, Ming-Che Hu, Shao-Yiu Hsu (Department of Bioenvironmental Systems

Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taiwan)

Abstract

The physical systems of hydrology are complex and multidimensional. To obtain utile informa

tion from the systems, downscaling method is essential. Most of the downscaling methods are base

d on Euclidean distance, which is the straight line between points. However, the climate data, such

as temperature and rainfall, may affect by the atmospheric circulation and ocean current, thus form

non-linear patterns of data structures. Manifold is a topological space that preserves Euclidean cha

racteristics locally. It can be considered as a smooth curve or surface embedded in a high dimensio

n space. Manifold learning algorithms are under the condition that the data has a smooth manifold

in high dimension. Through manifold learning, data is mapped into lower-dimension Euclidian spa

ce and still preserve the original distribution on the manifold locally. Isomap (isometric feature ma

pping) is one of the popular manifold analysis methods. It projects data points form high dimensio

n to low dimension by applying MDS (multidimensional scaling). Instead of Euclidian distance, ge

odesic distance on manifold is considered as the input of MDS. The geodesic distance is approxim

ated by summation of local Euclidian distance of adjacent map, which each point is only connecte

d to its neighbor points. The study adapted isomap in temperature and rainfall data of the Pacific is

lands, which are considered vulnerable to climate change. The study showed the islands’ connectiv

ity with different climate factors and the dynamic change with time.

Key Words

Manifold, Isometric Feature Mapping (Isomap), Multidimensional Scaling (MDS),

Hydrological Data Analysis

In recent years, the abnormal climate in South Korea has caused a low temperature phenomen

on during flowering season, resulting in the cold damage to flowers of fruit trees. In March 2018,

warm days close to 20℃ continued more than usual, which made the flowering period of the fruit t

rees start one week earlier. However, the abnormal low-temperatures in early April caused critical

damages to flowers of fruit trees. It led to a phenomenon of falling or rotting fruits such as pears, p

eaches, and apples. In order to develop a new heating system preventing unseasonable cold temper

atures over the period of fruit flowering, numerical analysis was executed to optimize the energy i

ntensity and efficiency considering the shape of radiation heating plate and distance from the sourc

e. A thermal distribution simulation model was carried out by calculating the heat flux of the long

wavelength heating device considering both terrain surface and fruit trees.

Key Words

Cold Injury, Fruit Trees, Flowering Season, Infrared Heating System


S6-5

Development and Performance Evaluation of Infrared Wave Heating System

for Preventing Cold Injury to Fruit Trees

Jonghyuk Lee (Department of Rural Systems Engineering, Seoul National University, Republic of Korea),

Sangik Lee (Department of Rural Systems Engineering, Seoul National University, Republic of Korea),

Youngjoon Jeong (Department of Rural Systems Engineering, Seoul National University, Republic of

Korea), Sukju Hong (Department of Biosystems and Biomaterials Science and Engineering, Seoul National

University, Republic of Korea), Sangyeon Kim (Department of Biosystems and Biomaterials Science and

Engineering, Seoul National University, Republic of Korea), Yunhyeok Han (Department of Biosystems and

Biomaterials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Republic of Korea), Ghiseok Kim

(Department of Biosystems and Biomaterials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Republic

of Korea), Won Choi (Department of Rural Systems Engineering, Seoul National University, Republic of

Korea)

Abstract


S6-6

Land Surface Temperature (LST) Prediction by Summer Heat Wave Using

Multiple Linear Regression in South Korea

Jeehun Chung (Department of Civil, Environmental, and Plant Engineering, Konkuk University,

Republic of Korea), Yonggwan Lee (Department of Civil, Environmental, and Plant Engineering,

Konkuk University, Republic of Korea), Jiwan Lee (Department of Civil, Environmental, and

Plant Engineering, Konkuk University, Republic of Korea), Seongjoon Kim (School of Civil and


Abstract

Global warming caused by climate change is becoming a severe problem that threatens the sur

vival of mankind by causing abnormal weather phenomena such as drought and heat wave. Accura

te and detailed information of maximum air and surface temperature is essential and important to e

stablish plans for future energy and water secure. The ground measured air temperature has a limit

ation on spatial distribution pattern of heat wave for peoples. In this study, the Terra and Aqua MO

DIS Land Surface Temperature (LST) from 2008 to 2018 were analyzed for summer heat wave air

temperature period of South Korea. The maximum air temperature data for heat wave was collecte

d from 86 meteorological stations. The daily LST was expressed to the multiple linear regression e

quation using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), elevation, longitude, latitude,

aspect, and solar radiation as independent variables.

Key Words

LST, Terra/Aqua MODIS, Multiple Linear Regression, Extreme Heat, Air Temperature

Acknowledgements





S6-7

Storm Runoff Evaluation Using GPM Satellite Data and KIMSTORM2

Model for Yongdam Dam Watershed

Sehoon Kim (Department of Civil, Environmental, and Plant Engineering, Konkuk University,

Republic of Korea), Jinuk Kim (Department of Civil, Environmental, and Plant Engineering,

Konkuk University, Republic of Korea), Jeehun Chung (Department of Civil, Environmental, and

Plant Engineering, Konkuk University, Republic of Korea), Seongjoon Kim (School of Civil and


Abstract

This study is to simulate storm runoff using a distributed KIneMatic wave STOrm Runoff Model2

(KIMSTORM2) by applying Global Precipitation Mission (GPM) satellite precipitation (PCP) and Korea

Meteorological Administration (KMA) ground measured PCPs, and compare the effectiveness of both

results. For Yongdam Dam watershed (930 km2), the PCP data of GPM and KMA were prepared for 2

typhoons (NACRI and CHABA) and 2 heavy rain events in 2014 and 2016 respectively. The KMA PCP

data was interpolated by Kriging method and the GPM PCP was corrected by applying three methods of

Conditional Merging (CM), Conditional Merging Ratio (CMR), and Geographical Differential Analysis

(GDA). The KIMSTORM2 will be calibrated using the observed streamflow data at 5 stations (Janggye,

Cheoncheon, Donghyang, Jucheon, and Yongdam) with coefficient of determination (R2), Nash and

Sutcliffe Model Efficiency (NSE) and Volume Conservation Index (VCI).

Key Words

GPM, KIMSTORM2, Conditional Merging, Geographical Differential Analysis

Acknowledgements





S6-8

Effects of River Morphological Processes on Fish Habitat Quality –

Implications for River Management in Urban Regulated Rivers

Meng-Chi Hung (Endemic Species Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Taiwan)

Abstract

Contractions usually occur due to river width narrowing at the bridge abutment in Taiwan. The river

morphology in the downstream end significantly becomes narrow and unstable due to sudden change of

flow regimes. The Fa-Tzyy River locating at west Taichung metropolitan is one of the major tributaries of

Ta-Tu River in Central Taiwan. Most of its watershed is newly developed area that faces increasing amount

of impermeable area that might affect the flow regimes. Its channel is divided into two sub-channels

heading toward the left and right banks respectively in the downstream end. The channel bed close to the

right bank is continuously degrading due to the secondary current scour. We used the depth and velocity

habitat suitability curves of the dominant endemic species to evaluate the physical habitats through a micro-

habitat simulation by using the two dimensional model CCHE2D. Results indicate limiting flows in the

degrading channel could not only worsen the habitat quality but also obstruct the longitudinal corridor.

A two-year monitoring of fish assemblages and population dynamics in Fa-Tzyy River was also

conducted in 2017-2018 employing catch per unit effort (CPUE). A slight difference was found in catch

compositions between these two years. The respected catch composition includes 13 families, 37 species,

2895 individuals in 2017 and 15 families, 33 species, 3271 individuals in 2018. Oreochromis mossambicus,

Rhinogobius candidianus, Opsariichthys pachycephalus, Acrosscheilus paradoxus are dominant species.

The influence of the longitudinal corridor bottleneck on the physical habitat of the endemic species was

then examined by comparing the habitat suitability for the base discharge to fish assemblages and

abundance. Results indicate the fish compositions in neighboring sites were significantly affected by habitat

quality among species due to river morphology change.

Key Words

Contraction, Morphological Processes, Habitat Quality, Fish Assemblages


S7-1

Reliability Analysis for Semi-Rigid Connected Frame Structure under Snow

Sangik Lee (Seoul National University, Republic of Korea), Jonghyuk Lee (Seoul National

University, Republic of Korea), Youngjoon Jeong (Seoul National University, Republic of Korea),

Won Choi (Seoul National University, Republic of Korea)

Abstract

The prefabricated frame structure is connected in a semi-rigid state, not in a complete bond between the

frames. A typical example is a plastic greenhouse for agriculture. The damage to plastic greenhouses is

increasing due to the recent surge of abnormal weather and natural disasters. Especially, damage to the

facility by heavy snowfall occurs over a relatively long period of time compared to other natural disasters

and can be prevented if adequate precautions are taken. Designing the frame structure, the connection

between frames is usually classified into fixed or rotational condition, which can lead to under or over

estimation. However, the behavior of the connection of the actual structure is in the form of semi-rigid. In

the plastic greenhouse, rafters are installed in the form of arches, and they are combined with the crossbars

using the fastener. The fastener does not provide a perfect combination but a semi-rigid type connection,

and the destruction of one frame element affects the probability of destruction of the other element. The

objective of this study is to estimate the failure probability of one frame of stand-alone greenhouse under

heavy snow load, and to conduct reliability analysis of the whole facility considering the condition of

connections, i.e., rigid; rotational; and semi-rigid; between pipe frames.

Key Words

Greenhouse, Reliability Analysis, Frame Structure, Snow Load, Semi-Rigid


S7-3

Integrated Alkaline and Ultrasound Pretreatment for Enhanced Anaerobic

Digestion of Corn Stover

Shu-Yuan Pan (Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan

University, Taiwan R.O.C.), Ning Sun (Advanced Biofuels and Bioproducts Process Development

Unit, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, USA), Hyunook Kim (School of Environmental

Engineering, University of Seoul, Republic of Korea), Zhaoyang You (College of Urban

Construction, Nanjing Tech University, PR China)

Abstract

Corn stover provides a great potential of bioenergy and biomaterial production through biorefinery

(such as anaerobic digestion), rather than discarded as solid wastes. For the biorefinery, pretreatment is an

essential step to disrupt lignin in biomass and enhance the accessibility of lignocellulosic compounds.

Appropriate pretreatments also could weaken the intra- and intermolecular hydrogen bonds in cellulose and

enhance its hydrolysis to platform compounds, such as glucose and bio-alcohol. In this study, we develop an

integrated alkaline and ultrasound pretreatment for enhanced anaerobic digestion of corn stover. We

evaluate the effect of CaO/ultrasound-assisted NaOH pretreatment on the properties of corn stover, and then

determine the performance of subsequent biogas production. We also estimate the costs and benefits of the

entire biogas production processes. The results indicated that the developed ultrasound-assisted

pretreatment could effectively improve the lignin conversion to 60%, and promote the biogas production

through anaerobic digestion to over 500 mL per gram of total solid. The benefit-cost ratio of ultrasound-

assisted pretreatment ranged between 1.39‒1.65. It suggests that the combination of ultrasound and CaO

addition should result in a higher lignin conversion, and thus enhance the cost-effectiveness of biogas

production.

Key Words

Lignin, Fermentation, Digestion Time, Cost, Benefit


S7-4

Estimation of Leaf Inclination Angle in Three-Dimensional Plant Images

Obtained from Lidar

Kenta Itakura, Fumiki Hosoi (The University of Tokyo, Japan)

Abstract

The leaf inclination angle is a fundamental variable for determining the plant profile. For example, the

distribution of leaf inclination angle within a foliage would allow to estimate the light distribution in the

canopy with a model like photosynthesis models. In this study, the leaf inclination angle was automatically

estimated from voxel-based three-dimensional (3D) images obtained from lidar. Then, the distribution of

the leaf inclination angle within a tree was calculated. The measured leaf inclination angle and its actual

value were correlated and indicated a high correlation (R2 = 0.95). The absolute error of the leaf inclination

angle estimation was 2.5º.

It was found that even when the distance between the lidar and target leaves was great (e.g., 20 m), the

leaf inclination angle estimation could be done accurately. This suggests that the angle in a top part of a tree

can be estimated well. In addition, when the length of one side of a plane for fitting is about 2.0 to 5.0 cm,

the estimation can be done accurately. In a future work, the inclination angle estimation of a leaf that locates

in a higher place should be directly investigated.

Then, the leaf inclination angle distribution was calculated within one leaf. The difference in the leaf

inclination angle distribution was observed between a top part and lower part of a tree. The distribution at

each part was determined by many factors, such as the light–heat condition. Previously, investigating the

leaf angle was tedious and time-consuming. However, the method proposed here allows for automatic and

accurate leaf inclination estimation. This method is especially effective when a large-scale measurement or

time-series measurement are necessary. Therefore, it is expected that this method will be applied in a wide

variety of fields and objectives, and will help in understanding the mechanisms of the adaptation of plants to

the ambient environment.

Key Words

Azimuth Angle, Leaf Inclination, Lidar, Plant Structural Parameter, Three-Dimensional

(3D)


S7-5

Monitoring and Prediction of Small Reservoir Water Level Using ICT and

Deep Learning Technique

Daisuke Hayash (Kindai University, Japan), Tsumugu Kusudo (Kindai University, Japan), Daiki

Matsuura (Kindai University, Japan), Yutaka Matsuno, Nobumasa Hatcho (Kindai University,

Japan), Haruhiko Horino (Osaka Prefecture University, Japan)

Abstract

Two hundred thousand small agricultural reservoirs have been constructed in Japan. There has been

growing interest in monitoring those reservoirs’ hydrological parameters and predicting the risk of flooding

using modern sensing and simulation technologies. A study has been carried out to develop a low-cost

system to monitor the hydrological parameters of reservoirs using Information and Communication

Technologies (ICT) that is incorporated with a deep learning model to predict the water level using the

Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) algorithm. Using the LSTM technique, the future water level was

estimated from the series of observed current and past water levels and rainfall data in addition to the

forecasted rainfall data. The system is intended to be used for estimation of possible amounts of water

storage during a future rainfall event so that it could be used to reduce the risk of downstream flooding,

while ensuring enough water storage for irrigation as its ability to determine an appropriate amount of water

release from the reservoir prior to rainfall events. For testing and evaluation of the performance of the

developed system, a reservoir was selected in Nara Prefecture, Japan, which is located in a tributary of

Yamato River Basin. The developed system successfully monitored the hydrological parameters of the

reservoir and predicted the water level changes but would require more training data for increasing its

prediction accuracy. The advantage of the model using LSTM in comparison with traditional hydrological

models is that it may require a smaller number of hydrological parameters and the accuracy could be

increased with an increased number of training and testing data even though the basic structure of the model

remains the same.

Key Words

ICT, Deep Learning, Water Management, Reservoir, Flood Control


S7-6

Application of Drone Technology for Investigating Straw and Compost

Management Practices in Paddy Irrigation Districts

Jinseok Park (Seoul National University, Republic of Korea), Hyeongjun Kim (Seoul National

University, Republic of Korea), Seongju Jang (Seoul National University, Republic of Korea),

Rokgi Hong (Seoul National University, Republic of Korea), Inhong Song (Research Institute of

Agriculture and Life Sciences-Seoul National University, Republic of Korea)

Abstract

Farming practices such as straw management, cover crops and compost management are important

factors in estimating Green House Gas(GHG) emissions from paddy fields. However, previous studies have

used average statistics which is hard to reflect local characteristics, due to the difficulty for investigating

individual farming practices. The objective of this study is to investigate farming practices using drone

technology. Three target areas are selected randomly from the provinces of Chungcheong-do, Jeolla-do and

Gyeongsang-do. Farming practices are photographed in two times per year using eBee drone; February to

March for before-cultivation-season, July to August for midseason. Organic management practices are

extracted by using the color gradient between adjacent pixels of taken images. Using the IPCC guide line,

GHG emissions are estimated by reflecting farming practices and compared with current estimated result.

Key Words

Paddy, Green House Gas, Drone, Farming Practice


S7-7

A Feasibility Study of Tributary Mapping Using Autonomous Unmanned

Aerial Vehicle

Seungwon Kim, Junyoung Kwak, Chanyoung Ju, Seung-Hwan Yoo, Hyoung Il Son (Department

of Rural and Biosystems Engineering, Chonnam National University, Republic of Korea)

Abstract

Korean tributary information is provided through KRF (Korea Reach File) based on GIS (Geographic

Information System). For an efficient management of watershed and water quality, a precise tributary

mapping is needed. Generally, it is very difficult to build a precise map of tributary due to various reasons

such as limitations of access, difficulties of sensing, and so on. To overcome these limitations, in this paper,

we propose a tributary mapping system using autonomous unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and deep

learning. Firstly, images of tributary will be captured using an on-board camera in real-time and then the

captured images will be pre-processed to extract features such as the edge of tributary. Secondly, geometry

information such as area, width, and location of tributary will be identified through a deep learning

algorithm by using the extracted features as inputs. Finally, the trajectory of the UAV will be planned based

on the identified geometry information of tributary to follow the tributary autonomously. Currently, the

proposed autonomous tributary mapping system is under implementation in a physics-based hardware-in-

the-loop simulator, Gazebo, and evaluation of robustness of mapping. To test a feasibility of the proposed

tributary mapping system, it will be validated via tributaries near Jeonnam area. For a practical

implementation of the proposed system, we will try to solve the following problems: 1) a hidden tributary

mapping using an enhanced deep learning based estimation/recognition, 2) an obstacle avoidance of UAV

using simultaneous localization and mapping algorithm based on on-board sensor fusion, and 3) a

simultaneous mapping of multiple branch of tributary using multiple UAV system.

Key Words

River Mapping, Tributary Information, Unmanned Aerial Vehicle, Deep Learning


S7-8

Estimation of Spatial Soil Moisture Using RNN-LSTM with MODIS and

GPM Satellite Data in South Korea

Wonjin Jang (Department of Civil, Environmental and Plant Engineering, Konkuk University,

Republic of Korea), Yonggwan Lee (Department of Civil, Environmental and Plant Engineering,

Konkuk University, Republic of Korea), Seongjoon Kim (School of Civil and Environmental

Engineering, Konkuk University, Republic of Korea)

Abstract

In this study soil moisture (SM) estimation algorithm was developed using Recurrent Neural Network –

Long Short Term Memory (RNN-LSTM) with TensorFlow, python open source library created by Google

for machine learning and deep learning. RNN is a kind of artificial neural network specialized for

continuous time series data such as natural language, voice signal, and stock. The RNN is characterized by

a cyclic structure in which the output of the previous stage becomes the input again in the next stage. LSTM

is used to solve the problem of impossible or slow learning due to vanishing gradient when RNN inputs an

excessive amount of data. The primary inputs for the algorithm were the Normalized Difference Vegetation

Index (NDVI), Land Surface Temperature (LST) from a Terra Moderate-resolution Imaging

Spectroradiometer (MODIS), satellite precipitation (PCP) from Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM)

mission, and the soil map from 1:25,000 vector map supplied by the Korea Rural Development

Administration (RDA). All spatial input data were resampled at 1 km resolution, and in particular, LST and

PCP were corrected by applying the conditional merging (CM) technique with observed LST and PCP data

from 95 Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) stations. To simulate SM using RNN-LSTM,

observed SM data from selected 76 monitoring points through quality control provided by the agricultural

meteorological information service (http://weather.rda.go.kr) were used. Approximately 70% of SM

observation period was used as learning materials, and the remaining 30% were used as the verification data.

The objective functions, coefficient of determination (R2

), Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE), and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) were used to verify the

algorithm. The total average results of algorithm had good correlation with 0.62, 0.53, 3.83%, respectively.

The station Omidong had best results with 0.92, 0.91, 1.87%, respectively and station Cheoingu had worst

results with 0.28, 0.06, 5.16%, respectively.

Key Words

GPM, LSTM, MODIS, RNN, Soil-Moisture

Acknowledgements




7. Poster Session


P01_Jung In Kyun

Adaptation Strategies of Existing Water Supply Systems in Response to Increase

in Cultivation of Other Crops in Paddy Fields

Inkyun Jung (Korea Water Environment Research Institute, Republic of Korea),

Ankook Shin (Rural Research Institute of Korea Rural Community Corporation, Republic of Korea)

Abstract

Acknowledgement

This work was supported by Rural Research Institute of Korea Rural Community

Corporation(Project name : A Study on Remodeling of the Irrigation Facility for Multi-purpose

Use of Agricultural Water Resources)

Water supply system has mainly developed around the paddy field in Korea. Recently, however, t

he cultivation of other crops is increasing in the paddy fields due to the change of the farming para

digm. These effects have greatly reduced the agricultural productivity of existing water supply syst

ems. In addition, the supply of water for existing paddy was smooth, but the supply of water durin

g paddy and other crop cultivation was not smooth due to random change in other crop cultivation

areas in paddy field. In order to improve the agricultural productivity of the water supply system,

we intend to find a way to adapt the existing water supply system to the current agricultural charac

teristics.

In this study, we propose three adaptation schemes for existing water supply systems in response

to the increase of cultivation of other crops in the rice field. As the number of other crops in the pa

ddy field increases, the rice use existing water system and the other crops use groundwater. Howev

er, recent attempts have been made to utilize surface water for groundwater contamination and dep

letion of water resources. Even if the water is supplied to the existing water supply system, the wat

er supply amount of the other crops is decreased because the required water amount is smaller than

that of the rice, and the water level of the water canal is lowered. This is why the supply of water t

o existing rice fields is not smooth. In order to solve this problem, firstly, the water level can be inc

reased by reducing the width of existing waterway(open canal). Secondly, the water level can be in

creased by applying a device such as a water gate to the middle and the end point of the waterway.

The third method is to introduce a facility capable of reserving waste water from the existing water

way, so that the water can be utilized as another crop cultivating water. It can be applied in connect

ion with existing waterway and new storage facilities. These storage facilities serve to feed other c

rops and provide them to rice fields where supply of water is poor.

It will be possible to supply water for rice fields and other crops by changing the water supply sy

stem by adding only the necessary factors for cultivating other crops while maintaining the existin

g water supply system framework. This is expected to improve agricultural productivity.

Key Words

Water Supply System, Other Crops, Water Level, Storage Facility, Open Canal


P02_Chan Gi Park

A Study on Evaluating the Impact to Climate Change on Irrigation Water and

Irrigation Facilities

Hyung Jin Shin (Rural Research Institute, Korea Rural Community Corporation, Republic of Korea), Mi

Sol Kim (Rural Construction Engineering, Kongju National University, Republic of Korea), Sang Min

Jeon (Rural Construction Engineering, Kongju National University, Republic of Korea), Jae Young Lee

(Research Center, Contecheng Co., Ltd, Republic of Korea), Yong Seon Zang (Soil and Fertilizer, National

Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea), Chan Gi Park

(Rural Construction Engineering, Kongju National University, Republic of Korea)

Abstract

Acknowledgement

This work was carried out with the support of "Cooperative Research Program for Agriculture

Science & Technology Development (Project No. PJ12569032019)" Rural Development

Administration, Republic of Korea.

In the abstract, Recently, the impact and gravity of climate change has started to affect Korea due

to events related to global warming across many areas. Such changes in climate have led to natural

disasters, including droughts, heavy rainfall, and typhoons, causing damage to property as well as

casualties. Following rapid climate change, the frequency of droughts in Korea has increased by 8

6%, with 0.36 droughts per annum from 1904 to 2000 and 0.67 droughts per annum from 2000 to

2015. Furthermore, the drought that began in the southern region of Korea in 2008 affected 1,024

mm, or 78%, of the annual rainfall relative to the average year. The water reserve rate posted 47%,

which is approximately 10% lower than the previous year. In the the spring of 2015, a drought cov

ered 4,536 ha in the regions of Chungbuk and Gyeongbuk, around the capital. As a result of the ex

tended extreme heat and rainfall shortages, most rural areas in Korea suffered from wilting crops, t

hereby raising social interest and requiring urgent countermeasures. In this study, we assessed the

vulnerability of irrigation water in rural areas of Korea. The selected target areas included Gwesan

-gun, in Chungcheongbuk-do. The survey questions were classified into climate exposure, sensitiv

ity, and adaptation ability. The climate exposure questions covered annual precipitation and the nu

mber of consecutive days with no precipitation. Four questions on the sensitivity survey evaluated

the cultivation area, groundwater level, evapotranspiration, and demand for underground water. Th

ere were a total of eight survey questions regarding adaptation ability, including factors such as the

number of tubular wells and distribution rate of the water supply. The vulnerability scores were der

ived for each region using “Vulnerability score = (Climate exposure + Sensitivty – Adaptation abil

ity) x 100”. This formula is used to calculate the vulnerability scores by standardizing the survey r

esults. The derived vulnerability scores were classified as follows: Class I (lowest vulnerability) fo

r 0-25 points, Class II (low vulnerability) for 26-50 points, Class III (high vulnerability) for 51-75

points, and Class IV (very high vulnerability) for 76-100, making a total of four categories. The lo

wer the rating and score, the lower the vulnerability. Gwesan-gun was found to have a vulnerabilit

y score of 23.8 points.

Key Words

Irrigation Water, Irrigation facilities, Vulnerability Score


P03_Jae Young LeeA Study on Improvements to Irrigation Facilities to Cope with Droughts

Jae Young Lee (Research Center, Contecheng Co., Ltd, Republic of Korea), Jong Chan Jeon (Rural

Construction Engineering, Kongju National University, Republic of Korea), Sang Min Jeon (Rural

Construction Engineering, Kongju National University, Republic of Korea), Hyung Jin Shin (Rural

Research Institute, Korea Rural Community Corporation, Republic of Korea), Yong Seon Zang (Soil and

Fertilizer, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Republic of

Korea), Chan Gi Park (Rural Construction Engineering, Kongju National University, Republic of Korea)

Abstract

Acknowledgement




In recent years, the frequency and intensity of droughts caused by abnormal climactic conditions

have increased significantly. Given the declining rate of precipitation through May and June, coupl

ed with extreme heat continuing throughout the summer, the reserves of most Korean agricultural r

eservoirs have decreased substantially. As a result, to cope with droughts, both structured counterm

easures, such as securing irrigation water and development of tubular wells, and unstructured coun

termeasures, such as development of a drought information provision system, have been prepared.

However, droughts continue to cause damage. Indeed, many people believe that droughts will bec

ome even more frequent due to the impact of climate change, and stress the need for continued eff

orts to cope with droughts. In this study, we investigated the effect of improving agricultural irrigat

ion facilities to secure irrigation water and thus counter droughts in Korea. Improving the function

ality of agricultural irrigation facilities is one way to increase the amount of water available for agr

iculture, using approaches such as raising the embankments of reservoirs and dredging. To learn ab

out the impact of improving agricultural water facilities, this study performed a drought impact ass

essment for Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Korea. In this assessment, we considered the water reserve r

ate, area of benefit, reservoir capacity, etc., relative to the average year over the past 25 years. The

results of our drought impact assessment were classified into four types: Type 1 (need for alternati

ve water development), Type 2 (secure agricultural water by improving existing facilities), Type 3

(renovation of water facilities), and Type 4 (rational water management). Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do

, was found to be Type 2. Based on the results of our drought impact assessment, this study analyz

ed the effect of functional improvement on agricultural water facilities. In the case of Type 1 reser

voirs, this study found that the available water supply area increased by approximately 25.7%, fro

m 7,831.8 to 9,841.6 ha. In the case of Type 2 reservoirs, the available water supply area increased

by 80.5%, from 448.0 to 808.9 ha. Accordingly, in the case of Korea, it is possible to secure the ag

ricultural water supply by improving agricultural water facilities.

Key Words

Climate Change, Drought, Irrigation Facilities, Performance Improvement


P04_Sung Mun Cho

Field Evaluation of Multi-Functional Storage Tank for Securing Irrigation Water

Hyung Jin Shin (Rural Research Institute, Korea Rural Community Corporation, Republic of Korea), Yeong

Jun Kim (Rural Construction Engineering, Kongju National University, Republic of Korea), Seong Mun Jo

(Rural Construction Engineering, Kongju National University, Republic of Korea), Hwang Hee Kim

(Research Center, Contecheng Co., Ltd, Republic of Korea), Jae Young Lee (Research Center, Contecheng

Co., Ltd, Republic of Korea), Yong Seon Zang (Soil and Fertilizer, National Academy of Agricultural Science,

Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea), Chan Gi Park (Rural Construction Engineering,

Kongju National University, Republic of Korea)

Abstract

Acknowledgement




In Korea, the status of agricultural crops has been affected by recent changes in the use of agricul

tural land. Comparing 1990 to 2014, the ratio of rice paddies and fields changed from 6.4:3.6, to 5.

5:4.5. Furthermore, the frequency of droughts due to climate change has increased by 86%, from 0

.36 droughts per annum from 1904 to 2000, to 0.67 droughts per annum from 2000 to 2015. In the

Jeju region of Korea, a drought continued for 59 days in 2013, and precipitation was between 4.1 a

nd 7.3% that of an average year. Damage to farm products, such as withered crops, including carro

ts and soybeans, devasted 1,227 farms over an area of 1,200 ha, costing KRW 3.2 billion in restora

tion expenses. This study urgently need to improve or develop agricultural water supply facilities t

o cope with such increases in field areas and the frequency of droughts. Accordingly, in this study,

this study investigated the design and installation of field irrigation systems (multi-functional reten

tion tanks) that use surface water. This study surveyed and analyzed methods for calculating the a

mount of farm water to be used for field irrigation water, and for calculating the potential evapotra

nspiration. Furthermore, this study developed a method for calculating the capacity of retention tan

ks, taking into account water quality, the characteristics of the filtration system, and ways to maint

ain the water temperature. Based on our analyses, this study developed a multi-functional retention

tank to enable surface water to be used for irrigation. To field test the irrigation system, we installe

d a heater thermostat and water purification equipment, including a metal sintered net in the main

unit of a multi-functional retention tank made of special treatment steel, which has excellent durabi

lity and constructability. A multi-functional retention tank was installed in an apple field (bare grou

nd cultivation) in Yesan-gun, Chungcheongnam-do. We evaluated the performance of the tank thre

e times. In the case of filtration system test results, after water processing the SS concentration, ac

hieved removal efficiency of approximately 79%. Also, this study set the target temperature to 20

℃ to validate the performance of the heater thermostat. Test results, it is reasonable to conclude th

at it would be possible to increase the temperature of the water to 20℃ within 1 hour by using a he

ater thermostat with a capacity of 25 kW.

Key Words

Drought, Irrigation Water, Multi-Functional Storage Tank


P05_HyungJin Shin

Sensitivity Analysis of Precipitation and Storage Capacity of Agricultural

Reservoir in Korea

Hyung Jin Shin (Rural Research Institute, KRC, Republic of Korea), Jae Nam Lee (Rural Research

Institute, KRC, Republic of Korea), Hae Do Kim (KRC, Republic of Korea), Chan Gi Park

(Department of Rural Construction Eng., Kongju National University, Yesan, Republic of Korea), Mun

Sung Kang (Rural Research Institute, KRC, Republic of Korea)

Abstract

Acknowledgement

This research was supported by a grant(2019-MOIS31-010) from Fundamental Technology

Development Program for Extreme Disaster Response funded by Korean Ministry of Interior and

Safety(MOIS).

The most important factor in the exposure analysis of climate change is the identification of accur

ate rainfall patterns. The changes in the amount of rainfall, which is the climate change inducer (ex

posure), were investigated and analyzed in the upstream area and the beneficiary area of the Birdle

Reservoir located in Korea. Rainfall variability for the test site was compared with the monthly an

d quarterly rainfall data for the periodic change using the Suwon Observatory (1967 ~ 2015), the d

ominant station at the time of designing (standard: 1967 ~ 2000 average). Rainfall changes were a

nalyzed by comparing relative rainfall stations (average rainfall averages) between adjacent rainfal

l stations at the Suwon station. Rainfall drift was analyzed by comparing the maximum rainfall of t

he flood season. As a result of the analysis, the average precipitation in 5 years is 1,292mm compa

red to 1,292mm (comparison 1: 2001 ~ 2005), 1,408mm (comparison 2: 2006 ~ 2010) and 1,349m

m (comparison 3: 2011 ~ 2015) total rainfall on average is on the rise. The indication of the time-

wise move of the rainfall of 5 years rainfall contribution Quarterly unit 2Q (4-6 month) standard pr

eparation (23%) Comparative 1 (25%) compared to 2 (21%), compared to 3 (22%) as compared to

only 1 had slightly elevated sections then were analyzed to gradually Jean rainfall is low. To under

stand the impact of rainfall on agricultural production infrastructure compared the rainfall and rese

rvoir storage ratio. The amount of rainfall that occurred when the water level was not high by year

was analyzed as the effective rainfall amount (effective rainfall amount) in the reservoir. In particul

ar, since the effective rainfall is about 30 ~ 40% in the summer season, but the rainfall contribution

rate has risen to 72 ~ 86% in 2014 ~ 2016, which was the drought season, rainfall-storage capacity

, can be used to affect the agricultural production infrastructure factors to impact indicators of the s

ensitivity analysis on climate change.

Key Words

Sensitivity Analysis, Precipitation, Storage Capacity, Agricultural Reservoir


P06_Jimin Lee

Sustainability Assessment of Regional Rice Cultivation Considering Aging of

Farmers in Korea

Jimin Lee (Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences in Seoul National University, Republic of

Korea)

Abstract

The area of cultivated land in Korea is continuously decreasing. According to the Korea Statistics

, about 30% of the area was reduced compared to 1975. One of the causes of this decline is the inc

rease in the number of farmers abandoning agriculture due to aging. In this study, regional sustaina

bility of rice cultivation was analyzed using age data of rice farmers and rice cultivation area data

by region. Compared to 2015 and 2010, 98,341 ha of rice cultivation area decreased, and rice culti

vation area decreased in all provinces except Jeju Island, and Gyeongsangbuk province showed th

e greatest decrease. The ratio of rice farming managers aged 65 and over increased from 49.19% to

57%, and it was found that Jeju and Chungcheongnam-do showed the greatest increase in rural are

as. Chungcheongbuk-do province was the most vulnerable in 2015 as a result of evaluating the sus

tainability of regional rice cultivation through the ratio of managers over 65 years old and those ov

er 75 years old. When comparing 2015 and 2010, the ratio of manager vulnerability to Gangwon p

rovince increased the most. In addition, we analyzed spatial distribution of aged farmers’ populatio

n at the eup, myeon or dong level(3197 regions in 2010 and 3244 regions in 2015) using local indi

cators of spatial association. These results can be used to find areas with high risk of abandonment

of rice farming due to aging and to apply differentiated policies

Key Words

Rice Cultivation, Aged Farmers, Sustainability, Spatial Analysis

Water-Energy-Food Relationship Evaluation in Greenhouse and Sustainability

Index for WEF Nexus

Pureun Yoon (Ph.D. Course in Department of Rural Systems Engineering, College of Agriculture and

Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Republic of Korea), Jin-Yong Choi (Professor in Department

of Rural Systems Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University,

Republic of Korea), Kwihoon Kim (Ph.D. Course in Department of Rural Systems Engineering, College

of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Republic of Korea), Yoonhee Lee (Ph.D.

Course in Department of Rural Systems Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul

National University, Republic of Korea), Seung Oh Hur (Senior Research & Lab.Head in National

Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea)

Abstract


P07_Pureun Yoon

Due to the population growth, food production demands and water use increase, there is a wide v

ariety of global discussions on resource management in terms of securing resources such as water

and food considering sustainability. The concept of “Water-Food-Energy Nexus” has emerged to i

nterpret the linkage of water, energy and food resources and to suggest an integrated management

plan. There is a trade-off relationship among input resources such as energy, water and cost, for inc

reasing food productivity, therefore, it is necessary to analyze the relationships comprehensively ra

ther than single resource analysis. This study was conducted to evaluate the relationship between

water and food among the water-food-energy nexus of upland crops in the greenhouse. Because th

e growing the upland crops in the greenhouse could control the environmental condition such as th

e temperature, humidity, and wind speed, the analysis based on the scenarios according to the envi

ronmental conditions could be conducted. Also, in the greenhouse, because the energy resources ar

e put in order to provide an appropriate growth environment for crops, it is necessary to analyze th

e relationship between energy and other resources. Thus, this study included estimating the crop yi

eld, irrigation water requirement and water productivity and simulating the response of crops to wa

ter stress, soil condition using AquaCrop model. Also, linking with energy resources such as heatin

g, pumping energy, fertilizer, and calculating the equations between resources, Water-Energy-Food

Nexus was constructed using regression and system dynamics tools. Assessment and comparison o

f scenarios can be accomplished through the calculation of a sustainability index to decide which s

cenario to choose and how much we can endure in terms of different resource requirement. Finally

, the sustainability index for the scenario was calculated for decision-making and policy assessmen

t.

Key Words

Water-Food Relationship, Water-Energy-Food Nexus, AquaCrop, Sustainability Index


P08_Min-Gi Jeon

Extreme Agricultural Drought Hotspot Analysis for Upland Crops in Adaptation

to Climate Change

Min-Gi Jeon (Hankyong National University, Republic of Korea), Won-Ho Nam (Hankyong National

University, Republic of Korea), Eun-Mi Hong (Kangwon National University, Republic of Korea), Seonah

Hwang (Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea), Junghun Ok (Rural Development

Administration, Republic of Korea), Heerae Cho (Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea),

Kyung-Hwa Han (Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea), Kang-Ho Jung (Rural

Development Administration, Republic of Korea), Yong-Seon Zhang (Rural Development Administration,

Republic of Korea), Suk-Young Hong (Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea)

Abstract

Acknowledgement

This research was supported by the Rural Development Administration (RDA) through

Cooperative Research Program for Agriculture Science & Technology Development, funded by

Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (MAFRA) (PJ012569022019).

Due to recent climate change, the intensity and frequency of drought damage is increasing. Unlik

e other natural disasters, such as typhoons and heavy rainfall, drought is not clear at the time of oc

currence, and the drought has a wide range of damage, so it is very damaging to society, economic

ally, and, especially agriculture. Estimating water requirements for upland crops are characterized

by standing soil moisture condition during the entire crop growth period. However, scarce rainfall

and intermittent dry spells often cause soil moisture depletion resulting in unsaturated condition in

the fields. Changes in rainfall patterns due to climate change have significant influence on the incr

easing the occurrence of extreme soil moisture depletion. Drought hotspot identification requires c

ontinuous drought monitoring and spatial risk assessment. This study analysed drought events in th

e agriculture using crop water stress, soil moisture, evapotranspiration, drought damage record, dro

ught statistics as a drought indicator. This drought index incorporated different factors that affect cr

op water deficit such as the cropping pattern, soil characteristics, and soil moisture. The objective

of this study is to analysis of extreme drought hotspots for predict the impacts of climate change o

n agricultural drought for upland crops and changes in the temporal trends of drought characteristi

cs. The drought hotspots are identified in the study region and compared with indices based on pre

cipitation, evapotranspiration, and soil moisture.

Key Words

Drought, Upland Crop, Climate Change, Drought Hotspot, Adaptation


P09_Hee-Jin Lee

Application of SWMM Model to Establish Criteria for Reservoir Operation

Rules

Hee-Jin Lee (Hankyong National University, Republic of Korea), Won-Ho Nam (Hankyong National

University, Republic of Korea), Na-Kyoung Bang (Hankyong National University, Republic of Korea),

Han-Joong Kim (Hankyong National University, Republic of Korea), Ku Kang (Hankyong National

University, Republic of Korea), Tae-Hyun Ha (Korea Rural Community Corporation, Republic of

Korea), Kwang-Ya Lee (Korea Rural Community Corporation, Republic of Korea)

Abstract

Acknowledgement

This work was supported by Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food,

Agriculture and Forestry (IPET) through Advanced Production Technology Development

Program, funded by Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (MAFRA) (grant number:

318060-3)

Due to the global warming caused by climate change, changes in weather and environmental fact

ors that directly affect agriculture have been drastically progressed, and the frequency of extreme d

rought is increasing. According to the statistics released by the Korea Meteorological Administrati

on (KMA), Korea's spring precipitation amounted to approximately 50% of its normal level in 201

7, causing water shortage and severe drought. Since the 2000s, the drought damage caused by the l

ack of continuous rainfall has become frequent, and the need for loss reduction through optimal w

ater management is increasing. However, it is difficult to predict whether the distribution of agricul

tural water is properly performed due to the operation of the reservoir through the other standards i

n the current agricultural reservoir by regions. The objective of reservoir operation rules is a compr

ehensive assessment of the ability to operate the repair facilities by evaluating the internal capabilit

y and the water supply capability of the agricultural repair facilities in parallel with the natural phe

nomenon, the meteorological drought. In this study, a functional model of an agricultural repair fac

ility was designed to reflect the characteristics of the inflow of reservoirs, the amount needed for fi

elds, hydrologic operation, and hydrographic network, and built using a Storm Water Management

Model (SWMM) to simulate the water quality of agricultural water. Based on the SWMM model,

we will establish a reservoir water supply system network in Seosan, Korea and quantitatively eval

uate irrigation efficiency to utilize the standardization method of agricultural drought criteria.

Key Words

Agricultural Drought, SWMM, Agricultural Reservoir, Reservoir Operation Rules, Irrigati

on Canal Network


P10_Young-Sik Mun

Development of Climate and Remote Sensing-Based Agricultural Drought Risk

Vulnerability Assessment

Young-Sik Mun (Hankyong National University, Republic of Korea), Won-Ho Nam (Hankyong

National University, Republic of Korea), Min-Gi Jeon (Hankyong National University, Republic of

Korea), Ku Kang (Hankyong National University, Republic of Korea), Dae-Eui Kim (Korea Rural

Community Corporation, Republic of Korea)

Abstract

Acknowledgement

This research was supported by the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (MAFRA).

Recently, natural disasters such as droughts, floods, and typhoons have occurred frequently aroun

d the world due to climate change. Unlike other disasters, drought is not clear when it occurs and h

as a major impact on the agricultural sector. The response to the drought is focused on post-manag

ement rather than proactive responses. In this study, we want to evaluate agricultural drought vulne

rabilities and demonstrate preemptive drought response through mapping. We will evaluate the vul

nerability of agricultural drought by selecting drought factors suitable for agriculture drought by ap

plying the concepts of fixed and variable rather than the comprehensive concepts of exposure, sens

itivity and adaptability. The agricultural drought risk vulnerability assessment selected and rated th

e climate- and remote sensing-based vulnerable factors in the event of a drought. The selected fact

ors are weighted by analyzing the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), standardized through Z-scor

e, principal component analysis, and etc. Through the assessment of the vulnerability of agricultur

al drought and the preparation of a vulnerability map in this study, it can be used to proactively res

pond to agricultural drought and to support prioritized decision-making.

Key Words

Agriculture Drought, Vulnerability, Drought Risk, Remote Sensing, AHP


P11_Seul-gi Lee

Instructor Training for Farmers Water Saving Education to Mitigate Drought

Impacts in Agriculture

Seul-gi Lee (Kyungpook National University, Republic of Korea), Gun-ho Cho (Kyungpook National

University, Republic of Korea), Bashir Adelodun (Kyungpook National University, Republic of Korea),

Kyung-sook Choi (Kyungpook National University, Republic of Korea), Jong-won Do (Korea Rural

Community Corporation, Republic of Korea), Gwang-ya Lee (Korea Rural Community Corporation,

Republic of Korea)

Abstract

Driven by the consistent drought occurrences, the water shortage and food insecurity have becom

e an increasingly important issue in the world. In Korea, while the frequency and intensity of drou

ght are increasing due to climate change, the free of charge agricultural water availability, on the ot

her hand, is causing excessive water usage. Under these circumstances, the Korea government has

established adaptation policies for mitigation drought risks, and the farmers’water saving educatio

n program is one of the policies targetted to achieve water security. Korea Rural Community Corp

oration (KRC) is solely responsible for agricultural water management with the farmer’s participat

ion. Thus, the farmers’water saving education program was launched aiming at accessing the farm

ers' awareness towards drought; to encourage the adaptation of water conservation practices, and t

o promote the farming community involvement in the efficient agricultural water management. In

2016, a water-saving education model for farmers was developed, and a pilot education study was

conducted in one of the rural villages experienced drought disaster. The first phase of the project w

as conducted with two hundred and forty-four (244) farmers in eight rural villages in 2017. Afterw

ard, the “Instructor training” was organized with the participation of a total of three hundred and t

wenty-two (322) KRC water managers in 2018. The instructors were introduced to the background

of the water-saving education program for better engagement with farmers at each stage of the far

mers’ education for water saving. KRC water managers were subsequently trained with the educati

on model in order to improve the overall understanding and efficient field application of the model

. After the training, the participant opinions were collected regarding perceptions and behaviors of

farmers on water saving as a measure of drought. Most of the instructors agreed with the farmer’s

waste of water in the fields and were very encouraged about the need for farmers-water saving edu

cation. Also, they emphasized the need for a special budget and more workforce support for the ex

pansion of the education program nationwide. A systematic water saving education for farmers req

uires the development of institutional devices and various educational methods to enhance the far

mers' participation.

Key Words

Drought Measure, Water Saving, Farmer’s Education, Survey


P12_Ankook Shin

Applicability of Water Gate Installation in Open Channel for Water Supply in the

Paddy Field

Ankook Shin (Rural Research Institute of Korea Rural Community Corporation, Republic of Korea),

Inkyun Jung (Korea Water Environment Research Institute, Republic of Korea), Jaeju Lee (Rural

Research Institute of Korea Rural Community Corporation, Republic of Korea), Munsung Kang

(Rural Research Institute of Korea Rural Community Corporation, Republic of Korea)

Abstract

Water supply system has mainly developed around the paddy field in Korea. Recently, however, t

he cultivation of other crops is increasing in the paddy fields due to the change of the farming para

digm. The benefitted area from existing irrigation facilities is steadily declining. These effects mak

e it difficult to operate existing irrigation facilities. For example, the water level of existing open c

hannel is gradually dropping as the total amount of water supply decreased due to the decrease in t

he benefitted area. As the water level is lowered, paddy paddies located at the middle part or the en

d part have difficulty in supplying water.

This study examined the possibility of raising the water level in the open channel in spite of the r

educed amount of water supply for the expanded other crops in paddy fields. When the water level

in the open channel rises, sufficient water is supplied to the inlet entering the paddy fields, so that t

he supply of water is smooth. Since it is uneconomical to completely renew existing water supply

system, it is necessary to derive a plan that can be applied in current water supply system. The met

hod of increasing the water level by reducing the flow velocity in the open channel is the most use

ful method. In order to reduce the flow velocity, a method of raising the water level by installing th

e water gate at the end and the middle point of the open channel has been derived. SWMM was ap

plied to examine the water level in the open channel by water gate installation. It was simulated th

at the water was supplied to the open channel(0.5m×0.5m, 0.07㎥/s). As a result, the water level wa

s 0.12 m at the middle point and 0.08 m at the end. However, as a result of the analysis by installin

g the gates at the middle and the end point in the open channel, it was 0.35 m at the middle point a

nd 0.31 m at the end. The maximum water level rise of 0.23 m was confirmed. Considering the inl

et height of the water into the paddy fields, it is possible to secure sufficient water level through th

e installation of the water gates and to be able to supply the water smoothly.

It has been confirmed that it is possible to assign the same role as the storage tank to the channel

by installing the water gate in the open channel, and it is expected to be useful as a method for red

ucing the increase of the waste water amount which is a disadvantage of the open channel.

Key Words

Water Gate, Open Channel, Water Supply System, Water Level


P13_Juha Hwang

Determination of Optimal Capacity of Rainwater Storage Facility for Field Crops

Juha Hwang, Suhee Park, Seung-jin Maeng

Abstract

Floods and droughts due to weather changes are occurring not only in Korea but also around the

world. In particular, floods occur in low-lying areas and in many areas every year due to torrential

rains in Korea. The annual average rainfall is similar every year, but the frequency of heavy rain su

ch as guerrilla rain is increasing, so the drought period is relatively longer than in the past. In other

words, heavy rains such as guerrilla downpours have become frequent, but precipitation itself can

be seen as a declining trend. Thus, the risk of floods and droughts has increased. Efficient use and

management of agricultural water, which accounts for more than 50% of Korea's water use, has be

come important. In the case of Korea, it is the period of increasing demand for agricultural water b

etween May and September, and in the event of frequent drought situations such as the recent one,

there will be no smooth supply of agricultural water. Therefore, the efficiency of the entire water u

se and management of our area is essential. A minimum water requirement is required depending o

n the growth period of the field crops. Failure to meet the right amount of crop will result in a decr

ease in crop yields. Therefore, rainwater storage that can efficiently store and reuse water are need

ed. Estimation of the sufficiency ratio about how much rainwater can be reused using the water de

mand for the field crops and the height of potential reservoirs, and the optimum rainwater storage

capacity of field crops was suggested according to the demand. In this study, it is possible to know

the amount of water shortage for cultivated crops. Therefore, if water shortages occur due to extre

me drought in the future, it can be provided as basic data necessary for the preparation of drought

and it is expected to be used to determine the capacity of rainwater storage tank construction.

Key Words

Water Requirement , Rainwater Storage, Sufficiency Ratio

Acknowledgement

This work was supported by the Chungbuk Research Institute of Korea


P14_Jaenam Lee

Biological Variation of Rural Area by Applying Intermittent Irrigation in Korea

Jaenam Lee (Rural Research Institute, KRC, Republic of Korea), Hyungjin Shin (Rural Research

Institute, KRC, Republic of Korea), Hyunsang Shin (Sowoon E&C, Republic of Korea), Jaeju Lee

(Rural Research Institute, KRC, Republic of Korea), Munsung Kang (Rural Research Institute, KRC,

Republic of Korea)

Abstract

The lack of agricultural water by climate change is causing difficulties in stable agricultural prod

uction in rural areas, and environmental pollution in rural areas is gradually increasing non-point p

ollutant source by agricultural activities. therefore, it is necessary to reduce irrigation water and im

prove water pollution in response to climate change. this study compares and analyzes biological c

hanges from 2016 to 2018 in the test districts where intermittent irrigation is applied. The test site i

s a Beodeul reservoir located upstream of Hwaseong Lake and is under hydrological monitoring in

6 paddy fields cultivated by farmers. The scope of the study was carried out paddy, drainage, small

river, fish way, small irrigation ponds in the test site, and the range was amphibian, reptile, freshwa

ter fish, benthic macroinvertebrate living on aquatic ecosystem. According to the biological survey

conducted by the paddy water management, when the abundant water was supplied to the paddy, t

he population and species increased and the species composition was similar. this study will be use

d as a basic data for the optimal supply of agricultural water considering the environmental aspect

of rural area.

Key Words

Biodiversity, Biological Survey, Sustainable Agriculture, Intermittent Irrigation


P15_Yun-Gyeong Oh

Solar Photovoltaic Panel Detection on Aerial Images Using Deep Learning

Yun-Gyeong Oh (Institute of Agricultural Science & Technology in Chonnam National University,

Republic of Korea), Hwan Souk Yoo (Rachtec, Republic of Korea), Jimin Lee (Research Institute of

Agriculture and Life Sciences in Seoul National University, Republic of Korea), Seung-Hwan Yoo

(Department of Rural and Bio-systems Engineering, Chonnam National University, Republic of Korea)

Abstract

Solar panels provide a solution in generating energy from nonpolluting resources and therefore pl

acing a solar panel installation is subsidized and encouraged by governments in South Korea. Ther

efore the quantity of solar photovoltaic (PV) installations has grown rapidly in rural areas. Obtaini

ng high quality information about solar PV is useful for important decisions such as energy policy

and landuse planning. This study suggested a method of the solar PV detection on aerial images us

ing deep learning. We used YOLOv3 – real time object detection system which is applied a single

neural network to the full image. This network divides the image into regions and predicts boundin

g boxes and probabilities for each region. This study suggested the feasibility of the first step of th

e proposed approach for detecting solar PV panel in aerial images. These results could be useful fo

r setting up an environmentally sustainable development tool in paddy fields.

Key Words

Solar Photovoltaic Panel, Solar Power Plant, Aerial Image, Deep Learning, YOLO

Acknowledgement

This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF) grant funded by

the Korea government (Ministry of Science, ICT&Future Planning) (NRF-2016R1A2B1016367).


P16_Hyunji Lee

Analysis of Farmland Inundation Probability Based on Temporal Distribution of

Forecasted-Rainfall

Hyunji Lee (Department of Rural Systems Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul

National University, Republic of Korea), Moon-Seong Kang (Professor, Department of Rural Systems

Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Republic of Korea),

Sang-Min Jun (Department of Rural Systems Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences,

Seoul National University, Republic of Korea), Soonho Hwang (Department of Rural Systems

Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Republic of Korea)

Abstract

The objectives of this study were to estimate inundation probability of farmland based on tempor

al distribution of forecasted-rainfall, and to compare to the probability of inundation depending on

operation of drainage structures. In this study, 6-hr rainfalls were disaggregated into hourly rainfall

using the MRC model, which is a stochastic rainfall time disaggregation model. The discharge of

Cheongmi stream and Danpyeong district was estimated using the Clark method, and the water lev

el of Cheongmi stream was simulated using the HEC-RAS model and the discharge of Cheongmi

stream. Then, the inundation analysis of the farmland was performed using GATE2018 model, the

discharge of Danpyeong district, the water level of Cheongmi stream, stage-storage curve of the D

anpyeong district, and the drainage structure data. The above processes were repeated 1000 times.

1000 inundation analyzes were performed and the inundation probabilities depending on operation

of drainage structures were estimated according to the depth of inundation.

Key Words

Forecasted-Rainfall, MRC, HEC-RAS, GATE2018, Inundation of Farmland


P17_Minyoung Kim

Crop Water Stress in Apple Trees and Its Relationship with Soil Moisture

Content

Minyoung Kim, Yonghun Choi, Jeonghun Park, Woohyun Oh, Yongwon Kim, Junggun Cho, Youngjin

Kim and Jonggil Jeon

Abstract

This study describes the crop water stress index (CWSI) related to the soil moisture content (SM

C) under different irrigation schemes. The experiment was carried out at the experimental station,

National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science during one growing season, in an apple orch

ard 5 years old, with cultivar ‘cinnamon sweet’. Experimental plots with different irrigation treatm

ents (75%, 50% and 0% daily ETs irrigated) were prepared and necessary data (continuous canopy

temperature, air temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, and wind speed) were collected to

quantify the CWSIs throughout the study periods. Timely soil moisture contents at a soil depth of

40 cm was collected at a 30-min interval. The CWSI values ranged from 0.34 to 0.79 during the st

udy periods and did not reach 1.0, which indicates ‘stressed condition’. The study analysis showed

a linear CWSI-SMC relationship that varied with irrigation levels, explaining that CWSI values in

creased with decreasing soil moisture content and decreased after irrigation. The relationship betw

een CWSI and SMC is inverse and highly significant, but with a low coefficient of determination (

R2=0.30~0.41) caused by soil variability, wind gusts, intermittent cloudiness and agronomic factor

s. The findings of this study could contribute to provide practical recommendation in irrigation sch

eduling (time and amount of irrigation) of apple trees.


P18_Minyoung Kim

Interpretation of Canopy Temperature as Crop Water Stress Indicator

Minyoung Kim, Susan O’Shaughnessy, Paul Colaizzi, Yonghun Choi, Youngjin Kim and Jonggil Jeon

Abstract

Timely and accurate determination of temporal and spatial crop water status is essential for prope

r scheduling of irrigations. Field study was conducted on differentially irrigated corn (30%, 50% a

nd 80% Maximum Allowable Depletion, MAD) to investigate the potential use of remotely sensed

canopy temperature which was derived from soil moisture level and meteorological variables. The

experiments were conducted at the Conservation and Production Research Laboratory (CPRL) in

Bushland, TX, USA. Grain corn (Zea mays L.) was grown for high yield using practices common

for the northern Texas Panhandle, Texas. Canopy temperature was measured by wireless infrared t

hermometers (IRTs) and two IRTs were mounted on stationary masts approximately 2.7 m above t

he ground. TDR reading was made every 10 cm up to 1 m and stored every 30 min. Meteorologica

l variables were obtained from a weather station located near the center pivot collecting air temper

ature, relative humidity, wind speed and solar radiation. Dramatic change of soil moisture level wa

s observed at a soil depth of 10 cm due to frequent irrigation events at the early state of corn growt

h. The coefficients of variation over depths ranged from 5 to 21 (30% MAD), 13 to 26 (50% MAD

) and 7 to 25 (80% MAD), respectively. The response of canopy temperature with a change of soil

moisture levels showed the negative correlation with slight time-delay (R=0.67~0.82). The correlat

ion coefficients between canopy temperature and meteorological variables were 0.88 (air temperat

ure), 0.68 (solar radiation), -0.61 (relative humidity) and 0.19 (wind speed).


P19_Qun-Zhan Huang

The Study of the Effect of the Evaporating on New and Old Water Interplay by

Using Pore Doublet Micromodel Experiment

Qun-Zhan Huang (Department of Bioenvironmental System Engineering, National Taiwan University,

Taipei, Taiwan), Jyun-Cong Huang (Graduate Institute of Hydrological & Oceanic Sciences, National

Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan), Shao-Yu Hsu (Department of Bioenvironmental System

Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan), ChiaWen Tsao (Department of Mechanical

Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan)

Abstract

The "old water", which is the resident water in the porous media, affects the infiltration pattern an

d velocity of the "new water" and influences the interchanging, mixing, of solutes in the new water

and old water. Therefore, the new-old water interplay influences the water quality of groundwater,

stream, and the absorption of the nutrients by the plant. In literature, studies by performing microm

odel experiments showed that a part of the old water was still in the porous media after water-floo

ding through the micromodel. Some studies observed that the plant only intakes the old water duri

ng a series rainfall event. We suspect that the evaporation can affect the old-new water interplay. N

evertheless, the effect of evaporation on this interplay is still unclear. In this study, we performed a

series of wetting-drainage-wetting experiments with pore doublet micromodels (PDM). We control

led different levels of evaporation at the "drainage" step. The old liquid (residual liquid after draina

ge) was mainly trapped in the microchannel. After the secondary wetting step, an air bubble was tr

apped between old and new liquid. The air bubble entrapment was correlated with the levels of the

evaporation. The bubble obstructed the new and old liquid mixing. The corner film next to the air

bubble became the path of the new and old water interplay.

Key Words

Pore Doublet Model, Micromodel, New and Old Water


P20_Yuki Misawa

Upstream Migration of Fish in a Detachable Portable Fishway at a Steep Slope

Section in an Agricaltural Channel, Western Japan

Yuki Misawa (Okayama University, Japan), Naoki Takahashi (National Institute of Technology,

Kagawa College, Japan), Kazuyoshi Nakata (Okayama University, Japan)

Abstract

Many species of aquatic animals are unable to migrate over steep slope sections in agricultural ch

annels because of the water flow with a high velocity and shallow depth. In our previous studies,

we proposed a detachable portable fishway, which has a low cost with a simple structure and can b

e easily carried, to be able to improve such flow conditions in steep slope sections, and clarified th

e lower limit of flow rate to create a suitable condition for fish migration in the fishway (e.g., Misa

wa et al., 2018). In this study, we conducted a field experiment at a steep slope section in an agricu

ltural channel in Okayama Prefecture, western Japan, in June and September 2017, May, October a

nd December 2018 and May 2019, to clarify the effectiveness of the portable fishway for fish migr

ation. Furthermore, we compared species and body size of fish between in upstream and downstre

am area (each of 20 m in length) from the slope in July 2018, to examine whether the slope has a n

egative effect on fish migration. In three fish species, body size of individuals caught downstream

from the slope was significantly smaller compared with upstream, indicating that small fishes were

not able to migrate over the steep slope section. In the field experiment during from May and Sept

ember, eight fish species (Oryzias latipes, Acheilognathus rhombeus, Tanakia limbata, Squalidus c

bankaensis tsucbigae, Pseudogobio esocinus, Opsariichthys platypus, Candidia sieboldii and Micr

opterus salmoides) including individuals with small sizes were able to migrate upstream to the end

of the fishway, indicating that the fishway can assist fish to migrate over steep slopes in agricultura

l channels. In October and December, however, we were not able to observe upstream migration of

fish to the end of the fishway. These results indicate that the effective period for setting the fishwa

y is during May and September.

Key Words

Portable Fishway, Agricultural Channel, Steep Slope, Fish, Upstream Migration

Reference

Misawa, Y., N. Takahashi, R. Yanagawa, T. Tagawa and K. Nakata (2018) Effectiveness of a

portable fishway to enable fish migration for use at a steep slope in agricultural channels.

Abstracts of PAWEES-INWEPF International Conference NARA 2018, p. 246.


P21_Ying-Fei Yang

Consumer-Resource Dynamics of Caenorhabditis Elegans–Escherchia Coli

System Exposed to Nano Zero-Valent Iron (nZVI)

Ying-Fei Yang, Hsing-Chieh Lin, Chi-Yun Chen, Tien-Hsuan Lu, Chung-Min Liao

Abstract

Nano zero-valent iron (nZVI) nanoparticles (NPs) have been widely used in the field of environm

ental remediation, arising concerns for their potential risks to soil ecosystem health. The impact of

nZVI toxicities on consumer-resource dynamics of Caenorhabditis elegans–Escherichia coli ecosy

stem was explored by linking with toxicokinetic analysis. Biokinetic parameters of bacteria and w

orms were adopted from toxicokinetic experiments and related published literature. The modified

Lotka-Volterra model was employed to estimate biomass dynamics of bacteria and worms. Biocon

centration factors (BCFs) and biomagnification factors (BMFs) in worms and bacteria were simula

ted based on the integrated bioaccumulation-consumer-resource dynamic model. Results showed t

hat while biomass of worms steadily increased from 22.25–291.49 g L-1, bacteria biomass decreas

ed from 17.17–4.70 × 10-8 g L-1 during 96-h exposures of the nZVI. Ratios of nZVI concentratio

ns in worms and bacteria were also found to increase from 0.06 to 26.60 after 96 h exposure. In ad

dition, BCF values in bacteria were estimated to increase from 0.82 to 0.03, whereas BMFs in C. e

legans increased from 0.06 to 57.62 during 96-h exposure. Based on the sensitivity analysis, intern

al concentrations of nZVI in worms were mainly influenced by ingestion rate of bacteria by worms

. We concluded that the impact of nZVI toxicities on C. elegans-E. coli system were associated wit

h the predator-prey behavior and was dominated by physiological parameters in the two biosystem

s.


P22_Chihhao Fan

Integration of Water Quality Monitoring System and Simulation Platform for

Irrigation Water Quality Management

Ning-Jin Kok, Shih-Chi Hsu, Ming-Der Hong, Sheng-Hsin Hsieh, Yu-Jung Hsu, Chihhao Fan

Abstract

For decades, irrigation water in Taiwan is suffering from the contamination by industrial and dom

estic wastewater discharges, and many studies indicated nearly 5% of irrigation water being at the

risk of pollution. In central Taiwan, the densely-situated industrial facilities surrounding the agricul

tural farm lands resulted in a long-term threat to the water environment. To deal with such an issue

, this study integrated a water quality monitoring system and a simulation platform to monitor the i

rrigation water quality and hopefully, to conserve the agricultural farmland. In this study, a heavy

metal monitoring system was established at the irrigation and drainage channels to detect the on-li

ne heavy metal concentrations. The collected data were introduced into the “water quality simulati

on platform” to assess the fate of the contaminants of interest. Long-term monitoring data from the

past 15 years were employed for water quality model construction and verification. It was found th

at many water quality irregularities occurred in the evenings and at nights. To determine the impac

ting area of pollution, Water Quality Analysis Simulation Program (WASP) was employed. The wa

ter quality variation in the investigated area was assessed quantitatively through appropriate calibr

ation and verification processes. The simulation of a selected drainage channel was introduced into

a conversion table containing a variety of parameters which allowed to perform the water quality s

imulation under different scenarios. Through the simulation platform, variation on water quality an

d subsequent impact due to unexpected pollution discharge can be estimated. The integration of w

ater quality monitoring system and simulation platform is considered as a useful tool for irrigation

water quality management in addition to current collaborating mechanism between the authorities

of Agriculture and Environment.

Key Words

Irrigation, Water Quality, Simulation, Water Quality Management


P23_Lin Hao Hua

Investigation of the Effect of Evaporation on the New and Old Water Interplay in

Porous Media by Using Micromodel Experiment

Hao-Hua Lin (National Taiwan University, Taiwan), Shao-Yiu Hsu (National Taiwan University,

Taiwan), Chia-Wen Tsao (National Central University, Taiwan), Yi-Hsuan Shih (National Taiwan

University, Taiwan), Qun-zhan Huang (National Central University, Taiwan)

Abstract

Repeating wetting- drainage event is general in vadose zone, so-called “new and old water interpl

ay”, and affects the interchanging, mixing of solutes in residual (old water) and invading (new wat

er) water. The influence of the evaporation on “new and old water interplay” is unclear. In this stud

y, we performed visualized experiment of wetting-drainage-evaporating-wetting experiment with t

he high transmittance microfluidic device, which was made of Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The

influence of evaporation was discussed at the pore scale. We demonstrated the pattern of residual p

hase during the “drying” which is quantified by Euler number. The Euler number increases as the e

vaporation time increases that revealing that residual phase pattern was more broken. After second

ary wetting step, the new and old liquids interplay were obstruct by entrapment air bubbles. Less o

ld liquid was mixed and displaced by invading liquid (new liquid) than that without “evaporating”

step.

Key Words

Micromodel, Residual Phase, Evaporation, New and Old Water Interplay, Euler Number

The North American invasive crayfish Procambarus clarkii has negative effects on agriculture or

native organisms (e.g., burrowing in paddy fields and grazing on aquatic weeds, etc.). We previous

ly reported that shrimp cage traps with artificial bait are effective to catch P. clarkii (Shiraishi et al.

, 2015). In this study, to examine the appropriate entrance size of shrimp traps for capturing P. clar

kii, we conducted monthly experiments during October 2017 and September 2018 in a pond in the

Handayama Botanical Garden, Okayama, western Japan. We set three shrimp traps consisting of di

fferent entrance diameters (3 cm, 4 cm and 6 cm) at five stations in the pond in late afternoon and r

etrieved them early the following morning. Approximately 90% of all individuals were captured d

uring May and September. The total number of individuals captured during the experimental perio

d was highest in the shrimp traps with the entrance diameter of 3 cm. Significantly smaller crayfish

were captured in the 3 cm traps compared with 4 cm and 6 cm, whereas in the 4 cm traps significa

ntly larger individuals were caught compared to the 3 cm and 6 cm traps. Our results indicate that

using shrimp traps with the entrance size both of 3 cm and 4 cm during May and September is effe

ctive to capture and subsequently control invasive P. clarkii including large and small individuals.

Key Words

Shrimp Trap, Eradication, Red Swamp Crayfish, Invasive Species, Procambarus Clarkii


P24_Kazuyoshi Nakata

Effective Entrance Size of Shrimp Traps for Capturing the Invasive Crayfish

Procambarus Clarkii Inhabiting Paddy Field Areas

Kazuyoshi Nakata, Daiki Fukui (Okayama University, Japan)

Abstract

Acknowledgement

This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number JP 17K08005.

Reference

Shiraishi, R., H. Ushimi and K. Nakata (2015) Cage traps and baits for capturing the North

American invasive crayfish Procambarus clarkii. Ecology and Civil Engineering, 18(2): 115-125.

(in Japanese with an English abstract)


P25_Yusho Suzuki

Modeling of Rainfall-Runoff Process at Paddy Plot

Before and After Plowing during Non-Irrigation Period

Yushi Suzuki (Graduate school of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Japan), Kimihito Nakamura

(Graduate school of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Japan)

Abstract

Due to the climate change in recent years, flood damages have frequently occurred in various reg

ions by large amount and high intensity of rainfall events. Integrated measures in the catchment ar

ea are necessary including not only construction of high bank, dredging of river floor, or water res

ervoirs, but also conservation of paddy and mountainous areas. Paddy field has flood mitigating fu

nction as one of the multifunctional roles and is able to decrease peak flow of the rivers or drainag

e channels by storing rainfall in paddy plots. It is important to quantify the flood mitigation effects

during not only irrigation period but also non-irrigation period because there are sometimes heavy

rainfall events in non-irrigation period and crop-rotated paddy field accounts for nearly 25% of pa

ddy area in Japan. During non-irrigation period, the amounts of infiltration and surface runoff at la

rge rainfall events depend on whether the soil surface layer is tilled or plowed up. In this study, we

examined the validity of the tank model which is used as one of rainfall-runoff process models, an

d especially focused on whether the tank model can accurately represent the water movement in va

riably saturated soil zone based on Richards equation before and after plowing during non-irrigatio

n period. HYDRUS-1D program was used to solve soil water flow with soil hydraulic properties o

f upper (non-plowed and plowed) and lower soil zones. As a result using the 10 year probability ra

infall event, the two-layer tank model, especially for after plowing, cannot reproduce the temporal

changes in water flux at the bottom boundary with high accuracy and underestimate the peak amou

nt of downward water flow. On the other hand, only one-layer tank model can estimate the tempor

al changes in surface runoff from a paddy plot approximately for actual rainfall event. Water depth

in tanks and outflow except surface runoff have only weak physical meanings. The improvement o

f the model is necessary for considering water dynamics in a paddy plot.

Key Words

Plowing, Non-Irrigation Period, HYDRUS-1D, Tank Model


P26_Naoko Koshiyama

The Functionality of the Underdrainage in a Large-sized Paddy Field with a

Groundwater Level Control System

Naoko KOSHIYAMA (Civil Engineering Research Institute for Cold Region, Japan), Takeshi OOTSU

(Civil Engineering Research Institute for Cold Region, Japan), Kiyomi KAWAGUCHI (Civil

Engineering Research Institute for Cold Region, Japan) , Kazumasa NAKAMURA (Civil Engineering

Research Institute for Cold Region, Japan)

Abstract

In recent years, the number of agricultural households in Japan has been decreasing because of th

e aging of farmers and a lack of successors to farms. In Hokkaido, the management area per farm i

s greater than that of farms elsewhere in Japan. In the rice cultivation areas, labor productivity has

been increasing from the promotion of agricultural infrastructure development, including the conso

lidation of small paddy fields into large blocks, the installation of pipelines for water management,

and introduction of smart agriculture. Where rice paddy fields have been consolidated and ground

water level control systems have been developed, the areas for rice cultivation by direct seeding, w

hich requires less labor than conventional cultivation, and the areas where cultivation has shifted fr

om paddy rice cultivation to the cultivation of high-profit crops, have been increasing because of t

he availability of sub-irrigation. In areas such as rice paddy field areas on the Ishikari Plain in Hok

kaido, which are widely distributed with peat soil, it is important to conduct farm management that

uses underdrainage effectively and to appropriately maintain the functionality of underdrainage fac

ilities. However, the performance of underdrainage in large paddy fields with groundwater level co

ntrol systems has not been sufficiently investigated. The authors conducted surveys on the ponding

depth level and groundwater level of paddy fields where farmland consolidation had been done a f

ew years earlier. We will report the findings on the performance of the underdrainage in a large pa

ddy field equipped with a groundwater level control system based on analyses of the changes in th

e groundwater level when underdrainage is conducted during rainfall and during the release of pon

ding water were done.

Key Words

Large-Sized Paddy Field, Ground Water Level Control System, Underdrainage, Groundw

ater Level


P27_Chun-Chia Liu

The Effects of Habitat Connectivity on Arthropod Community in Satoyama and

Satochi Area

Chun-Chia Liu (Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University,

Taiwan), Wan-Yu Lien (Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan

University, Taiwan), Chia-Chi Chang (Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National

Taiwan University, Taiwan), Chi-Wei Tsai (Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University,

Taiwan), Chi-Lun Huang (Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University, Taiwan), Wei-Chen

Tang (Department of Science and Technology, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Taiwan), Yu-Pin

Lin (Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taiwan)

Abstract

Farmlands provide abundant resources for the inhabitance of creatures. Nevertheless, pests inside

those farmlands cast negative impact on agricultural production. Natural enemies of pests are able

to control the number of pests. Even those which do not feed on crops play crucial roles in the foo

d chain. Arthropods inhibiting in farmlands is the main concern of our study, and the type of habita

ts is the major factor of influencing the numbers of arthropods in an area. Due to the reason that art

hropods are able to migrate, the area, shape as well as connectivity of habitats can all make change

s to the arthropod communities in farmlands. As a result, quantifying the surrounding landscape co

mposition and configuration of farmlands to integrate with arthropod species and numbers investig

ated helps clarify how the type of a specific habitat can influence the arthropod communities in tha

t area. The rice paddies in Yuanli Township, Miaoli County is used as the study area. Analysis is co

nducted based on the influence of surrounding habitats on arthropods with their different food habi

ts and migration abilities in two different landscapes, Satoyama and Satochi areas. FRAGSTATS s

oftware is used to calculate landscape metrics to quantify landscape characteristics under different

scales. Arthropods are classified into pests, predators, parasitoids, herbivores and neutral species a

ccording to their food habits; they are then further classified based on their migration abilities. In a

ddition, temperature and the usage of pesticides are also taken into consideration. Our study create

s landscape components using PLS regression, and builds the model on the basis of generalized lin

ear model. The initial outcome shows that the smaller the patch area in a farmland, the more the pe

sts; on the other hand, the farther the distance between those patch areas of forests, the less the pre

dators. Moreover, the sensitivity of arthropod numbers to landscape index is different under differe

nt scales. Our study will conduct further analysis using this method to inspect whether the result m

atches with arthropods’ migration abilities, and investigate on the community difference of arthrop

ods in Satoyama and Satochi areas.

Key Words

Eco-Agriculture, Arthropods, Habitat Connectivity, Landscape Metrics


P28_Minyoung Kim

Determination of Crop Water Stress Index and Its Relationship with Soil

Moisture Content

Minyoung Kim, Yonghun Choi, Jeonghun Park, Woohyun Oh, Yongwon Kim, Junggun Choi, Youngjin

Kim, Jonggil Jeon, Sangbong Lee

Abstract

This study describes the crop water stress index (CWSI) related to the soil moisture content (SM

C) under different irrigation schemes. The experiment was carried out at the experimental station,

National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science during one growing season, in an apple orch

ard 5 years old, with cultivar ‘cinnamon sweet’. Experimental plots with different irrigation treatm

ents (75%, 50% and 0% daily ETs irrigated) were prepared and necessary data (continuous canopy

temperature, air temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, and wind speed) were collected to

quantify the CWSIs throughout the study periods. Timely soil moisture contents at a soil depth of

40 cm was collected at a 30-min interval. The CWSI values ranged from 0.34 to 0.79 during the st

udy periods and did not reach 1.0, which indicates ‘stressed condition’. The study analysis showed

a linear CWSI-SMC relationship that varied with irrigation levels, explaining that CWSI values in

creased with decreasing soil moisture content and decreased after irrigation. The relationship betw

een CWSI and SMC is inverse and highly significant, but with a low coefficient of determination (

R2=0.30~0.41) caused by soil variability, wind gusts, intermittent cloudiness and agronomic factor

s. The findings of this study could contribute to provide practical recommendation in irrigation sch

eduling (time and amount of irrigation) for crops.


P29_Minyoung Kim

Evaluation of canopy temperature as crop water stress indicator under different

irrigation treatments

Minyoung Kim, Susan O’Shaughnessy, Paul Colaizzi, Yonghun Choi, Youngjin Kim, Jonggil Jeon, and

Sangbong Lee

Abstract

Timely and accurate determination of temporal and spatial crop water status is essential for prope

r scheduling of irrigations. Field study was conducted on differentially irrigated corn (30%, 50% a

nd 80% Maximum Allowable Depletion, MAD) to investigate the potential use of remotely sensed

canopy temperature which was derived from soil moisture level and meteorological variables. The

experiments were conducted at the Conservation and Production Research Laboratory (CPRL) in

Bushland, TX, USA. Canopy temperature was measured by wireless infrared thermometers (IRTs)

and two IRTs were mounted on stationary masts approximately 2.7 m above the ground. TDR read

ing was made every 10 cm up to 1 m and stored every 30 min. Meteorological variables were obtai

ned from a weather station located near the center pivot collecting air temperature, relative humidit

y, wind speed and solar radiation. Dramatic change of soil moisture level was observed at a soil de

pth of 10 cm due to frequent irrigation events at the early state of corn growth. The coefficients of

variation over depths ranged from 5 to 21 (30% MAD), 13 to 26 (50% MAD) and 7 to 25 (80% M

AD), respectively. The response of canopy temperature with a change of soil moisture levels show

ed the negative correlation with slight time-delay (R=0.67~0.82). The correlation coefficients betw

een canopy temperature and meteorological variables were 0.88 (air temperature), 0.68 (solar radia

tion), -0.61 (relative humidity) and 0.19 (wind speed).


P30_Masaomi Kimura

Characteristics and Modeling of Spatio-Temporal Salinity Variation in Canal

Networks in the Mekong Delta

Masaomi Kimura (Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan),

Shinji Fukuda (Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Japan)

Abstract

In the Mekong Delta regions in Vietnam, there are plenty of canals of various scales which have

been closely set up to lead the water for irrigation, aquaculture, ship transportation, etc. In most of

the canals, especially the ones connected to big rivers, the water level, velocity and salinity drastic

ally change according to tidal schedules. A number of tide gates have been constructed so far in or

der to prevent the saltwater intrusion and control the flow regime inside, and additional constructio

n is being planned and scheduled. In order to predict the change of flow regime dynamics and sali

nity environment in the canal network due to the operation activities of existing tide gates and cons

tructions of new tide gates, it is crucial and applicable to develop numerical simulation models suc

h as hydrodynamic analysis which can represent the spatio-temporal variation of flow regime and s

alinity. In addition, detailed observations of the present salinity distribution is indispensable for de

veloping numerical models and verifying the effectiveness of the models. It is also necessary to fig

ure out the mixing intensity of saltwater with freshwater during tidal fluctuation, which may contri

bute to deciding the spatial dimension needed to be adopted to establish the reliable hydrodynamic

flow modeling.

In this study, we conducted a 4-time-a-year survey for the spatio-temporal distribution of salinit

y in canal networks in Ben Tre province, Vietnam. The target canal network is located in the Meko

ng Delta and surrounded by Tien River and Co Chien River. The canal system consists of about 6,

000 km of total length of channels and the number of the canals wider than 50 m is estimated to be

more than 60. We casted a handheld castable CTD sensor tied with a rope, which can measure geo

referenced depth, temperature and electric conductivity and log those data in 5 Hz, from boats or b

ridges at various locations to measure the vertical distribution of each water quality item. As a resu

lt of the survey, we grasped the characteristics of seasonal variation of spatial distribution of salinit

y, and mixing situation during tidal fluctuations. We also found out that the vertical stratification of

salinity was rarely observed in most of the channels although the mixing intensity was low near th

e big river mouth during the tidal level rises. In addition, we developed the hydrodynamic models t

o simulate the salinity variations in the target canal networks by combining the shallow water equa

tions and advection-dispersion equation of saline. We also tested and showed the validity of the pr

oposed numerical models by comparing observed results by our survey with calculated results by t

he models.

Key Words

Tidal River, Saltwater Intrusion, Ben Tre Province, Vietnam


P31_Dong-Hyun Yoon

Application of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Multispectral Remote Sensing to

Precision Agriculture: Evapotranspiration, Vegetation Condition, Crop Water

Stress Estimation

Dong-Hyun Yoon (Hankyong National University, Republic of Korea), Won-Ho Nam (Hankyong

National University, Republic of Korea), In-Kyun Jung (Research Institute, Water Management Co,

Republic of Korea), Geon-Woo Ham (Shinhan Aerial Survey Co, Republic of Korea), Kyong-Ho Bae

(Shinhan Aerial Survey Co, Republic of Korea)

Abstract

Drought is a natural disaster that directly damages social and economic damage and agricultural p

roduction systems and yields, given that the point of occurrence is unclear, slow to progress, and th

at the affected areas are extensive, compared with other natural disasters. Therefore, it is necessary

to make a decision on the drought and to monitor for proactive drought response, such as predictin

g the affected areas and calculating the damage. In this study, we proposed the use of Unmanned A

erial Vehicle (UAV) multispectral images to precision agriculture for various crop-grain field areas

, which is characteristic of the domestic cultivation system. In the case of UAV images, the weathe

r and clouds are relatively less affected by weather conditions compared to satellite images. Becau

se water needs and drought resistance are different for each crop, if drought determination criteria

are established for each crop by using drones, drought monitoring at municipal and provincial leve

ls, subdivided damage areas can be identified, and damage calculation can be made. In this study,

we determined the drought in Anseong City by linking the Normalized Difference Vegetation Inde

x (NDVI) image of the drone with ground observation data such as soil moisture, soil temperature,

and temperature, so that we can evaluate the applicability of the drought monitoring technology us

ing drones.

Key Words

Precision Agriculture, Remote Sensing, Multispectral Image, Evapotranspiration, UAV

Acknowledgement

This work was supported by Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food,

Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (IPET) through Advanced Production Technology

Development Program, funded by Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (MAFRA)

(116117-03-3-SB020).


P32_Tetsuya Suzuki

Visualization of Accumulated Damage In-Service Concrete Agro-Infrastructure

by X-ray CT

Tetsuya Suzuki (Niigata University, Japan), Yuma Shimamoto (Kitasato University, Japan)

and Akio Ishigami (Civil Engineering Research Institute for Cold Region, Japan)

Abstract

The agricultural infrastructure is mainly constructed by reinforced concrete. The durability of in-s

ervice structures is affected by accumulated damage in concrete, such as cracking damage. By the

author, the concrete damage was detected by X-ray CT, which was quantitatively evaluated by spat

ial statistics parameters. In this study, material damage is estimated by X-ray CT parameters in ser

vice agricultural infrastructure. Prior to the destructive test, distribution of micro-cracks in a concr

ete-core sample is inspected by helical X-ray CT. Then, freeze-thawed damaged samples are teste

d, which were taken out of a head works in Hokkaido, Japan. These samples are extremely develo

ped cracking damage. Thus, it is demonstrated that the concentration of material damage could be

evaluated by comparing geometrical characteristics of cracks with the “energy rate” of detected ela

stic wave in core test. A relation between elastic wave energy and damage parameters is correlated

, and thus the damage of concrete is qualitatively estimated by X-ray CT parameter and related ph

ysical properties.

Key Words

Agricultural Infrastructure, Concrete Damage, Non-Destructive Inspection


P33_Kazunari Inaba

Visual Inspection of Corroded Conditions in Service Land Slide Protection

Infrastructure

Kazunari Inaba (Niigata University, Japan), Isamu Asano (National Agriculture and Food Research

Organization, Japan), Shohei Kawabe (National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Japan),

Yuma Shimamoto (Kitasato University, Japan), Tetsuya Suzuki (Niigata University, Japan)

Abstract

The landslide phenomena are induced by groundwater, which is prevented by the drainage well.

It is mostly constructed by steel material, and located in the mountainous area. The long term dura

bility is evaluated by corrosion of structural materials, such as steel member. By the author, devel

opment of the quantitative evaluation method for corroded conditions in service structures have be

en proposed, by applying visual image analysis. In this study, detection of corroded conditions of

steel drainage well was conducted by using 2D image. The monitoring structures was extremely c

orroded, which was constructed after about 30 years. The spatial statistics parameters were analyz

ed by detected visual images. Thus, the corroded characteristics could be evaluated by comparing

the detected images with internal corrosion progress.

Key Words

Landslide, Drainage Well, Non-Destructive Inspection, Material Corrosion, Durability


P34_Taiki Hagiwara

Evaluation of Corroded Conditions in Service Steel Sheet Pail Canal

by Using Infrared Thermography with UAV System

Taiki Hagiwara (Niigata University, Japan), Yuma Shimamoto (Kitasato University, Japan), Uji

Fijimoto (Nippon Steel Corporation, Japan), Norihiro Otaka (Nippon Steel Corporation, Japan),

Tetsuya Suzuki (Niigata University, Japan)

Abstract

As a detailed inspection of agricultural canal structure in service, visible and infrared thermal ima

ges are frequently used for corrosion evaluation. In this study, detection method of corroded condi

tions in service steel sheet pile canal is developed, applying visual and infrared thermal images wit

h UAV. By the author, the quantitative evaluation method for corroded conditions in service struct

ures have been proposed, by applying visual image and spatial statistics. In this study, detection of

degraded conditions of steel sheet pile canal was conducted by precise infrared thermal image. Th

e monitoring structure was extremely corroded. As a result, the spatial statistical processing could

detect the defects in service structure, and thus the corrosion and defects of canal structure is quant

itatively evaluated.

Key Words

Steel Sheet Pail Canal, Corrosion, Non-Destructive Inspection, Infrared Thermography


P35_Yuma Shimamoto

Frequency Characteristics of Acoustic Emission Caused by Drought-Induced

Plant’s Stress

Yuma Shimamoto (Kitasato University, Japan), Taiki Hagiwara (Niigata University, Japan), Tetsuya

Suzuki (Niigata University, Japan)

Abstract

Acoustic emission (AE) applications are utilized to investigate a drought-induced plant’s stress. P

lants emit AE caused by the cavitation. Discriminant between the burst-type AE caused by cavitati

on and the co-occurring other AE waves has been needed to achieve the practical use of AE applic

ations. This paper discusses the method of discrimination of the burst-type AE among four types

of detected waves and the effects of drought-induced stress on the burst-type AE characteristics.

The burst-type AE was discriminated from the others in high accuracy by the centroid time, the ce

ntroid frequency and the signal intensity rate calculated by wavelet transformation and the frequen

cy based on the Rayleigh-Plesset equation. Analyzing the difference between a calculated centro

id frequency by wavelet transformation and an estimated frequency by Rayleigh–Plesset equation,

the drought-induced group was bigger than the control group. These AE characteristics seem to

be efficient parameters for evaluation of a vulnerability to drought-induced plant.

Key Words

Acoustic Emission, Drought-Induced Stress, Wavelet Transformation


P36_Maga Kim

Estimation of Daily Runoff Using Artificial Neural Network Model during the

Non-Irrigation Period with Reservoir Water Level Data

Maga Kim (Department of Rural Systems Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul

National University, Republic of Korea), Jin-Yong Choi (Professor, Department of Rural Systems

Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Republic of Korea),

Jehong Bang (Department of Rural Systems Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences,

Seoul National University, Republic of Korea)

Abstract

Runoff is a crucial factor in water resource planning and water quality management. But because

of the complex process in rainfall-runoff relation affected by the watershed factors, the rainfall-run

off process is expressed as non-linear functions and hard to predict. Artificial Neural Network (AN

N) model is the computational models imitating the human brain. ANN models have been used to

solve non-linear problems which appear as natural phenomena such as weather or hydrologic. In K

orea, the Korea Rural Community Corporation (KRC) has been collecting the reservoir water level

data every 10 minutes, which can be utilized to estimate present reservoir storage. Runoff, which s

trongly affects reservoir storage, can be calculated using the change of reservoir storage. Therefore

in this study, the ANN model was utilized to predict daily runoff using reservoir water level and ev

aporation data in the non-irrigated period. The ANN model was composed of input, hidden, and ou

tput layer. Runoff data obtained from reservoir water level and weather data were used to train and

test the ANN model. The dataset was divided into a training and test dataset, and these two dataset

s of the data were used to train and test the ANN model. The results of the model were evaluated b

y comparing to the test data using statistical parameters. This study can be utilized for the research

on estimating and predicting the daily inflow to the reservoir. It also might be useful for planning

water resources management and operation.

Key Words

Runoff, Reservoir Inflow, Artificial Neural Network


P37_Yuki Miyoshi

Reproductive Season of an Endangered Bitterling Fish (Rhodeus atremius

suigensis) Inhabiting Agricultural Channels, Western Japan

Yuki Miyoshi (Okayama University, Japan), Hiroshi Aoe (Water Environment Association of Kurashiki,

Japan), Kazuyoshi Nakata (Okayama University, Japan)

Abstract

In agricultural channels in Japan, the number of fish individuals has declined due to conversion o

f channels to concrete by agricultural land improvement projects to enhance agricultural productivi

ty. In Japan, however, fish conservation has been increasingly considered after the Land Improvem

ent Law was revised in 2001. The bitterling fish species (Rhodeus atremius suigensis), inhabits in

agricultural channels and rivers only in two prefectures (Okayama and Hiroshima) in Japan, has be

en drastically declining due to the effects of agricultural channel or river improvements, prompting

the Ministry of Environment of Japan in 2002 to declare it a Nationally Endangered Species of Wil

d Fauna and Flora. Thus, this fish is a conservation target species in agricultural channel or river i

mprovements. Bitterling fish species including R. atremius suigensis show a unique reproductive b

ehavior to deposit eggs in bivalves by using an ovipositor. To examine conservation methods for th

e population of R. atremius suigensis inhabiting agricultural channels, we firstly need to understan

d the basic ecology (e.g., reproduction and movement patterns, etc.) of this species. In this study,

we conducted aquarium observations during April and August 2018 in a large water aquarium (129

.5 cm l × 86 cm w × 45.7 cm h), where 20 individuals of R. atremius suigensis and three species of

bivalves were placed, and recorded using an underwater digital camera. From the recordings, we o

bserved the reproductive behavior of males and females, including the elongation of the female ovi

positor and male nuptial coloration, both which are seen during the reproductive season of bitterlin

g fish. For females, we calculated the value of “Fin Unit” (F. U.); 1.0 of F. U. corresponds to the lo

ngest ray height of the extended anal fin. For males, we divided the nuptial coloration status into fi

ve stages (0 to 4). We were able to observe the reproductive behavior by a pair of the fish on 21 M

ay. In this fish pair, F. U. and the nuptial coloration stage was 1.02 and 3, respectively. For more th

an half of females, F. U. was ≥1.0 from early May to late June and for more than 30% of males, nu

ptial coloration stage was 3 or 4 from mid May to early July. Namely, the reproductive season of R

. atremius suigensis overlapped between male and female during mid May and late June, indicatin

g that to conserve R. atremius suigensis populations improvement of agricultural channels should

be avoided during the above-mentioned period.

Key Words

Rhodeus atremius suigensis, Freshwater Fish, Agricultural Channel, Reproductive Season

, Endangered Species


P38_Nakyoung Bang

Assessment of Future Mega-Drought Based on CMIP5 GCMs Using Statistical

Frequency Analysis in South Korea

Na-Kyoung Bang (Hankyong National University, Republic of Korea), Won-Ho Nam (Hankyong

National University, Republic of Korea), Dong-Hyun Yoon (Hankyong National University, Republic of

Korea), Moo-Jong Park (Hanseo University, Republic of Korea), Michael J. Hayes (University of

Nebraska-Lincoln, USA)

Abstract

Mega-droughts are persistent droughts that last for a decade or longer-they can be devastating to

both natural ecosystems and human societies. In the future, if greenhouse gases continue to rise at

a high rate the risk for a mega-drought during 2050 to 2100 could skyrocket to 80% or greater. Ev

en if greenhouse gas emissions were kept to more moderate levels, the risk for a mega-drought ma

y still be as high as 60%. In general, future droughts will likely be driven by some combination of

reduced precipitation and increased evaporation, both of which reduce soil moisture, but the intens

ity of each these drivers is expected to vary from region to region. Based on the Intergovernmental

Panel on Climate Change’s (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report (AR5), GCM (General Circulation M

odels)’s consistently projects higher temperatures for this region, but uncertainties exist in projecte

d decreases in precipitation between results from the CMIP5 (Coupled Model Intercomparison Pro

ject Phase5). To estimate risks for future mega-droughts, we used various CMIP5 GCMs climate s

cenarios to project future simulated mega-drought conditions in South Korea from 2021 to 2100. S

imulations are based on precipitation from normal 30-year trace records from the historical record

of extreme rainfall using frequency analysis. In this study, we use an anticipatory modeling approa

ch designed to build capacity for sustainable water resources management decision making and cli

mate change adaptation.

Key Words

Mega-Drought, CMIP5, Rainfall, Climate Change, Frequency Analysis

Acknowledgement



Safety(MOIS).


P39_Mohammad Abdul Kader

Leaf Water Potential Estimation of Mandarin Orange Tree Based on Multiple

Regression and Soil-Plant-Atmosphere Continuum Models

Mohammad Abdul Kader (Kyoto University, Bangladesh), Kimihito Nakamura (Kyoto University,

Japan)

Abstract

Citrus is an economically important crop in the world and mandarin orange is the most popular v

ariety of citrus fruits in Japan which have a great market demand due to the soft texture and sweet

taste. Because rainfall varies considerably in Japan during development and maturity stages of ma

ndarin orange cultivation, tree moisture management is a great challenge to produce high-quality (

greater sugar content with moderate acidity) fruits. Leaf water potential (LWP) is considered as a r

eliable indicator of plant water status which reflects the soil water content and might be used to de

cide irrigation schedule at field site. Therefore, the non-destructive estimation of LWP is crucial fo

r adequate irrigation management. In this study, we developed a relationship among the LWP and

observed soil moisture and meteorological factors, and the multiple regression and soil-plant-atmo

sphere continuum (SPAC) models were examined to identify the LWP. A three-year (2016-2018) fi

eld experiment was carried out under mulch-drip and no-mulch treatments in Arida city of Wakaya

ma Prefecture in Japan. Mulch-drip irrigation system is recently adopted in many areas of study sit

e in which drip-tube is covered by a vapor-permeable plastic film under the orange tree (Shimazak

i and Nesumi 2016). This system controls soil water content from excess rainfall (except heavy rai

nfall events). The wide range of LWP were analyzed from mulch-drip and no-mulch treatments.

We measured the LWP and stomatal conductance at every one-month intervals shortly after sunset

from each treatment by pressure chamber and porometer, respectively. The temporal changes in soi

l water content at 5, 15, 25, 35 and 50 cm depths and meteorological data (rainfall, air temperature,

humidity, wind speed, and solar radiation) were measured at every 30 minutes interval throughout

the experimental periods. Although the multiple regression and SPAC models were estimated LWP

roughly, the reproductivity of LWP by SPAC model was lower than the multiple regression model

using soil water potential, stomatal conductance, air temperature, and vapor pressure deficit as vari

ables.

Key Words

Leaf Water Potential, Soil Water Potential, Vapor Pressure Deficit, Water Management.

Reference

Shimazaki, M., Nesumi, H., 2016. A method for high-quality citrus production using drip

fertigation and plastic sheet mulching. Japan Agric. Res. Q. 50, 301–306.


P40_Taeil Jang

Assessing Water Management Practice for Reducing Nutrient Load Using APEX-

Paddy and SWAT Integrated Model in Paddy Dominant Watershed

Donghyun Kim, Taeil Jang (Department of Rural Construction Engineering, Jeonbuk National

University, Republic of Korea)

Abstract

The objectives of this study were to assess the effect of water management practice using integrat

ed model in paddy dominant agricultural watershed in Korea. SWAT (Soil and water assessment to

ol) and APEX-paddy models were integrated for taking advantage of the strengths of APEX-paddy

and SWAT models. APEX-Paddy model is newly developed and the modified version of APEX (A

gricultural Policy/Environmental eXtender) model for paddy ecosystem. This integrated model (S

WAPX) was calibrated and validated using observed data from 2008 to 2017 in the study watershe

d. The results of R2, RMSE and EI for runoff in SWAPX model showed 0.61-0.84, 1.36-5.17mm/

day and 0.26-0.53, respectively and those for nitrogen were 0.38-0.79, 0.22-0.68mg/L/day and 0.2

7-0.38, respectively. The performance of SWAPX were superior to the SWAT results in annual me

an runoff and nitrogen, and thus integrated model can enhance model accuracy by considering pad

dy rice farming characteristics. SWAPX model can evaluate water management effect by controlli

ng drainage outlet in paddy fields through APEX-paddy model. If the 120 mm height of drainage o

utlet is maintained, it can reduce the nitrogen load of 15% compared with the conventional outlet h

eight (about 70-80 mm) at field scale. We will assess spatial and temporal variability effects of drai

nage outlet control practice compared with baseline scenario (conventional outlet height) in waters

hed scale. This approach will be helpful and practical for decision-makers to develop irrigation pol

icies and to clearly explain management practices effect to farmers.

Key Words

APEX-Paddy, SWAT, Coupled Model, BMP, NPS


P41_Yohei Asada

Investigation of Leak Detection Method Utilizing Damping of Pressure

Fluctuation for Preserving Integrity of Agricultural Pipes

Yohei Asada (Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan),

Masaomi Kimura (Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan),

Issaku Azechi (Institute for Rural Engineering, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization,

Japan), Toshiaki Iida (Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo,

Japan), Naritaka Kubo (Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo,

Japan)

Abstract

In Japan, numerous agricultural pipes are passed from reservoir to paddy fields and farmlands for

supplying the necessary water stably and rapidly, and the total extension of these is approximately

ten thousand km. Leakage in agricultural pipes causes heavy losses in a society, such as the subsid

ence of peripheral roads and dwelling land. Therefore, the location and amount of leakage must be

found quickly and accurately to mitigate loss. Thus, there is increasing demand for simple and acc

urate methods of detecting leakage. Recently, technology based on the execution of transient event

(Transient Test-Based Technologies -TTBT) has been paid attention to as an attractive method hav

ing the possibility to detect leakage with a small amount of cost and labor compared with other me

thods. That is because only pressure measurements are needed during no longer than few minutes i

n transient event, where large pressure wave is generated by stopping flow with a valve. Previous r

esearches presented numerous leak detection methods on TTBT: reflected wave method, frequenc

y analysis methods, inverse analysis methods, and a genetic algorithm method. However, these me

thods have difficult to detect leakage in field pipes influenced by high frequency component noise

due to the structure characteristics of pipes even if the structure of pipes is single line, not pipeline

network composed of multiple pipes. On the other hand, the damping of pressure fluctuation is tho

ught to be little effected by high frequency component noise, and more accurate leak detection met

hods are expected applying the damping of pressure fluctuation to estimate leakage location.

In this paper, which focuses on energy dissipation from a leakage point in a pipe which has clos

e relation with the damping of pressure fluctuation, the mathematical model that estimates leakage

location from the damping of the pressure fluctuation is derived, and improved considering the infl

uence of friction on the energy dissipation. The model is verified by an experiment, and leakage lo

cation can be estimated within an error of less than about 4% of total length of the pipeline. The im

plication of findings is whether the model can be applied depend on the value of the non-dimensio

nal parameter represented as the product of Darcy-Weisbach friction factor, and Reynolds number,

that represented as the ratio of the wave travel timescale to the viscosity diffusion timescale

Key Words

Detection of Water Leakage, Pipeline, Water Hammer, Damping of Pressure Fluctuation,

Stock Management of Infrastructure


P42_Mi-Hye Yang

Regional Variations in the Link between Drought Indices and Agricultural Crop

Production in South Korea

Mi-Hye Yang (Hankyong National University, Republic of Korea), Won-Ho Nam (Hankyong National

University, Republic of Korea), Taegon Kim (University of Minnesota, USA), Ji-Hyeon Shin (Hankyong

National University, Republic of Korea), Ju-Eon Lee (Hankyong National University, Republic of Korea)

Abstract

Drought is divided in three stages widely, meteorological droughts, agricultural droughts, hydrolo

gic drought, each of which have different characteristics but be defined a chain of processes that af

fect each other. The processes are a lack of precipitation leads to meteorological droughts, and a co

ntinuous lack of precipitation leads to a soil moisture shortage, resulting in agricultural droughts. A

nd soil moisture shortage has a decisive effect that hydrologic drought occurs. To quantify each dr

ought that have different characteristics, various drought indices have been developed. Through th

e application of the drought index, the correlativity evaluation between the occurrence of drought a

nd the consequent damage is a necessary. Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) is a representativ

e meteorological drought index that uses precipitation data. The damage from the agricultural drou

ght is mainly related to rice paddies and upland crops. In the case of rice paddies, it is generally us

ed of agricultural water in irrigation facilities, we use both the rice production data and the reservoi

r data. In this study, we verify that whether a correlation between the intensity of a drought impact

s from the meteorological drought index and the change in rice production that damage from agric

ulture drought.

Key Words

Drought Index, Drought Damage, Agricultural Crop, Rice Production, Agricultural Reser

voir

Acknowledgement



Safety(MOIS).


P43_Ting-Husan Hsu

Evaluation of Rainfall-Induced Slope Stability Considering Retrofitting Effects

via Two and Three-Dimensional Methods

Ting-Husan Hsu (Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, College of Bioresources and

Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Republic of China), Kuo-Wei Liao (Professor,

Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, College of Bioresources and Agriculture,

National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Republic of China), Li-Han Wang (Department of

Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan

University, Taipei 10617, Republic of China)

Abstract

Rainfall has been long recognized as one of the most significant triggering factors for slope failur

es. This study aims to investigate the mechanism of rainfall-induced slope failure and effects of se

veral retrofitting methods. Three-dimensional slope stability analysis, that is calibrated by the in-sit

u monitoring data, is first used to perform a preliminary evaluation, followed by a more detailed an

alysis conducted via a two-dimensional approach. Failure mechanism such as ground water level a

nd scour depth are considered. Effects of retrofitting methods such as framework vegetation engin

eering, construction of drainage facilities, check dam system and revetment are studied. A case stu

dy, which is Wulai Zhongzhi area, is used to demonstrate details of the proposed methodology. Th

e selected landslide is located on the right bank of a torrent. A massive landslide and debris flow w

ere occurred in Sudile Typhoon (2015), damaging the downstream roads and bridges seriously. Aft

er disaster, this torrent was listed as a potential stream of debris flow. According to the in-situ moni

toring data, a progressive displacement development was observed in S3 slope and an exceptional

attention is needed. The analyzed outcomes are expected to provide an in-depth report to explain t

he aforementioned observations and to assist the decision of a corresponding strategy.

Key Words

Scoops3D, Slope Stability Analysis, Scour Depth, Groundwater Level, Retrofitting Strate

gy


P44_Lichi Chiang

Assessment of Heavy Metals in Irrigation Water from an Agricultural-Industrial

Mixed Area

Li-Chi Chiang (National United University, Taiwan), Chih-Mei Lu (National United University, Taiwan),

Po-Kang Shih (Chung Yuan Christian University, Taiwan)

Abstract

Due to the industrial development, the effluents of high heavy metal concentration discharged fro

m industries (i.e. electronic factories, electroplating factories) have been indicated as one of the im

portant sources of heavy metal pollution. The untreated effluents transported through rivers and irri

gation channels lead to soil contamination, and the heavy metal accumulation in food can be harmf

ul to humans. Moreover, the sludge with accumulated heavy metal could be released during sedim

ent resuspension when heavy rain or high effluent discharge occurs. In Taiwan, factories are scatte

red in paddy fields in certain regions due to lack of inappropriate land use management in past yea

rs. This study aims to investigate the heavy metal concentration in irrigation water in Taoyuan Cou

nty, where Cd-contaminated rice was reported. Two types of auto water sampling and monitoring e

quipment were established at the study areas (San-kuai-tso area and Chungli industrial area) since

2016 for collecting basic water quality parameters (EC, pH and temperature) at 10-min interval per

day and heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Zn, Cr, Cu, Ni) at 3-hr interval per day. The spatio-temporal relatio

nships among different heavy metals and water quality parameters were evaluated. It was found th

at water quality at the downstream of San-kuai-tso area were improved as the targeted factory has f

ollowed the Total Maximum Daily Laods (TMDL) regulation. Moreover, the evaluation of heavy

metal concentration in irrigation water at the Chungli industrial area could be useful for suggesting

TMDL to the factories in the study area.

Key Words

Heavy Metal, Irrigation, EC, TMDL


P45_Masaru Mizoguchi

Long-term Radiation Monitoring from Contaminated Soil Buried in Paddies in

Iitate Village, Fukushima

Masaru Mizoguchi (The University of Tokyo, Japan)

Abstract

Radiocesium released from Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant in March 2011 was accumula

ted in paddy fields within 5 cm of the surface soil layer. In order to remove this radiocesium, Japan

ese government carried out decontamination work to strip off surface layer soil. For this reason, th

e paddy fields of Iitate village of Fukushima Prefecture are filled with a lot of flexible container ba

gs packed with contaminated soil. On the other hand, based on the nature that radiocesium is fixed

to clay minerals, we conducted an in-situ burial experiment of contaminated soil at a paddy field (

Sasu) in Iitate Village, Fukushima Prefecture, and have been testing rice cultivation every year at t

he paddy field where soil contaminated with radiocesium was buried. However, there remains fear

that radiocesium might be released again to the environment. In order to prove that radiocesium wi

ll not leak from the paddy field, we are measuring the soil radiation doses in the well from March

2015. As a result of measurement of soil radiation doses every year, we found that the soil radiatio

n doses have a Gaussian distribution with a peak of which depth has not changed for 4 years. This

tendency was the same as in the pasture of cattle (Matsuzuka) where non-decontaminated ridge bet

ween rice fields was buried. These results indicate that radiocesium is unlikely to leach further thro

ugh the contaminated soil in paddy fields. In addition, it was also from this study found that the soi

l radiation dose was naturally attenuated according to the theory.

Profiles of radiation doses in the soil. Solid lines are fitting curves of data measured in 2015-2019

.

Key Words

Fukushima, Radiocesium, Leakage, Soil Radiation, Paddy Field


P46_Sanghyun Lee

Implication of Multi-Scale WEF Nexus on Integrated Natural Resource

Management, with a Focus on Holistic Impacts of Food Security and Economic

Growth in Japan

Sang-Hyun Lee (Research Institute for Humanity and Nature , Republic of Korea), Makoto Taniguchi

(Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, Japan), Naoki Masuhara (Research Institute for

Humanity and Nature, Japan)

Abstract

The United Nations has established 17 Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs), and the key facto

r of SDGs is to assess the holistic impacts of socio-economic and environmental issues. For examp

le, food production is related to significant irrigation water, energy, and lands, thus it is important t

o discuss the inter-linkages between food security and resources. In addition, economic growth als

o accompanies with consumption of resources such as water and energy, thus we need to consider t

he trade-off between economic growth and resource security. In this study, we applied the Water-E

nergy-Food(WEF) Nexus, which is well known for analyzing the inter-linkages among resources, t

o assess the holistic impacts of food security and economic growth as case studies. First, we assess

ed the dependency of prefectures on water resources within or outside the region through virtual w

ater flows that indicate the embedded water in food trade through WEF-Trade Nexus. The results s

how that increasing self-supply in the main producing prefectures affected the changes in the entir

e rice distribution network. In particular, as the self-supply in Shiga—the main producing prefectur

e sharing the Yodo-river basin with Osaka in the Kansai region—increases, the dependency of Osa

ka on virtual water flows from outside the Kansai region rises. Second, we assessed the effects of t

he strategies about local GDP increase and resource saving through WEF-Economy Nexus. We set

target national GDP and assigned different increase ratios of GDP to 47 prefectures by economic i

ntensity of water and energy, for example, the lowest increase ratio of GDP was applied to prefect

ures indicating high economic intensity of water and energy use. In case of Kansai region, the strat

egy for industrial freshwater and energy savings led more increase of local GDP in Osaka and Kyo

to because of low water-energy intensity, but the opposite situation was shown in Hyogo and Waka

yama. In particular, prefectures in Kansai region share the Yodo-river basin, thus the economic gro

wth and water use could affect regional water management.

Key Words

Water-Food-Energy Nexus, System Dynamics, Multi-Scale, Food Security, Economic Int

ensity


P47_Seung-Hwan Yoo

Assessment of Holistic Impacts of Climate Change Using Smart Nexus for

Agriculture in Korea (SNAK)

Sang-Hyun Lee (Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, Motoyama 457-4, Kamigamo, Kita-ku,

Kyoto, Japan), Seung-Hwan Yoo (Department of Rural and Bio-systems Engineering, Chonnam

National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea), Jin-Yong Choi (Department of Rural Systems

Engineering and Research Institute for Agriculture & Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul,

Republic of Korea), Seong-Oh Hur (National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development

Administration, Republic of Korea)

Abstract

Food security is a serious issue worldwide in terms of sustainable development and many countri

es now consider increasing food self-sufficiency. Korea is also one of main importers of food prod

ucts and the policy about food self-sufficiency is strongly related to food security. However, additi

onal use of resources such as water, energy, and lands is essential in increasing domestic food prod

uction for food security. The aim of this study is to develop a Smart Nexus for Agriculture in Kore

a (SANK) platform which can analyze the trade-off between food security and other resources, an

d assess the impacts of food self-sufficiency with a holistic viewpoint. First, we applied rice crop a

s study crop and analyzed the trend rice consumption and paddy rice field area. Second, the portfol

io of resources for rice production was constructed using data of footprints and productivity. Third,

we analyzed the complex relationship among food, water, energy, and lands using system dynamic

s approach, and developed WEFL Nexus module. Finally, the target self-sufficiency ratio of rice in

target year was applied as user scenario and assessed the holistic impacts of food security through

resource availability and sustainability indices in WEFL Nexus.

Key Words

Water-Energy-Food Nexus, Food Self-Sufficient, Sustainable Water Management, System

Dynamics, Smart Nexus for Agriculture in Korea (SANK)

Acknowledgement

This research was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research

Foundation of Korea(NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education(NRF-2018R1A6A3A03010868).


Science and Technology Development (Project No. PJ013435)" Rural Development



P48_Hirotsugo Kondo

Prediction of Sediment Disaster by Rain Infiltration Simulation Using AMeDAS

and Monitoring Soil Water

Hirotsugu Kondo, Masaru Mizoguchi (Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences The

University of Tokyo, Japan)

Abstract

In 2018, a lot of people were dead or missing by a large amount of sediment disasters in Japan. T

herefore in the purpose of developing a cheap and high accuracy alert system, I conducted a rain in

filtration simulation using precipitation data and soil water monitoring data.

At first, I set a soil sensor 5TE(METER Group, Inc.) into the subject slope to get the Volumetric

Water Content(VWC). The gathered data was send to the cloud by a data transmission device calle

d HALKA(X-ability Co.). And I also obtained a precipitation data from the public weather observe

r AMeDAS.

Secondary, I calculated the change of VWC from the precipitation data by using a simulation soft

HYDRUS(PC-PROGRESS s.r.o.). I adopted the Van-Genuchten Model and used 12 sorts of soil p

arameters which HYDRUS prepares. By comparing the results with the measured value, I identifie

d a sort of the soil in the slope as Loam(L) or Sandy Clay Loam(SCL).

Finally, I conducted an inverse calculation using the measured VWC data and the precipitation da

ta. I set L and SCL parameters as the initial parameters. In this calculation, I estimated a detail of t

he actual soil parameters. The degree of the agreement between the measured VWC and the calcul

ated VWC using these estimated parameters became higher. This result means that the estimated p

arameters are getting close to the actual soil parameters of the slope.

The estimated parameters make it possible to calculate the corresponding VWC change to any rai

nfall. Without conducting a hard experiment of soil analysis, an easy monitoring and the public dat

a may enable us to detect a sign of sediment disasters.

Key Words

Sediment Disaster, HYDRUS, Soil Sensor, Rain Infiltration, Volumetric Water Content


P49_Ishikawa Takahiro

Analyzation of Runoff into the Low-Lying Lake by Using Deep Learning

Takahiro ISHIAKWA (Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo,

Japan), Masaomi KIMURA (Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of

Tokyo, Japan), Toshiaki IIDA (Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of

Tokyo, Japan)

Abstract

In Japan, there are many lakes and reservoir Most of these lakes are used for two purpose;

one is to prevent flooding and another is to store irrigation water. For these purpose water in lake

should be managed not to be in short supply and not to be in full. Now this management is operate

d by skilled operator, but in future number of operators will be decreased because of the decline in

birthrate. So this management required to be automated in the future.

Deep learning can be the most suitable method to predict water height of lake. Because it is easie

r than physical model and more accurate than concept model such as tank model.

In this research, runoff into the low-lying lake was analyzed by using deep learning method. Targ

et area is the Toyanogata lake which is located at Niigata prefecture. Model was developed so that

input data was precipitation and quantity of drainage water and output data was runoff into the lak

e. To clarify the suitable epoch and input data, two studies were made in this research. In one study

, model was developed so that input data was only precipitation. In result, 250 times epoch and pre

cipitation at from T-8[time] to T[time] was the best to reproduce runoff at T[time].

In another study model was developed so that input data was precipitation and quantity of draina

ge water. In result, 500 times epoch, precipitation at from T-2[time] to T[time] and quantity of drai

nage water at from T-1[time] to T[time] was the best. And in both studies, accuracy of model was

declined when epoch is over 1000 times.

Key Words

Water Hydrological Statistics, Water Management, Lowland Lake, Machine Learning,

Deep-Learning


P50_Jihye Kim

Effects of Paddy Water Management Techniques for Reducing Irrigation Water

Jihye Kim (Seoul National University, Republic of Korea), Kyeung Kim (Seoul National University,

Republic of Korea), Hyunji Lee (Seoul National University, Republic of Korea), Seok Hyeon Kim (Seoul

National University, Republic of Korea), Jaenam Lee (Rural Research Institute, Republic of Korea),

Moon Seong Kang (Seoul National University, Republic of Korea)

Abstract

There is a lack of management system for controlling agricultural water in Korea so that agricultu

ral water has been excessively supplied, used or wasted unused every year. For efficient use of agri

cultural water, there must be a system to control usage of water in cultivation. In this study, we bui

lt and applied three of water management scenarios(A~C) on paddy fields and analyzed water savi

ng effects of the scenarios. Three groups of paddies were set, one for scenario A, ponding depth of

20~80 mm (conventional irrigation), another for scenario B, ponding depth of 20 mm (intermittent

irrigation), and the other for scenario C, ponding depth of –100 mm (absolute intermittent irrigatio

n). We monitored Irrigation, drainage, ponding depth, infiltration, and weather data with field mea

suring instruments and analyzed water balance for each paddy field. As a result, 11~22% of irrigati

on was reduced in the paddy group B and 20~38% in the paddy group C, compared to the paddy g

roup A, respectively. These results can be used to build a water management system for efficient u

se of irrigation water in paddy fields.

Key Words

Paddy, Irrigation, Water management


P51_Jehong Bang

Vulnerability Assessment of Agricultural Reservoir Water Supply Capacity

Jehong Bang (Dept. of Rural Systems Engineering, Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National

University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea), Jin-Yong Choi (Dept. of Rural Systems Engineering,

Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea)

Abstract

Paddy rice is a staple food crop in South Korea, and 60 % of paddy fields irrigated are supplied b

y irrigation water from about 17,000 reservoirs. Therefore, the assessment of agricultural reservoir

water supply capacity is crucial to determine drought resistance capability for securing the stable f

ood supply. However, operation rule has been set up with a conventional method and vague standa

rds which only consider real-time water storage rate. To provide a reasonable basis for reservoir op

eration rule, in this study, we assessed the vulnerability of agricultural reservoir daily which consid

ers two variables: potential water supply(PWS) and irrigation water requirement(IWR) within the i

rrigation period. As a pair of PWS and IWR can be produced for a year, more than 30 sets were cal

culated with long term weather data. The vulnerability of a reservoir means a probability that wate

r requirement is higher than water supply; mathematically, P(IWR>PWS). We assessed the vulnera

bility of four study reservoirs daily, and the most hazardous periods was turned out to be the begin

ning of the transplanting season.

Key Words

Drought Response, Vulnerability Probability, Agricultural Reservoir, Potential Water Sup

ply Capacity, Irrigation Water Requirement


P52_Yongchul Shin

Estimation of Sentinel-1A/B SAR Sensors based Soil Moisture

Yongchul Shin, Sangwoo Kim, Taehwa Lee

Abstract

We estimated the spatially-distributed soil moisture values at the high resolution(10m×10m) usin

g the satellite-based Sentinel-1A/B SAR(Synthetic Aperture Radar) sensor images. The Sentinel-1

A/B raw data were pre-processed based on the SNAP(Sentinel Application Platform) tool provided

from ESA(European Space Agency), and then the pre-processed data were converted to the backsc

atter coefficients. Under the assumption that backscatter coefficients have a linear relationship wit

h land surface wetness conditions, the regression equations were derived based on the relationship

s between the TDR(Time Domain Reflectrometry)-based soil moisture measurements and the conv

erted backscatter coefficients. The TDR data from the 51 RDA(Rural Development Administration

) monitoring sites were used to derive the regression equations. Then, the soil moisture values wer

e derived based on the regression equations with the input data of Sentinel-1A/B based backscatter

coefficients. Overall, the soil moisture values showed the linear trends compared to the TDR meas

urements with the high Pearson’s correlations(> 0.7). The Sentinel-1A/B based soil moisture value

s identified well with the TDR measurements with various land surface conditions(bare soil, crop,

forest, and urban), especially for bare soil(R: 0.885∼0.910 and RMSE: 3.162∼4.609). However,

the Mandae-ri(forest) and Taean-eup(urban) sites showed the negative correlations with the TDR

measurements indicating that these uncertainties might be due to limitations of soil surface penetra

tion depths of SAR sensors and complicated land surface conditions(artificial constructions near th

e TDR site) at urban regions. These results may show that Sentinel-1A/B based soil moisture prod

ucts are dependent on land surface conditions. Even though uncertainties exist, the Sentinel-1A/B

based high-resolution soil moisture products could be useful in various areas (hydrology, agricultu

re, drought, flood, wild fire, etc.).


P53_Yongchul Shin

Evaluation of Agricultural Drought Using Satellite-based TRMM/GPM

Precipitation Images

Yongchul Shin, Taehwa Lee, Sangwoo Kim, Younghun jung

Abstract

We evaluated meteorological and agricultural drought conditions using the SPI(Standardized Prec

ipitation Index), SMP(Soil Moisture Percentile), and SMDI(Soil Moisture Deficit Index) indices w

ith satellite-based TRMM(Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission)/GPM(Global Precipitation Measu

rement) images at the province of Chungcheongbuk-do. The long-term(2000-2015) TRMM/GPM

precipitation data were used to derive the SPI values. Then, the spatially and temporally distribute

d soil moisture dynamics were estimated based on the near-surface soil moisture data assimilation

scheme using the TRMM/GPM and MODIS(MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) im

ages. Overall, the SPI values were highly influenced by the precipitation in a spatial domain, while

both the precipitation and land surface conditions affected on the SMP and SMDI values. But the

SMP values showed the relatively extreme wet/dry conditions compared to SPI and SMDI, becaus

e SMP only calculates the percentage of current wetness condition without considering the impacts

of past wetness conditions. When we considered that different drought indices have their own adva

ntages and disadvantages, the SMDI index could be useful to assess agricultural drought and establ

ish efficient water management plans.


P54_Yu-Min Fu

Rainfall-Induced Landslide Potential and Its Distribution in Xiaoyoukeng

Recreation Area, Yangminshan National Park

Yu-Min Fu (Dept of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University), Yu-Chen Hsu

(Dept of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University), Hung-Pin Huang (Dept

of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University)

Abstract

Mt. Qixing is a conical volcano with height of 1,120 meters. It is the highest mountain in the Taip

ei Basin. The special topography such as fumaroles, sulfur crystals, hot springs and collapsed land

formed is scattered around Mt. Qixing. In order to monitor volcanic activities tightly, the Central G

eological Survey, the Academia Sinica and other related agencies setup observation instruments in

Xiaoyoukeng for long-term observation.

Recently, the emerging gases in Yangminshan National Park has been active, causing two places

of collapse at Xiaoyoukeng Recreation Center and Zhonghu Prepared Road in the neighborhood, e

ndanger the trail safety.

In order to evaluate the risk of disaster, this study reviews the literature and collapse data of Yang

minshan National Park, to analyze the potential of landslide.

Considering factors include height, slope, aspect, geology, soil, rainfall, distribution of road, volc

anic fumaroles distribution. This study uses statistical methods to explore the occurrence of landsli

de causing by each factors, and makes the landside calamity potential map appearing in research ra

nge.

Key Words

The Yangminshan National Park, Xiaoyoukeng, Landslide Potential


P55_Kwihoon KimEstimation of Reference Evapotranspiration from Greenhouse Temperature

Model in Korea

Kwihoon Kim (Ph.D. Course in Department of Rural Systems Engineering, College of Agriculture and

Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Republic of Korea), Yoonhee Lee (Ph.D. Course in Department


Republic of Korea), Pureun Yoon (Ph.D. Course in Department of Rural Systems Engineering, College

of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Republic of Korea), Jin-Yong Choi

(Professor in Department of Rural Systems Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul

National University, Republic of Korea)

Abstract

For enhancing the economy in agriculture, increasing crop productivity is the most important thin

g. As the cropland area per capita in Korea is small compared to other countries, many farmers eng

age in greenhouse farming for achieving good profits. The objective of this study was to estimate t

he reference evapotranspiration in the greenhouse. For the estimation, Hargreaves equation was us

ed and the input variables were the temperature inside and outside the greenhouse. Data of outside

temperature were obtained from the nearest climate observation station and data of inside temperat

ure from the Greenhouse Temperature Model. The experimental 4-span greenhouse had an area of

3,000 m2 which is covered with vinyl chloride The estimated values were validated using crop eva

potranspiration calculated by soil water budget method. The results showed 101mm from 22nd Jul

y to 28th October. Though more correction should be accompanied with experimental data from ot

her types of greenhouses, this study can be used for the estimation of regional water demand in gre

enhouse farming.

Key Words

Reference Evapotranspiration, Hargreaves Equation, Greenhouse Soil Water Budget Anal

ysis


P56_Yoonhee LeeAssessment of Regional Differences in Sustainability of Agricultural Production

by Nexus-Based Analysis

Yoonhee Lee (Ph.D. Course in Department of Rural Systems Engineering, College of Agriculture and

Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Republic of Korea), Jin-Yong Choi (Professor in Department


Republic of Korea), Pureun Yoon (Ph.D. Course in Department of Rural Systems Engineering, College

of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Republic of Korea), Kwihoon Kim (Ph.D.

Course in Department of Rural Systems Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul

National University, Republic of Korea)

Abstract

Stable agricultural production needs resource-intensive agricultural production structure, but the s

tability of securing resources such as water has been deteriorating due to recent climate change. Th

e investment in facilities of water requirement for agriculture requires more information because it

has a high cost, such as having the infrastructure. Therefore, this study aims to provide more infor

mation on securing resources needed for agricultural production by clarifying the linkage between

resources in addition to the total amount of resources required for agricultural production. We asse

ssed the sustainability of securing the resources needed for agricultural production through data on

regional production, agricultural energy use, and water use in eight regions of South Korea. In Sou

th Korea, Jeonnam, Jeonbuk, and Chungnam regions are considered to have higher resource efficie

ncy than other regions.

Key Words

Nexus, Rural resources, Trade-off, Sustainability

Documents

2019 Seoul INWEPF-PAWEES International Conference & 16th