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2017 Semester 1 Final Study Guide (worth 1/3 of your final grade) Name: Per:
Scientific Method – Chapter 1- Define & give an example of:
1. Hypothesis: ___________________________________________________________________________________
2. Theory: _______________________________________________________________________________________
3. Independent Variable: ___________________________________________________________________________
4. Dependent Variable: ____________________________________________________________________________
5. Quantitative Data: __________________________________________________________________________
6. Qualitative Data: ___________________________________________________________________________
7. Control: ______________________________________________________________________________________
8-11- Directions: Examine the flow chart below which considers a question about water evaporation. Multiple
hypotheses are tested and conclusions drawn from the given results of the experiments. Then answer the questions
regarding the experiments.
8. What are the independent and dependent variables in each of the experiments?
9. What information should be added to the diagram to give the reader a better understanding of how these
experiments were conducted?
10. What variables should have been CONTROLLED (kept the same) in the experiments?
Experiment #1 Experiment #2 Experiment #3
Independent variable
Dependent variable
11. How much confidence would you have in the conclusion of experiment 3 if you found out that temperature was
not a controlled variable? Explain your reasoning
12. The line graph shows the number of worms collected
and their lengths.
a) What length of worm is most common? __________
b) What was the longest worm found?_______
c) How many worms were 6 cm long? _______
d) How many worms were 7.25 cm long?_______
e) The peak of the curve represents the :
[ longest worms / average worms ]
f) Write an appropriate title for this graph:
13-16. The number of absentees in grades 1-5 at a school in a month are given below. Write the appropriate scale
and draw a graph. Label the axes and write an appropriate title for this graph.
Label w/units:
Grade Number of
students
1 15
2 6
3 18
4 6
5 9
Lab
el
w\
un
its:
Evolution- Chapter 10:
Define:
17. Natural Selection: ____________________________________________________________________________
18. Species:_____________________________________________________________________________________
19. Evolution: ___________________________________________________________________________________
20. Fitness: ______________________________________________________________________________________
21. Artificial Selection: _____________________________________________________________________________
22-25 Describe and give examples of the 4 Principles of Natural Selection according to Darwin:
22. Overproduction:
23. Variation:
24. Adaptation:
25. Descent with Modification:
26. Types of Isolation (Define and give example):
a. Geographic: _____________________________________________________________________________
Ex: _____________________________________________________
b. Reproductive: ___________________________________________________________________________
Ex: _____________________________________________________
27. Why aren’t ligers considered a species? _______________________________________
28-30. Define the following terms and give examples:
28. Homologous structures: _______________________________________________________________________
Example: _____________________________________
29. Analogous structures: __________________________________________________________________________
Example: _____________________________________
30. Vestigial structure: _____________________________________________________________________________
Example: _____________________________________
31. What is embryology? Give an example. How does it provide evidence for evolution?
32. What is molecular (biochemistry) evidence? Give an example. How does it provide evidence for evolution?
33. What is camouflage? What is mimicry? Give an example of each. How do they provide evidence for evolution?
34. What are fossils? Give an example. How do fossils provide evidence for evolution?
Name:
Period:
Ecology- Chapter 13 & Community Interactions & Ecological Succession- Chapter 14:
Define:
35. Biodiversity:__________________________________________________________________________________
36. Autotroph:___________________________________________________________________________________
37. Heterotroph:_________________________________________________________________________________
38. Biomass: _____________________________________________________________________________________
39. Immigration:__________________________________________________________________________________
40. Emigration: ___________________________________________________________________________________
41. Carrying Capacity:______________________________________________________________________________
42. Invasive species: _______________________________________________________________________________
43. Describe the effect on an invasive species on an ecosystem: ____________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
44-46: Complete the chart below
Symbiotic Relationship Name Meaning Example
47. Nitrogen: 78% of our air is made up N2 gas. What organism converts N2 gas into a usable form? ________________
48. What is the process called:___________________________________________
49. Carbon: What process removes carbon from the atmosphere? __________________________________________
50. Name 2 processes that return carbon to the atmosphere: _______________________________________________
51. What happens to global temps when carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increases? _________________
52. Communities: Identify whether each item is a biotic or abiotic factor by placing a check mark in the appropriate box.
Item Average temp. pH of soil Amount of CO2 Number of prey Precipitation Invasive species
Biotic
Abiotic
53. What are 3 ways that humans impact the environment? Explain how those actions affect the stability and
biodiversity of specific ecosystems (i.e. a forest, the deep ocean, lakes, etc.).
54-63. Look at the food web and use it to complete the chart and
trophic pyramid:
Mutualism
Name:
Period:
Trophic
Level
Autotroph or
heterotroph
Consumer or
Producer
Example of an
organism on
this level
What it eats: omnivore,
herbivore, carnivore,
makes own food
Calculate the amount of
energy transferred to
each level
4th
3rd
2nd
1st 25,000 kcal
Which way does energy flow in an Energy Pyramid? (UP or DOWN)__________________
What is the main difference between primary and secondary succession? (think about amount of time and
pioneer species) _____________________________________________________________________________
Biochemistry (Macromolecules and Enzymes):
Define:
64. Polymer:_____________________________________________________________________________________
65. Monomer: ___________________________________________________________________________________
66. Catalyst: _____________________________________________________________________________________
67. Activation Energy: _____________________________________________________________________________
68. Molecule: ____________________________________________________________________________________
69. Compound: __________________________________________________________________________________
70-73: List the 4 macromolecules and complete the chart:
Macromolecule Monomer Function Examples
74. Enzymes are a type of _________________ (which macromolecule). Their job is to increase/decrease the speed of a
chemical reaction by raising/lowering the activation energy required. Enzymes are _____________________ which
means when they finish breaking up one bond, they can move to the next. The three things that can slow down or
stop an enzyme are ____________________, _________________________ and ionic conditions.
1) Label one organism per level from
the food web above
2) Write the amount of energy at
each level.
25,000 kcal
75. Describe and draw the lock and key model of enzymes (there are 3 steps): Make sure you are labeling everything
in the diagrams
76. Enzyme Graph: Use the graph to answer the questions that follow.
a. Which letter represents the reaction without an enzyme? ______
b. Which letter represents the reaction with an enzyme? _________
Cells:
Describe the characteristics:
77. Prokaryote: _________________________________________________________________________________
78. Eukaryote: __________________________________________________________________________________
79. Viruses: ____________________________________________________________________________________
80. Virus: why is it not considered living? ______________________________________________________________
81-90: Describe the function of the following organelles:
Nucleus: ___________________________________________________________________________________
Nucleolus: __________________________________________________________________________________
Chromatin/Chromosomes:_____________________________________________________________________
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum: _________________________________________________________________
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum: ________________________________________________________________
Ribosomes: _________________________________________________________________________________
Golgi Apparatus: _____________________________________________________________________________
Chloroplasts: ________________________________________________________________________________
Mitochondria: _______________________________________________________________________________
Cell Membrane: ______________________________________________________________________________
Cell Wall: ____________________________________________________________________________________
A B
C
Name: Per:
91. Describe the characteristics cell membrane (what is it made of, how many layers, why it makes those layers)
___________________________________________________________________________________________
92. What does semi-permeable mean? _______________________________________________________________
List the 3 types of passive transport and define them:
93. __________________ = ______________________________________________________________________
94. __________________ = ______________________________________________________________________
95. __________________ = ______________________________________________________________________
96. What is active transport? How is it different from passive transport (think of energy/proteins/concentration)?
97. Label each of the following diagram below with one of the following terms: exocytosis, active transport,
endocytosis, facilitated diffusion, & diffusion. Draw a star next to the processes that require energy.
98. Osmosis: For the pictures below, identify what type of solution the red blood cell is in and explain what is
happening with water molecules.
A:
B:
C: