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27/07/17
1
Introduc/on to Typology 7: using typological data, and analysis
Mark Donohue Living Tongues Ins/tute LSA Ins/tute Kentucky
2017 July 27
What’s all this for?
• Remember the four things we can do, in broad outline? – Features to features – Features to languages – Languages to features – Languages to languages
• What makes sense?
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Easy!
Predic/ve Areal Typology
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Areality
• contrast: – more (or less) of the feature(s) in the area than out of it;
– how much more (or less)? how far out?
First step?
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Predic/ve Areal Typology
Contras/ve vowel quali/es
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Old world
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Circum-‐Pacific
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Contras/ve vowel quali/es: propor/ons
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Old world Circum-‐Pacific
Predic/ve Areal Typology
• …just like that head-‐marking trend.
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Bodlenecks and Founder effects
Bodlenecks and Founder effects
• Human gene/cs (schema/cally)
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Bodlenecks and Founder effects
• Founder effects can apply to the homeland as well.
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or
Spa/al scans
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Spa/al scans
Spa/al scans
• Create a line that best captures the different frequencies of the feature inside and outside the area.
• Originally developed for epidemiology.
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Spa/al scans
• Create a line that best captures the different frequencies of the feature inside and outside the area.
• Originally developed for epidemiology.
But, s/ll, ‘What’s all this for?’
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Different histories?
• Malay/Chamic • Recent language spread, very conserva/ve lexicons, but radically different in many other ways.
Malayo-‐Chamic
• 18 Malayo-‐Chamic varie/es: • Acehnese, Ambonese Malay, Eastern Cham,
Western Cham, Iban, Indonesian, Jambi Malay, Kerinci, Kupang Malay, Larantuka Malay, Manadonese, Melanau, Minangkabau Mualang, Nonthaburi Malay, Papuan Malay, Tsat, Urak Lawoi
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Malayo-‐Chamic
• 18languages:
• Malayic
• Chamic
Malayo-‐Chamic: phonology
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Malayo-‐Chamic: phonology
• 18languages:
• Malayic
• Chamic
Malayo-‐Chamic: morphosyntax
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Malayo-‐Chamic: morphosyntax
• 18languages:
• Malayic
• Chamic
Malayo-‐Chamic: morphosyntax
• 18languages:
• Malayic
• Chamic
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Malayo-‐Sumbawan
(Huson & Bryant 2006)
• Phonology
• Morphosyntax
Malayo-‐Chamic
• 18languages:
• Malayic
• Chamic
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More points of comparison? Austronesian (Malayo-‐Sumbawan) Acehnese Ambonese Malay Balinese Cham Eastern Cham Western Iban Indonesian Jambi Malay Kerinci Kupang Malay Larantuka Malay Madurese Manadonese Melanau Minangkabau Mualang Nonthaburi Malay Papuan Malay Sasak Sumbawa Sundanese Tsat Urak Lawoi
Austronesian Proto-Malayo-Polynesian Maya Amarasi Muna Ambai Nuaulu Arguni Palue Balantak Pendau Banda Rote Begak Sawu Biak Selaru Bobongko Souw Amana Teru Buru Taba Cebuano Tagalog Dadua Tatana Dhao Tboli Dobel Tengger Dohoi Tetun Embaloh Toba Batak Fordata Tolaki Galolen Tugun Gayo Tukang Besi Helong Uab Meto Javanese Uma Kambera Uruangnirin Karo Batak West Damar Kei Wolio Keo Wotu Kesui Koiwai Komodo Lampung
Austro-‐Asia/c Chrau Jahai Khmer Nyah Kur Nyaheun Pacoh Semelai Sre U Vietnamese
Tai-‐Kadai Be Hlai Li Maonan Mulao Thai Zhuang
Tibeto-‐Burman Amoy Bai Cantonese Fuzhou Hangzhou Karen Kayah Li Lahu Shanghai Tujia
Trans New Guinea Amele Asmat Dani Dom Ekagi Fore Fuyuge Iha Imonda Kaugel Kewa Lani Menya Mian
WestPapuan Abun MaiBrat Mpur Pagu Ternate Tidore Tobelo
Sepik Alamblak
Skou Skou
South New Guinea Kanum
Tanah Merah Mairasi
Torricelli Arapesh One
Pama-‐Nyungan Djapu Martuthunira Ngiyambaa Nyawaygi Uradhi Wirangu
Tangkic Kayardild Yukulta
Tiwi Tiwi
Wororan Ngarinyin
Phonological clusterings
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Phonological clusterings
Morphosyntac/c clusterings
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Morphosyntac/c clusterings
Malayo-‐Chamic
(other) Austronesian
‘Papuan’
‘Australian’
Austro-‐Asia/c, Kradai, Tibeto-‐Burman, Hmong-‐Mien
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Phonology
WALS
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Where is Malayic (typologically)?
Language(s) Phonology Morphosyntax Nonthaburi Malay, Urak Lawoi’
Mainland SE Asia ‘Mainland SE Asia’
Indonesian, Jambi, Kerinci, Mualang, Iban
Central Central
Melanau Central Northern (Philippine) Menado, Ambonese Malay, Larantuka
Peripheral ‘Mainland SE Asia’
Kupang Malay Eastern ‘Mainland SE Asia’ Papuan Malay Eastern Eastern
What has happened?
• A: – Malayic languages spread with the spread of Malayic socio-‐economic influence;
– Speakers of Malayic languages moved to new places; – They acquired linguis/c traits of local languages.
• B: – Malayic languages spread with the spread of Malayic socio-‐economic influence;
– Speakers of local languages relexified to par/cipate in the new Malayic socio-‐economic sphere.
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Contact
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Language histories (crude)
• History of the lexicon: – that bit which the compara/ve methods pays aden/on to, and with the safeguards of that method;
• History of the phonology: – including accent, innova/ons, and areally-‐determined ‘trends’;
• History of the morphosyntax: – Including inherited quirks, and acquired paderns.
Language histories
• P L M
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Language histories
• P L M
Language histories
• P L M
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Language histories
• P L M
Language histories
• P L M
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Language histories
• P L M
Language histories
• P L M
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Contact
Contact: some variables
• (should have many more)
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Sketches of social interac/ons and linguis/c outcomes
Malayo-‐Chamic: phonology
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Contact
Social interac/ons and linguis/c outcomes
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Contact
• Languages with recent rapid expansion: – Malay – English – Mandarin – Arabic – Quechua
• Language (familie)s with erra/c correspondence to the compara/ve method’s principles. – Don’t forget pidgins and creoles.
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Or Wales:
• Bach ‘small’ [bax]
• ‘Cold I am, isn’t it?’
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Contact
• Languages with recent rapid expansion: – Malay – English – Mandarin – Arabic – Quechua
• Language (familie)s with erra/c correspondence to the compara/ve method’s principles. – Don’t forget pidgins and creoles.
Contact
• Arabic plosives and vowels t k q ʔ i u
b d dʒ a
t k ʔ i u b d dʒ ɡ
a
t tʃ k ʔ i ɨ b d dʒ ɡ ə o
ɗ ɠ æ a
Chad
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Contact
• Arabic plosives and vowels t k q ʔ i u
b d dʒ a
t k ʔ i u b d dʒ ɡ
a
p t tʃ k i u b d dʒ ɡ e o
a
Juba
Contact
• Arabic plosives and vowels t k q ʔ i u
b d dʒ a
t k ʔ i u b d dʒ ɡ
a
p t tʃ k q i u b d dʒ ɡ e ə o
a
Hasköy
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Contact
• Arabic plosives and vowels t k q ʔ i u
b d dʒ a
t k ʔ i u b d dʒ ɡ
a
p t tʃ k q ʔ b d dʒ ɡ ə
a
Mardin
Contact
• Arabic plosives and vowels t k q ʔ i u
b d dʒ a
t k ʔ i u b d dʒ ɡ
a
t k ʔ b d dʒ ɡ ə
k’ a
Yemen
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Contact
• From above, below, or the side • Different effects depending on the nature of the contact.