1 | P a g e

SURVEY CAMP REPORT

(2017)

Department of Civil Engineering

Department of Civil Engineering conducted a seven days Survey Camp for

3rd year student of Civil Engineering and Civil Diploma successfully form 29

August 2017 to 6 September 2017 as compulsory part of the University

academic curriculum for 5th semester (Civil Engineering and Diploma).

This Camp was aimed to groom Civil Engineering students with essential

knowledge and to expose them to the real work, and also to encourage

leadership and teamwork skills. This Survey Camp resulted in encouraging

and supporting students, emerging as leaders in several areas of academic

provision.

2 | P a g e

Acknowledgement This Camp was organised by the R.P.S. Group of Institutions,

Balana(M.garh) with the permission of Director, Registrar and Dean of the

college.

Dr. Mahesh K. Yadav Dr. Devender S.Yadav Dr.Rajender.S. Yadav

(Director) (Registrar) (Dean)

R.P.S. Group of Institutions, Balana R.P.S. Group of Institutions, Balana R.P.S. Group of Institutions, Balana

All those students who participated in the camp want to express their gratitude

towards

HOD - Mr Pradeep Kuhar (CIVIL)

Mr Sudhir Panwar (CIVIL)

Mr Vikas Yadav (CIVIL)

Mr Sanjay Saini (CIVIL)

Mr Sandeep Yadav (CIVIL)

Mr Sunil Yadav (CIVIL)

Mr Naveen Lamba (CIVIL)

Without their help and guidance this would have been a treacherous journey.

3 | P a g e

Index Sr. no. Date Topic name Page no.

1

29/08/2017

Station marking

5

2

30/08/2017

levelling

6-9

3

31/08/2017

Angle measurement

10-11

4

01/09/2017

Chain surveying

12

5

02/09/2017 & 04/09/2017

Plane table surveying

13-14

6

05/09/2017

tacheometric

Surveying

15-17

7

06/09/2017

contouring

18-19

4 | P a g e

Introduction

Students from Civil Engineering and Diploma participated in the

camp. The students were divided into four groups and two

groups collectively did the same task at different places.

OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF CAMP WORKS: -

The objectives of the camp works are:-

To train the students in taking field observations pertaining to some of

the real world problems such as triangulation, contouring, etc..,

To train the students in all the related calculations and in the

preparation of the required maps.

To determine the co-ordinates of few triangulation stations.

To determine the co-ordinates of few stations by Tachometric

surveying.

To prepare the contour map of an area by block contouring method.

To prepare the contour map of a hilly terrain by radial contouring

method.

5 | P a g e

Station-Marking

First we chose and marked five stations and their respective

centres.

All the station must be clearly visible from their common centre.

We must also ensure that each station is visible from every

individual station.

6 | P a g e

Levelling Levelling is a branch of surveying the object of which is to find the

elevations of given points with respect to a given or assumed datum, and to

establish point at a given elevation or at a different elevations with respect

to a given or assumed datum. Levelling deals with measurements in a

vertical plane.

Instruments used:-

Auto level, tripod stand, levelling staff etc.

Procedure:-

(a) Setting up

• Firstly we must insure that the bubble of the auto level lies in the middle.

• Back sight and foresight distances should be approximately equal to avoid any

errors due to collimation, refraction or earth curvature.

• Distances must not be so great as to not be able to read the graduations

accurately.

• The points to be observed must be below the level of the instrument, but

not lower than the height of the staff.

(b) Elimination of parallax

• Parallax is the apparent movement of the image produced by movement of

the observer's eye at the eyepiece.

7 | P a g e

It is eliminated by focusing the telescope on infinity and then adjusting the

eyepiece until the cross-hairs appear in sharp focus. The setting will remain

constant for a particular observer's eye.

Students trying to locate the bubble in the centre of the instrument.

(c) Observed the reading

Students taking readings with the help of auto level and levelling staff once the

instrument is set.

8 | P a g e

9 | P a g e

Reducing the levels

Two methods are in general use; the "rise and fall" method and the "height

of instruments" method. The latter reduces levels relative to the instrument

height. As it has inferior in-built checks it should not be used and will not be

covered here. The "rise and fall" methods shall be used for reduction of all

levelling. Reduction shall be carried out on site before packing up to ensure

that the levelling has been done correctly.

• Calculate the rises and fall between successive points and book them in the

appropriate column (one can determine whether each shot is a rise or fall by

the following rule of thumb: a higher value on top denotes a rise; a higher value

on the bottom denotes a fall).

• Add up the backsight and reduce the foresight columns for the entire traverse

and note the difference between them; this is the close.

• Add up the rises and falls for the entire traverse, and compare the difference

between them with the difference between the backside and foresights; they

should be the same.

• Carry the reduced levels in the R.L. column down the page by adding or

subtracting the appropriate rise and fall values to the successive values of R.L.

The final value of the original starting point will differ from the original value by

the amount of the close.

10 | P a g e

Angle Measurement

Angle measurement is the most prominent part of surveying in which

we calculate the angles of benchmarks with the help of below-listed

instruments.

Instrument used:-

Theodolite, theodolite stand, ranging roads and plumb bob etc.

Procedure:-

(a) Setting up

The theodolite is fixed onto the theodolite stand.

After this, we precisely match the centre of theodolite and benchmark

by making use of the plumb bob.

At last we check the level of theodolite by marking the configuration of

bubble.

Students setting up the Theodolite.

11 | P a g e

Observed angles

We measure the angle with the Theodolite.

We set the horizontal plate of theodolite at mean position i.e 0 degree 0

minute 0 second.

Than we rotate the theodolite in clockwise direction and measure the

angle between the two benchmarks with the subsequent readings of the

upper plate.

Students measuring angles between the benchmarks.

12 | P a g e

Chain Surveying Chain survey is the simplest method of surveying. In chain survey only

measurements are taken in the field, and the rest work, such as plotting

calculation etc. are done in the office. Here only linear measurements are

made i.e. no angular measurements are made. This is most suitable

adapted to small plane areas with very few details. If carefully done, it gives

quite accurate results.

Suitability of Chain Survey

Chain surveying is suitable in the following cases:

1. Area to be surveyed is comparatively small 2. Ground is fairly level

3. Area is open and Details to be filled up are simple a

13 | P a g e

Plane Table Surveying

Plane Table Surveying is a graphical method of survey in which the field

observation and plotting proceed simultaneously. It is means of making a

manuscript map in the field while the ground can be seen by the topographer

and without intermediate steps of recording and transcribing field notes. It can

be used to tie topography by existing control and to carry its own control

systems by triangulation or traverse and by lines of level.

Instruments used:-

Table stand, Plane table, Alidade for sighting, plumbing fork and plumb bob,

Spirit level, compass, Drawing paper with a rainproof cover.

Procedure:-

(a) Fixing:- Fixing the table to the tripod

(b) Setting up:-

Select point such that all points to be located visible from it.

Set up the table and after levelling it clamp the board.

Using U-fork select point is traversed to table.

14 | P a g e

Mark direction of magnetic meridian with the help of trough compass right

top corner of sheep.

(c) Observed the reading:-

Centring the alidade on table and sight point and draw the ray on table

along them.

Measure distance by chain or tape.

Taking suitable scale plot these distances on sheets.

15 | P a g e

Tacheometric Surveying

Tacheometric is a branch of angular surveying in which the horizontal and

vertical distances of points are obtained by optical means as opposed to the

ordinary slower process of measurements by tape or chain.

Instruments used:-

Tacheometer, Stadia Rod.

Procedure:-

The Tacheometer with the analactic lens are famous because their additive

constant is 0. There is one concave lens introduced between the eye piece and

the object piece to eliminate the additive constant of the instrument. It

simplifies the calculations.

Methods of Tacheometric Survey:

(A) Stadia Hair Method

Fixed Hair Method

Movable Hair Method

(B) Tangential Method Stadia Hair Method: As the name suggests in this method theodolite with the stadia diaphragm is used to find out the staff intercept between the lower and upper hairs and also the central hair reading is noted.

Principle of Stadia hair method is that the ratio of the length of perpendicular to the base is constant in case of similar triangles.

Fixed Hair Method:-

16 | P a g e

In the fixed hair method the cross hairs of the diaphragm are kept at a constant distance apart and the staff intercept varies with the

horizontal and vertical position of the staff with respect to the Theodolite.

Movable Hair Method:-

In this method the staff intercept between the lower hair and the upper hair is kept constant by moving the horizontal cross hairs in the vertical plane.

Formula to carry out calculation works

17 | P a g e

(B)Tangential Method:

In Tangential method only central hair reading is noted down and generally two angular observations are taken to calculate the horizontal and vertical distances.

18 | P a g e

Contour

A contour is an imaginary line on the ground joining the points of equal elevation. It is a line in which the surface of ground is intersected by a level surface. A contour line is line on the map represent a contour.

Instruments used:-

Plane table, plane table stand, Alidade, Spirits level and Plumb bob, Drawing

sheet & accessories.

Procedure:-

First we select some point on the ground for calculate level of that point.

Then we stand ranging rod at selected point on the ground & plane table

may be set at good position from where each point easily seen.

According by plane table procedure we draw line from centre to selected

points.

Contour is located by determining the positions of a series of points

through which contour passes.

19 | P a g e

Thank you