portal.arid.my · 2017-07-11 · –11 – @@òß†Ô½a ñ ‰ì– ò aÛ àä çî È bí¾ L Hñ ‰ì–Ûa Š–ÇI é åc ã çŠaŠ ãbaÛ–Ç p b åß òí…b– nÓüaë

íéÓè†Úù]Ìv’Ö]l÷^ÏÚ»Ñ]†ÃÖ]ì…ç‘Ý^Â‚Ãe2003

íéÓè†Úù]Ìv’Ö]l÷^ÏÚ»Ñ]†ÃÖ]ì…ç‘

Ý^Â‚Ãe2003

íé×é× í‰]…

_JÝJêÞ]‚ã¹]á^Û×‰‚Ã‰

±æù]íÃfŞÖ]

2016Ý

אאא

–א–אא W0096264647550

W00962795265767 KW71277311171–א

E-mail: dardjlah@ yahoo.com www.dardjlah.com

אKאאאK،אאKא،אK

All rights Reserved No Part of this book may be reproduced. Stored in a retrieval system. Or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior written permission of the publisher.

978-9957-71-510-6: ISBN

אאאאא )1732/4/2015(

070.433 ،אא

אאאא2003אLאאKWא2015K

F212EK KW)1732/4/2015(

אאWאLLאאLLאאאL אאאאאא

– 5 –

D C B A

I À ¿ ¾ ½ ¼ » º ¹ ¶ µÃ Â Á Ç Æ Å ÄH

áîÄÈÛaaÖ†•

]269:البقرة[

– 6 –

– 7 –

ç⁄aõa†@ @

±c<<<<<<<<<<<<<ë‚{Ö]æ<±]<í{Öçq†Ö]æ<ì]…ý]æ<’{Ö]<îßÃÚ<Û×Â<ë„Ö]<Øq†Ö]<

<áæ<Øu…<ë„Ö]ä·…<Å]æ]<JJ< <

±]<<í{{féŞÖ]<š…ù]<å„{{â<Ñ^{{ÛÂ_<»<í~{{‰]†Ö]<ì†r{{Ö]<JJc<ê{{Ú_<±

<]<^ã·…<<<<<<ğ Ûñ]<é‘çi<kÞ^Ò<Ö]<E<<<<<<í{Öçq…æ<Ù^Ëù]<ìð]†e<ÔÖ<àÓjÖ

Ù^q†Ö]<JJDÄ•]çj¹]<‚ã¢]<]„â<ë‚â]J<J< <

< << <ÌÖö¹]

< <

– 8 –

– 9 –

pbíìna@ @Êì™ì½a òzÐ–ÛaáÓ‰

òß†Ô½a......................................................................................17 – 11

Þëþa@Ý–ÐÛa@ZszjÛa@òîvèäß....................................................41 – 19 szjÛaòÜØ’ß.....................................................................................21 szjÛaòîàçc..............................................................................24 – 21

szjÛaÊìã........................................................................................24 szjÛaÒa†çc............................................................................25 – 24 szjÛawèäß...............................................................................26 – 25

òiìÈ•szjÛa....................................................................................26

òÔibÛapba‰†Ûa........................................................................33 – 27

a‰†Ûapüb©...................................................................................33

ÝîÜznÛaòÔíŠ....................................................................................34

szjÛaÉàn©..............................................................................35 – 34

jÜÛÞbvà×ÞbÔ½a‰bînalbjcsz......................................................35 ÝîÜznÛapaë…c....................................................................................36

ÝîÜznÛaò÷Ïëñ†yë†í†¤.....................................................................36 ÖbîÛañ†yë†í†¤.............................................................................37

Ñîä–nÛaõbäi..............................................................................38 – 37 ‰bjnapbjrÛaëÖ†–Ûa.................................................................40 – 38

– 10 –

Êì™ì½a òzÐ–ÛaáÓ‰ òß†‚n½apbzÜİ–½aëáîçbÐ½aáçcÑíŠÈm...................................41 – 40

ïãbrÛa@Ý–ÐÛa@ZïÐz–Ûa@ÞbÔàÜÛ@òíŠÄäÛa@þ[email protected] – 43@ @Þëþaszj½aZê‰ìİmëïÐz–ÛaÞbÔ½añd’ã...................................56 – 45 ïãbrÛaszj½aZéÐöbÃëëïÐz–ÛaÞbÔ½aÊaìãc..................................72 – 57 sÛbrÛaszj½aZòîØíŠßþaòÏbz–Ûa¿ïÜîÜznÛaÞbÔ½a‰ìİmëñd’ãN ...84 – 73 sÛbrÛa@Ý–ÐÛaZ‰ì–Ûa@åíìØm@¿@âýÇ⁄a@Ýöbë@‰ë…@@@¿@òîäçˆÛa@@@ÝÔÇ@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

‰ìèà¦a...................................................................................138 – 85@ @Þëþaszj½aZòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaâìèÐß........................................102 – 87

òîäçˆÛañ‰ì–Ûa‰ìİmïãbrÛaszj½a............................................112 – 103 sÛbrÛaszj½aZòîßýÇüañ‰ì–ÛaâìèÐß¿âýÇüaÝöbë‰ë…ë

bèäíìØm..................................................................................138 – 113 ÉiaŠÛa@Ý–ÐÛaZô†Û@ÖaŠÈÜÛ@òîäçˆÛa@ñ‰ì–Ûa@æìàšß@ÝîÜ¤@@þa@lbnØÛa@¿@´îØíŠß

Œ¹bm@Ú‰ìíìîã@òÐîz•..............................................................185 – 139@ @Þëþaszj½aZæìàš½aÝîÜ¤¿òîvèä½apaõaŠu⁄aëáîçbÐ½a......154 – 141 ïãbrÛaszj½aZòÐîz•¿ÖaŠÈÛbiòÔÜÈn½aòîbîÛapübÔ½aæìàšßÝîÜ¤

évöbnãëŒ¹bmÚ‰ìíìîã..............................................................176 – 155 sÛbrÛaszj½aZÝîÜznÛawöbnãÐm...........................................184 – 177

pbî•ìmëò·b....................................................................190 – 185 ÉuaŠ½aë‰…b–½a......................................................................212 – 191

– 11 –

òß†Ô½a@ @éãcåçaŠÛabãŠ–ÇpbåßIñ‰ì–ÛaŠ–ÇHñ‰ì–ÛaòäàîçÈíb¾L

òí…b–nÓüaëòîÏbÔrÛaëòîÏŠÈ½abä½bÇpaë…cáçcô†ygæìØnÛbèm…bîëLïãbã⁄aƒí‰bnÛa¿a†vnßaŠßcoîÛñ‰ì–ÛaëLòîßýÇ⁄aëëá×…Š©oîÛ

bèiÃbÐnyüaëbèÈîà£ëpbßìÜÈ½aêˆçõbÐ™gáníåØÛëLÁÔÏpbßìÜÈ½aåßÛaò÷îjÛaÉßÕÐníb½bÔÏëbèÈßÑîØníëæbã⁄abèîÏ“îÈí[ñ‰ì–Ûaæü

òîÐäÛapbçb£üaëÒ‰bÈ½aëÕöbÔ§aëpbßìÜÈ½aåßñr×pbãìØßåßÑÛdnmLñ†ßb¦aÂb¸þaëpa‰ì–nÛaëô†Ûòà×a½añäÕíŠåÇbèibn×aáníë

émbîypaìäÇ…ŠÐÛaI1HNòîßýÇüaòÛbŠÛaÞb–ía¿ñ‰ì–ÛañìÓåàØmë¿ôŠüaaì§aåßŠr×aŠ–jÛaòbyÝàÈníæbãüaæì×åßbÓýİãa

æbÏÙÛˆ×pbßìÜÈ½albn×aÕí†–nÛaâìèÐßåßÕÜİämñ‰ì–ÛañìÓaæþLkíˆØnÛaëLÕí†–nÛabcïçòíŠ–jÛaòíúŠÛñ‰ì–ÛaæìØÛëkb¥

ïèÏÙÛˆÛLpbÌÜÛaŒubyŠØmëLjØÛaëÌ–ÛaLïßþaëáÜÈn½aLŠ’jÛaÝ×a‰b’nãaÉëþaæaåÇýšÏLñ‰ì–ÛaÑÜn¥òÛìè¿òiìnØ½aòàÜØÛaåÇ

bn¤ýÏñ‰ì–ÛabßcLåçˆÛaÞbÌ‘gëÝßdnÛakÜİnmñõaŠÔÛaæþLïÔÜnÛaa†èuxbèîÔÜnÛaj×bîäç‡.éÈÓìßë…ŠÐÛabèîÏ“îÈíÛaò÷îjÛbiñ‰ì–ÛaåíìØmŠqdníë

pa‰bšzÜÛòî±‰bnÛapbßìÜÈ½aòîÇìãëoÓìÛaòÈîjëïu‰bäbÈÛaåßéí†Ûòîãbã⁄aLòÓa†–ÛapbÓýÇëòíŠþaëòî–‚’ÛapbÓýÈÛaòÈîjë

(1)aìÇð‹bËZñ†uLòîØíŠßþaòÏbz–Ûa¿ïiŠÈÛaLòßbèmpbÇìjİßL1985˜L40N

– 12 –

òîÇìãëÉàna¿ñ†öbÛapbî×ìÜÛaëpübÈÐãüaëîbyþaëŠÇb’½aI1HN ëòîiŠÌÛaâýÇ⁄aÝöbë¿ïiŠÈÛaæbã⁄añ‰ì•ŠèÄmbßbjÛbËLbèäßë

òîØíŠßþabo––òë‰†ßpa‰ì–mÕÏëLòÔîÔ§aåÇñ†îÈiòçì’ßóÜÇÝàÈmëÁİ¥ëáŠmòÌß…cëpbûßëpüb×ëëòî½bÇòÇbä•pan«

İßgëLòîiŠÈÛaòî–‚’Ûaéíì’mÞaˆniüaëÕzÛapa‰bjÈibç‰bLæd×ónyïß…e“yëò÷îèiïiŠÈÛaæbã⁄aNâýÇüaÝöbë¿ñ‰ì–ÛaëåÇÑÜn¥

†è LpbàÜØÛaíòàöbÔÛapbÓýÈÛaÙîØÐmkÜİníðˆÛaLlìnØ½a—äÛañ†yaëòÈÏ…òÛbŠÛaïİÈmñ‰ì–ÛabàäîiLõÁiëŒî×Šmë.

ënÛabèäíìØmkjiñ‰ì–Ûaqdm…a…ŒíbèÇbj‘gëLòîuìÛìäØnÛabènËýiëÔæaìÛþbiéîÜÇ‡ìznmëòíŠ–jÛa†çb’½aîbycŒÐnmsî¡LpaŠqû½aëN

ëlìÈ’ÛaëáßþaíòÓýÈÛaÞb©¿òîàçcñ‰ì–ÛaknØmLãc‡gåßaõŒubèŠŁaœÈjÛaåÇbèšÈilìÈ’Ûaô†ÛæìØnmÛaòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaLÉjİämÛaë

b•ÞìÔÇ¿òÈîjóÜÇqdnÛa¿áèß‰ë†iâìÔmbèmüb©ÑÜn‚¶pa‰aŠÔÛaïÈãpbÓýÈÛaÙÜmpbçb£aëN¿ò––‚n½apba‰†ÛaoîäÇ†ÔÏÕÜİä½aaˆçåßë

òîjÜÛabç‰bqe‹aŠigëbç…bÈicÝîÜ¤ëñ‰ì–ÛaâìèÐ¶ïÛë†ÛaâýÇ⁄aëòbîÛaÞb©ýÇ⁄aÝöbìÛÝÇbÐÛa‰ë†Ûa‹aŠigëòîib¯⁄aëbèäíìØm¿âN

òîØíŠßþaòÏbz–Ûa¿ÖaŠÈÜÛòîjÜòîäç‡ñ‰ì•áí†Ôniâbànçüac†i†ÔÛñ†zn½apbíüìÛaòbö‰åiüa”ìix‰ìuïÛìnÛŠ‘bÈÛaâìîÛa¿†í†znÛbiæb×ëœîiþaoîjÛa¿ñŠßÞëþïßìÔÛaåßþaÜ©õbšÇcÉºsîyLòîØíŠßþa

I1HÝßbØÛaxŠÏZLïiŠÈÛaŠØÐÛa‰a…LñŠçbÔÛaLòîÇbànuüaëòîÐäÛa…bÈiþaÞb–müaÝöbëqdm

˜LŠ’ãƒí‰bmýi6673N

– 13 –

¿ÙÛ‡30ïãbrÛaæìãb×2001ðcŠè‘còîãbàriÞìÜícta†ycÝjÓNoànça†ÓëÊbànuüaÙÛ‡Ýî•bÐmŠ’äioìiåİä‘aìÛaòÐîz•bèäßëòîØíŠßþaòÏbz–ÛaÖaŠÈÛaåÇoÓìÛaÙÛ‡¿ïßìÔÛaåßþañ‰b’nßía‰aŒîÛa†ãì×sí†ypaˆÛbiëòÏbz–Ûaoànçaëía‰ŠÄã¿ÁëþaÖŠ’Ûa‰aŠÔnü†í†èmåßéÜr¹bßë

ØíŠßþaòîiŠÈÛaòÔİä½a¿òÜßb×paÌmõaŠu⁄bnÐßìçÖaŠÈÛaæa‹aŠihiòîNpa‰bj‚nüaòÛb×ëŠí†ßoäîmx‰ìubèß†ÓÛapbßìÜÈ½aóÜÇÙÛˆ×Œî×ÛaëæcåØ¹bßëÝßb’Ûa‰bß†ÛaòzÜþÖaŠÈÛaÚýnßaÞìyoÓìÛaÙÛ‡¿òíŒ×Š½a

ïØíŠßþaïßìÔÛaåßþaïÜÇŠİåßÙÛ‡éÜr¹åßcëÝîöaŠcN ”ìiòßìØy¿Ší‹ìÛaÝîãëaéiŠ•bßòîØíŠßþaòÏbz–ÛaoÐ’×†ÔÛïÛìm†ÈiëŠØj½aoÓìÛaÙÛ‡¿ÖaŠÈÛaëŒÌÛ…a†Ç⁄a‰aŠcoÓìÛaÙÛ‡¿ñ‰bvnÛaŒ×ŠßpavÐmtë†yÝjÓëñŠ‘bjßòböŠÛa”ìix‰ìuîöŠÛa

òÜíìñ†¶ï½bÈÛaNta†yc†Èië11ÞìÜíc2001còîØíŠßþaòÏbz–Ûapˆ†íŠmoãb×ÛaÖaŠÈÜÛòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛbiÕÜÈnmòîjÜpa‰bjÇwíëŠmbèÔmbÇóÜÇ

ñ‰bjÇòËbî–iÝrànßïØíŠßþakÈ’ÛaéçŠØíïØÛx‡ì¸áîàÈmIŠ’Ûa‰ìªHN‰ìªñ‰bjÇ”ìiîöŠÛaåÇñŠßÞëþëoìiåİä‘aìÛaòÐîz•oÜÔãaˆØçë

¿òßþaµgéibİ¿Š’Ûa29âbÇïãbrÛaæìãb×2002†Èi‰bÈ’ÛaÙÛ‡Þì¤ëbÈÛaÞë…Ý×¿Ñz–ÜÛpbnî’ãbßëåíëbäÇµgÙÛ‡(1)N

âbÇÖaŠÈÛaóÜÇòîØíŠßüalŠ§apc†i†ÔÛ2003bèÈä•lŠybèãìØi

(1)…Nïãa†è’½aæbàÜ†ÈZòîÜîÜ¤òa‰…òîØíŠßüaòÏbz–Ûa¿ÖaŠÈÜÛòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–Ûa

n½aðaŠÛapübÔ½åßñ†àÜÛoìiåİä‘aìÛaòÐîz•¿ÖaŠÈÛbiòÔÜÈ1O1O2007òíbÌÛë31O12O2007†ÜaòîãbãüaâìÜÈÜÛoíŠØmòÈßbuòÜ©¿‰ì’äßs¡LI15H…†ÈÛaI6H

ku‰1429‹ì·ç2008˜Lâ454455N

– 14 –

ñ‰ì–ÛaâýÇgL¿lŠ§aêˆç‰bjcÉibn½åČîjní‡g[ñ‰ì–ÛaâýÇgbçbèãcëòî½bÈÛa‰bjþapbØj‘òîØíŠßüaòÏbz–ÛabèäîiåßëLõbäqcëLlŠ§aÙÜmÝîjÓ

LbèÇìÓëåßæbÏì…ìuëLÊìjdibèÐÓìm†ÈiëœîÐmòí‰bj⁄a‰ì–ÛaŠÇˆÛbi|ÐİmëÑíì‚nÛbiNpc†iLñ‰ì–Ûbioènãaëñ‰ì–ÛbilŠ§apc†i†ÔÛ

éãdiåí†çb’àÜÛêŠíì–mðˆÛaÚaˆãeýâa†•îöŠÜÛñ‰ì–iI‰ìmbn×…HLëI…ŠànßHkjibÈÛaåßc…†èíëLòîÛë†ÛaòîÇŠ’ÛaëïÛë†ÛaæìãbÔÛaóÜÇ

òzÜþé×ýnßaIÝßb’Ûa‰bß†ÛaHéÈîä–mëLbNñ‰ì–ÛbilŠ§aoènãaëZñ‰ì•¿òßbÈÛapbybÛaô†yg¿…ìuì½aýâa†–Ûð‰b×ˆnÛak–äÛaáîİznÛ

æìzîİíáçë´îÓaŠÈÛaœÈiŠíì–msîyL…a†Ìiòäí†ßLk–äÛaaˆèiòíˆyþbibiŠ™éãìÈj’íëLéiæìÜØäíëN

åßÝÈÛÝßaìÇñ†ÇkjilŠÈÛaåÇòîjÜõa‰eæbØíŠßþaÝ»†ÓëòîjÜÛañ‰ì–Ûbi´îØíŠßþaÑíŠÈm¿aj×a‰ë…aìjÈÛåíˆÛaæìÓŠ’n½abèàçc

âìäiëŠËæìÏÒbnìËÖŠ’n½aáèàçcåßëòîiŠÈÛaòî–‚’ÜÛI19091979HÊü†ãaÝjÓòîØíŠßþañ†zn½apbíüìÛaµgaÜØãgåßŠubçðˆÛa

âbÇìËbØî‘òÈßbuµgášãaëòîãbrÛaòî½bÈÛalŠ§a1943NâbÇ¿ë1957óã…þaÖŠ’Ûaƒí‰bnÛ‡bnd×aj×aŒ×ŠßÝÌ’îÛbîã‰ìÐîÛb×òÈßbuµgášãaN

ì•býåßæbØíŠßþaÝ»ÛaôŠþaÝßaìÈÛaåßëlŠÈÛaåÇòîjÜñ‰´ÜaŠ½aë´îÐz–Ûaåí‚½akÜËaægò•bëòîØíŠßþaâýÇ⁄aÝöbë

…ìîÛìçbèvnämÛaòîöbàäîÛaâýÏþa…ìmïiŠÈÜÛa‰ì•aìß†ÓZðë†jÛañ‰ì•Éß“îÈíœÐ‚äßéàîÜÈmÔÏéãdiáníÝyŠÛaë†jÛaåßæìØí†ÓðˆÛa

– 15 –

áíŠyN“îÈíïaŠÔ¹…ËïiŠÈÛaëæbîÌñŠİîo¤ïbî…bÏòÛby¿òÇbº(1)NaæbÏÝibÔ½biëñ‰ì•…†¤ÛaÝßaìÈÛaáçcåßí†ÛaÝßbÈÛ

æüÙÛ‡ëòîiŠÈÛaòîäçˆÛa¿æbØíŠßþaIoãìØmÛaòîiŠÈÛaòî–‚’ÛaŠèÄmÛaòî–‚’Ûaïçïßý⁄aåí†ÛaÞìybèÓbÏeÝ×¿ñ‰ìzànßòî–‚’×

™b§aoÓìÛa¿bäÛòí†îÜÔmŠL‰ìİmë‰ìèÃÖbî¿p‹ŠiëoãìØmbèãì×ÉaìÛaóäÈ½bi¿bÔrÛabèÔÏcåí†ÛaÝØ‘sîyòîßý⁄añ‰bš§añ…bîë

òàÜØÜÛH(2)N

´îbßìÜi†Ûaë´îbîÛabèãì×ÛaòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–Ûa|ßýß‹mëÛaÞýåßÖaŠÈÛaåÇ´îØíŠßþaŠíŠÔnðˆÛaaòîu‰bäñ‰a‹ëém†ÇcòîØíŠßþ

âbÇ†Èi1958Lñ†zn½apbíüìÛabènİÇcÛañjØÛaòîàçþaµg’íbßÖaŠÈÛa¿bç‡ìÐãëbç†uaìm‰aŠànüLŠíŠÔnÛa†×csîyZIðˆÛaoÓìÛa¿éãa

¿bîö‰bÈÓìßþa¿ûjníéãdiŠ’jíÖaŠÈÛaæbÏòîiŠÈÛaòîßìÔÛaéîÏìàämÛaåßæìØîëïiŠÈÛabÈÛaáÇ†ãæcbäÛòjäÛbiñ†íaŒnßñ‰ì–iëð‰ëŠš

ÒìénßŠiòÔİä½a¿ñ†zn½apbíüìÛaŒ×ŠßæüaŠÄãÖaŠÈÛaÉßÕqëcpbÓýÇñ†zn½apbíüìÛaêb£ÖaŠÈÛaÑÓìßóÜÇ†îÈi†yµg†ànÈíH(3)N

(1) í†îÛaZÂLŠŁaâìèÐßëpaˆÛañ‰ì•íòîiŠÈÛaòî–‚’Ûa3a…LpëiLŠíìänÛa‰

LŠ’äÛaëòÇbjİÜÛ1983˜L87N (2)Ùí†ÛaæbyŠÏZLïiŠÈÛaÝjÔn½aòÜ©¿‰ì’äßs¡LòîiŠÈÛaòî–‚’Ûa¿í†Ûabþa

…†ÈÛaI126Hle1989˜L83N (3)å»ŠÛa†jÇð†»òàbÏZíbßòîØíŠßþaòîÓaŠÈÛapbÓýÈÛa19671987nubßòÛb‰LIË

ñ‰ì’äßH†ÓLòîbîÛaâìÜÈÛaòîÜ×…a†ÌiòÈßbuµaoß1988˜L73N

– 16 –

µglbnØÛaaˆçáîÔmpbßìÜÈßåßŠÏìmbßkyëñ‰ëŠšÛaošnÓaòß†ÔßëÞì–ÏòÈi‰cò·bëLszjÜÛïvèä½a‰b⁄abèäßÞëþaÝ–ÐÛaÞëbäm

sîyåßLszjÛaòîàçcLszjÛaòÜØ’ßLszjÛaÒa†çcÉàn©LszjÛawèäßLÝîÜznÛaò÷Ïëñ†yë†í†¤LÝîÜznÛapaë…cLszjÛaõbäiLÖbîÛañ†yë†í†¤

áîçbÐ½aáçcÑíŠÈmLòÔibÛapba‰†ÛaLpbjrÛaëÖ†–ÛapaõaŠugLÑîä–nÛa–½aëÒaëŠ‘Ý–ÐÛaaˆç¿ôŠuÙÛˆ×LszjÛa¿òß†‚n½apbzÜİ

bèm†ànÇaÛaòîvèä½apaìİ‚ÜÛszjÛaaˆçNÞëbäm†ÔÏïãbrÛaÝ–ÐÛabßcéîÏÑÛû½aïÐz–ÛaÞbÔàÜÛòíŠÄäÛaþasybjßòqýqÞýåßÙÛ‡æb×ë

Þëbämê‰ìİmëïÐz–ÛaÞbÔ½añd’ãÞëþaszj½aá™ëïãbrÛaszj½aZÊaìãcéÐöbÃëëïÐz–ÛaÞbÔ½aLá™bàîÏsÛbrÛaszj½aZÞbÔ½a‰ìİmëñd’ãïbîÛa

òîØíŠßþaòÏbz–Ûa¿ïÜîÜznÛaNsÛbrÛaÝ–ÐÛaÞëbäm†ÓëâýÇ⁄aÝöbë‰ë…‰ìèà¦aÝÔÇ¿òîäçˆÛa‰ì–ÛaåíìØm¿LÞýåßÙÛ‡óÜÇŒî×Ûa†Óë

Þëþaszj½aÞëbämsybjßòqýqZèÐßòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaâìNïãbrÛaszj½abßc‰ìèà¦aÝÔÇ¿òîäçˆÛañ‰ì–Ûa‰ìİmÊì™ìßåàšm†ÔÏNszj½aá™†Óë

sÛbrÛabèäíìØm¿âýÇ⁄aÝöbë‰ë…ëòîßýÇ⁄añ‰ì–ÛaâìèÐßN ñ‰ì–ÛaæìàšßÝîÜ¤åàšm†ÔÏlbnØÛaaˆçåßÉiaŠÛaÝ–ÐÛabßc

ô†ÛÖaŠÈÜÛòîäçˆÛaîØíŠßþalbnØÛaŒ¹bmÚ‰ìíìîãòÐîz•¿´Œî×Ûa†ÓëpaõaŠu⁄aëáîçbÐ½aÞëþaszj½aÞëbämsybjßòqýqÞýåßÙÛ‡óÜÇ

æìàš½aÝîÜ¤¿òîvèä½aLbßaïãbrÛaszj½aåàšnÏpübÔ½aæìàšßÝîÜ¤òÐîz•¿ÖaŠÈÛbiòÔÜÈn½aòîbîÛaÚ‰ìíìîãévöbnãëŒ¹bmá™ësÛbrÛaszj½a

ÐmÝîÜznÛawöbnãN

– 17 –

ëbèîÛgÝ•ìmÛapbubnänüaáçcÑÛû½aÞëbämlbnØÛaò·b¿ëÛañ‰ì–iñŠ‘bjßòÓýÇbÖaŠÈÛaòîØíŠßþaòÏbz–Ûa¿áí†ÔniéßbànçaåÇýšÏ

ípbî•ìmòîjÜÛañ‰ì–Ûaò¦bÈßÞb©¿òàèßbèãg†ÔnÈòÏbz–Ûa¿ÖaŠÈÜÛnãoÐ’×bß†ÈiòîØíŠßþañ‰ì–ÛaÙÜmlbjcáçcòîÜîÜznÛaòa‰†Ûawöb

òîjÜÛaN

ïÐ•ìÛawèä½awöbnäÛaµgÞì•ìÛa¿ÑÛû½aÉjma†ÔÛëÝîÜ¤lìÜcëæìàš½awçbä½akãaê‰bjnÇbikîÛbþaëszjÛaÒa†çcÕîÔznÛbèiŠÓcëN

½aoÜØ‘ë´îØíŠßþalbnØÜÛòîbîÛapübÔÛa‰…b–½aåßbîbca‰†–ßbèîÜÇ†ànÇaòÌÜÛbi´––‚n½a´º½a†yaóÜÇ…bànÇüaæc†ÈiszjÛa

òíŒîÜØã⁄aLëægåßáËŠÛaóÜÇòºÛaòàèßæcügLaj×åØípübÔ½aávyëaj×bnÓëÑÛû½aåßpˆcòÓb‘òîÜàÇoãb×ÙÛ‡Éß‡gòàèßòîÜàÇoãb×

oãb×bèãcðˆÛabþa†ànÇaéîÜÇszjÛaN

óÜÇÑÔíñ†í†ÇpbiìÈ•érzjÛê…a†ÇgõbäqcÑÛû½aoèuaë†Óëbèc‰ÖaŠÈÛbiòÔÜÈn½aëŒ¹bmÚ‰ìíìîãòÐîz•¿pŠ’ãÛapübÔ½aòºŠmL

ÙÛˆ×ëÝÈÐiòîÏbÔrÛaëòî¹…b×þapbû½aëpbjnØ½aåß†í†ÈÛaÖayañ–ið‡ÝØÛòÏëŠÈßÝßaìÇN çòíbèã¿ÑÛûàÜÛ†iüëåßáí†ÔnÛaa

óÜÇòÈ™aìnßñìİügîÛìèÏÞbàØÛaïÇ†íülbnØÛaaˆçæbiÒaÇüaýjÔnßæìrybjÛabç…bmŠíæcÝßdãòÔàÈßòîÜjÔnßtb¡cëpba‰…ÕíŠN

– 18 –

– 19 –

@ @

Þëþa@Ý–ÐÛa@ @szjÛa@òîvèäß@ @

– 20 –

– 21 –

Þëþa@Ý–ÐÛa@ @szjÛa@òîvèäß

szjÛa@òÜØ’ßZ@ @cóÜÇòîvèä½aõbàÜÇÕÐníæIâbîÔÜÛbÔjßbŠ‘†ÈmszjÛaòÜØ’ß

éäßÖýİãüaáníðˆÛabþaìçëLïàÜÈÛaszjÛbiHI1HNòÜØ’ß—‚Ünmë ßbšßòÏŠÈß¿szjÛaÒ†çëlbn×ŠÄãòèuëåßÖaŠÈÜÛòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–Ûa

òîßýÇ⁄aòj‚äÛaŠØÐmÑî×áèÐãïØÛÚ‰ìíìîãòÐîz•¿ðcŠÛapübÔßÔÛaÊbä•åßòjíŠÔÛapbÇì™ì½aò¦bÈ¶òîØíŠßþañ†zn½apbíüìÛa¿‰aŠ

ÖaŠÈÛaåÇò•bäNëlbn×ô†ÛÖaŠÈÜÛòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–Ûaòa‰…òîàçc‹m†ÈiÝäíÊì™ì½aaˆçæì×åßbÓýİãaŒ¹bmÚ‰ìíìîãòÐîz•¿ðcŠÛapübÔß

ÖaŠÈÜÛïØíŠßþaÞýnyüa†Èiò•bëÝîÜznÛaëòa‰†ÛaåßéÄyNmëïmdÝšÏcÝjÔnßµgêb£üa¿ÝšÏcáèÏµgéÈÜİmÞýåßszjÛaaˆçòîàçcÞbÔ½aÊì™ìßµgÊìuŠÛasîyòîØíŠßþaòÏbz–Ûa¿ÖaŠÈÛañ‰ì•áèÐÛszjÛaéi†í‰cszjÛaaˆçÞýòîØíŠßþaòÏbz–Ûa¿ÖaŠÈÛaÞëbäníðˆÛa

ÞýåßŠ™b§aáèÐÛkíŠÔÛaï™b½a¿Š™b§aåÇï™b½aÙÛ‡N szjÛa@òîàçcZ@@ @

ïmdíb¾òîrzjÛaòÜØ’½aòîàçcÉjämZ

1N É™ìÛata†ycåßbènÜmbßëÖaŠÈÛaóÜÇïØíŠßþaÞýnyüata†ycægòÇbÛata†ycïçéîÏ‰ìç†n½aßþaLbòîšÓÝØ’mozj•dÏ

(1)…NÞaìÐÛaý•ZLkíŠËòjnØßLñŠçbÔÛaLòîÇbànuüaâìÜÈÛa¿szjÛawçbäß1982˜L49N

– 22 –

ïÛë†ÛaëïiŠÈÛaôìn½aóÜÇbèmbîÇa†mLÖaŠÈÛañ‰ì•óÜÇbèmbbØÈãaëô†ÛòîØíŠßþaòÏbz–Ûa¿òîbîÛapübÔ½albn×N

2N ¿òîbîÛapübÔ½albn×òîäç‡¿ÖaŠÈÛañ‰ì–iánèíszjÛaægòîØíŠßþaòÏbz–ÛaLòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–Ûapba‰…énîàçcóÜÇp†×cbßìçë

˜ì–äéuëóÜÇòîbîÛañ‰ì–Ûapba‰…ëâbÇÝØ’iN

3N Ûañ‰ì–ÛaòÈîjóÜÇÒŠÈnëòîßýÇüaòîäçˆÛaô†ÛÖaŠÈÛaåÇòãìØn½aŒ¹bmÚ‰ìíìîãòÐîz•¿ÖaŠÈÛaåÇ´îØíŠßþa´îbîÛalbnØÜÛÑz–ÛabènyŠÛaÑÓaì½aëpbçb£üa‹ŠicÝîÜ¤ë†•‰ëLòîØíŠßþaŒ¹bmÚ‰ìíìîãòÐîz•lbnØÛòîbîÛapübÔ½aÝîÜ¤ÞýåßòîØíŠßþa

òa‰†Ûañ†ßÞýN

òîàçcïmdmëŠÄäÛa¿—‚ÜnmÛaòîrzjÛaénÜØ’ßëlbnØÛaaˆç´ßbšßñ‰ì•aÚ‰ìíìîãòÐîz•¿ðcŠÛapübÔßlbn×ŠÄãòèuëåßÖaŠÈÛ

åßbÈÛa¿Ñz–Ûaáçcô†ygÝr·Œ¹bmÚ‰ìíìîãòÐîz•æcæì×åßŒ¹bmñìÐ–ÛaòÏbz•Ýr·bèãì×ëÉí‹ìnÛaávyë‰b’nãüaòÈsîyElite

Journalism×ëóÜÇ†í†‘qdmbñìÐ–ÛaòÏbz•æbÏÒëŠÈßìçbà¿áîÜÈnÛaë…b–nÓüaëòbîÛaÞbu‰óÜÇëLðcŠÛañ…bÓë´ÐÔr½aëåíŠØÐ½a

ïØíŠßþaÉànaNáqâbÈÛaðcŠÛaÝà’íòÐîz–Ûaêˆçqdmæc†¬ÙÛˆÛë‰aŠÔÛaÊbä•[íñ‰a†–ÛaÉÓìßÝn¤bèãü1745¿‰†–mòîßìíòÐîz•

aLòîØíŠßþañ†zn½apbíüìÛòäŒ¹bmÚ‰ìíìîãÉí‹ìmÝ•ë†Óë2007ïÛaìy1.120.420ò‚ãbîßìíNòjäÛbiµëþaòÐîz–ÛaŒ¹bmÚ‰ìíìîãòÐîz•†Èmë

– 23 –

bà×òîØíŠßþapbjnØ½aÝjÓåßbîö‰bÈuŠßâ†‚nmëæbØíŠßþa´îbîÜÛrybjÛaë´îbßìÜi†ÜÛòîu‡ìàäÛaòÐîz–Ûabèãg†ÓëL´îßìØ§a´Ûëû½aë´

ïØíŠßþaâbÈÛaðcŠÛaåíìØmpaë…cåßòàèßña…cozj•c(1)NòîàçcÝÈÛëâbÇbçŒî×ŠmÞýåß‹mòÐîz–Ûaêˆç¿ñ‰ì’ä½apübÔ½a2001†yc¿

lbç‰⁄a†™bØíŠßcòîvîmaa‰ìªóÜÇðcŠÛapbibn×¿âbànçüaŒ×aŠßà§aõbènãa†Èic†jnbèu‰bbèb’ãŒ×ÛæbnãbÌÏcóÜÇòíŠØÈÛaòÜ(2)N

òÐîz–Ûaêˆç¿òîbîÛapübÔ½albn×†yc‰b‘còyaŠ•Šr×cì−óÜÇëI†ãýËìçáîuHâbÇ2001ÖaŠÈÛaìçæŁaÒ†aæcµg(3)Nkn×†ÓëIáîÛë

ŠíbÏbH”ìjÛò•ŠÏìçÖaŠÈÛaÞýnyaæcéîÏ†×cÊì™ì½aaˆçÞìyübÔßýâa†•Éßlb§aòîÐ–nÛ(4)N

òÐîz–Ûaêˆçæì×åßŒ¹bmÚ‰ìíìîãòÐîz•‰bînaòîàçcïmdmÙÛˆ×òîßìíòîãëØÛgò‚ãta†znaµgp‰…biÛaòîÛë†ÛaÑz–ÛaÝöaëcåß†Èm

(1)…NðŠ•bäÛalbİâýZÖaüa¿òa‰… òîØíŠßþaòîu‰bäòbîÛaëâýÇ⁄a

LïiŠÈÛaåìÜÛïØíŠßþaïßýÇ⁄aLòßbÈÛaòîÏbÔrÛaæëû’Ûa‰a…L…a†Ìi2000˜L1314N

(2)Šväî×ðŠäçZòÐîz•¿‰ì’äßÞbÔßLlbç‰⁄a†™bØíŠßcòîvîmaa¿òbyòÜyŠßƒí‰bni‰…b–Ûa…†ÈÛaŒ¹bmÚ‰ìíìîäÛa29O10O2001N

(3)†ãýËìçáîuZìíìîäÛaòÐîz•¿‰ì’äßÞbÔßLÕíŠİÛaÑ–näßbØíŠßcÑÓìmñ‰ìİŒ¹bmÚ‰ƒí‰bni‰…b–Ûa…†ÈÛa29O10O2001N

(4)ŠíbÏbáîÛëZŒ¹bmÚ‰ìíìîäÛaòÐîz•¿‰ì’äßÞbÔßLâa†•Éßlb§aòîÐ–nÛ”ìiò•ŠÏƒí‰bni‰…b–Ûa…†ÈÛa23O11O2001N

– 24 –

òÔíŠ¿ñ‰ìqoq†ycÙÛîëïãb©Þb–maÕíŠåÇoãã⁄aòØj‘ÇbòÈÛbİ½a(1)N

Ûa@ÊìãszjZ@@ @ô†ÛÖaŠÈÛañ‰ì–iòÔÜÈn½aÕöbÔ§aòÏŠÈßµgóÈíszjÛaæüaŠÄãêˆçæìàšßÝîÜ¤ÕíŠåÇŒ¹bmÚ‰ìíìîãòÐîz•¿òîbîÛapübÔ½albn×

ÖaŠÈÛaåÇ‰br½aæìàš½a—öb–†í†znÛýßb‘ýîÜ¤pübÔ½aLåß†ÈíéãbÏÛaòíÐnÛaëòîÐ•ìÛapba‰†ÛaëtìzjÛaòäçaŠÛaÕöbÔ§aòa‰†iánèm

ta†yþaëcÊb™ëþaåßòÇìà©ëcÑÓìßëcñŠçbÃòÈîjİiòÔÜÈn½a(2)NòîãbØßhi|àmbèãþïàØÛabîÔÜÛòÜibÓpbãbîi…ìuëszjÛaaˆçkÜİníëÕíŠåÇûjänÛaëáîàÈnÛaòîãbØßgïÛbnÛbiëï™bíŠÛaÝîÜznÜÛpbãbîjÛaÊìš

½a—öb–ëòÈîjÑ•ëÖaŠÈÛaåÇñ‰br½aòîäçˆÛa‰ì–ÛaòÏŠÈ½ñ‰br½a´ßbšpbíüìÛa¿ñ‰…b–ÛaòîßìîÛaÑz–Ûaáçcô†yh×Œ¹bmÚ‰ìíìîãòÐîz•¿

òîØíŠßþañ†zn½aN

szjÛa@Òa†çcZ@ @1NòîØíŠßþaòÏbz–Ûa¿ÖaŠÈÛaåÇñ‰br½apbÇì™ì½aòîÇìãòÏŠÈßN

2N¿ÖaŠÈÛaåÇïÐz–Ûa‰ì–nÛa|ßýß†•‰òîØíŠßcòÐîz•‹ŠicN

(1)ð†öbÈÛa…ìàªïÜÇZpa‰bß⁄aŒ×ŠßLÃìicLñŠ•bÈ½apbí†znÛaâbßcïiŠÈÛaâýÇ⁄a

jÛaëpba‰†ÜÛLòîvîmaüatìz1999˜L63N (2)…N†îà§a†jÇ†àªZLÖëŠ’Ûa‰a…Lñ†uLòÏbz–Ûatì¡1990˜L49N

– 25 –

3N†ÈiÖaŠÈÛaåÇòîØíŠßþaòÏbz–Ûabènãì×Ûa‰ì–Ûapbáçc|î™ìmÖaŠÈÜÛïØíŠßþaÞýnyüaN

4N†ÈiòîØíŠßþaòÏbz–Ûa¿ojn×ÛapübÔ½a¿òîÇì™ì½aòu‰…†•‰ÖaŠÈÜÛïØíŠßþaÞýnyüaN

szjÛa@wèäßZ@ @aòîÐ•ìÛatìzjÛaµaszjÛaaˆçïànäítìzjÛaÊaìãa†ya†ÈmÛ

ÑÓìßëaòÇìà©—öb–áíìÔmëÝîÜ¤ëŠíì–mÒ†ènmÛaòîßýÇüaîÜÇkÜÌíéLpbãbîjÛaÉºóÜÇ†ànÈmtìzjÛaêˆçæa‡aL†í†znÛaòÐ•

ñ†îÐßpüü…ëwöbnã˜ý‚naëĆLýßb‘ýîÜ¤bèÜîÜ¤ëbçÐmëLbèÐîä–mëbàîàÈm‰a†•aòîãbØßaµað…ûmbèäßâìÔíÛañŠçbÄÛaëaÑÓaì½aæd’ip

bèna‰†isybjÛa(1)NëóÜÇÒŠÈnÛaÒ†ènmÛaòíÐnÛaszjÛaòÈîjİÛaŠÄãbèiâ†ÔmÛaòîÐîØÛañ‰ì•aòÐîz•¿ðcŠÛapübÔßlbn×ô†ÛÖaŠÈÛ

Œ¹bmÚ‰ìíìîãòîÜîÜ¤òa‰…LðˆÛaïÐ•ìÛawèä½aóÜÇÑÛû½a†ànÇa†ÔÏà©óÜÇÝàn’íkîÛbþaêˆçáçcåßëïàÜÈÛaszjÛakîÛbcåßòÇì(2)Z

1N |½alìÜcZSurvey

2N òÛb§aòa‰…ZCase Study

(1) y†àªZïàÜÈÛaszjÛawçbäß¿pba‰…ÂLâýÇüatì¡3LñŠçbÔÛaLbÇ

knØÛaL1999˜L131–132N (2)…NáîäË†àªæbàrÇëæbîÜÇóÐİ–ßï¡‰ZcëwçbäßòíŠÄäÛa ïàÜÈÛaszjÛakîÛb

ÂLÕîjİnÛaë1LÉí‹ìnÛaëŠ’äÜÛõbÐ•‰a…LæbàÇL2000˜L44N

– 26 –

3N æìàš½aÝîÜ¤ZContent Analysis

Ñ•ìÛbiâìÔíê‰bjnÇbiæìàš½aÝîÜ¤lìÜcóÜÇÑÛû½a†ànÇa†ÓëjnÇbiÙÛˆ×Þb–müaòÜîìÛŠçbÄÛaôìnzàÜÛïàØÛaáÄä½aïÇì™ì½aê‰b

ta†yþaëŠçaìÄÛaåÇÕîÓ†ÛaëïàØÛajÈnÛaénİaìiåØ¹sí†ylìÜcNòz™aìÛaò°Š–ÛapbãbîjÛbisybjÛaïÐnØíæclìÜþaaˆç¿Â’íë

òÔîqìÛa¿ñ‰ì×ˆ½aLòÔîqìÛaåßxbnänüaÞëb°æcæë…LlìÜc†äníëaˆçm…aŠÏþaëpbÇbà¦apbçb£aæaµgæìàš½aÝîÜ¤bèmbibn×¿ì™ìiŠèÄ

paë…þaêˆçÝîÜ¤a‡hÏLbèma…bÇëbèiýßëbèmaìäÓëbèia…eëbèÐz•ëLæbÏpbÇbà¦aêˆçpbçb£aåÇÑ’ØíÙÛ‡(1)NlìÜcÊbjmhiÑÛû½aâbÓ†Óë

ñ†àÜÛòîØíŠßþaŒ¹bmÚ‰ìíìîãòÐîz•¿ÖaŠÈÛbiòÔÜÈn½apübÔ½aÉîà¦|½aåß1O1O2004óny31O12O2004N

szjÛa@pbiìÈ•Z@ @òºŠmëÉº¿òjÈnßëòÓb‘òàèßlbnØÛaaˆç¿ÑÛû½aòàèßoãb×¿pŠ’ãÛaëýíìbnÓëoÓŠÌnaÛaÖaŠÈÛbiòÔÜÈn½apübÔ½a

åßñ†àÜÛòîØíŠßþaŒ¹bmÚ‰ìíìîãòÐîz•1O1O2004òíbÌÛë31O12O2004N†ÇÍÜiÛapübÔ½aêˆçÕîqìmôŠu†Óëbç…I72HübÔß

oããüaòØj‘óÜÇòÐîz–ÛaÉÓìßóÜÇòíŒîÜØã⁄aòÌÜÛbibç…ìuëÞýåßòî½bÈÛaNjáu¶òãbÈnüa†ÈiòîiŠÈÛaòÌÜÛaµgbènºŠmÑÛû½aÊbİna†Óë

òíŒîÜØã⁄aòÌÜÛbiN

(1)…Nð‰†íë…†îyëõbu‰Z‰a…LÕ’ß…LòîÜàÈÛaémb‰b¾ëòíŠÄäÛaémbîbc ïàÜÈÛaszjÛaLŠØÐÛa2000˜L215N

– 27 –

òÔibÛa@pba‰†ÛaZ@ @szjÛaÊì™ì½ÕîÓ†Ûa†í†znÛaÉÓaëåßbäÔÜİãaa‡gñ‰ì•aÖaŠÈÛbà×

bèß†ÔíaòîÜîÜ¤òa‰…òîØíŠßþaŒ¹bmÚ‰ìíìîãòÐîz•¿´îØíŠßþalbnØÛâbÈÜÛòÐîz–Ûa¿ïbîÛaÞbÔàÜÛ2004b™‰c…bmŠíéÐã†¯ÑÛû½aæbÏL

aŠØiLbèr¡æcÕjíN—¥òÔibpba‰…óÜÇÑÛû½aŠrÈíbäçåßëÊì™ìßñ‰ì•aübÔßlbn×ô†ÛÖaŠÈÛ†ÈiŒ¹bmÚ‰ìíìîãòÐîz•¿ðcŠÛap

ÖaŠÈÜÛïØíŠßþaÞýnyüaNòÔibpba‰…åßñ…bÏ⁄aéÈä¹ÙÛ‡ægügœÈibçaŠucÛaòî¹…b×þapba‰†Ûaò•bëòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaÊì™ìßÞìy

òî™b½apaìäÛa¿âýÇ⁄aòîÜ×òjÜLkãaìuòa‰†ÛaêˆçoÏb™c†Óëšßkãaìuåßòîbc´ßbñ‰ì•aÖaŠÈÛbèîÛgÖŠİnmòîØíŠßþaòÏbz–Ûa¿

òÔibÛapba‰†ÛaNïmdíbß†¬pba‰†ÛaÙÜmáçcíåßëZ

1NáíbnÛaòÜ©¿lŠÈÛañ‰ì•1973Z(1) ïib¯gëcÜòàîÓáØyòîİàäÛañ‰ì–Ûaæaµgòa‰†ÛaêˆçoÜ•ìm

bäÛaåßò÷ÐiæÔík–ÈnÛaëòbjÛaÂŠÐßIÓòîßìLòîäí…LäuLòÇbºòîäèß…aHêîÌmkÈ–íëò÷ÐÛaÙÜmõbšÇcòäîiòí…ŠÐÛaÖëŠÐÛaýçbvnß

æbîyþaáÄÈß¿N´àÜ½aëlŠÈÛañ‰ì•õì’ãæcµgòa‰†ÛaoÜ•ìm†Óë ÏŠİÛaíÞb–müaòîÇìãóÜÇp†ànÇaÝyaŠ¶pŠßlŠÌÛa¿bç‰ìİmëL

ßbèiŠßÛapüìznÛaóÜÇëpüìznÛaÙÜmbØÈãaëlŠÈÜÛñ‰ì–Ûawnäòîu‰bòÇbºáèÐ•ìi´àÜ½aëlŠÈÜÛéníú‰¿òîÜa…òÇbºéÐ•ìiéîÜÇN

(1)ð‰ìj¦aïça‰æa†í‹ñ…a‰gZÜ©¿lŠÈÛañ‰ì• òîİàäÛañ‰ì–ÛaáíbnÛaò1973òÛb‰L

nubßIñ‰ì’äßËHâýÇ⁄aáÓµgoß†Ó¿la…ŁaòîÜ× âbÇ…a†ÌiòÈßb1996N

– 28 –

lŠy†ÈilŠÈÜÛòîİàäÛañ‰ì–Ûaæaòa‰†ÛaoÐ’×ë1973òÏbz–Ûa¿ÌnmòîØíŠßþaLÒëŠÃåßëïiŠÌÛataÛaåßñ†àn½a‰ì–ÛapŠàna‡g

îØíŠßþañ‰bÔÛañ‰ì–Ûa¿ÃìzÜßÌmt†°ëÜÛa‰ìèÄÛbibè§b–ßëòNñ‰ìİcáİyðˆÛaÝmbÔ½añ‰ì–iïiŠÈÛa‰ìèÃæcµgòa‰†ÛaoÜ•ìmÙÛˆ×

IÝîöaŠgHòÜ©ÝîÜ¤åßŠèÃbà×‡gñ‰ì–Ûa¿aÌmÈíüâŒèmüÛaõï‘µgðŠØÈÛaÖìÐnÛaÙÛ‡kãbßæbÇŠòîØíŠßþaáíbnÛax‰b

ïiŠÈÛaòî–‚‘Nñ‰ûj×òîiŠÈÛa‰bİÓþaëïibç‰h×ïiŠÈÛaáí†ÔmŠàna†ÔÛëlŠÌÛaÉßæìÐÜn±åíˆÛalŠÈÛaâbØ§aë‰aŠÔnüaâ†ÇëpbiaŠİ™ýÛ

îÏìÛa…b¤üaµg´Èibmë´j–Ènßë´îibç‰h×NaŒnjßéÐ•ìiïiŠÈÛaâ†Óëëòí…b–nÓapbß‹c¿kjníëbÈÛa–¶áØzníbÈÛa¿òîãbãgëòîbîN

2NòîÓaŠÈÛaòÏbz–Ûa¿ñ†zn½apbíüìÛañ‰ì•Z(1) µëþaòzÐ–ÛapübÔßóÜÇoíŠucÛaòîÜîÜznÛaòa‰†ÛaêˆçoÐ’×

âbÈÛÝibiëñ‰ìrÛaïm†íŠu¿1999bà×òîØíŠßþañ†zn½apbíüìÛañ‰ì•åÇëñìÔÛaŠ•bäÇ—î‚’mëòîÓaŠÈÛaòÏbz–Ûabènß†Óñ‰ì–Ûaêˆç¿ÑÈšÛaN

Úbäçæa´m‰ì×ˆ½a´m†íŠ¦apübÔßæìàšßÝîÜ¤†äÇòa‰†ÛaoÜ•ìm†ÓëòîÓaŠÈÛaòÏbz–Ûa¿òîØíŠßþañ†zn½apbíüìÜÛòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaåíìØnÛŠ•bäÇ

òîÓaŠÈÛaò÷îjÛatìÜmbèäßòîãbrÛawîÜälŠy†ÈiLòí‹aŒÐnüaÞbÈÏþaë•bäòävÜÛaõbšÇþÑ–ÔÛabèjjíÛaòí…b½aŠöbäávyëÖaŠÈÛaÝa…ò

òîÓaŠÈÛaòîã†½apf’äàÜÛïßìîÛaïØíŠßþaN

(1)ïãa†à§a†»aæbİzÓbí‰ZnubßòÛb‰LòîÓaŠÈÛaòÏbz–Ûa¿ñ†zn½apbíüìÛañ‰ì•IË

ñ‰ì’äßHla…ŁaòîÜ×µgoß†Ó âbÇ…a†ÌiòÈßb2001N

– 29 –

3NòîÓaŠÈÛaòÏbz–Ûa¿bîãbİíŠiñ‰ì•19451958(1)

bîãbİíŠiñ‰ì•ëòí‰bj⁄aòîİÌnÛa—öb–òa‰†ÛaêˆçoÐ’×aòî½bÈÛalŠ§a†ÈiòîÓaŠÈÛaòÏbz–Ûa¿´îãbİíÛaëòí‰ìèà¦aâbîÓónyòîãbrÛ

‰bjþa‰…b–½òz™aëòäàîçÚbäçæcµgòa‰†ÛaoÜ•ìmsîyÖaŠÈÛa¿òîãbİíÛaIpbÇa‡gLpüb×ëLÑz•NH¿bîãbİíŠi‰ìšyòjãoãb×†Óë

µaÙÛ‡ôŒÈíëñ‰…bãòa‰†Ûañ†ßÞýòîÓaŠÈÛaòÏbz–Ûa¿ðcŠÛapübÔßaòîÜak‚äÛaåßœÈjÛa……ŠmbyÊì™ìß¿bèíc‰åÇjÈnÛa¿òîÓaŠÈÛ

òÏbz–Ûa¿ŠàÈn½a†ÜjÛbiòÓýÈÛaÝrßNìçÙÛ‡¿bþaÝßbÈÛaÝÈÛëbèÈšíëbîãbİíÛñ…bšßŠÄãòèuëðcÉä¹æb×ðˆÛaâ‰b–ÛaïibÓŠÛa„bä½a

ð‰a…⁄aÝîİÈnÜÛòÐîz–ÛaŠÈí†Óbà×òîãìãbÔÛaòiìÔÈÛaòÜöbo¤N†ÓëoØÇê†íŠíbßòîäßŒÛañ†½aÙÜmÞýòîÓaŠÈÛaòÏbz–ÜÛòí‰bj⁄aòîİÌnÛa

òîöbÇ†ÛaénîvîmagbèäÇáämÛaïãbİíÛaŠàÈn½aNòa‰†ÛaêˆçoÐ’×†ÓëòîİÌnÛapbçb£aíŠØm¿åàîèßÝßbÇ…ìuëéjÈÜíðˆÛajØÛaqdnÛaô†ß

émbèuìmëé§b–ßâ†±b¶òí‰bj⁄aN×†ÔÛëbèm†ànÇaÛapbîvîmaÛaŠqcæbêˆçwöbnã¿bz™aëòîÓaŠÈÛaòÏbz–ÛbÈßÝßbÈnÛbiòí‰bàÈnüañŒèuþaòäàîaòîäiì™ìiòäîÈÛaÑz•¿bîãbİíŠiñ‰ì•oØÇ‡gòa‰†ÛabîãbİíŠioÛëbämÛa…aì½a¿ì™ìiØÈãabßaˆçëbèÐãòí‰bàÈnüa

bÇìãëbà×bèm‰ì•ëN

(1)ìØä•õbÐ•ê‰bju‰ZòîÓaŠÈÛaòÏbz–Ûa¿bîãbİíŠiñ‰ì•19451958êa‰ìn×…òyëŠcL

IËñ‰ì’äßHâýÇ⁄aòîÜ×µgoß†Ó âbÇ…a†ÌiòÈßb2001N

– 30 –

4Nbòí…bãòa‰…Iñ†zn½apbíüìÛa¿´îÜîöaŠüaëlŠÈÛañ‰ì•òîØíŠßüaH(1)âbÇoÈjÛaë1987òîßìÔÛañ‰ì–ÛaÞìyòÜØ’½ap‰ìz·ëL

âbÇíbßñ†½a¿ñ†zn½apbíüìÛaòÏbz•bèß†Ômbà×òîÜîöaŠüaëòîiŠÈÛa1967M1973üapbî™ŠÐÛabîÓòa‰†Ûaoäjm†ÓëLòîmZ

• òÏbz•bèØÈmbà×òîÜîöaŠüaëòîiŠÈÛaòîßìÔÛañ‰ì–ÛaóÜÇlŠ§aŠqañ†zn½apbíüìÛaN

• bèØÈmbà×òîÜîöaŠüaëòîiŠÈÛaòîßìÔÛañ‰ì–ÛaóÜÇïbîÛaâbÄäÛaŠqañ†zn½apbíüìÛaòÏbz•N

• êˆçåíìØm¿òíŠØÐÛaëòîbîÛaëòí‰bš§aëòî±‰bnÛapa…†aŠqa‰ì–ÛañN

bà×òÛb§aòa‰…ëïÜîÜznÛaíŠvnÛawèä½aòa‰†Ûaoß†‚na†ÓëìçbßbèäßëLïÐãìçbßbèäßñ†í†ÇŠaóÜÇbèna‰…¿òrybjÛap†änaòîØíŠßüaÑz–Ûaåß…†ÈÛæìàš½aÝîÜ¤âa†‚naÉßïbîëïÇbànuaN

óÜÇlŠ§aŠqaÞìy‰ìzànmwöbnäÛaåßòÇìàv¶òa‰†ÛaouŠëñ‰ì–ÛalŠzÏLòîßìÔÛa1967òî–‚’ÛaåÇòîjÜÛapbÐ–Ûaåß†í†ÈÛapŠèÃa

Šqaoäîibà×LòîÜîöaŠüaòî–‚’ÛaåÇòjîİÛapbÐ–ÛaåßòÇìà©ëòîiŠÈÛaòÏbz–ÛaoÐ™dÏôŠüalìÈ’ÛabèãìØmÛañ‰ì–Ûa¿òîbîÛaáÄäÛa

áØyòjÔy¿òíŠ–½aòî–‚’ÛaåÇòjîËpbÐ•òîØíŠßüaÞbºîöŠÛa

(1)bòí…bãZLòîÇbànuüaâìÜÈÛaòÜ©LòîØíŠßüañ†zn½apbíüìÛa¿´îÜîöaŠüaëlŠÈÛañ‰ì•

…†ÈÛa1L1980N

– 31 –

òjÔy¿òíŠ–½aòî–‚’ÛaåÇbènØÇÛañ‰ì–ÛaØÇóÜÇŠ•bäÛa†jÇòîbîÛaëòí‰bš§aëòî±‰bnÛapa…†zàÜÛæcbšía´jmbà×Lpa…bÛaáØyåÇlìÈ’Ûaô†Ûñ‰ì–Ûaõbäi¿ŠqüaòîØíŠßüaòÏbz–Ûabç…†¤ÛaòíŠØÐÛaë

òîÜîöaŠüaòî–‚’ÛaN

5Néîua‰òa‰…åÇÝí†äÓ†»aIòÏbz–Ûa¿ÝîöaŠañ‰ì•òíŠ–½aH(1)ZpŠuc òÐîz•åßòàÄnäßòäîÇóÜÇòã‰bÔßòîÜîÜ¤òa‰…òrybjÛa

x‡ìàä×âaŠçüa òîÇìjüapývàÜÛx‡ìàä×òÇbŠcëòîßìîÛaòÐz–ÜÛbèßaìÓ288Þý…†Ç âaìÇc1972،1974،1978.µgòrybjÛaoÜ•ìm†Óëwöbnãñ†Çbèàçc:

• æg òîãaë†ÈÛaòÛë†Ûa‰bØÏcØÈmbèÏa†çcëÝîöaŠgòÈîjİÛòîöŠÛabÈ½a ì™ìÛaÐäiñ‰ì–ÛaóÏŠèÄmbÈ½aêˆçoãb×ægëòîÈìnÛa.

• ÝîjóÏâ†‚nmëåíŠþa‡ìÐãëñìÓëcò•bäbèmìÓóÜÇÝîöaŠg†ànÈmòîÐäÛalŠ§akîÛbabèÏa†çaÕîÔ¤.

• â¤üÝîöaŠgòîÇŠ’ÛaëÕîqaì½aô†znmëbèm‰aŠÓëòîÛë†ÛapbàÄä½aòîÛë†ÛaN

• bîàÜÇòß†ÔnßòÛë†×ÝîöaŠgŠèÄmbîuìÛìäØmëbíŠØÇòÓìÐnßëbèäØÛëãbÈmïòîäßcëòí…b–nÓaÝ×b’ßåß.

(1)†äÓ†»còîua‰ÝíZ âaìÇaòíŠ–½aòÏbz–ÛaóÏÝîöaŠgñ‰ì•1972ë1974ë1978L

òyëŠcêa‰ìn×…IËñ‰ì’äßHâbÇñŠçbÔÛaòÈßb âýÇ⁄aòîÜ×¿òÏbz–ÛaáÓµaoß†Ó1981N

– 32 –

• ÛaòÔíŠİÛaëÝîöaŠgñ‰ì•oØÇónÛa‰bØÏþabèãa’mbèioß†Óòu‰…óÜÇ‰ìèºµgòèuìßñ‰ì•òÏbÔrÛaåßòäîÈß.

• åßòîÛbÇòu‰…ÝîöaŠ⁄âaŠçþaëÑìîÛa‹ë‰bènß†ÓónÛañ‰ì–ÛaoÔÔy¿ÖbÐmüabÈ½aëpbàÛa.

• p†i ¿ÝîöaŠgñ‰ì•ÚbäèÏõaŒuþaòÜßbØnßëòİiaßòa‰†ÛapaìäíÝßbØm Ûa‰ë†ÛaëòÛë†ÛaòÈîjðbîàîÜÓaéjÈÜmbî½bÇëbèÏa†çcíë

þaëkîÛb ÛaÒa†çþaêˆçÕîÔznÛbèß†‚nm.

• ¿ÝîöaŠgñ‰ì•ÁjmŠm¿òíŠ–½aòÏbz–ÛapbÓýÈiòa‰†ÛapaìäÜa†ÛaæbîjÛaÝÈ£òîÔİäßïbàväßñ‰ì–ÜÛ.

• æb× z™aëÒýn⁄aba†uâbÇÝîöaŠgñ‰ì•í1972âbÇbèm‰ì•ë1978¿òÏbz–Ûa æbm‰ì–ÛaÕÐnmsîyòíŠ–½aâaycâ†ÈÛòjäÛbiüg

òîÛë†ÛaÕîqaì½a.

6NåÇïÓìÓa†ÛaáîçaŠiaòa‰…IlŠÈÛaô†ÛÚaŠmüañ‰ì•H(1)ZêˆçoÈjëâbÇ¿òa‰†Ûa2001lŠÈÛaô†ÛÚaŠmüañ‰ì•òÜØ’ßp‰bqc†ÓëL

åßŠè‘aònÞýñ‰…b–ÛaòîiŠÈÛaÑz–ÛaåßòÇìà©òa‰†ÛaoÈšaë1O10O1998µa31O3O1999pbî™ŠÐÛabîÓòa‰†Ûaoäjm†Óëòîmüa

üúbmÝØ‘óÜÇïçpZ

(1)…NïÓìÓa†ÛaáîçaŠiaZLòîiŠÈÛañ†yìÛapba‰…Œ×ŠßLpëiLÚaŠmüaô†ÛlŠÈÛañ‰ì•

2001N

– 33 –

• ô†ÛÚaŠmýÛòîjÜÛaòîİàäÛañ‰ì–ÛaåíìØm¿âýÇüaÝöbë‰ë…ìçbß_lŠÈÛa

• òîiŠÈÛapbÓýÈÛaóÜÇcŠİíc†iðˆÛaîÌnÜÛÝöbìÛaÙÜmòj×aìßô†ßbß_òî×Ûa

• ì•ïçlŠÈÛaô†ÛÚaŠmýÛòßìŠ½añ‰ì–ÛaÝçâaòîÇì™ìßëòîÈÓaëñ‰çì’ßbèãaò_ÉÓaìÜÛñŠíbÌßë

ouŠëLæìàš½aÝîÜ¤òÔíŠİiëLïÐ•ìÛawèä½biòa‰†ÛaoãbÈnaòîmüawöbnäÛbiZ

âýÇüaÝöbë¿lŠÈÛaô†ÛÚaŠmýÛ´m‰ì•òægZñ‰ì•µëüaïiŠÈÛaÖŠ’½a¿ÚaŠmüaÞìyòîjÜIåí†jnßëåíŠàÈnà×Hib¯añ‰ì•ëòî

ïiŠÈÛalŠÌ½abëbäníÚaŠmýÛIòí‰bàÈnüaòàvaåßòîiŠÈÛa…ýjÜÛñbàz×HLæcüaŠè‘aònÛa‹ëbvnmüïãbßŒÛabç‰ba¿ñ…ë†ªòa‰†ÛaêˆçæcÉßëòjãæbîiëbèÜîÜ¤ëòÜßb×òÐîz•Š’Çòqýq…aìß—zÐiÉaëszjÛaÉàn©

òßbÈÛaòÐîz–Ûa…aìßµa…aì½aÙÜmN

òa‰†Ûa@püb©Z@ @òa‰†ÛaÉàn©åßÝ×†í†zniõ†jÛañ‰ëŠ™òa‰†ÛaòÈîjoßŒÜnaŒ¹bmÚ‰ìíìîãòÐîz•¿ÖaŠÈÛaåÇòiìnØ½apübÔ½aòäîÇëbïãbßŒÛaÞbaë

ÝîÜznÜÛÉš‚nÛaNpübÔ½aåßæìØníéãbÏòa‰†ÛaÉànv¶ÕÜÈníbàîÏë¿´îØíŠßþalbnØÛabèjn×ÛaÞbaoÜrßÛañ†½aÞýñ‰ì×ˆ½aòÐîz–Ûa

åßïãbßŒÛa1O1O2004òíbÌÛ31O12O2004N

– 34 –

ÝîÜznÛa@òÔíŠZ@ @òîmŁapaìİäÊbjmhiÝîÜ¤òÔíŠÑÛû½a†ànÇaZ

1NòîãdnßñõaŠÓòîÇìjþaòÏbz–Ûa¿ñ‰bq⁄biÕÜÈníÝ×ñõaŠÓánmLa‡hÏ£übiˆdísybjÛaæbÏbßñŠØÏpŠèÃåßŠr×céîÜÇ†î×dnÛaë†jíðˆÛaêb

êËIôìÓþaêb£üaðcHN

2N¿ŠàníÝÜaæbÏêb£ýÛòÛü…òícÝîÜznÛaÊì™ìßñŠÔÐÛa¿ŠèÄma‡g†öbÛaêb£üa|šníëñŠØÐÛaÝànØmónyòîÛbnÛañŠÔÐÛaµgñõaŠÔÛaN

3NàèäßñŠØÏÝ×æbÏæbmŠØÏñ†yaìÛañŠÔÐÛa¿pŠèÃa‡gbçb£a†ÈmbßýÔnN

ügÝîÜ¤òÜîëìçæìàš½aÝîÜ¤æcòîvèä½aõbàÜÇœÈiÅyü†ÔÛòÄyýßòÜîëìèÏÙÛ‡åßŠr×céãaNÝØ’iŠ’jÛaÚìÜòÄyýßåßü†jÏ

ÞëbäníáèîÜÇõb–ÔnüaõaŠugëcpbbîÔÜÛÊìšäáèîÛgkÜİÛaëcŠ‘bjßnãcÛaòîÛb–müañ…b½asybjÛabèîÜÇpüúbmŠİíëõüûçbèvI1HN

szjÛa@Éàn©Z@ @òÐîz•åßp‰†•Ûa…a†ÇþaÉîº¿òîÜîÜznÛaòa‰†ÛaÉàn©Ýr·

åßñ†àÜÛŒ¹bmÚ‰ìíìîã1O1O2004òíbÌÛë31O12O2004lìÜcÊbjmhiñ‰ì×ˆ½aòÐîz–ÜÛñ†½aÙÜm¿p‰†•Ûa…a†ÇþaÉîà¦Ýßb’Ûa|½a

(1)…‰b’ní‰iåIëæëŠeZH…òºŠmLòîiŠÈÛapbÔîjİnÛaëwèä½aâýÇ⁄aæìàšßÝîÜ¤N†àª

LŠ’äÜÛòî†ÓL†i‰aLŠçì¦aïubã1992˜L10N

– 35 –

…a†ÇþaoÌÜiëÝîÜznÜÛòÈ™bäI365Ha…†ÇNÚ‰ìíìîãòÐîz•‰bînaëÑz–Ûaâ†Ócåß†ÈmbèãgµgòÏb™⁄bibÈÛa¿ñìÐ–ÛaòÏbz•Ýr·bèãþŒ¹bm

òîØíŠßþaLâbÇˆäßp‰†•bèãcsîy1851óÜÇ†íŒíaŠíŠ¤a‹bèuášmëî½bÈÛaoããüaòØj‘Çbèm…bßÝÔäiŒîànmëïÐz•ÒüeònÉí‹ìmbëLò

ÉaëïÛë…N

szjÜÛ@Þbvà×@ÞbÔ½a@‰bîna@lbjc@ @ÝrßéÜrßÞbÔ½aæìØÛszjÜÛÞbvà×ïÐz–ÛaÞbÔ½aÑÛû½a‰bna

ôŠþaòîÐz–ÛaæìäÐÛaLÑöbÃëÕîÔznÛòÐîz–Ûapaë…cåßòÜîëëña…còîÜmëæýÇgëŠíìämë…b‘‰gëéîuìmëÑîÔrmëâýÇgåßòÏbz–ÛaLæb×æaë

ÞbÔ½a…b‘‰⁄aëÑîÔrnÛaëéîuìnÛaëðcŠÛaña…cìçN…aìßÒýnaåßáËŠÛbiëòÐîz•Œ¹bmÚ‰ìíìîãæaüaaÕîÔznÛaë…ìàÈÛaëÞbÔ½aëäíÊ‹ìnmÛa

ÞbÔ½aòa‰†iÇszjÛa¿ÖaŠÈÛbiÕÜÈn½aïÐz–ÛaòÐîz•Œ¹bmÚ‰ìíìîãş†ÈíðˆÛaëòa‰†ÛaêˆçÝr½òîu‡ì¸cñ…bßkjiæapübÔ½a…b½aïçñ

îßýÇüaò†îyìÛañòÐîz–Ûaêb£aåÇÈmÛaN‹mÕjbßóÜÇõbäiëcáçÞbÔ½a—öb–ïÐz–Ûa¿Z

• ïbîêb£apa‡âaòÜÔnßoãb×aõaìòÐîz–ÛaòbîåÇjÈnÛa´ÈßN

• ÛaâaïÜaÖbİäÛa¿ÉÔmÛaÙÜmõaìòîßìîÛata†yüaòÈibnßÉÔmïÛë†ÛaÖbİäÛaóÜÇN

• âbÈÛaðaŠÛaáèmÛabíbšÔÛbiâbànçþaN

• ÝîÜznÛaëŠ’ÛbibíbšÔÛaëta†yýÛòî±‰bnÛaòîÐÜä‹aŠiaN

– 36 –

ÝîÜznÛa@paë…cZ@ @ïàØÛaÑ•ìÛaµgÞì•ìÜÛæìàš½aÝîÜ¤óÜÇÑÛû½a†ànÇa

Œ¹bmÚ‰ìíìîãòÐîz•¿ÖaŠÈÜÛòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–Ûa—¥ÛapübÔàÜÛÕíŠåÇóÜÇÞì–§aåßåØ·bèãþbîÔÛaë†ÈÜÛñ†yì×ñŠØÐÛañ†yë†í†¤âa†‚naÕíŠåÇòîØíŠßþaòÏbz–Ûa¿ÖaŠÈÛañ‰ì–iò•bäpbßìÜÈ½a|™ìmÛaâbÓ‰þaëkäÛaóÜÇÞì–§aåßåØ·Ûaòí‰aŠØnÛaÞëa†¦a

òíbèäÛa¿ñ‰ì–ÛaêˆçòÈîjL½aòÏb×ÝîÜ¤ÞýåßpŠ’ãÛapübÔâbÇìçÝßb×âbÇÞýëŒ¹bmÚ‰ìíìîãòÐîz–i2004N

ÝîÜznÛa@ò÷Ïë@ñ†yë@†í†¤Z@@ @ïçëÝîÜznÜÛòîö‰pa†yë¼†í†¤µgõaäëæìrybjÛakç‡Z

IòàÜØÛañ†yëHwordÊì™ì½añ†yëëThemeòyb½añ†yëëLåßŒÛaëSpace and timeLòî–‚’Ûañ†yëëCharacterLëñŠØÐÛañ†yë

Theme(1)Nñ†yëïçæìØnÛñŠØÐÛañ†yë‰bînaóÜÇðcŠÛaŠÔna†ÔÛëéÏa†çcëémaõaŠugëszjÛapbjÜİnßÉßávämbèãìØÛszjÛaaˆç¿ÝîÜznÛaN

pb÷ÏµgòîßýÇ⁄añ…b½aáîÔmòa‰†ÛaòÈîjoßŒÜna†ÔÏÝîÜznÛaò÷Ïbßcòîö‰pb÷ÏµgbçbäàÓsîyæìàš½apb÷ÏóÜÇ†ànÈãÒìðcLIÝîÓa‡bß

Þb–müañ…bß¿H(2)N

(1)…N†îà§a†jÇ†àªZLÖëŠ’Ûa‰a…Lñ†uLâýÇ⁄atì¡¿ôìnaÝîÜ¤1983˜L140N (2)…N†»a†î†àªkíŠËZLïÇbànuüaszjÛaˆîÐämëáîà–mLòîÈßb¦aòÏŠÈ½a‰a…Lòí‰†äØ⁄a

1989˜L153N

– 37 –

ÖbîÛa@ñ†yë@†í†¤Z@ @ôìnaÝa…òíìÌÛpa†yëïçÖbîÛapa†yëægIñŠÔÏLñ‰bjÇLòÜºH

bîÔÛaë†ÈÛabèîÜÇáníÛaÝîvnÛapa†yëïãbÈ½ÕîÓ†Ûa†í†znÛa¿†îÐmNÊì™ì½aëcóäÈ½apa‡ñŠÔÐÛaÑÛû½a‰bna†ÓëåßÝšÏcÝîÜznÜÛñ†yì×

òÐÜn‚½aÝîÜznÛapa†yëpa†í†¤sîy(1)N

–nÛa@õbäiÑîäZ@ @òØj‘óÜÇoÔqëÛaëòîØíŠßþaòÏbz–ÛaåßpübÔ½aÉºæg†Èi

âbÇoããüa2004LòÔÜÈn½apübÔ½aÝr·ÛaëÖaŠÈÛbiÐîz•¿òÚ‰ìíìîãbÔ½aêˆçÉîà¦Ýßb’Ûa|½aòÔíŠİiëŒ¹bmåßñ†½aÞýpü1O1O2004

ónyë31O12O2004LòíŒîÜØã⁄aòÌÜÛaåßbènºŠmëpübÔ½aêˆçÕîqìmôŠuoÌÜi†ÓëòîiŠÈÛaòÌÜÛaµgI72HòÐîz•¿übÔßÚ‰ìíìîãÊbİnaæg†ÈiLŒ¹bm

ñ‰ì–iòÔÜÈn½apübÔ½aÉîà¦Ýßb‘|ßòîÜàÇõaŠugÑÛû½aÖaŠÈÛañ†àÜÛñ‰ì×ˆ½aN†ÓëÊbİna†ànÈßÑîä–nÛaõbäiÑÛû½aað†ÈiÑîä–móÜÇÙÛ‡¿

oÜrßòîöaì’ÇòäîÇóÜÇð†îèànÛaÝîÜznÛaâa†‚nbiÙÛ‡sîypübÔ½aêˆòjã10EaÝîÜznÛaaˆçwöbnãoãb×ëòîmŁaÝîÜznÛapb÷ÏxaŠ‚nZ

1N òîÓaŠÈÛaòî–‚’ÛaåßïØíŠßþaÑÓì½aò÷ÏN

(1)…N†îà§a†jÇ†àªZ˜LÕib‰†–ßLâýÇ⁄atì¡¿ôìnaÝîÜ¤137N

– 38 –

2N ñ‰ì•íÁiŠÛaò÷Ïlbç‰⁄añ‰ì•ëòîÓaŠÈÛaòßëbÔ½aN

3N õa†ÈÛaŠ–yò÷ÏIõa†ÈÛaòä–‚‘HN

4N ÖaŠÈÛa¿ïØíŠßþa‹b¬⁄a†î×dmò÷ÏN

5N ÖaŠÈÛa¿ÝjÔn½añ‰ì•ò÷ÏN

6N ÖaŠÈÛa¿òîÜa†ÛaÊb™ëþañ‰ì•ò÷ÏN

7N ÖaŠÈÛa¿òí…b–nÓüaÊb™ëþañ‰ì•ò÷ÏN

8N sÈjÛalŒyëÕibÛaâbÄäÛaåßïØíŠßþaÑÓì½aò÷ÏN

9N òîÓaŠÈÛaÝßb’Ûa‰bß†ÛaòzÜcåßïØíŠßþaÑÓì½aò÷ÏN

10N òîÓaŠÈÛapbib‚nãüaåßïØíŠßþaÑÓì½aò÷ÏN

pbjrÛaë@Ö†–Ûa@‰bjnaZ@ @ñ†ÔÈßòîöb–ygpbîÜàÇµgÑÛû½a†àÈíLå¾rØÛaÚbäçæcbàîüë

†ÔÈ½aòîöb–y⁄akîÛbþaâa†‚na¿ñübÌ½aâ†Çñ‰ëŠ™µgæìjçˆí†î×dnÛñémbjqëÝîÜznÛaÖ†•Néma‡†y¿bÏ†çîÛïöb–y⁄alìÜþaæc‡gLìçÝibßÒ†çÕîÔznÛña…cLÕÔ°bßòîöb–y⁄akîÛbþaåßÚbäçoãb×b½bë

Ò†a(1)N

(1)…Nð…bà§a†àªa†jÇë†»a†îðŠØ‘ZLŠİÓòÈßbuLæìàš½aÝîÜ¤òîvèäß1987˜L

415N

– 39 –

Ö†–Ûa@‰bjnaZ@ @ìçbßbîÔÛña…þaëclìÜþaòîyý•òz–ÛaëcÖ†–Ûbi†–Ôí

ébîÓ…aŠßLeóäÈ¶ëcòa‰†ÛaÒa†çcÕîÔ¤¿szjÛaña…còîyý•ŠLåØ¹sî¡wöbnãåßÑÛû½aéîÛgÝ•ìmbàîÏòÔrÛaôìnßÊbÐm‰aïÛbnÛbië

áîàÈnÛaµabèäßÞbÔnãüa(1)NÈ†ÓëóÞýåßÖ†–Ûa‰bjnaÕîjİnÛÑÛû½aóàíbßëcÝîÜznÛax‡ì¸ŠÈiÙÛ‡ëðŠçbÄÛaÖ†–ÛalìÜcâa†‚na

znÛbiÐîz•¿pŠ’ãÛapübÔ½aåßòàÄnäßòîöaì’ÇòäîÈÛð†îèànÛaÝîÜòÚ‰ìíìîãõüûç‰b‘cë´àØaåßòÇìà©óÜÇòa‰†Ûañ†ßÞýŒ¹bm

½abèÈjmaÛapaõaŠu⁄aòîyý•µg´àØaÑÛûÑîä–nÛaõbäi¿N

@pbjrÛa@‰bjna@ @îÜ¤Õîjİm‰aŠØmòîãbØßgìçpbjrÛa‰bjnaægóÜÇÞì–§aëæìàš½aÝ

ñŠßÝ×òi‰bÔßëcòÔibİßwöbnãNòîãìßd½aìçéîãbÈßÁidipbjrÛaëReliabilityëcIóÜÇ…bànÇüaô†ßHÉßñ…bÇ⁄aëc‰aŠØnÛaóÜÇñ‰†ÔÛaìçë

æcÈíìèÏpbjrÛaÕîÔ¤¿ñj×òiìÈ•†uìmüëLòÔnßwöbnãÕîÔ¤aóÜÇbîÔÛa†äÇÝ–°sybjÛaóÜÇkîÛbþapa‡â†‚naa‡gbèÐãwöbnäÛ

òqìzj½añ…b½a(2)NlbyLÞëþaÕîjİnÛaåßÝîÜznÛaÕîjİmsybjÛa…bÇcë¿òîÐ•ìÛapbibu⁄aíÖbÐmüaòjãëòîàØÛapbibu⁄aíÂbjm‰üaÝßbÈß

(1)…N†îà§a†jÇ†àªZtì¡¿‰ìèà¦aòa‰…˜LÕib‰†–ßLâýÇ⁄a221222N (2)…‰b’ní‰iåIæëŠeëZHLÕib‰†–ß˜175N

– 40 –

ÔîjİnÛaåßÝ×NpìØÖbÐmaÕîjİmòİaìipbjrÛawöbnãóÜÇÝ–y†ÓëÏëòîmŁaòî™bíŠÛaòÛ…bÈ½aÕZ

2c–5c pbjrÛaÝßbÈß]

2cM1055

szjÛa@¿@òß†‚n½a@pbzÜİ–½aë@áîçbÐ½a@áçc@ÑíŠÈmZ@ @• òîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaZpbÇbjİãýÛïöbèäÛawmbäÛabèãgóÜÇòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaÒŠÈm

êˆçæìØnmëåíŠŁaåÇpbÇbà¦aëc…aŠÏþa†äÇæìØnmÛaòîmaˆÛaüañŠ‘bj½aËëñŠ‘bj½al‰bvnÛaÞýåßpbÇbjİãLl‰bvnÛaêˆçÁjmŠmë

áç†öbÔÇëáèmbçb£aë…aŠÏþaÑaìÈi(1)N

• òîßýÇ⁄añ‰ì–ÛaZâýÇ⁄aÝöbëbèjämÛapbàÛaòÇìà©ïçëÞìywßaŠië´ßbšßåßéß†ÔmbßÞýåßlìÈ’ÛaëcÞë†Ûaô†y⁄

lìÈ’ÛaëÞë†ÛaêˆçNÑÜn¥ëñ‰ì–ÛaåÇâìèÐ½aaˆèiòîßýÇ⁄añ‰ì–Ûa†äÇæìØnmÛaòîmaˆÛapbÇbjİãýÛïöbèäÛawmbäÛa¿ÝrànmÛaòîäçˆÛañd’äßëcäuëckÈ‘ëcbßâbÄãëc´Èß—‚‘õa‹gpbÇbà¦aë…aŠÏþaqdméÛæìØíæcåØ¹Šeõï‘ðcëcòîÛë…ëcòîÜªòàÄäßëcòûßëc

⁄añbîy¿æbã(2)N

(1)…NñìvÇïÜÇZÂLòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaëòßbÈÛapbÓýÈÛa1LknØÛabÇLñŠçbÔÛaL1983˜L10N (2)…NñìvÇïÜÇZ‰†–ßÕib˜L129N

– 41 –

• ïöaŠu⁄aÑíŠÈnÛaòîbîÛapübÔ½albnØÛZ pübÔ½albnØiÑÛû½a†–ÔíòàÜØÛaòÇbä–i´ÜÌn’½a´îØíŠßþalbnØÛaÝ×ïöaŠugÑíŠÈn×òîbîÛaòÐîz•¿ðcŠÛapübÔßòzÐ•¿áèmübÔßaìjn×åíˆÛaëòÏbÔqëaŠØÏëbíc‰

âbÇŒ¹bmÚ‰ìíìîã2004N

– 42 –

– 43 –

ïãbrÛa@Ý–ÐÛa@ @ïÐz–Ûa@ÞbÔàÜÛ@òíŠÄäÛa@þa@ @

@ @Þëþa@szj½aZ@ê‰ìİmë@ïÐz–Ûa@ÞbÔ½a@ñd’ã@@ @ïãbrÛa@szj½aZéÐöbÃëë@ïÐz–Ûa@ÞbÔ½a@Êaìãc@@ @@sÛbrÛa@szj½aZ@@@@@@@@@@òÏbz–Ûa@¿@ïÜîÜznÛa@ïbîÛa@ÞbÔ½a@‰ìİmë@ñd’ã@

òîØíŠßþa@ @

– 44 –

– 45 –

Þëþa@szj½a ê‰ìİmë@ïÐz–Ûa@ÞbÔ½a@ñd’ã@ @

½aÝn°ãbØßïÐz–ÛaÞbÔòÝÌ’íìèÏLòrí†§aòîÐz–ÛaæìäÐÛaíòàèß

éãabà×LÙÜmëaòîšÔÛaêˆç|™ìíñ…bÇéãüòÐîz–Ûa¿òîàçüaÍÛbiaŒîyìèÏLï–‚’ÛaÞb–müakÜİßÉßlëbvnmÛaòîÜÇbÏŠr×üakîÛbüa†ya

ŠÄãòèuìiâb½aëòÏŠÈßóÜÇéÜÈ¯ëØÐnÛaóÜÇù‰bÔÛas°ónyòäîÈßòíŠØÐÛaémbb’ã¿bèäßÉÐnäíæaÉîİníNI1H

bíìÌÛïÐz–ÛaÞbÔ½aÑíŠÈnÛoÈ™ëÛapbÐíŠÈnÛaåß†í†ÈÛaÚbäçbîyýİ•aëNðìÌÜÛakãb¦aïÐÏZÞìÔÛaëòÛbÔ½aëÞbÔ½aLáubÈ½a¿õbubà×

ÞbÓ‰†–ßò¹†ÔÛaLcbßbmæbÜÛaéiÕİäíÅÐÛÝ×ìçâýØÛaëÞìÔÛaëb–ÓbãëLæd×áèÜíëbÓcëénÛbÔßëéÛbÔßoÈÞìÔíLÝîÔÛaŠr×ëLòÛbÔßbäÛa¿éÛpŠ’nãaë(2)N

åßòÛbÔ½aæc†¬ð† þa†vä½a¿ëIÞìÓHZ¿òÜÔnßòÈİÓïçëòÐîz•¿ëcñŠ’ã(3)Nïmdíbà×ÞbÔ½aÑíŠÈm…ÏÁîìÛaìßbÔÛa¿bßcZ

IòÛbÔßëübÔßëüìÓ ÞbÓZáÜØmLâýØÛaóÜÇÞ†mbèãgðcLìçâýØÛaë‰bØÏþaÝÔãòÜîëLÝöbÓÉºëLÝöbÓìèÏñ‰†Ô½aêˆçÙÜ¹åßëZéÛbÓNH†Óë

I1HðëaŠÛa‰†isîÛZ‰LòîiŠÈÛaòÏbz–Ûa¿ïÐz–ÛaÞbÔ½aêa‰ìn×…òÛbIñ‰ì’äßËHµaoß†Ó

âýÇüaòîÜ× òÈßbâbÇ2006˜L28N (2)…NïÜßbÈÛa†àªïÓì‘ZLòíŠ–½aòšèäÛaòjnØßLñŠçbÔÛaLðŠØ‘å»ŠÛa†jÇl…c¿ÞbÔ½a

1989˜L10N (3)ð† þa†vä½aZÂ5LÖŠ’½a‰a…LpëiL1986˜L987N

– 46 –

¿õbuIbz–Ûa‰bn«HÈmñ‰ëbaëÉu‰Èm‰byægð‹aŠÛaŠØiïiþòiëbaLlëbvnÛa‰ëbznÛaë(1)NãdiÁîìÛaávÈ½a¿ÞbÔ½aÑíŠÈmõbu†Óëé:

IëcòÐîz•¿Š’äíÊbànuüaëcòbîÛaëcl…þaëcáÜÈÛa¿Ì•s¡òÜ©H(2)N

áíŠØÛaæaŠÔÛa¿óäÈ½aaˆç…‰ë†ÓëÞìÔÛaåßñ‡ìbßòÛbÔßòàÜ×æaµbÈméÛìÓ¿ZIW V U T S RH]ساء µbÈméÛìÓëZI l]122:الن

r q p o n mH}oÜğ–ÏZ33{

ÁîaìßbÔÛa¿õbuëIZaLæbÜÛaéiÞ†ßÅÐÛÝ×ëaâýØÛaÞìÔÛ¿ÝîÔÛaëÞbÔÛaëLŠ’Ûaëä¿ÞìÔÛaëaÝíëbÓaÉà¦aÉºëÞaìÓaÉà¦aëòÛbÔßëéÛìÓëýîÓëüìÓÞbÓëéÛæbaÞbÔÛaëÝîÔÛa‰†–ßÞìÔÛaëŠ’Ûa

bèîÏübÔßëH(3)N

‰ìÄäßåiülŠÈÛaæbÛ¿õbuëIßëéÛìÓëýîÓëüìÓÞìÔíÞbÓübÔéÛbÔßëH(4)NòàÜ×põbuëIòÛbÔ½aHÒýüa‰bÈ‘a¿ÞbÔ½aëïmbíbà×ëZ

1Méma‰aˆnÇa¿ïãbîiˆÛaòÌibäÛaZ

éÛbãaÒìoÜÓæaòÛbÔßÉöa‰ÙÜrßõbÔÜmåßÙÛ‡¿ë(5)

(1)ð‹aŠÛaŠØiïicåi†àªZ«ÛalbnØÛa‰a…LpëiLbz–Ûa‰bnïiŠÈL1979˜L161N (2)ÁîìÛaávÈ½aZx2ÂL3LñŠçbÔÛaLòîiŠÈÛaòÌÜÛaÉà©L1985˜L797N (3)LñŠçbÔÛaLòîiŠÈÛaòÌÜÛaÉà©LÁîaìßbÔÛaLð…bia‹ëÐÛaåí†Ûa†©1961˜L773N (4)†ÜaLlŠÈÛaæbÛL‰ìÄäßåiaI1HL‰…b•‰a…LlLpëi–˜Lp573N (5)ÒŠ‘ŒíŒÈÛa†jÇZòÏbÔrÛaòÜØ’ßëâýÇüaÝöbëLLñŠçbÔÛaLlbnØÜÛòßbÈÛaòíŠ–½aò÷îa

1999˜L220N

– 47 –

2MÞìŠÛaŠÇb‘oibqåiæbyÞìÓ¿õbuëIáÜëéîÜÇaóÜ•ZH

†àªoy†ßæabßaÛbÔ¶ØÛ†àz¶ÛbÔßoy†ßå(1)

3MlbİäåiŠàÇkb±ò÷îİzÜÛðŠiåia†’ãaëI™‰éäÇaïZH

ÙîÜ½aÚa†çµaåä¤ÞbÔßâbÔßÝØÛæbÏ(2)

4MŠÇb’ÛaÞìÓëZ

bèÜçaµaõìÛaòÛbÔßÝöb‰†zäßåßÊŠa(3)

æaëLÞbÔíø‘bèãaðìÌÜÛabçbäÈßë†ÈíüòÛbÔ½aæbÏaˆèiëÅÐÜÛaaˆçñ…bßåßÕn’ßIÞìÔÛaHIübÔßðaéÛìÓëüìÓÞìÔíÞbÓH(4)N

ÞbÔ½aåÏñ‰ìİòíìÌÜÛaïãbÈ½aëpbÐíŠÈnÛaêˆç|™ìmëLòîàçcëéjmb×Nâ†ÔÛaˆäßÞbÔ½akyb–ÏéßìÓíñİòãbØßéÛLábit†zn½aìèÏ

òÇbà¦aLmŠ’nãaëbäÛaíÊb‘bßa‡gİæd‘éícŠÛëêqdNbšícìçëáèäÇjÈnÛaëòÇbà¦aÞbyŠíì–móÜÇ‰…bÔÛaN

(1)ÕÛbä†jÇïÈîi‰ZLòîÈßb¦aòÏŠÈ½a‰a…Lòí‰†äØüaLïiŠÈÛal…þa¿òîmaˆÛaòÛbÔ½aåÏ

1988˜L13N (2)lbvyäß†àªZüaòÇìì½a†ÜaLòîßýI6HLñŠçbÔÛaLÉí‹ìnÛaëŠ’äÜÛŠvÐÛa‰a…L2003L

˜2296N (3)ÒŠ‘ŒíŒÈÛa†jÇZLsí†§aïßýÇüaÐnÛaÞìyòîÔîjİmpba‰…LÝî¦a‰a…Lpëi

1991˜L76N (4)íŠØnÛaŠØiäßZkîÛbcLsí†§aïÓaŠÈÛal…üa¿bç‰ìİmëòÛbÔ½aL…a†Ìi…b‘‰⁄aòÈjİßL

1976L˜1N

– 48 –

òîäÛþapba‰†ÛaìÈjnnßëæìq†aæìíìÌÜÛaÕÐníéãa‰…b–½a’mëLÞbÔ½aâìèÐ½ÕîÓ†Ûa†í†znÛaóÜÇL‡gÞbÔàÜÛ†yaëÑíŠÈmóÜÇÖbÐmüakÈ–íN

òÇbà¦aábiïŠÛat†zn½aœÈjÛaênÈíýïÐÏLÈíðc‰æëŠeênéjmb×åÇÈíNáèäàÏïÐz–ÛaÞbÔ½aÑíŠÈm¿lŠÈÛaæìrybjÛaÑÜna†Óë

µgémŠÄãåßÕÜİãcðˆÛaïàèÏ…ìàª‰ìn×†Ûb×ïÇbº†èuéãaóÜÇŒ×‰åßòäjÜÛaìçäæb×a‡géãaôÏòÐÜn‚½aŠíŠznÛaæìäÐÛòîÜßbØmòèuëåßÞbÔ½a

©bèäßÑÛdníÛaµëþaõbäjÛaìçïÐz–ÛaÞbÔ½aæbÏLïÐz–ÛaõbäjÛaÊìàéma‡N¿kbä½aæbØ½aéÐãoÓìÛa¿…†°æcæë…‰bjþaåß¨òàîÓýÏ

òîÐz–Ûaò–ÔÛaõbäiNkzÏ†yaë—‚‘ÝàÇåßnÈíüÞbÔ½aëLb¸aëåÇÑÜn±ÙÛ‡¿áèäßÝ×…ìè©æb×æaë˜b‚‘þaåß…†ÇÝàÇåßnÈí

©—Ôäíëc†íŒí†ÓëŠŁa…ìè(1)N

òîÐîÃìÛaòîybäÛaóÜÇÞbÔàÜÛéÐíŠÈm¿âbäÌÛaŒíŒÈÛa†jÇ‰ìn×†ÛaŒ×ŠíëÞìÔîÏIlŠÈménİaìiëù‰bÔÜÛòjäÛbiëòÐîz–ÜÛòjäÛbiñj×òàîÓÞbÔàÜÛ

kÇýnÛaµg‰aŠİ™üaæë…æëû’ÛaÉîº¿bèöa‰eëbènbîåÇòÐîz–Ûa‰bjþbiNbÏbßcð…bÈÛab•ì–ëù‰bÔÜÛém†öLõa‰ŁaëpaÐnÛbiÉÐnäíìèÏ

éîÏñ…ìuì½aLé×ýnßaâ†ÈÛbèàèÏéîÜÇkÈ–ía‰ìßcéÛŠ’mbßbjÛbËÛaëòîßìîÛañbîzÜÛñ†ÔÈ½aÝî•bÐnÛaòÏŠÈ½òîÏbØÛañ‰†ÔÜÛëoÓìÜÛ(2)N

(1)…NïàèÏ…ìàªZLlbnØÜÛòßbÈÛaòíŠ–½aò÷îaLñŠçbÔÛaLôØÛaÑz–ÛaŠíŠ¤åÏ1982˜L194195N

(2)…NâbäÌÛaŒíŒÈÛa†jÇZLòíŠ–½aìÜ¬üaòjnØßLñŠçbÔÛaLòÏbz–ÛaáÜÇµgÝ†ß1977˜L155N

– 49 –

òibnØÛòİîaõaìuþaòîàçcóÜÇŒ×‰åßlŠÈÛa´rybjÛaåßëÞbÔ½añŠØÏóÜÇóäjmòîÐz–ÛaòÛbÔ½aæcôŠíìèÏÑíŠ‘…ìàª‰ìn×†ÛaïÐz–Ûa‰…b–ßåßéîÛgÝ–íaæìØm†ÓéiòİîaõaìuþaåßÞbÔ½akmb×bç†àníÊì™ìßóÜÇbÔîÜÈmëcïÇbànuaëcïbîÊì™ìßóÜÇbÔîÜÈmëc‰bjþa

êõaŠÓÒŠİîéãaôc‰ëÞbÔ½akmb×†‘ÑîÐÞbÔ½akmbØÛpŠİñŠbëcbèjnØíæcôc‰ë(1)N

ñŠØÏåßŠr×coîÛòîÐz–ÛaòÛbÔ½aæcñŒ»ÑîİÜÛa†jÇ‰ìn×†ÛaôŠíëéiòİîaò÷îjÛaåßbèÐÔÜníëcïÐz–ÛakmbØÛabç†î–ní‰bØÏþaåßLbßónßë

bßñŠØÐiïÐz–ÛakmbØÛaÝÈÐãaLòibnØÛaµgòzÜßòubyéÐã¿yc(2)N

òí‰b¦ata†yþbiÁjmŠíáîØ§a†jÇ†àª‰ìn×†Ûa†äÇïÐz–ÛaÞbÔ½aëìçëbèîÜÇÕîÜÈnÛaëbçÐmëòí…b–nÓüaëòîbîÛaëòîÇbànuüapýØ’½aëŠí¿ù‰bÔÜÛbb–ígµgïßŠíÛañŠØÐÛaëæìàš½biánèíëòÇŠÛbiání

òbiëõýuëLaåßkmbØÛabèÐÔÜníñŠØÏÞbÔ½aëbèiŠqdníëéiòİîaò÷îjÛ(3)N

‰ìn×†Ûaê…‰ëcðˆÛaÑíŠÈnÛaïÐz–ÛaÞbÔàÜÛòàè½apbÐíŠÈnÛaåßëôŠíðˆÛaï–ßbà§aåí†ÛaÞýuIêŠ’ämðˆÛaÞbÔ½aìçïÐz–ÛaÞbÔ½aæg

(1)…NÑíŠ‘…ìàªZÐz–ÛaëòîÇì™ì½aëòîi…þaòÛbÔ½aåÏLòiëŠÈÛa‰a…LoíìØÛaLòîIpL…HL

˜152N (2)…NñŒ»ÑîİÜÛa†jÇZÂLŠ–ß¿òîÐz–ÛaòÛbÔ½al…c2ïiŠÈÛaŠØÐÛa‰a…LñŠçbÔÛaLL

1958˜L123N (3)…N†àªáîØ§a†jÇ†àªZLÕîjİnÛaëòíŠÄäÛaíÞbÔ½aæìäÏâa‰a…ñ‰ì–ä½apbß†‚ÜÛôŠÔÛa

LòîàîÜÈnÛa1999˜L107N

– 50 –

ëcta†yþbiòİjmŠßòîÛbyòÐ•pa‡pbßbànçaëcpüúbmòîİÌnÛòÐîz–ÛaßbabíbšÔÛaëcpýØ’½abçõaŠÓñbîy¿ÝÈÐÛbiòí‰b¦aòNæcåØ¹ÛaÙÜmëc

kíŠÔÛaÝjÔn½a¿áèmbîy¿ðŠ£Nˆ‚níëòîÐz–ÛaénËýji‹bn¹ÞbÔ½aaˆçëëcò‰†àÜÛñŒîà½aòÌî–ÛaëcêŠ’ämÛaòÐîz–ÛaÉibİÛñŒîà½aòÌî–Ûa

kmbØÛaéîÛgïànäíðˆÛaïÐz–ÛakçˆàÜÛH(1)N

pbÐíŠÈnÛaåßëòîÐz–ÛapübÔ½aòibn×¿òîÇì™ì½aóÜÇ†×ûmÛaéãdiÞbÔ½aÒŠÈíðˆÛaïië‰†Ûa†àª‰ìn×†ÛaÑíŠÈmZIïÜîÜ¤ïibn×ÝØ‘

ta†ycëŠçaìÃòÇìà©ëct†yëcñŠçbÃŠ•bäÇëkãaìuÑÜn«ÞëbäníâbçïÇbànuaóäÈßëÕîqë‰ìšypa‡L‰a†•gëÐmµgÞbÔ½aÒ†èíë

⁄aëâbØyþabè¦bÈíÛata†yþaëcŠçaìÄÛawöbnãµgñ‰b‘LÞýåßÙÛ‡ëåßbäÔînßù‰bÔÛaÝÈ£ëòîbþaémb™aÏa†×ûmÛa´çaÛa‹aŠig

bènßýHI2HN

ïybnnÏüaÞbÔ½aÒŠÈîÏòîßýÇ⁄apbzÜİ–½aávÈßbßcEditorial¿òÐîz–Ûaðc‰åÇÈíïîö‰ÞbÔßéãdiòÐîz–ÛaIaŠ‘bäÛaëåí‰ŠHØÈí

ta†yþaõa‹gbèÐÓìßëòÐîz–ÛaòbîI3HN

éãdiÞbÔ½aòîãbİíÛaòÇìì½aÒŠÈmëZIknØíÞìİÛaÁìnßõb’ãgâŒnÜíæcóÜÇñŒuìßòİjßòÔíŠİibäîÈßbÇì™ìßbÈíëÑz–Ûa¿Š’äÜÛ

(1)…Nï–ßbà§aåí†ÛaÞýuZLŠ–¶Ò‰b–½a‰a…LñŠçbÔÛaLòîÛbr½aòÐîz–Ûa1972˜L203N (2)…Nïië‰†Ûa†àªZLŠ’äÛaëpba‰†ÜÛòîiŠÈÛaòû½aLpëiLŠ•bÈ½aïÐz–ÛaëòÏbz–Ûa

1996˜L187N (3)…NÜ‘âŠ×ZÂLòîßýÇ⁄apbzÜİ–½aávÈß1LÖëŠ’Ûa‰a…LñŠçbÔÛaL1989˜L193N

– 51 –

Êì™ì½aaˆç…ë†ykmbØÛaHI1HN

Ûa†äÇïÐz–ÛaÞbÔ½aƒí‰bmbßcòÈuaŠßÞýåßê†í†¤åØàîÏlŠÈïßý⁄aïiŠÈÛataÛa‰…b–½Lo¤lŠÈÛaéÏŠÇ†ÓÞbÔ½aåÏæcôŠãsîy

bèäßón‘pbîàßZæìØîipübÔß‰ìèÃÝjÓÞì–ÐÛaëpbßbÔ½aëÝöbŠÛaðŒîÜØã⁄aLïãŠÐÛal…þa¿ńãìßpübÔß‰ìèÃÝjÓëÝiNŠèÃ†ÔÏ

bãŠÏ¿ñŠßÞëþåÐÛaaˆçòä1571¿òäñŠ’ÇÉšjiÙÛ‡†ÈiŠèÃáq‰ìè’½aðŒîÜØã⁄aáîØ§aæìØîiîãaŠÏpbibn×LÙÛ‡ˆäßòÛbÔ½aozj•cáq

lŠÈÛaáèÜjÓë´îãŠÐÛaÕjÉßòíŒîÜØã⁄aõaŠÓíbÈöb‘bíŒîÜØãgbäÏ´§aéîÛgNòÛbÔ½aåÏåßlÔmpbibn×áoãb×†ÔÏLöbë‰ì•¿põbuÞëbänmÝ

òí†ÔãëcòîÇbànuabíbšÓLÅÐÛáèšÈÛâ†‚naëLÝ–ÐÛaéîÜÇaìÔÜcbàîÏëclbn×åßáÓóäÈ¶ÞbÔßL|j•éibn×áÔíð†ä’ÔÜÔÛb×LÑÛû½bãaìäÇëc

ÞbÔßáÓÝ×óÜÇÕÜİíâbÓcñŠ’Çµgó’ÇþaI2HN bèã¿ügïiŠÈÛaåìÛaéÏŠÈíáÜÏïÔîÔ§aêbäÈ¶ÞbÔ½abßcæŠÔÛaòí

òÇìjİ½aòÏbz–ÛalŠÈÛaÒŠÇbß†äÇŠ’ÇåßbrÛaLòÛë…ÞëcŠ–ßoãb×sîyòÐîz•æìîãŠÐÛa‰†•cbß†äÇòÏbz–ÛaÒŠÈmòîiŠÇIð…éîí‰ì×ÛîvîojH

òäòîãŠÐÛbi1798Nòäp‰†•ÛaòíŠ–½aÉöbÓìÛa†Èië1828LµaìmÇo·ÛaòîàîÜÈnÛaòšèäÛa†Èiò•bÑz–Ûa‰a†•gb‘biïÜÇ†àª†íóÜ

Š–ßá×byN†àªëðëbİèİÛaòÇbÏ‰†íóÜÇŠ–ß¿ïÐz–ÛaÞbÔ½a†Ûë†Óë

(1) The New Encyclopaedia BritanniaCD\. 2003, (editorial).

(2)…NÒŠ‘ŒíŒÈÛa†jÇZLòÏŠÈ½abÇ‰a…LñŠçbÔÛaLòÛbÔ½al…þïßýÇ⁄aÐnÛa1995˜L21N

– 52 –

Þëþa…†ÈÛaŠèÃÛaÝîäÛað…aëòÐîz•kyb•…ìÈÛaìica†jÇëê†jÇ¿bèäß5æaŠíŒy1867â(1)N ŠíìänÛaëÑîÔrnÛaëáîÜÈnÛaòÐîÃëò÷îjÛaêˆç¿òÏbz–ÛaóÜÇkÜË†Óë

ìnÛaëòßÿÛéîuLÑîÔrnÛaëáîÜÈnÛañìÓÙÜ¹ðˆÛaÞbÔ½aéÜ×aˆña…þaoãb×ëŠ’ÇåßbrÛaæŠÔÛaòíbèã¿ïÐz•òàÜ×oãb×aˆëòßÿÛéîuìnÛaëŠíìänÛaë

kí…còàÜØÛòÏ…aŠß(2)N

†èÇŠaëc¿ÞbÔ½abèîÏŠç…‹cÛaòîãbrÛaòîÐz–Ûaò÷îjÛac†jmë‰†•bß†äÇÝîÇbgðìí†äáîÜæbîãbäjÜÛabècÛaâaŠçþaòÐîz•pòäòí‰†äØ⁄biýÔmñ‰b’ië1875ñŠçbÔÛbiñ‰bÄãìicòÐîz•p‰†•áqL

òä1877bèjyb–ÛïiŠÈÛabÈÛa¿òí‰ìmbØí‰b×òÐîz•Þëcoãb×Ûaëðìí†äòbîp†ÔnãaÛapübÔ½aåß†í†ÈÛabèîÏkn×ðˆÛaÊìä•lìÔÈí

ÝîÇbgNòíŠ§aåßëÊì™ì½a¿òíŠ§aåßÁÔiÞbÔ½aáÈãòÜyŠ½aêˆç¿ëŠräÛaåÇa†îÈilìÜþa¿LåßŠeæìÛµgbýÞbÔ½albn×êb£aòvînã

ïßìÔÛa…bè¦aæaìÛc(3)NŠ–ß¿òîäìÛa‰bãovudmåíŠ’ÈÛaæŠÔÛaÉÜİß¿ëoãb×òîäëlaŒycpŠèÃëïãbİíÛaÞýnyüa†™ïÐz–ÛaÞbÔ½biÝìnm

(1)…NòÐîÜÞýugZxLïÐz–ÛaŠíŠznÛaåÏ¿òrí†ypbçb£a1LòÇbjİÜÛbäa‰a…LñŠçbÔÛaL

1972˜L100N (2)…Npbib•ÝîÜZÂLbç‰ìİmëbèmd’ãÞb–müaÝöbë5LòíŠ–½aìÜ¬üaòjnØßLñŠçbÔÛaL

1987˜L164N (3)…NáîçaŠigÝîÇbgZÂLòîÜàÈÛapbÔîjİnÛaëòíŠÄäÛaþa ïÐz–ÛaÞbÔ½aåÏ2LñŠçbÔÛaL

LÉí‹ìnÛaëŠ’äÛaëòÇbjİÜÛŠvÐÛa‰a…2003˜L40N

– 53 –

õaìÜÛaòÐîz•Þbr½aÝîjóÜÇoãbØÏbèöa‰eåÇjÈnÛaÝuaåßbèÐz•¿¿Ýßb×óÐİ–ßáîÇŒÛabç‰†•cÛa2O1O1900lŒybšícÚbäçæb×ë

énÐîz•ëòßþaIòÐîz–ÛaHòäp‰†•Ûaë†îÛaïÐİÛbçŠíŠ¤c‰Ûa1907(1)NÔàÜÛæb×†ÔÏÖaŠÈÛa¿bßcÞýìÛaê‰ë…ïÐz–ÛaÞb

òäéÛïãbİíÛaÞýnyüa1914òÐîz•Þbaaˆç¿Š×ˆmÛaòÜrßþaåßëIpaŠÐÛaHbç…†Ç‰†•ÛaëåíŠ’ÈÛañ‰ìqÞbyæbÛoãb×ÛaÑväÛa¿

¿Þëþa1ÞëþaåíŠ’m1920bç…†Ç‰†•ÛaòîÐväÛaÞýÔnüaòÐîz•ëL¿Þëþa3ëþaåíŠ’mÞ1920ÝØämÛaòí‰ìrÛapübÔ½bip‹bnßaÛaë

ÞýnyüapbİÜi(2)NñŠíŒ¦b×òîäìÛaÑz–ÛapübÔ½oãb×Ý•ì½a¿ëòjÛbİ½aëïãbİíÛala†nãüaëÞýnyübi†í†änÛa¿áè½abç‰ë…†èÈÛaë

´İÜÏòîšÓñŠ–ãëòîiŠÈÛañ†yìÛaµgñìÇ†ÛaëâbnÛaÞýÔnübi(3)NÛˆ×Ùòäõa‰ëŒÛaòÐîz•‰ë†–ibènía†iˆäßòîÓaŠÈÛaòÏbz–Ûañ½Éjnn½aæbÏ

1869ÛaòîàänÛaÞb©¿ïÐz–ÛaÞbÔ½aéjÈÛðˆÛa‰ë†Ûaì™ìiôŠíbèãdiñ†zn½aáßþabènÏŠÇIòÛa†ÈÛaëïÇbànuüaîÌnÛaéîÛgbÏbšßìàäÛa

ŠÏÉîìmëkÈ’ÜÛÝšÏcñbîyÏìmëòîÇbànuüaáîÜÈnÛbiâbànçüaëÝàÈÛa˜

(1)…N»ÑîİÜÛa†jÇñŒZLŠ–ß¿òîÐz–ÛaòÛbÔ½al…cx2ÂL2LïiŠÈÛaŠØÐÛa‰a…LñŠçbÔÛaL

1958˜L122N (2)ïua‰†ÛabjÇ†àªZLòßbÈÛaòîÏbÔrÛaæëû’Ûa‰a…L…a†ÌiLÊa†igëƒí‰bmÑväÛaòÏbz•

1989˜L1719N (3)…N†»aÝîÜáîçaŠigZòÈßbuLÝ•ì½aLÝ•ì½a¿òîiŠÈÛaòÏbz–Ûañd’ãLÝ•ì½a1982˜L

113N

– 54 –

kí‰†nÛaëH(1)pbÇì™ì¶üìÌ’ßæb×òîÓaŠÈÛaòÏbz–Ûa¿ÞbÔ½aæcôŠãsîyŠ×ˆÛaòÐãŁaòîàänÛaN

ëbèÐíŠÈmóÜÇŠ–íbà×òÛbÔ½a‰ìn×†ÛaLŠçbİÛa…aìuïÜÇåßÊìãòîöb’ã⁄aòîi…þaÊaìãþaLkí…þabèiÈíLêŠÇb’ßpübyåßòÛbyåÇaŠrãëc

émbîy‰aìcåß‰ìLycëcÉëcôc‰b¶êŠqdméö‰bÓµgÝÔnäîÏLÇbèjyb•Þbîåßñ†ànßòÜîºñ‰ì•LñëaŠëéöa…cÞbà ù‰bÔÛaðìènîÏ

éi‰b£LòîÇì™ì½aoãb×æaëòî–‚‘òiŠ£bcóÜÇòàöbÓbþbiïç‡gëbñŒîà½aòàÛaLòàÜ×ëIòÛbÔ½aHòjíŠËoîÛòîiŠÈÛaòÌÜÛaóÜÇLoãb×æaë

ïiŠÈÛal…þa¿òq†ªòîäÐÛabènÛü…NÁjmŠíòÛü†ÛaêˆèiòÛbÔ½aƒí‰bmÝÈÛërØiæbßŒÛaåß´ãŠÓåßŠr×cêŠàÇ†íŒíüƒí‰bmìçëòÏbz–Ûaƒí‰bniN

la…Ła¿éÈ™ëâæg†Èiòîi…þañbî§aÝ…†ÓÞbÔ½aæcÙÛ‡óäÈßëòîi‰ëþaNí†ÓëáèšÈi†ÈIbÐ–ÛaæaìgÝöb‰HÛaòÜíìİÛapübÔ½aÝîjÓåß

pbzÐ–ÛapaŠ’ÇÖŠÌnm†ÓNsí†§abèjÛbÓ¿òÛbÔ½abßc~ŒîànnÏMŠ–ÔÛbibßbÇìã–‹b¯⁄biëLÊì™ì½biòÜ–n½a‰bØÏþaëÕöbÔ§aÝ×Ýà’mübèãì×L

szjÛapbbîÜÏLòa‰†ÛaÒb•ëcüëLbn¥†ÓbèäØÛëåßa†yaëbjãbu‰‰bjnÇaÝªéäßÝÈvnÛÊì™ì½akãaìuNkmbØÛaòÇaŠiø£bäçëNóÜvnmë

ëcòÌßa†ÛaòßìÜÈ½biéîäÌíbßõbÔnãaëé™ŠÇòîÐî×ëÊì™ì½a‰bîna¿énÇaŠibèîÏñ…‰aìÛaÕöbÔ§apbîäqíñìÔÛapbu‰…Éí‹ìnÛ¿bØÛaÖˆ§aëÞa†ÛaáÓŠÛa

bè½aåßïšnÔíbßÉßÞýènýÛï‘ìÛaòÏb™g¿ñ‰LİÔn×ò·bäİÔmë

(1)…NðŠØ‘†îa†jÇZLñŠçbÔÛaL†í†uæŠÓpbí†¤ëÝjÔn½aÖbÏeòîàänÛaëïßýÇ⁄aÞb–müa

LÉí‹ìnÛaëŠ’äÜÛïiŠÈÛa1995˜L60N

– 55 –

‰ìçŒÛaòÇìà©åßŠİÈÛaI1HNa†’yæìØíæcåßïÐÇc†ÓÞbÔ½aæb×a‡gëÝÔríæaëpbßìÜÈ½aåßbà×aßù‰bÔÜÛòÏŠÈ½aåßÝöbaáØÛaLæcåß†iüìèÏkmbØÛaòî–‚‘åßb÷î‘Ýà°LkzÏéiìÜc¿üLaòîÇìã¿ÝiÉî™aì½

ñbî§a¿éi‰b£ëòî–‚’ÛaémåßbèîÛgÑîšíbàèßbç‰bn±ÛaNc†jí†ÓëkmbØÛac‰¿ñŠØÏÞbÔ½aLðìÛabèÜØ‘ˆdmónyìàämëéäç‡¿Šàn¥

ñ…†Èn½aémýßdmëémbÄyýßåßïÔnmëôˆÌnmñÐÛaÙÜmåßïçëþaLbäÛbiéöbÔÛåßëLå×bßýÛéma‰bí‹ëNÛÝr½aåß|ubäÛaÞbÔ½aìÜ±bàÜÓÙÛˆ

òî±‰bnÛaòzàÜÛaëñ‰…bäÛaë|Üİ–½aëòíbØ§aëòÏŠİÛaëNËëòîÏaŠÌ¦aòÛa†ÛaëÙÛ‡N…†ªæa†îßÞbÔàÜÛåØíb½ëLåßŠr×cóÜÇÊ‹ìnîÛéníŠyÝÌnc†ÔÏ

†îÈ•åßŠr×cóÜÇòub§aÜíëåÏLïÇbànuüaëïbîÛaÞbÔ½aÚbäèÏÓüaë™bíŠÛaëïi…þaëð†ÔäÛaëð…b–nÞìÔ§aón‘¿ëÙÛ‡ËµaëïNar×ë

ÞbÔßòÏbz•bèãgæŠÔÛaaˆçÉÜİß¿òîiŠÈÛaòÏbz–ÛaonÈãbßLoãb×‡gâbíþaÙÜmÑz•åßòîîöŠÛaòjuìÛaÝØ’mpübÔ½aLâýÓcojİÔnasîy

Ýî¦aÙÛ‡åßlbnØÛaòÔÛbàÇL§a¿áèmbibn×pŠqcåíˆÛaëòîÏbÔrÛaëòîi…þañbîåßŒÛaåßÝíì…ŠÛNïÐİÛóÐİ–ßëýéëïã‹b½aë…bÔÈÛaáèäßë

r×áçËëê†jÇ†àªëïÈÏaŠÛaëïìÜÐä½aNòîäÔnÛapüb–müañ‰ìqòía†i¿LpbäîàäÉÜİßÉßòîÐmbapüb–müaîmëìí…aŠÛa‰b’nãaëLòÇŒäÛap…b

òÏbz–ÛaóÜÇòí‰bj⁄aLýîÜÓpŠ−aëòÛbÔ½aòîàçcòíŠØÐÛaëòîÜîÜznÛaòÏbz•bèãdiòjÔ§aÙÜmÑz•Ñ•ìnÛLåÏ…bÈnabßæbÇŠåØÛë

énîÏbÇòÛbÔ½aLòjuëÝØ’mpübÔ½ap†Ëbß†ÈiåçaŠÛaoÓìÛaónyÞa‹bßëbèäÇõbäÌnüaåØ¹üòîäËN

(1) http://www.balagh.com/najah/5q0tinut.htm

– 56 –

– 57 –

ïãbrÛa@szj½a éÐöbÃëë@ïÐz–Ûa@ÞbÔ½a@Êaìãc@ @

ïmdíb¶bç†í†¤åØ¹ñ†í†ÇÊaìãcïÐz–ÛaÞbÔàÜÛZ

1@HïybnnÏüa@ÞbÔ½aZ@@ @òîybnnÏüaìçïybnnÏüaÞbÔàÜÛÉöb’ÛaáüaægLòîßìîÛaòàÜØÛaïçë

ÈßÊì™ìß¿bèíc‰åÇajÈmòÐîz–ÛabèjnØmÛaL‹Šicñ…bÇæìØíëòÐîz–ÛabçŠ’ämÛapbÇì™ì½aåßÊì™ìßLéãaôŠmëåß…†Ç×cáèí

õaŠÔÛaLòÛü…åßéîÜÇðìİäíbß|î™ìmëÐnÛbiéÛëbännÏLÞbÔ½aaˆçŠ’äíëÝrßoibqáco¤ñ…bÇIâaŠçþaðc‰HLIâìîÛaòàÜ×HLIÞìÔmòí‰ìèà¦aHL

Ibj–Ûasí†yHpbîànÛaåßbçËëLÊì™ì½aæaìäÇÙÛ‡†ÈiÉ™ìíáqÞbÔ½aéÛëbäníðˆÛaNnÛaÝibÔíëòíŒîÜØã⁄aòÌÜÛa¿ïybnnÏüaÞbÔàÜÛòîiŠÈÛaòîà

Leading Article†öbÔÛaÞbÔ½aÈmëLÞ†mïçëLêËóÜÇâ†Ô½aÞbÔ½aëcqdnÛaëòîàçþaóÜÇLòãbØ½aóÜÇÞ†mbà×LbèäßëòÌÜÛaîßaìÓÒŠÈmÙÛˆÛë

éãdiïybnnÏüaÞbÔ½aiëìßbÓIc‰åÇÈíòãbØ½aŠçbÃÞbÔßðz–ÛaòÐîHI1HN

(1)Webster’s Desk Dictionary of the English Language , New York ,

PORTLAND HOUSE , 1990 , P. 286.

– 58 –

òÇìàv¶ôŠþaòîÐz–ÛaæìäÐÛaåßêËåÇïybnnÏüaÞbÔ½aŒîàníëïmdíbà×bbºgåØ¹—öb–äåßI1HZ

1N òÜÔnßòÐîz–Ûaêˆçoãb×õaìòÐîz–ÛaòbîåÇjÈnÛaLðþòÈibmëc¿ðŠØÏëcïÇbànuaëcïbîêb£aåÇñÈßëclaŒyþaåßlŒy

a†ÜjÛaéîÏ‰†–mðˆÛN

2N ÉÔmÛaëcïÜaÖbİäÛa¿ÉÔmÛaÙÜmõaìòîßìîÛata†yþaòÈibnßïÛë†ÛaÖbİäÛaóÜÇN

3N õaŠÔÛaæbç‡cÝÌ’mëâbÈÛaðcŠÛaáèmÛabíbšÔÛbiâbànçüaN

4N a‹aŠigÜïybnnÏüaÞbÔ½abëbäníÛabíbšÔÛaëta†yÿÛòî±‰bnÛaòîÐÝîÜznÛaëŠ’ÛbiN

5N †‚naõaŠÓòÈîjëáöýní…†ª|™aëlìÜcëòİîiòÜèòÌÛâaòîÏbÔrÛaáèmbíìnßÑÜn¥åíˆÛaòÐîz–ÛaN

6N òÐîz–Ûaéið…bämðˆÛaðcŠÛaëcòîšÔÛbiù‰bÔÛaÊbäÓgóÜÇñ‰†ÔÛaLb¶òîÏb×òÛ…cëòîÔİäßwvyåßkmbØÛaéß†ÔíN

ÞbÔ½aòÐîÃëÑÜn¥ëïÐz–Ûa‰†–mðˆÛaÉànaòÈîjkyéîÏòÐîz–ÛaLÏìèòÐîz–ÛaÙÛbßåÇÈíòîÛaîÜÛapbÈàna¿ÙÛb½aæb×õaì

åßbiŒyëcòîÏbÔrÛaëcòîÇbànuüaëcòîbîÛapbÇbà¦aåßòÇbºëca…ŠÏ

(1)…N†í‹ìicÖë‰bÏZÂLòîÐz–ÛaòibnØÛaåÏ1LŠ’äÛaëòÇbjİÜÛæìßd½a‰a…LñŠçbÔÛaL1981˜L

184N

– 59 –

laŒyþaNòîÛìà’ÛaÞë†Ûa¿bßcLëcòÛë†ÛaòbîåÇÈíïybnnÏüaÞbÔ½bÏ çæìØísîybèîÏá×b§alŒ§aá×b§aâbÄäÜÛòîÇa†Ûaòibr¶ÞbÔ½aaNæb×bícë

ŠÇ¿bçŠ–yåØ¹éÐöbÃëëéßbèßæbÏòÐîz–ÛaéîÏ‰†–mðˆÛaÉànaòÐÜn‚½abèmüü…ëbç…bÈicåÇÑ’ØÛaëòÐÜn‚½ata†yþaÝîÜ¤ëLò’Óbäßë

óÜÇõaŠÔÛañ†ÇbßëâbÈÛaðcŠÛaÝÌ’mÛaòÐÜn‚½aŠçaìÄÛaëbíbšÔÛaŠëbènÈibnßëbèàèÏNpbbîÛaåÇjÈnÛaïybnnÏüaÞbÔ½aâbèßåßæbÏÙÛˆ×

¿òîÇbànuüaëòîbîÛaŠÄäÛapbèuëŠëÉàna¿ñ†öbÛapbçb£üaëòÐîz–ÛaéîÏ‰†–mðˆÛa†ÜjÛaI1HN

òqýqÚbäçæcïybnnÏüaÞbÔ½akmb×ÒŠÈíæcð‰ëŠšÛaåßÝÈÛë¿bèšÈiŠqûíõbî‘cŠŁaœÈjÛaLœÈióÜÇbèšÈi†ànÈíëLÝa†níë

ïçòqýrÛaõbî‘þaêˆçëœÈi¿bèšÈiZòÐîz–ÛaòbîLÞbÔ½aòËbî•LõaŠÔÛaâbànçaëNñ†yëïybnnÏüaÞbÔ½aæaëÕöbÔzÜÛ…Š…Š©îÛëLòÜÔnßL

†çaì’ÛbiæbîmgëcL¿bxëŠmÛaòÐîz–Ûaðc‰åÇjÈnÛaòÜîëéãauüaŠØÐÛaëcòbîÛaëcÊbànLõa‰ŁaêˆçÁjíòîybnnÏüakmb×†¬ÙÛˆÛë

éöaŠÔÛbç…‰ìíÛaÕöbÔ§aÁjíëkçaˆ½aëNÞbÔàÜÛÐÛaõbäjÛa|î™ìmåØ¹ëïmŁaÝØ’ÛaÞýåßïybnnÏüaZ

(1)…Nlbvyäß†àªZLòÇbjİÜÛ†îÈòûßLbİäLïybnnÏüaÞbÔ½a1987˜L34N

– 60 –

áÓ‰ÝØ‘I1H

kÛbÓóÜÇj½aïybnnÏüaÞbÔàÜÛÐÛaõbäjÛa|™ìíÞ†nÈ½aâŠa

1ñŠØÐÛaŠÇ 2NòîšÓŠ 3Nâbç‹aŠig 4NñİòÜØ’ßÑ•ë 1NpbßìÜÈßëpbãbîi

2Nwv§aëòÛ…þa 3NÊì™ìàÜÛòî±‰bnÛaòîÐÜä 4Némüü…ëÊì™ì½a…bÈic

1N õa‰Łaò•ý 2N ÞìÜ§a¿ò×‰b’àÜÛù‰bÔÛañìÇ… 3N aÉÏ…ÑÓìß‡b¥üù‰bÔÛ

òß†Ô½a

á¦a

ò·bä

– 61 –

2@HïÐz–Ûa@…ìàÈÛa@Z@ @ØÐnÛalìÜc¿bç‰ŠªÉibİibàöa…ánmÛaòîÐz–Ûañ…b½aìçëLŠí†ÔmŠr×cóÜÇbîÐz•a…ìàÇbènybß¿‹ëbvnmüëLjÈnÛalìÜcëL

oibqæbØß¿âbÄnãbiŠ’ämëLoibqæaìäÇo¤LÉîÓìmìçoibqÉîÓìmë‰Ša(1)N

a…ìàÈÛaëñ…†ªñÌ•ñŠØÏìçïÐz–ÛLpýØ’ßåßòÜØ’¶ÁjmŠmõaŠÔÛaL…ìàÈÛakmb×pýØ’ßëcLsí†yéãaóÜÇbbcóäjí…ìàÈÛaæü

Õí†–×ù‰bÔÛaÉßŠ‘bjß(2)N

†íŒmüòÐîz–Ûaåßñ…ë†ªòybßìçœÈjÛaŠÄã¿ïÐz–Ûa…ìàÈÛaëbnØÛa‰bj×†ycÒŠ–mo¤òÐîz–ÛaéÈšm†yaë…ìàÇåÇéÛýåßÈíl

bíbšÓåßêaŠíbàîÏpbÇbjİãaëcŠaìëc‰bØÏcëõa‰eåßêaŠíbàÇéîšmŠíðˆÛalìÜþbiëÝ×b’ßëpbÇì™ìßë(3)N

åÇéÛbÈÏc…ë…‰åÇÈíïÐz–Ûa…ìàÈÛakmb×ægœÈjÛaôŠíëbèqa†ycëbèmbiýßëâìîÛapbíŠ©LaˆïbþaÚŠaïçkmbØÛaòîmaˆÏ

bÔ½aÞLéÛbÈÏc…ë…‰ÞýåßbíëŠßäæìØíæcÉÓìnãåzäÏaôë‰a‡hÏL…ë…‰åßaõŒubçúb’ãgæcÉÓìnãåzäÏòÈßüñ‰bjÇd’ãcëcñŠØÏŠ×‡a‡gë

(1)…NñŒ»ÑîİÜÛa†jÇZŠznÛaåÏ¿Ý†½aÂLïÐz–ÛaŠí4LïiŠÈÛaŠØÐÛa‰a…LñŠçbÔÛaL

1968˜L308N (2)…NÑíŠ‘…ìàªZLòiëŠÈÛa‰a…LoíìØÛaLòîÐz–ÛaëòîÇì™ì½aëòîi…þaòÛbÔ½aåÏI…NpHL

˜159N (3)…N†í‹ìicÖë‰bÏZ˜LÕib‰†–ßLòîÐz–ÛaòibnØÛaåÏ193N

– 62 –

éÛbÈÏcNÞìÔíb¶bäq†°ðˆÛaìç…ìàÈÛakmb×ægLïÐz–Ûalë†ä½aæcbà×ëpbàÜ×ët†¤õbî‘c¿ïÔîÔ§aä†¯†ÓŠš¤…ìÏëëÝÔm

pbÇbànuüaLëct†°b½éÛbÈÏc…ë…‰bäîİÈí†ÓïÐz–Ûa…ìàÈÛakmb×æbÏáníLéÛñ†èà½aÉöbÓìÛaóÜÇbjîmŠmt†°ëáníæcb™ëŠÐßæb×ëNŠeóäÈ¶

ÝÈÐÛbit†°bßµgÉnmê‰bØÏcÖbÏeægLt†°æcåØ¹bßµaë(1)N

´rybjÛaœÈiôŠíëìçïÐz–ÛaÞbÔ½aæclŠÈÛaZñŠØÏLñŠbëcLëcõaŠÔÛaáèíaëcñŠçbÃëcòq…byëcÊì™ìß¿kmbØÛaŠÄãòèuëÝr¹ðc‰Lëc

b×’ßëbßbÇbàçÝr¹éäØÛëbî–‚‘kmbØÛaáèíLðc‰ÞýåßéäÇÈíòÜßbaëcL|îİnÛaëòîßìàÈÛaåÇ†ÈjÛaëòîÇì™ì½biÑ–níLjíüëôìéäßóÌ

òßbÈÛaòzÜ–½aLåíŠŁaòzÜ–ß†™ò÷ÏëcòÇbºòzÜ–ßüNkmb×ÖŠÌíücëbèîÏìÇ†íòÐîz–ÛaåßòÜàèßòybß…Š©ÞbÔ½aåßÝÈ£ÛaòîmaˆÛa¿…ìàÈÛa

éÐäi†î’íëkmbØÛaNÃbÐ§aÉßì™ìÛaëòÛìèÛbi…ìàÈÛalìÜcáníæaëÌÜÛaåßkbäßëÕöüôìnßóÜÇòîiŠÈÛaòNòíú‰kyb•bšícéjmb×æìØíæaë

|îz–Ûaêb£üaµg†‘Š½aë†öbÔÛa‰ë…éÛæìØíónyòîÜjÔnß(2)N

ïç—öb–äåßòÇìàv¶ïÐz–Ûa…ìàÈÛaŒîàníëZ

1N bèyì™ëbènÛìèëòîÐz–ÛaòÌÜÛaòbiíÉà¦aLòÌÜÛaÞbºíëòîi…þaN

2N kmbØÜÛòîmaˆÛaòiŠvnÛaåÇÈmæcN

(1)ï–ßbà§aåí†ÛaÞýuZ˜LÕib‰†–ß217N (2)…NáîçaŠigÝîÇbgZLÕib‰†–ß˜143N

– 63 –

3N õaŠÔÛaëkmbØÛaíòîàîà§aòÓýÈÛaéîÏŠÏìnmæcN

4N ÞìÔmÛaëòÏbz–Ûa¿òîjçˆÛañ†ÇbÔÛaÕîjİmóÜÇâìÔíæcZåßòîà××aÃbÐÛþaåßåØ¾‰†ÓÝÓc¿pbßìÜÈ½aëïãbÈ½a(1)N

5N ÑîÐLbiaûïmdíæcæaìäÈÛaaˆç¿ïÇaŠíæaëoibqæaìäÇéÛæìØíæcô†ÛüìjÔßÕİäÛaâbÈÛaÖëˆÛaLánèíðˆÛaâbÈÛaêb£üaÉßbÔÐnßæìØíæaë

òàÜ×åØmæaŠr×þaóÜÇénàÜ×æaìäÈÛaô†Èníücë…ìàÈÛakmb×éiñ†yaë(2)N

6N ïÐz–Ûa…ìàÈÛaæbØßpbjqLðˆÛa…ìàÈÛa¿ónya†icÌníüsî¡bè¦bÈíÛapbÇì™ì½akbämÛaòzÐ–Ûa¿|™ìíæaëéÜÌ’í…ìàÈÛa

òÔ’ßëkÈmæë…ŠíëòÛìèiù‰bÔÛaéîÛgÝ–íónyN

7N ‰ìèÃ†îÇaì¶ÕîÓ†ÛaâaŒnÛüaLòÔrióÄ°ü…ìàÈÛaÝÈ¯âaŒnÛüaâ†ÇæüòîÓa†–½aéjmb×†ÔÐíëù‰bÔÛaLæìØíæc…ìàÈÛakmb×˜Š°æck¯aˆë

ónzç…ìàÇòibnØiâaŒnÛüaÞýåßáöa…ÝØ’iõaŠÔÛaÉßa†uaìnßâbíc¿pa‹bu⁄aëŠÐÛaN

ïÐz–Ûa…ìàÈÛaknØíëLïybnnÏüaÞbÔ½aknØíbà×LòqýqåßðcÞ†nÈ½aâŠaòÔíŠİiõaŒucZïmŁaÝØ’Ûa¿bà×ò·bëáuëòß†ÔßZ

(1)…N†í‹ìicÖë‰bÏZ˜LÕib‰†–ßLòîÐz–ÛaòibnØÛaåÏ195196N (2)…NòÐîÜÞýugZ˜LÕib‰†–ß121N

– 64 –

áÓ‰ÝØ‘I2H

Þ†nÈ½aâŠakÛbÓóÜÇj½aïÐz–Ûa…ìàÈÜÛÐÛaõbäjÛa|™ìí

1t†yëc 2NñŠbëcñŠØÏ 3NòÜØ’ßëcòîšÓ 4NëcÝrßëcòàØy

|íŠ–m 1Nwv§aë†çaì’ÛaëòÛ…þa

2NñŠØÐÛaëcòîšÔÛaëct†§aÝî•bÐm 3NõaŠÔÛaòÜ÷cóÜÇkmbØÛaòibug

1N a‰Łaò•ýõÏþaë‰bØ 2N òîöbèäÛaòàØ§aëcòÄÇì½aëcñÈÛa 3N ñìÇ…õaŠÔÛaµgkmbØÛabèß†Ôíòzî–ã

ÞìÜ§a¿ò×‰b’àÜÛù‰bÔÛa 4N ÑÓìß‡b¥üù‰bÔÛaÉÏ…

òß†Ô½a

á¦a

ò·bä

– 65 –

3HpbîßìîÛa@òîÐz–Ûa@Z@@ @¿ñ†yaëñŠßë†yaëkmb×bèjnØíòîÐz–Ûañ†àÇþaåßòÇìà©ïçë

ÊìjþaLóÜÇbèîÏÝ×pˆca‡gòîÐz–ÛapbîßìîÛabèàšmÛapaŠÔÐÛbÏñ†yLÊì™ìß¿õaìLõï‘¿ïÐz–Ûa…ìàÈÛaåÇbèäßñŠÔÏÝ×oÐÜnab½

aâŠaóÜÇáöbÔÛabèöbäi¿ëcLbènÌÛëcpbîßìîÛaÞ†nÈ½NpbîßìîÛapbÇì™ìàÏåÐÛaëŠØÐÛaëÊbànuüaë…b–nÓüaëòbîÛakÇìnmæaåØ¹òîÐz–Ûa

áèßìàçëbäÛaÝ×b’ßÙÛˆ×ël…þaëI1HN pbîßìîÛaåÏæaôŠíòîÐz–ÛapbîßìîÛaåÐÛŠeÑíŠÈmÚbäçë

ÐäÛaaìåÇjÈnÛasîyåßïÐz–Ûa…ìàÈÛaë‰åßlÔíòîÐz–ÛaLë‰ëkmbØÛaéÔänÈíðˆÛakçˆ½aLñbî§aµgémŠÄãëLåÐÛaaˆç¿Ývísîy

ù‰bÔÛa¿ŠqûmÛañŠqbän½aêŠaìïÛbÔ½aLåßpý–iÝ–nmŠaìïçëÞbîäëcòÐbÈÛaLaŠbÕzÜíaŠbåàšníòîÐz–ÛapbîßìîÛaåÏæcÙÛ‡

éÈjníëLbiïmdmÛb×òîÔİäßòÓýÇbàèäîiæüübèjjõa‰ëòvînäÛLæüÝiénÐbÈiæý–níëckmbØÛaÞbî¿æbİjmŠßåíŠbäåíˆçI2HN

ù‰bÔÛaëkmbØÛaíð…ìÛasí†§aëòbjÛbipbîßìîÛalìÜcŒîàníëéÛÕí†•ÉßŠßbníéãd×ëknØísîyLŠeÊì™ìßµgÊì™ìßåßÝÔnäîÏ

ÕÏ‰LpbÇì™ì½aíÁia‰ÚbäçæìØíü†ÓëbèîÏt†zníÛaLéãd‘aˆçëòîšÓoîÛëñ†ÇbíbšÓáèÜÌ’måíˆÛaõbÓ†•þaíïßìîÛasí†§aæd‘

ñ†yaëN

(1)…N†í‹ìicÖë‰bÏZ˜LÕib‰†–ß209N (2)…NÒŠ‘ŒíŒÈÛa†jÇZ˜LÕib‰†–ßLòÛbÔ½al…þïßýÇ⁄aÐnÛa366N

– 66 –

4(ïÜîÜznÛa@ÞbÔ½a@Z

Èß†Çìß¿—–‚nßkmb×éjnØíÞbÔßìçëLÊì™ì½aŠÈíéîÏëéjãaìuÉîºåßén¦bÈß†íŠíðˆÛaLéiÝ–nmÛaïyaìäÛaÝ×åßëLÝà’íë

bÔ½aaˆçäŠ–äÇéîÐÏòíŠíŠznÛa…aì½aÉîºóÜÇÞLsí†§aŠ–äÇëLŠ–äÇëÕîÔznÛaLÊì™ì½biÝ–nmÛapbßìÜÈ½aÉîà¦lbÈînüaëÝiNô†–níüë

òÏbz–Ûa¿aj×bì‘ÉİÓðˆÛaïÐz–ÛaügpübÔ½aåßÊìäÛaaˆçòibnØÛÛaÁìÛa¿òãbØßéÛp‰b•ëñäëòiŠvnÛbiŠ·ëïÐz–LòÜ–Ûa¿ë

òîÐz–ÛaæìäÐÛa¿émëòîibnØÛaém‰†ÓkãbuµgòßbÈÛata†yþbiLénÇaŠiëòÈäÔ½aòv§aëÕîÓ†ÛaÝîÜznÛaëÕî’ÛaŠÈÛbiÑÓaì½aò¦bÈß¿(1)N

bíbšÔÛaŠëòí‰b¦ata†yþaÝîÜ¤µgïÜîÜznÛaÞbÔ½aÒ†èíëïÜaâbÈÛaðcŠÛaÝÌ’mÛaŠçaìÄÛaëbèàèÏóÜÇõaŠÔÛañ†ÇbßëïÛë†Ûaëc

bèyŠ‘ëòÐÜn‚½aòîbîÛaôìÔÜÛòîbîÛapbçb£üaÝîÜ¤ëbènÈibnßëçbàvÜÛN

ÝîÜznÛaóÜÇém‰†ÓëkmbØÛaòî–‚‘óÜÇïÜîÜznÛaÞbÔ½a†ànÈíëta†yÿÛéàîîÔmóÜÇë‰ìßþapbíŠv¶énbygëénÏbÔqô†ßóÜÇë

˜b‚‘þaëNóÜÇ†ànÈíbà×pbßìÜÈ½aáÓóÜÇëòÐîz–Ûa¿tb¡þaáÓémbßìÜÈßëïÜîÜznÛaÞbÔ½añ…bßÏìm¿òèuåßŠr×cæëbÈnmæaåØ¹sîyN

ïmŁaÝØ’ÛbiïÜîÜznÛaÞbÔ½aòibn×kÛbÓbšígåØ¹ëZ

(1)…NòÐîÜÞýugZ˜LÕib‰†–ß104N

– 67 –

áÓ‰ÝØ‘I3H

È½aâŠakÛbÓóÜÇj½aïÐz–Ûa…ìàÈÜÛÐÛaõbäjÛa|™ìíÞ†n

1âbçsí†y‹aŠig 2NÝÌ’mòîšÓŠ

âbÈÛaðcŠÛa 3N†í†uaÓaáí†Ôm

1NÊì™ì½aåÇòîÐÜpbßìÜÈß

2N½a…bÈicémüü…ëÊì™ì 3N†çaì’Ûaë´çaÛaëòÛ…þa 3Nò™‰bÈ½aëñ†íû½aõa‰ŁaŠÇ

1Na‰Łaò•ýõ‰bØÏþaë 2NÊì™ìàÜÛù‰bÔÛaÉÏ… 3Nù‰bÔÛaëkmbØÛaí‰aìy|nÏ

òß†Ô½a

á¦a

ò·bä

– 68 –

5(ð†ÔäÛa@ÞbÔ½a@Z

ïi…þaxbnã⁄aáíìÔmëÝîÜ¤ëÐmëŠÈiâìÔíðˆÛaÞbÔ½aìçë‰bîna¿ém†Çbßëxbnã⁄aaˆçòîàçdiù‰bÔÛaòîÇìmÝuaåßïàÜÈÛaëÐÛaëÐÛaëïi…þaxbnã⁄aåßÝöbaáØÛaaˆçåßÉàíëc†çb’íëccŠÔíbß

aìâìíÝ×ÕÏ†níðˆÛaïàÜÈÛaëï½bÈÛaëcïÜaôìn½aóÜÇõN

ïçñ†ÇÑöbÃëð†ÔäÛaÞbÔàÜÛëI1HZ

cNbç…bÈicåÇÑ’ØÛaëòîàÜÈÛaëòîäÐÛaëòîi…þaÞbàÇþaÐmëŠ‘ëŠÇòÐÜn‚½aN

lNåÇÑ’ØÛbiÙÛ‡ëïàÜÈÛaëïi…þaëÐÛaÝàÈÛaæìàšßëÝØ‘áíìÔmòîjÜÛaëòîib¯⁄aéjãaìuN

xNÈßëù‰bÔÛa…b‘‰gëcòîi…þaëcòîäÐÛaÞbàÇþaÝšÏc‰bînaóÜÇénãëbÉîÏŠÛaôìn½apa‡òîàÜÈÛaN

…Naˆç¿òÈöbšÛaÖìÔ§aÊbu‰gëòîàÜÈÛaëòîäÐÛaëòîi…þapbÓŠÛaæbîibèibz•cµgæa†î½aN

çNbèiëb£ëçbà¦aóÜÇïàÜÈÛaëïi…þaëÐÛaxbnã⁄aqdmô†ßæbîiaô†ßëbèÜÇbÐmëbib¯gëbjÜéäßbèm…bÐnN

ÝjÓåßÞ†uÉ™ìßôŠþaïçoãbØÏïÐz–ÛaÞbÔ½aÑöbÃëbßcbàç´çb£biŠ–zämb¸gÞbÔ½aÑöbÃëæcóÜÇ†×cåßáèäàÏL´rybjÛaZÞbÔ½a

(1)…NáîçaŠigÝîÇbgZ˜LÕib‰†–ß232N

– 69 –

ÉànaŠíìäm¿ïßìÔÛaëìÛakuaìÛaéàn°b¶íðˆÛaïbîÛaÞba¿Ûaõa‰Łaë‰bØÏþbi‰ìİnÜÛòjbä½aò§b–ÛaòîbîLïÇbànuüaÞba¿ÞbÔ½aë

Éànaý•g¿ñ†í†Ûaõa‰ŁaŠ’ãòîbþaéßbèßåßðˆÛaI1HNÞbÔ½aëôŠþaòîÐz–ÛaæìäÐÛaÝrßéÜrßïÐz–ÛaLòÐîz–Ûapaë…cåßòÜîëëña…c

ÇgëŠíìämë…b‘‰gëéîuìmëâýÇgåßòÏbz–ÛaÑöbÃëÕîÔznÛòîÜmëæýNbàçæbn‰†ßÚbäçbèiâìÔíæcåØ¹Ûaâbè½aëÞbÔ½aòÐîÃìiÕÜÈníbàîÏëZ

1N @@òí‰bj⁄a@ò‰†½aZòÐîÃìÛaïçòîßýÇ⁄aòÐîÃìÛaæcò‰†½aêˆçôŠmëñŠ•bÈ½aòÏbz–ÜÛòîbþaNÞbÔ½aòÐîÃëæcµgbç‰b–ãckçˆíbäçåßë

íŠÔmòibn×…Šv¶ÕÔznmb¸gïÐz–ÛaâbÈÛaðcŠÛaåÇŠLåßÝ†mæë……b‘‰gëcéîuìmæë…ëkmbØÛaNbç†yëòÔîÔ§alì•éuìníb¸gâýÇ⁄bÏ

òîbîÛaÉÏaë†ÛaëcòîmaˆÛaòÈÐä½aëcŠÌÛaëcôìaåßa…Š©LæbÏÙÛˆÛëòßbÈÛaõa‰ŁaØÈmñeŠß…Š©æìØmæck¯áçŠÄã¿ðcŠÛaòzÐ•Lïçë

ìiâìÔmæcÞëb¤üa‡gòîÛbrßðc‰òzÐ•æìØmïçëâbÈÛaðcŠÜÛòí…bîÓòÐîÃbçŠdiòßþaëcÝØ×ÉànaéîÏŠØÐíb½òîÈÓaëñ‰ì•bèöaŠÔÛoß†ÓbßN

2N @ðcŠÛa@ò‰†ßZŠ–nÔíüïÐz–ÛaÞbÔ½a‰ë…æaò‰†½aêˆç‰b–ãcôŠíÉàna¿‰ë†íb½ò×bÇñeŠßéãì×…Š©óÜÇL½aaˆçð…ûíæck¯Ýi‰ë…ÞbÔ

âbÈÛaðcŠÜÛáèÜ½aë†‘Š½aë†öbÔÛaNéÛæìØmæc†iüáç†äÇïÐz–ÛaÞbÔ½bÏò÷’änÛaëòîiÛaëÞb–müaëÞìÔÛaæìäÏŠöbÉßbèöa…diâìÔíòàèßòíìiŠmòÐîÃë

(1)…NíŠØnÛaŠØiäßZåßòîÏbÔrÛaëòîÇbànuüaëòîbîÛabèmbçb£aëòîÓaŠÈÛaòÏbz–Ûa1869

1921L…b‘‰⁄aòÈjİßL…a†ÌiL1969˜L269285N

– 70 –

òíŠØÐÛaëòîbîÛaëòîÇbànuüaNõbjãþaóÜÇÕîÜÈnÛbiïÐz–ÛaÞbÔ½aâìÔíbà×Û†Ûa˜ý‚naëbçÐmëbèäîÈibíbšÓåÇÊbÏ†ÜÛbèäßÝî(1)N

ïmdíb¶ïÐz–ÛaÞbÔ½aÑöbÃëÞbºgåØ¹ë(2)Z

1N âýÇ⁄aZbíbšÔÛaëcta†yþaåÇñ†í†¦a‰bØÏþaëpbßìÜÈ½aáí†ÔniÙÛ‡ëâbÈÛaðcŠÛaÝÌ’mÛaÝ×b’½aëcN

2N bèîÜÇÕîÜÈnÛaëòí‰b¦aòîßìîÛa‰bjþaÐmëŠ‘Lbç…bÈic|™ìíb¶ìuëòÐÜn‚½abèjãaN

3N ÑîÔrnÛaZµgÑîšmÛaòÐÜn‚½aòîãbã⁄aÒ‰bÈ½aŠ’ãÕíŠåÇÙÛ‡ëÞbÔ½abëbäníÛaòîšÔÛaëcÊì™ì½aåÇñ†í†ua…bÈicù‰bÔÛaN

4N òîbîÛaòîÇìnÛaZbèÐÓaìßëlaŒyþaëpbßìØ§aòbîÞbÔ½aŠ’íæcðcÉànabíbšÓåßòÐÜn‚½aN

5N ë‰bØÏþaŠ’ãêˆçkÜİnmëbèîÏbäßëbèßì–†™bèäÇÊbÏ†ÛaëpbÐÜÐÛaÞëbänÛa¿òîÇì™ìßë…bîyòÐîÃìÛaN

6N òîàänÛa¿òàçbàÜÛëc´ÈßïÇbànuaëcïbîâbÄãòß†¨çbà¦aò÷jÈmòîäìÛaN

7N émbçb£aóÜÇqdnÛaëÉàna¿âbÈÛaðcŠÛaåíìØmN

(1)…NÒŠ‘ŒíŒÈÛa†jÇZïÐz–ÛaÞbÔ½aåÏLÉí‹ìnÛaëŠ’äÛaëòÇbjİÜÛõbjÓ‰a…LñŠçbÔÛaL2000L

˜33N (2)…NáîçaŠigÝîÇbgZLÕib‰†–ß˜63N

– 71 –

8N ñ…bîÔÛaZÇs§aµgòÐîÃìÛaêˆçÒ†èmëÉànaëoîjÛa¿òÜ™bÏñbîyóÜN

9N Úbènãaë…b§⁄apaìÇ…†™ù…bj½aëáîÔÛaëpb†Ô½aëæbí…þaåÇÊbÏ†Ûaù…bj½aëáîÔÛaåÇxëŠäëpb†Ô½aN

10N òãaû½aëÊbnß⁄aëòîÜnÛaZìÐäÛaåÇõkÈÛaÑÐ¥òÐîÃìÛaêˆçëkÇbnßåßbèîÏbßáË‰òÜànªñbî§aÝÈ£ëÞìÔÈÛaëN

– 72 –

– 73 –

sÛbrÛa@szj½a òîØíŠßþa@òÏbz–Ûa@¿@ïÜîÜznÛa@ÞbÔ½a@‰ìİmë@ñd’ã@ @

Ý•þaìçÞbÔ½aæcµgbÈÛaæa†Üiåß†í†ÈÛa¿òÏbz–Ûaƒí‰bm’íòÜíìñÏˆäßòÐîz–ÛaŠíŠ¤¿µëþaòãbØ½akyb•ëLbþaëN†Èíë

ńãìßð…Ýî’îßïãŠÐÛaI1533M1592HÛaaˆçø’äßæŠÔÛaòíbèãåÐâbÇp‰†•ÛaémübÔßòß†Ôß¿Š×ˆíìèÏLŠ’Ç…bÛa1588Iïçïma‡æa

ïmübÔßÊì™ìßHbãaˆíañ‰bjÈÛaêˆçoãb×†ÓëÞbÔ½aåÏ†Ûì¶ńãìßó†Óëêbj•pbíŠ×‡åÇbq†znßéÐãbíbÐ¿szjÛbibèîÏánçcLpüëbbiémübÔß

éibj‘ëLŠİÛata†yþaåÇëòì‚î’ÛaëòÛìuŠÛa‰ì¿bèiŠßÛaòÐíLëbäÜÛéiìîÇÑ’×åÇÊ‰ìníNŠ–äÈÛaÕÛdnipübÔ½aêˆçoàma†Óë

ï–‚’ÛaI1HN

åÏÊ†njßńãìßpČ†ÇÛaòîãbİíÛaÒ‰bÈ½añŠöa…ém†×aõï’ÛaaˆçëÞìÔnÏÕjÛaaˆçéÛÝvmëLòÛbÔ½aImòÏŠÈßåßåØànãæa‰…bäÛaåßæaƒí‰b

âbÇ†Ûë†ÓòÛbÔ½aåÏæaÙ‘üåØÛëòîi…üaæìäÐÛaåßåÏ1572†íóÜÇńãìßH(2)N

¿òi‰bšÛaê‰ëûéÛåØÛëL†í†uët†znßåÏìçòÛbÔ½aåÏæaÉßëò¹†ÔÛala…üaÖbàÇa(3)NÛbäí†ßÙ‘ýińãìßæb×†ÔÏIæëŠ’î‘HðˆÛaL

(1)The New Encyclopaedia Britannia CD. 2003, (editorial)N

(2)ÕÛbä†jÇïÈîi‰ZLñŠçbÔÛaLòîÈßb¦aòÏŠÈ½a‰a…LòîmaˆÛaòÛbÔ½aåÏ1988˜L21N (3)Š–Ûaï×‹ÒaZL…a†ÌiL…b‘‰üaòÈjİßLï‰bÐÛal…üa¿òîÐz–ÛaòÛbÔ½a1978˜L190N

– 74 –

ÞbîëÝèlìÜdiémbÇì™ìßbÈíæb×bäí†ßéÐãæëŠ’î‘ëù…bçÛIæìýÏaHæëû’ÛaµalŠÓab™ŠÇòßbÈÛañbî§aæëû‘ŠÈíæb×ðˆÛa

òÐÜÐÛaµaéäßòßbÈÛa(1)NiémübÔßńãìßó†ÓëIpüëbaHl‰bvnÛaëaEssas(2)ðcLòîöbèãòÛìÔßæìØmæaµaÝ–mòÛëbªòÛbÔ½aåßÝÈ¯aˆçë

½aaˆçjnÓaéãañì‰ñ…bßåßÞbrànÛaÉä•ò¦bÈß´ãbäÐÛaòÛëbªåß|Üİ–âbŠÛaåßén−ëaLbzäÛakÛaìÓ¿éČj•ÝjÓÉà’Ûb×(3)Lńãìß…a‰bÏ

émübÔ¶Il‰bvnÛaëòÐ‚n½así…byüaóÜÇbçŠ–Óëñì‰püëbªæìØmæaòî–‚’ÛaH(4)N

âbÇòibnØÛańãìßc†ibß†äÇë1572n×¿óyìnaLÅÇaì½aémbibæb×bßÝ×æa‡aLbîjíˆèmbîÔÜæb×òibnØÜÛéÈÏa…æaðaLòîÔÜäë‰†ÛaëLõaŠÔÛaìÐãbèîÛalˆvämòÜîºpa‰bjÇëa‰bØÏaémbibn×ášmæaìçéîÛa|àİí

(1)ÒŠ‘ŒíŒÈÛa†jÇZLpëiLÝî¦a‰a…LòÛb•üaµañŠ•bÈ½aåßòÛbÔ½al…a2000˜L22N (2)òàÜ×æaÅyýíIESSayHÝÈÐÛaåßòÔn’ßIEssayerHn±ëaæŒíëaîÔíêbäÈßë

üaåßbšíaòÔn’ßëáIAssayHbçŠçìuòÏŠÈ½òšÐÛaëakçˆÛaÝrßæ…bÈ½a‰bjnaêbäÈßëòîãŠÐÛabènÏ…aŠßëòàÜØÛaêˆçæaÅyýãëIEssalHòàÜØÛïÄÐÜÛaóäÈ½aÉßj×†yµaÕÐnm

òîãŠÐÛaëòîiŠÈÛaëòíŒîÜØãüapbàÜØÜÛòîÄÐÜÛaïãbÈ½al‰bÔnmaˆØçëòîiŠÈÛaÞbÔßNÉìnÜÛŠÄäíZßaáîçaŠiaâbZìÜØãüaòjnØßLïÐz–ÛaåÐÛa¿pba‰…MñŠçbÔÛaLòíŠ–½aIlNpHL˜180N

(3)ÒŠ‘ŒíŒÈÛa†jÇZòÛb•üaµañŠ•bÈ½aåßòÛbÔ½al…aLÕib‰†–ßL˜64N (4)ÒŠ‘ŒíŒÈÛa†jÇZLl…ýÛïßýÇüaÐnÛa¿LñŠçbÔÛaLlbnØÜÛòßbÈÛaòíŠ–½aò÷îa2002L

˜75N

– 75 –

…bØíÝØ’ibèîÜÇóÌİíïmaˆÛaŠ–äÈÛaæańãìßpübÔßóÜÇÅyýíðˆÛaë†yŠÈß¿åØÛëLbßb·æìØíê‰bØÏaáÇ†íæaóäíüò•bäéi‰b£åÇérí

Ýr½aôŠ©òí‰b¦aáØ§aëñ‰ìqb½aÞaìÓüaœÈji(1)N

óÜÇémbibn×¿†×asîyLÞbÔ½aåÐÛÞëüa†öaŠÛańãìßŞ†ÇLÙÛîëLéöaŠÓíëéäîiÙîàÛaŒub§aáİyæa†Èiù‰bÔÛaëkmbØÛaíñaëb½a

ÐãåÇÈíæaÊbİnbÏòyaŠ–iêŠÇb’ßëéîbyaõaŠÔÛaóÜÇŠÈíæaëLélaûëÜlìÜbiëNpbÇì™ì½aµaévníâëńãìß†ÈiÞbÔ½a‰ìİmë

ÞëbännÏòîmaˆÛapýßbnÛaëòî–‚’ÛaòÇŒäÛa‹ëbvnmëpaˆÛaô†ÈnmÛaòîãbãüabçËëòîÏbÔrÛaëòîÇbànuüaëòîbîÛaæëû’ÛbiÕÜÈnmpbÇì™ìß(2)N×ëæb

æìØîiîãŠÐíŒîÜØãüa†íóÜÇ‰ìİnÛaaˆçI1561M1636HæìØîia†i‡gLâbÇòîÛbÔ½aémbibn×1597oãb×‡aLáüaüańãìßpbåßÝà¤üÛaëL

Š–äÈÛabèîÏâ†ÈäíëLÕÏ†n½aïi…üaœîÐÛaµabèäßáØ§aëÞbrßüaµalŠÓaiµaŠÄäíëLò•bäl‰bvnÛa‰ì•ëï–‚’ÛaïÛbÔßÞëaéÐ•ìiæìØî

òíŠØÐÛañ…b½aéßì…ëŒî×ÛbiŒîànmémübÔßoãb×ëLáîÄÇðŒîÜØãa(3)N åßrØÛaòºÛaêˆèiŠqdmòíŒîÜØã⁄aµgńãìßpübÔßoºŠmbß†äÇë

æìØîiîãŠÏáènß†Ôß¿ëŒîÜØã⁄aõbi…þaI1561–1626HâbçaŠicëïÛì×I1618–1667Hæ†í‰…æìuëI1631–1700HÝj·áîÛëëI1628

(1)Ñìí†àªá¬ZLpëiLòÛbÔ½aåÏLòÏbÔrÛa‰a…1966˜L27M30N (2)…ìjÇô†ãZnubßòÛb‰LòîÓaŠÈÛaòÏbz–Ûa¿ïybnnÏüaÞbÔ½aIñ‰ì’äßËH µaoß†Ó

âbÇ…a†ÌiòÈßb la…üaòîÜ×1992˜L15N (3)ÒŠ‘ŒíŒÈÛa†jÇZòÛb•üaµañŠ•bÈ½aåßòÛbÔ½al…aLÕib‰†–ßL˜333N

– 76 –

–1699HNiðŒîÜØã⁄aïÐz–ÛaÞbÔ½aƒí‰bmÁjm‰a†ÓëIæìØîiîãŠÏHòîmaˆÛbiŒîànmémübÔßoãb×sîyðŒîÜØãgïÐz•ÞbÔßkmb×ÞëcéÐ•ìi

õbÓ†•þaí‰ë†íðˆÛasí†§aòîi‡bubëÐäÛaåßòÈibäÛa(1)N bz–Ûa¿òÛbÔ½aåÏ‰ìİm‹íëóÜÇŠ’ÇåßbrÛaæŠÔÛa¿òíŒîÜØã⁄aòÏ

áèäßlbnØÛaåßòÇìà©†íZoÔíìæbqbãìuI1667–1745HÑí‹ìuëæìí…cI1672–1719HÝîn…‰b’ní‰ëI1672–1729HÝíìëæìãìuI1709–1774Hsî†ÛìuŠÐîÛaëI1728–1774HNæb×ë

òšèã¿âbabç‰ë…Š’ÇåßbrÛaæŠÔÛaòÏbz–Ûê‰ìİmëÞbÔ½aåÏLp…ŠÏc‡gåÐÛaaˆçlbnØÛñj×pbybßNµgkäíëIìÐí…Þbîãa…HpübÔßòibn×òîÛëc

bçbcÛaénÐîz•ÞýåßÙÛ‡ëpbßìØ§aòbîbèîÏ“ÓbäíòîbîIìîÐí‰ð‡Hòäæ†äÛ¿bç‰†•cÛaë1704LÞbÔßbèîÏknØíæb×ë

aÞbÔ½bióàíµëþaòzÐ–ÛbiïybnnÏü(2)N¿ïÐz–ÛaÞbÔ½aÖbİãÉma†ÓëÞbrßclbnØÛaåßòÇìà©†íóÜÇŠ’ÇÉbnÛaæŠÔÛa¿òîãbİíÛaòÏbz–ÛaZ

kßüŒÛ‰b’mI1775–1834HoäçïÛëI1774–1859HáîÛëëoîÛ‹bçI1785–1859HLñbîyóÜÇñŠ–nÔßpübÔ½apbÇì™ìß†ÈmáÜÏ

Éànaõbí‹cëæ†½aÐäÛasí…bycëÖýþaëÚìÜÛapa…bÇëLoÛëbämÝiòßbÈÛañbî§aáèmÛapbÇì™ì½aÑÜn«(3)N

(1)Encarta Reference LibraryCD,2003, (editorial article).

(2) …Nlbvyäß†àªZLòÇbjİÜÛ†îÈòûßLbİäLïybnnÏüaÞbÔ½a1987˜L19N (3)…ìàªkî¬ï×‹ë´ßc†»aZxLbÈÛa¿l…þaò–Ó3LòíŠ–½aòšèäÛaòjnØßLñŠçbÔÛaL

1945˜L55N

– 77 –

ŒîÜØã⁄albnØÛbiïØíŠßþaÞbÔ½albn×Šqdm†ÓëLÑ–näß¿‹Šië¿ÞbÈÐÛaáçqdmáæb×åíˆÛaðcŠÛapübÔßlbn×Š’ÇÉbnÛaæŠÔÛa

áèäßëbîÜÈÛaòİÜÛaZ´Ûì×âbîÜíëoãbíŠiLïÜíŠuÛ‰ìçëL†ãì¹a‰ðŠäçëïØíŠßþaÞbÔàÜÛçˆÛaŠ–ÈÛaµgæìànäíåíˆÛaåßáçËëN†èÇïÐÏ

IoãbíŠiHÝrßòîÇbànuüaÝ×b’½aëpbÇì™ì½bioìiwääÏüaòÐîz•oànçaòíŠØÐÛakãaì¦aµgòÏb™gbçËëòz–ÛaëæbØ⁄a(1)N

‰†•c†ÓëI†ãì¹‰H‰ìíìîãòÐîz•†ÈibàîÏozj•cÛaŒ¹bmïÜí…ÚŒ¹bmÚ‰ìíìîãábiÒŠÈmNòîÇbànuaòÛb‰òÏbz–ÜÛæcôŠíæb×ëLáqåßë

ÒbÐ⁄aåÇ†ÈjÛaëáíìÔÛaÕÜ¨biÙànmæcénÐîz•óÜÇkuëcNåßr×¿òzubäÛaòîÐz–Ûapýà§aåß†í†ÈÛa¿énÐîz•oàçb†Óë

bíbšÔÛaN

þaÞbÔ½albn×Šè‘cåßëæbàjîÛÛëëåíŠ’ÈÛaæŠÔÛa¿´îØíŠßI18891974HòäòîØíŠßþaòÏbz–Ûa¿éÜàÇc†iðˆÛaë1910¿

æìßì×åİìiòÐîz•LÙîÜibîi‰ìîãòÐîz•µgbèäßÝÔnãaëLc†ilŠ§a†ÈiëÏäíbÏòÜ©¿bàÄnäßa…ìàÇknØíLÚ‰ìíìîãòÐîz•µgÙÛ‡†ÈiÝÔnãaë

†Û‰ëN×åßëbšíc´q†aæbØíŠßþaÞbÔ½albnZòÐîz•‰ŠªæìnÜßbçâbîÜíëIÞbã‰ìuoíÞëëð‡HëïÐz–ÛaëNÚN¿ïybnnÏüaÞbÔ½akmb×ïÜî×

oíëí…‰bjcòÐîz•(2)N

(1)…NŠ‘ŒíŒÈÛa†jÇÒZ˜LÕib‰†–ßLïÐz–ÛaÞbÔ½aåÏ11N (2)…NáîçaŠigÝîÇbgZLÕib‰†–ßLòîÜàÈÛapbÔîjİnÛaëòíŠÄäÛaþa ÞbÔ½aåÏ

˜36–37N

– 78 –

æì×åßbÓýİãaŒ¹bmÚ‰ìíìîãòÐîz•¿ïÜîÜznÛaÞbÔ½aòîàçcïmdmëÊ‹ìmÛaòÐîz–Ûaêˆç1,068,217ìîÜßñ†zn½apbíüìÛa¿bîßìíò‚ãæ

òàöbÓ‰†–nmÉí‹ìnÛakãsîyåßòÈiaŠÛaòjmŠ½a¿ïmdmÛaëòîØíŠßþa‡ìÐäÛaëòÈàÛasîyåßòîØíŠßþaÑz–ÛaLòjäÛbiµëþaòÐîz–Ûa†Èm

bà×òîØíŠßþapbjnØ½aÝjÓåßbîö‰bÈuŠßâ†‚nmëæbØíŠßþa´îbîÜÛòÐîz–Ûabèãg îßìØ§a´Ûëû½aë´rybjÛaë´îbßìÜi†ÜÛòîu‡ìàäÛaL†Óë

ôŠcÑz•åÇýšÏâbÈÛaðcŠÛaåíìØmpaë…cåßòàèßña…cozj•coìiåİä‘aìÛaòÐîz•bèäßëòîàçþasîyåßbèí‹aìm(1)NÑz•¿ë

ÊìjþaòíbèãòÜİÇI†yþaâìíHsîy×cáv¡Œ¹bmÚ‰ìíìîãòÐîz•‰†–mÐmŠíåßpbzÐ–ÛaÞ†ÈßÉ70µg167òzÐ•NbèÈí‹ìmÞ†ÈßÉÐmŠíëIâìí

†yþaHµg1،5ò‚ãæìîÜß(2)NòîßìîÛaÑz–ÛaÉí‹ìmÁìnßæcÅyýíëóÜÇ†íŒíñ†zn½apbíüìÛa¿âbÈÛaâbànçüapa‡59ò‚ãæìîÜß(3)N

åßþa†ÔÈÛaÞýòîuìÛìäØnÛapa‰ìİnÛaaŠÈnaÞýåßëŠÔÛaåíŠ’ÈÛaæLòÏbz–Ûa¿òîÐz–ÛaæìäÐÛa¿pa‰ìİnÛaêˆçqdmô†ßë

p†Çb†ÓÞb–müabîuìÛìäØmæcôŠãòîØíŠßþaòÏbz–Ûa¿òÜràn½aòrí†§aæìäÐÛaÙÜniõbÔm‰üaóÜÇLòÏŠÌÛaµgÝ•ìnÛaòîÐz–Ûañ‰ì–ÛbiÕÜÈníbàîÐÏ

(1)…NðŠ•bäÛalbİâýZÖaüa¿òa‰… òîØíŠßþaòîu‰bäòbîÛaëâýÇ⁄a

iLïiŠÈÛaåìÜÛïØíŠßþaïßýÇ⁄aLòßbÈÛaòîÏbÔrÛaæëû’Ûa‰a…L…a†Ì2000˜L1314N (2)…NÒŠ‘ŒíŒÈÛa†jÇZòíŠ–½aò÷îaLñŠçbÔÛaLòîÛb–müapa‰bš§a‰ìİmëòîßýÇ⁄abäuþa

LlbnØÜÛòßbÈÛa2003˜L147N (3)…NíìÈÛaïÜÇ†àªZÂLÕîjİnÛaëòíŠÄäÛaíïÛë†ÛaâýÇ⁄a2üaòjnØßLñŠçbÔÛaLìÜ¬

LòíŠ–½a1981˜L103N

– 79 –

½aë‰ì–½aâbßc|înmÛaòîãëØÛ⁄aòàÜÄ½a¿òÜöbçpbãbØßgïÐz–ÛaxŠ‚ñ…ìu´¤ëÝibèÜ–ÏëæaìÛþa|îz–mëÉİÔÛaëÌ–nÛaëjØnÛapbîÜàÇ

òîàÓ‰pbãbîiµgñ‰ì–ÛaÝíì¤†ÈiÙÛ‡ëpì–ÛaNâìŠÛbiÕÜÈníbàîÏëòíë†îÛaLÉßòîÛbÇñ…ì âìŠÛaêˆçxbnãgòÇŠ¿bîuìÛìäØnÛap†Çb†ÔÏ

äÇë†jnÛbèäíìÜmòÛìèåÐ×‹nÏòÜßbØÛaæaìÛþbiÑz–Ûa¿bènÇbj†Ñz–Ûaêˆç¿ŒîànßïØîÏaŠuNÂìİäëòîÇbä–Ûa‰bàÓþaâa†‚naæcbà×

ñŒèucíÁiŠÛa¿òîãìÐÜnÛaI”ìnä×b½aHbèn¦bÈßëâìŠÛaxbnãg¿òß†‚n½aaòÇbj†îÇaìßÉßbèÔÏaìmëòÛìÔä½aâìŠÛañ…ì õbÔm‰üaµgô…cÑz–Û

ÞbÔ½abèîÛgxbnycbàÜ×éÐãâìîÛa¿bòjyb–½ata†yþaÉßŠ’änÛïÜîÜznÛaI1HN

òîäÔnÛaêˆŒ¹bmÚ‰ìíìîãòÐîz•âa†‚naÉÓaë¿Š×ˆmÛaòÜrßþaåßëð‰ì–ß†ycbèİÔnÛaÛaòîÏaŠËìmìÐÛañ‰ì–ÛaïÐz–ÛaÝÔ§a¿òîÛb–müa

cõbÔÛåßa†è’ß|™ìmòÐîz–ÛaöbäØÛaô×¿òàè½apbî–‚’Ûa†yâbÇÚ‰ìíìîãòäí†¶1995Lµg‰ìÐÛaóÜÇñ‰ì–ÛaÝÔãåß‰ì–½aåØ·sîy

åí‰ì–½aáèäîiåßë‰ìšzÜÛ|àíåØísîyòÇbÔÛaÝa…åßòÐîz–ÛaòîäßcïÇaë†ÛòÇbÔÛaåßxëŠ¨bi´îßýÇ⁄aëNòàè½aÙÜm¿‰ì–½aâ†‚naë

ëòîàÓ‰aßb×ÞìàªÑmbçëÞìàªŠmìîjßì×Næb×bßÝöbìÛaÙÜmüìÛëæb×ðˆÛa†Çì½aæüÉjİÛaÝjÓòÐîz–ÛbiÕzÜmæcbèİÔnÛaÛa‰ì–ÜÛòÈjİÜÛïöbèäÛa†Çì½a‹ëbvníæb×òÇbÔÛaåßxëŠ¨bi‰ìšzÜÛéîÏbyìàß

(1)…NæbjÜÛa“íë‰…ÑíŠ‘ZòíŠ–½a‰a†ÛaLñŠçbÔÛaLòrí†§apbçb£üaïÐz–ÛaŠ’äÛabîuìÛìäØm

LòîãbäjÜÛa2001˜L8991N

– 80 –

òÐîz–ÛaåßñþaI1HNíŠßþaòÏbz–Ûa¿ïÜîÜznÛaÞbÔ½albn×Ýî¹ëµgòîØkîËÛaíÊ‹ìnmÛaëLáèmübÔß¿òîÇbäÓüapübànüaâa†‚na

ïãýÔÈÛaëïÐbÈÛaíëkîçÛaëNóÜÇòîÐbÈÛapübànüa†ànÈmëI2HZ

1N ‹ìßŠÛaëpa‰bÈ’Ûaâa†‚naN

2N ÃbÐÛþapüü…N

3N ‰…b–¶…bè’nüaN

4N òíìÌÜÛakîÛbþaâa†‚naN

5N ÝîšÐnÛaÝÈÏcÍî•N

6N ðcŠÛaŠÇòÔîÔyéãaóÜÇN

7N †î×ìnÛaóäÈßN

8N ÉîİÔÛañŒíŠËâa†‚naN

wv§aáí†ÔmëïÔÜn½aÝÔÇòjb«óÜÇ†ànÈnÏòîãýÔÈÛapübànüabßcÙÛ‡¿â†‚nmëòîÔİä½a†çaì’Ûaë(3)Z

1NòîÈÓaìÛata†yþaëpbßìÜÈ½bi…bè’nüaN

(1)…N‰bväÛakíŠÌÛa†îÈZòíŠ–½a‰a†ÛaLñŠçbÔÛaLòîàÓŠÛaòîäÔnÛaŠ–Ç¿òÏbz–ÛabîuìÛìäØm

LòîãbäjÜÛa2003L˜107N (2)…NðëbØß…bàÇåyë†îÛaýóÜîÛZòíŠ–½a‰a†ÛaLñŠçbÔÛaLñŠ•bÈ½aémbíŠÄãëÞb–müa

LòîãbäjÜÛa1998˜L188N (3)˜LéÐã‰†–½a190N

– 81 –

2Npaõb–y⁄aëâbÓ‰þaáí†ÔmN

3Npbß†ÔßóÜÇwöbnäÛaõbäiN

4NôŠþaŠÄäÛaòèuë†îäÐmN

óÜÇôìnaŠÇkîÛbcŠqaµgñŠ•bÈ½aòîßýÇ⁄apba‰†Ûa’mëÊbäÓ⁄aëáîÜÈnÛaLáí†ÔnÛ´ÈßlìÜc‰bjnaµgð…ûmÛapa‰bjnÇüaµaëïÇbäÓüa—äÛaLòÈîjÉßÕÐníb¶pübànüaåß´ÈßÊìãâa†‚naë

n½a‰ìèà¦a—öb–ëÊì™ì½apa‰bjnÇüaêˆçåßëïÔÜ(1)Z

1(bîäà™bèubnänaÝibÔßÒa†çþaì™ëN

2(†çaì‘ëòÛ…þòÛbŠÛaáí†ÔmN

3(‰bÈ½aë†íû½a´jãb¦aŠÇÝibÔßÊì™ì½aåß†yaëkãbuŠÇN

4(òÛbŠÛaÝa…òîÇbäÓüawv§akîmŠmN

5(òîjÜËþaðc‰qdmN

6(ÛaëŠÈnÛaá×aŠmqdm‰aŠØnN

ÊbäÓ⁄aÝöbëáçcåßòîØíŠßþaòÏbz–Ûa¿ïÜîÜznÛaÞbÔ½a†ÈíëéîuìnÛaëâýÇ⁄aLòîbþaéÐöbÃëåßæcÙÛ‡LâbÈÛaðcŠÛa¿qdnÛaëN

åíìØmóÜÇáç†ÇbmÛaõa‰ŁaëpbßìÜÈ½aë‰bjþabäÜÛâ†ÔmÑz–ÛbÏ’ßåßáè™Èí†ÓbßëLòßbÈÛaÝöb½a¿|îz•ðc‰åßõaìLpýØ

(1)…N…LðëbØß…bàÇåyN†îÛaýóÜîÛZLÕib‰†–ß˜193N

– 82 –

òí…b–nÓüaëcòîÏbÔrÛaëcòîÇbànuüaëcòîbîÛaòîybäÛaNÒŠÈmÑz–ÛaëÕíŠİÛaµgáç†‘ŠmëpbßìÜÈßë‰bjcåßáèîÜÇêŠ’ämbàîÏÕöbÔ§bibäÛa¿ðcŠÛaõa†igë‰bjþaóÜÇÕîÜÈnÛaëLbèyŠ‘ëÕöbÔ§aÙÜmÐniðìÛa

Ûañ†àÇþaëòîöŠÛapübÔ½añ‰ì•ònibqåíëbäÇo¤òîßìîNÑz–ÛaæcóÜÇÙÛ‡ôŒÈíëL‰bØÏþaë‰bjþaŠÇòÔíŠ¿ŠŁaœÈjÛaåÇbèšÈiÑÜn±bèmübÔßëbçŠíŠ¤òbîëbènİ¿ôŠþaåÇòÐîz–ÛaÒýnaµg

òîÜîÜznÛa(1)NŒîàníëêrßõa‰cëÝ×b’ßëbíbšÓbÈíëÕàÈÛbiïÜîÜznÛaÞbÔ½aÜÜ°ëLÞ†vÜÛòÐÜn‚½abèjãaìuµabè(2)NâìÔíéãdi‹bn¹ïÜîÜznÛaÞbÔ½bÏaˆÛ

ò’ÓbäßëLbèmüü…ëbç…bÈiaåÇÑ’ØÛaëòí‰b¦ata†yüaÝîÜ¤ëŠÈiñ†ÇbßëïÛë†ÛaëcïÜaâbÈÛaðcŠÛaÝÌ’mÛaŠçaìÄÛaëbíbšÔÛaŠë

bènÈibnßëbèàèÏóÜÇõaŠÔÛa(3)LénybßávyØi‹bn¹bà×¿òÐîz–ÛaìçëòîÔİä½awv§aëÝî•bÐnÛaåßòîà××aéîÏ†’°ædiéjmbØÛ|àíðˆÛaŠßüa

ÞbÔ½aÊì™ìßŠ’mÛa†çaì’ÛaëòÛ…üaëN

æbç‡þaò÷îèmëïÇìÛañ‰bqg¿òÛbÈÏña…cÑz–Ûa†ÈmëLæcòu‰†ÛÛaƒäÛa…†ÇÕíŠåÇbàèbîÓåØ¹òßbÈÛaòÏbÔrÛaëïÇìÛaôìnßbèÇ‹ìm

æbØÛaåßÑÛcÝØÛòjäÛbiÑz–ÛaNòÔíŠ¿Ñz–ÛaÒýnaæcÅyýíë

(1)…N…buèZLïÇbäÓüaÞb–müaëâýÇ⁄aÝöbëLlbnØÜÛòíŠ–½aòßbÈÛaò÷îaLñŠçbÔÛa

2003˜L132N (2)…NLòÜvàÜÛòîäÐÛaþaLaìÇåí‹ð‹bËñŠçbÔÛaZLlbnØÜÛòßbÈÛaòíŠ–½aò÷îa1997L

˜74N (3)…N†í‹ìiaÖë‰bÏZÂLòîÐz–ÛaòibnØÛaåÏ4ñŠçbÔÛaLZLknØÛabÇ1990˜L230N

– 83 –

‰bjþaë‰bØÏþaŠÇLäòß†ÔßëæaìäÈÛaŠíŠ¤¿ñ†ÇbÓŠwnãc†ÓåßòÐÜn«wöbnäiïmdíŠÈÛaòÔíŠ¿Ñz–ÛaÒýnaæcÞìÔÛaåØ¹sî¡

ÊbäÓ⁄aæìäÏëòíbÇ†ÛaòîybãNÑz–ÛaæcÙÛ‡åßëpb°Š–nÛaâ†ÔmýáèjİëcòbÛaëcõbàÇŒÛaåÇòîbîÛaLáçcbjnÓaµgñ…bÈÛa¿†àÈm

óÔjmbß—î‚ÜmëpaŠÔÐÛa(1)N Šq‰eLÞìÓµglŠÓcòîØíŠßþaòÏbz–Ûa¿ïÜîÜznÛaÞbÔ½aòàèßæg

ÞìÔíðˆÛaŒ¹bmÚ‰ìíìîãòÐîz•ûßŠu‰ìiŒÛbZI¿æbãgðcðc‰ægîšÓðcbèãd‘¿éîÛgâ†ÔmÛapbßìÜÈ½aÊìãåßÝšÏcæìØíæcåØ¹üòN

éãd‘ëé×Šmcáqòzîz•pbßìÜÈßæbãgðcÁÇcL¿dİ‚ÜÛb™ŠÈßÝÄîoÓìÛaœÈjÛéíc‰L†iþaµgê†í¿ÝÄmÒìlaì–Ûaò•ŠÏåØÛëNkvyc

ëcò–Óbãëcòçì’ßéîÛgbèß†ÓëcæbãgðcåÇòzîz–ÛapbßìÜÈ½añì’ªêØÐm‹bèuÝ×pŠß…†ÔÏæ‡g ÑíŒÛaëòíbÇ†ÛbiNNæë…bßµgéioÛŒãë

æbã⁄aôìnßH(2)N émõaŠÓÞýåßbçbÔÜníÛañŠØÐÛaéÜ–mbß†äÇæbãb×ïÔÜn½aæg

òîmŁaòÔíŠİÛbibçbÔÜníb¸gòÐîz–Ûa¿ïÜîÜznÛaÞbÔàÜÛ(3)Z

1(ÝßbØÛaïÇìÛaõì™óÜÇbç†îÈníN

2(åbjÛaÝÔÈÛaëcïÇëýÛaëc‰ìÈ‘ýÛaõì™óÜÇbç†îÈníN

(1)…N…buèZ‰†–ßÕib˜L134N (2)ÝØîç´äy†àªZLÖëŠ’Ûa‰a…LñŠçbÔÛaLòbîÛaëòÏbz–Ûaí2003˜L19N (3)Öë‹ŠßÑìíZLòîÈßb¦aòÏŠÈ½a‰a…Lòí‰†äØ⁄aLÞb–müaáÜÇµgÝ†ß1988˜L158N

– 84 –

3(bèîÜÇd’ãÛa†îÛbÔnÛaŠÄãòèuëåßbèîÛgŠÄäíN

4(bèiåßûíÛaòîäí†Ûapa†ÔnÈ½aõì™¿bè–zÐíN

5(bèÔänÈíÛa‰bØÏþbibèã‰bÔíN

6(bèØÜn¹ÛaòÏbÔrÛaëbçbî°Ûañbî§aÊìãÉßbèàöaìíN

7(ŒíbèÔîÔ¤µgóÈíÛapbÈÜİnÛaòîybãåßbèãN

8(˜bäé×ìÜ¿bçbìníÛaòîãbã⁄aïyaìäÛbibèİiŠíN

Éîº¿ëïÐz–ÛaÞbÔ½a¿òÌÜÛaæcåßbÓýİãaaj×aqdmòÌÜÛaŠqûmëóÜÇ‰ìèà¦a¿ŠqûmÛaïãbÈ½aÝà¤ÛaïçLðçbà¦aÞb–müaÞbØ‘c

Ûaôìnß‰ìÈ’ÛaëòÏbÔrÛaëòî–‚’ÛaëÚìÜ(1)N

(1)…NîaæbàÈãð…bçZLòÇbjİÜÛŠßbÛa‰a…L…a†ÌiLðçbà¦aÞb–müaòîÜàÇ¿òÌÜÛa1997L

˜41N

– 85 –

sÛbrÛa@Ý–ÐÛa @åíìØm@¿@âýÇ⁄a@Ýöbë@‰ë…‰ìèà¦a@ÝÔÇ@¿@òîäçˆÛa@‰ì–Ûa

Þëþa@szj½aZñ‰ì–Ûa@âìèÐß@@@ @ïãbrÛa@szj½aZòîäçˆÛa@ñ‰ì–Ûa@âìèÐß@‰ìİm@@@ @@sÛbrÛa@szj½a@Z@@@@@òîßýÇüa@ñ‰ì–Ûa@âìèÐß@@@‰ë…ë@@@@@@¿@âýÇüa@Ýöbë

bèäíìØm@ @

– 86 –

– 87 –

Þëþa@szj½a ñ‰ì–Ûa@âìèÐß@ @

LïÔîÔ§abÈÛaåÇbèÈibnßÝ–ÐmëLÞìÔÈÛbikÇýnmñ‰ì–Ûaozj•cñŠİî½aòîÛbnn½añ‰ì–ÛaÞýåßügÉÓaìÛaÒŠÈí…ìÈíüsî¡.aëoÇbİn

óÜÇòİÜëòäàîç‰b·æcñ‰ì–ÛaÑz–ÛaõaŠÓNæcñ‰ì–ÛaoÇbİnabîbcaŠ–äÇæìØmÝîØ’m¿ëLæbã⁄aòî–‚‘ÝîØ’m¿ åÇéma‰ì–m

ò‘bÈ½aòîßìîÛaòîÜÈÐÛaémaÖìÐíÝØ’iLÉÓaìÛa.µgñ‰ì–ÛaòÇbä•p…c†ÔÛæbÈàÜÛaë‰bèi⁄aëLÝØ’ÛaëŠèÄ½aòÏbÔqòäàîç lbyóÜÇLaŠÈnüaë

ÕàÈÛaëòàîÔÛaëLæìàš½aëŠçì¦aòÏbÔq. ozj•cñ‰ì–ÛaòÇbä•Š–Ç¿ëÛa|j–íÝiLÉÓaìÜÛbîÛbîü…bÈßáîÔmñ‰ì– åÇòjyb‘ñ‰ì•bãbîycÉÓaìÛa

LÉÓaìÛaîÛëbþaïçñ‰ì–ÛaæìØnÏLñ‰ì–Ûa bãbîycñ‰ì–Ûaozj•cëéÛ†è·ëÉÓaìÛaÕjm.ûmozj•cëæbã⁄aïÇëÝa…ñ‰ì–ÛaoÜËë

paŒîÐ¤ëLpýîšÐmëpa‰bînüN

bãa†îßÞa‹bßëÖaŠÈÛaæb×lˆn£ÛaòîäßþaëòîbîÛata†yÿÛbj–âbÇÖaŠÈÛaÞýnyaˆäßëoànçaÛaòîØíŠßüaòÏbz–ÛabèäßëâýÇ⁄aÝöbë

2003òîØíŠßüaÑz–Ûa‹ŠiaåßŒ¹bmÚ‰ìíìîãòÐîz•oãb×ÙÛ‡†ÈibßëéÜî•bÐmÝØiïÓaŠÈÛaæd’ÛapbíŠ©ëta†yþaëÊaŠ–ÛaoÛëbämÛaLbèãcbà×

cÝa…ðŠ¯bßòÏŠÈ½ïÓaŠÈÛaæb’Ûbi´ànèàÜÛòjäÛbibîbca‰†–ßozj•ÖaŠÈÛaLòîİÌnÛaõì™¿pbçb£üaëpbÇbäÔÛaÝØ’mëjmæcbåØ¹ïÛbnÛbië

pbbîëpa†äuþ†î×dnÛbi†änmÛaëòÐîz–ÛaÙÜmbèß†ÔmÛaòîÐz–Ûa

– 88 –

ñ…†ªN…ìuëµañ‰b‘⁄aåØ¹ÙÛ‡õì™¿ëòÏbz–ÜÛåí‹‰bi´çb£aÞýnya†ÈiòîØíŠßüaÑz–ÛaoÈ‡hÓaŠÈÛañ‰ì–Ûbè¹†Ôm¿òîØíŠßüaæìØm†ÓëñŠßòí…‰ëæìØm†ÓéäÇòîbîëòîßýÇgñ‰ì•ÕÜµaÖaŠÈÛa

ôŠcñŠßòíëa…ìëcòí…bß‰ ñ‰ì–ÛaâìèÐßÞëbämåØ¹üñ‰ì–ÛaåÇÞŒÈ¶òîßýÇüaòîäçˆÛabÛa

aïãbã⁄aïÐÜÐÛaŠØÐÛa¿Ýíìİßa†‚nLåÇï±‰bnÛaÉjnnÛaÑ’Øí‡g¿òÔyýÛa|Üİ–½apbßa†‚naóÜÇòz™aëbýÃo×ŠmòÐÜn«pbßa†‚na

ôŠþaòîÏŠÈ½aÞìÔ§aNr×bèäß‰ìİmÛaòîbþaŒöb×ŠÛaìİ‰aÉ™ë†ÔÛñ‰ì–ÛaâìèÐßÞìyòÔyýÛapa‰ìİnÛaåßLßÝÈubß†äÇòÜ•ñ‰ì–Ûaå

Úa‰…⁄aëÞbîäíÝ•ìÛaLc†j½aëcòîçbàÜÛýibÔßñ‰ì–ÛaâìèÐßâ†ÓëI1HNïçìİ‰a†äÇñ‰ì–Ûaozj•dÏZ Èníëõï’Ûaéi…†zníbßLÝibÔßïçë

ñ…b½aLåçˆÛa¿ügñ‰ì•ÚbäçîÜÏLÝÈÐÛbi…ìuìÛac†jßïçê†äÇñ‰ì–ÛbÏLñìÔÛaòÛbyåßÝÔnäí…ìuìÛaëIÕíŠåÇÝÈÐÛaòÛbyµgæbØß⁄aðc

ñ‰ì–ÛaHI2HNòîßýÇüañ‰ì–Ûabßa‰aŠÔÛaÉãb•ŠØÏ¿ñ‰ì•bbcïèÏâýÇ⁄aòÜîëóÜÇŠİî½aïßýÇ⁄aLòšíŠÇÂìİ¢|ßýßáŠíðˆÛaë

òÜîìÛaóÜÇ‰aŠÔÛaÉãb•ñŠİîô†ßÉßbí…ŠkbänmL“ßaìç…†znmaˆèië×mÛaòíŠ§aâcïßýÇ⁄aâbÄäÛaëcòÛë†ÛaòİÜoãb×õaìpbİÜÛabè

áöbÔÛaµaÝÔnämïßýÇ⁄a‰aŠÔÛaÉãb•pbàîÜÈmæbÏïÛbnÛbiëð…b–nÓüaÞìà½aÞýåßñ‰ì–ÛaÙÜmòÈîj…†°ðˆÛaÞb–mübiIñÜÏHñ…b½aòîÐ–mëc

(1)…N‰ìÐ–ÇŠibuZLòÏbÔrÛa‰a…LñŠçbÔÛaLïËýjÛaëð†ÔäÛataÛa¿òîäÐÛañ‰ì–Ûa1974L

˜60N (2)LïiŠÈÛaõb¸⁄a†èÈßLpëiLñ…bí‹åÈßŠíŠ¤LòîiŠÈÛaòîÐÜÐÛaòÇìì½a1986ñ‰ì•ñ…bßLN

– 89 –

ÙÜmáí†ÔmÞýåßæìØmòîßýÇ⁄a…aì½aåíìÜnÏòîßýÇ⁄aÖŠİiñ‰ì–ÛaÉãb•ê…†°ðˆÛaêb£üa¿k–mòíbèäÛa¿bèäØÛòÐÜn«ëñ…†ÈnßÞbØ‘cë

ïßýÇ⁄a‰aŠÔÛa(1)N òîäçˆÛañ‰ì–Ûaëñ‰ì–Ûañ…ŠÐ½ïàvÈ½aóäÈ½aòÈuaŠßoÐ’×†ÔÛL

òîäÛþaëòíìÌÜÛaáubÈ½abènß†Óbà×Lƒí‰bniòÜàªñ…ŠÐ½apbßa†‚naæc¿bèßa†‚naåßÝíìéîÏñ‰ì–Ûa|Üİ–½æb×ðˆÛaïÐÜÐÛa†îÜÔnÛaÖbî

òîÐÜÐÛapbçb£üaÑÜn«¿áöa…‰ìšyNÞëbämáí†ÔnÛbäîÈ‰bg¿ëaˆÛïßýÇ⁄aëïÇbànuüaáÜÈÛa¿ŠèÃbà×|Üİ–½ÕîÓ…ïàÜÇLåßbã†uë

‰†Ûa‰bg¿|Üİ–àÜÛòÐÜn‚½apbßa†‚nüaáçcòÈuaŠßæbØ¶ñ‰ëŠšÛaÐÛaìİ‰üïÐÜL|Üİ–½a‰ìİmoàØyòîbcòíŠÄãa‰ëûÝØ’mbèãìØÛ

ôŠþaòîÏŠÈ½aÞìÔ§aëâìÜÈÛaÑÜn«¿òÔyýÛaémbßa†‚naëN aˆçbèäß‰ìİmÛaòîbþaŒöb×ŠÛaÉ™ëåßÞëcìİ‰c†Èíë

ñ‰ì–ÛaâìèÐßÞìyòÔyýÛapaÄänÛaåßrØÛaë|Üİ–½aLåßÝÈubß†äÇñ‰ì–ÛaÚa‰…⁄aëÞbîäíÝ•ìÛaòÜ•LòîçbàÜÛýibÔßñ‰ì–ÛaâìèÐßâ†Óëc†j½aëcNbèîÜÇbèÜ×énÐÜÏóäiëñ…b½aëñ‰ì–Ûaíìİ‰cÇ†ÔÛNóÜÇë

Éi‰þaÝÜÈÛaåÇòÏëŠÈ½aéníŠÄãâ†ÓÙÛ‡ÕÏëZÉä•bß´jmÛaòí…b½aòÜÈÛaõï’ÛaéäßLßáØ¡ìçbßðcòí‰ì–ÛaòÜÈÛaëénîçbLòÜÇbÐÛaòÜÈÛaëIbßðc

ê†uëcHòîöbÌÛaòÜÈÛaëIéäßŠÌÛaëénÐîÃëïçbßðcH(2)N

(1)cNï™a‰Ý™bÏâbë…Z‰ë…paìäÔÛaòîöbšÐÛaòí‰bj⁄aÝîØ’m¿ñ‰ì–ÛaòîßýÇ⁄aòîbîÛaëåÇòa‰…ÖaŠÈÛaòîãa†îßóÜÇòjÜÈßbu‰bjãüaòÜ©¿‰ì’äßs¡LòÏìØÛaë

…†ÈÛaLïßýÇüasybjÛaI5HæaŠíŒy2008˜L9N (2)ñŠ–n‚½aòîÐÜÐÛaòÇìì½aZÝßb×…aûÏòºŠmIæëŠeëHýiL´íýàÜÛáÜÈÛa‰a…LpëiL

ñ…bßLŠ’ãƒí‰bmZñ‰ì•N

– 90 –

åßÞëcæbàjîÛÛaëïØíŠßþaïÐz–Ûa†ÈîÏŠ•bÈ½aƒí‰bnÛa¿bßcòíìÓëcòÐîÈ™bÈÜÛòjmŠ½añ‰ì–ÛaÙÜméÐ•ìi|Üİ–½aaˆçâ†‚na

Óaë‡cëbäma…bÇbèÔÏëóÜÇÑîØnmsîyLÙbànÛabäma‰†ÓëbäßýycëbäNü†ÓëåØ¾bÈÛñ‰ì•ÙÛ‡ÉßbèäØÛbÈÜÛòÜànØßòäØ¾ñ‰ì•æìØmLéîÛgïànäm

õbî‘diæìßìÔíëñ…†aòÏëŠÈ½aáèä×bßcõbî‘þaëbäÛaˆdíbÈÛaÙÛ‡¿ëáèäßbèÈÓìnãòäîÈßLéîÏõbšÇcbäãgëbäjbäíéãaëbä½bÇ¿bäãgŠÈ’ãbç†äÇ

ŠÈãëéÏ(1)NpbßìÜÈ½aóÜÇ´àöbÔÛaéiâìÔíbßñ‰ì–ÛaÙÜmá‰¿ŠqûíëæìàöbÔÛaõüûçëîÌnÛaaˆçæëŠ¯åíˆÛaòßbÈÛaòà×b§ak‚ŽäÛaëòßìØ§aáç

áèîàãåíˆÛaëâýÇþaÝöbë¿IðcŠÛañ…bÓHŠ¡åßæë‰bn±åíˆÛaë†íŠíübßæìÐ±ëáèmbßbànçgkbäíbßñ…‰aìÛapbßìÜÈ½aêŠ’ãëéÈí‹ìmæN

áèÐÓaìßëáçúa‰eëõüûçðcŠÛañ…bÓŠqdníëå½áèÐÓaì¶ëïÇbànuþaáç‰ë†iáì¹åßëcæìÜàÈí~áèÐz•Þì¹ëòîÜa†ÛapaõaŠuþaë´ãaìÔÛakãb

~ÞìÔmÛaÑzŽ–Ûaêˆçô†ÛòîmaˆÛaòibÓŠÛaða´îÐz–Ûa´ÜaŠ½aõa‰diåí‰ŠaëáèÐÓaìßëÐîz–ÛaÁÉßò

ÞëbänÛòíŠÄäÛaÝa†½a…†ÈniòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaâìèÐ½pbÐíŠÈnÛa…†ÈnmëâìèÐ½aaˆçLëÒŠÈmpbbyabèãdibîuìÜØíbòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaåíìØmòîÜàÇ

âìÜÈÛaávÈàÏLbèiojjmÛapaŠqû½aoÜí‹abß†ÈiñŠ×aˆÛa¿oãìØmbèÏŠÈíòî×ìÜÛaIñŠ×a‡åßÉjämòîäç‡ò‚ãbèãdiŒîÐznÛalbîË¿òîyòiŠ£

ï§aHbèãdibšíaÒŠÈmëIï§aŠqû½albîË¿òîäç‡ñHæabà×

(1)ð‰ìj¦aïça‰æa†í‹ñ…a‰gZáíbnÛaòÜ©¿lŠÈÛañ‰ì• òîİàäÛañ‰ì–Ûa1973òÛb‰LnubßIñ‰ì’äßËHla…ŁaòîÜ×µaoß†Ó…a†ÌiòÌßb âbÇ1996˜L11N

– 91 –

òîà×ïçòîÜ•üaîbyüaëñ‰ì–ÛaíÒýnüaQuantityòîÇìãîÛëQualityr½aåßñ†‘ÝÓaïçbämaåßbèîÇ†nãÛa‰ì–ÛaæaëNbäçåß

Ïñ‰ì•ìçï§aÚa‰…üaæbbçŠûmò•bñ‰ì•µañ…bÈßëòîäç‡ò‚ãbèãcï§aŒîÐznÛalbîË¿òîyòiŠ£ñŠ×a‡åßÉjämNmëòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaÒŠÈ

bèãdiZIñ†í†¦aëòq‰aìn½aò¹†ÔÛapbÇbjİãüaëâbØyüaëpa‰ì–nÛaåßòÇìà©Éàn©ëcòÇbºëc—‚‘bçˆdíÛaòîjÜÛabèäßëòîib¯üaòq†zn½aåÇ

abèß†‚níëŠŁaÔnÛbÔÜİäßëbbîîéÐÓìß†í†znÛë—‚’Ûaaˆéàêõa‹aé×ìÜëH(1)N

bèãbiòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaoÏŠÇ†ÓëBòäîÈßòÇbº…aŠÏaíÉöb‘ïÜÔÇâìèÐßòÔjëcbßâbÄãëc´Èß—‚‘ì−ïbüaòÇbà¦aêˆçêb£aµa’í

bîòÐÜÏëcéäîÈiäuëcLbèäîÈiéäîÈiõï‘ðcëcòäîÈßòîßìÓëcLòîBœÈiåÇ˜b‚‘aô†Û†uìmÛañ‰ì–Ûa¿Ýrànmpbçb£ýÛ¿ŠÈ½aæìØ½bÏòäîÈßîbyaëcŠÇb’ßbèÜØ’mëcbèöbÇ†naýÅÓìmÛaë˜b‚‘üa

IïÐbÈÛaæìØ½aHòäîÈßpbî×ìÜêb£biÉÏ†máqIï×ìÜÛaæìØ½aHÈíaˆçëpbãìØßáqåß‰ì–ÛaÒýndÏòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛapbãìØßbèma‡ïçêb£üa

áèmbçb£aÒýnþ…ìÈípbÇìàaë…aŠÏüaíòîäçˆÛa(2)N

(1)Dictionary of Behavioral Science , by Benjamin B. Wolman(ed) , N.

Y , Van Ncstrand Reinhold ,Co, 1973.s.v. Image. (2)…Nðë†iï×‹†»cZòîÇbànuþaâìÜÈÛapbzÜİ–ßávÈßLLpëiæbäjÛòjnØß1978~˜86N

– 92 –

òîäç‡a‰ì•åàšnmÝöb‰òÌÜÛaÇðçbà¦aÞb–müaÝöbëÝà¤ëåÇÈmbèÜ×ëpbÇbjİãaëáË‰ëõbî‘þaåßò÷Ïëabßõï’Û…Š©ðŠØÏ‰ì–m

‰ì–ÛaæcpbbØÈãg…Š©oîÛïèÏòî™b½apb×‰†½abcóÜÇâìÔmÛaœÈjÛaœàÌíbàäîipb×‰†½aŠçbÄßœÈiì™ìiŠèÄm†Óëpb×‰†½aêˆ

Šþa~ôŠapb×‰†ßÐm…ìÈíbà×µañ‰ì–ÛaáîÄämNñ‰ì–ÛaâìÔmüëñë‰ëŠ™óÜÇ…‰aìàÜÛâìÔm†ÔÏõï’ÜÛñŠ‘bj½apb×‰†½abcóÜÇapbãbîjÛ

ÞbîäbèîäjíñŠ‘bjßËNëaòìàÜßëaòîÈëaòîöŠßæìØm†Óñ‰ì–ÛaëòîÄÐÛNñ‰ì–ÛaåíìØm¿bàöa…òàèßòÌÜÛaædÏñ‰ì–ÛaÊìãåÇŠÄäÛa†Èië~æþ

…ŠÐÛa…ëŒmëñ‰ì–ÛabèbaóÜÇâìÔmÛaòîÜ•þapb×‰†½aÝØ’mòÌÜÛa½aêˆçŠ×ˆmóÜÇ†ÇbmÛaÝöbìÛbipb×‰†N

wã†ÛìiîÛcôŠmëElies BouldingáçaåßŒîîànÛaëÝîšÐnÛaæabèãdiñ‰ì–ÛaÒŠÈnÏñ‰ì–ÛabÈßIòÔîÔzÜÛòÜšÐ½apb×a‰…üaëáîçbÐ½aL

õï’ÛaaˆçbÈßŠr×aåßñbÔnäßòÇìà©ïçbßõï‘ñ‰ì•ôŠmbèãaÙÛ‡ëbçËæë…bèiÃbÐnyüa…ŠÐÛaÝšÐíëaŒîî·H(1)N

abßaòàÜ×æaôÏïÜÔÈÛakİÛaëÐäÛaáÜÇ¿ñŠ–n‚½aòÇìì½IimageHŠØÐÛa¿êŠšznmbà×õï’ÛòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaóÜÇòÛü†ÜÛâ†‚nmIòäçaŠÛaòÄzÜÛa¿§aõbšÇcóÜÇéÇìÓëæë…HŠ×ˆmÝîjóÜÇõaì

çˆÛa‰ì–nÜÛÞbîäåßñ‰ì•æìØmÕíŠåÇëcòÔibòîÔîÔyñ‰ì•

(1)Ýí†äÓ†»aòîua‰ZâaìÇaòíŠ–½aòÏbz–Ûa¿ÝîöaŠañ‰ì•72L74L1978êa‰ìn×…òÛb‰L

Iñ‰ì’äßËHµaoß†ÓâýÇüaòîÜ× ñŠçbÔÛaòÈßbâbÇ1981˜L33–34N

– 93 –

bÔà×ëÝiIimageryHLÊaìãcµaëbßìàÇòîäçˆÛa‰ì–Ûaµg’íÅÐÛbèîÏìçëÝî‚nÛaëØÐnÛapbîÜàÇ¿òîäçˆÛa‰ì–ÛaåíìØmòîÜàÇµgëcbèäßòäîÈß

bçËëÁîİ‚nÛaë(1)N

|Üİ–ßòîÐäÛaâìÜÈÛaávÈßÉšíëIòîÛbrßòîäç‡ñ‰ì•HÝibÔà×|Üİ–½imagobèãdibèÏŠÈíÛaëInÛa¿òîÛbrßôŠ×‡ïçïÐäÛaÝîÜz

òí‰b¦ata†yþabèzz–mëòÛìÐİÛaõbäqcoãì×lìjª—‚’ÛH(2)NaˆèiëÒŠÈmóäÈ½abèãdiñ‰ì–ÛaZIbèàÄäíÛaòàÄä½aëòà×a½aÒ‰bÈ½aåßòÇìà©

éÛìyåßbÈÛaåÇëéÐãåÇ…ŠÐÛaLÞbîäåßj×kãbuµañ‰ì–ÛaæìØmëLõï‘Ý×ášmëémb×‰†ßkyòjmŠßÕöbÔyëáîÓëÒ‰bÈßåßbèàÄäßéàÜÈm

bèiÁjmŠmÛapbÓýÈÛaëLbèîÏáØznÛaóÜÇñ‰†ÔÛaéí†ÛÛaëH(3)N

bèãdiñ‰ì–ÛasîÌ½a†jÇÒŠ‘aÒŠÈíëZIÛapbàÛaåßòîà×aŠmòîäi…ŠÐÛaò÷îjÛbİëbu‡ì¸Ýr·ïèÏãbvnÛaì−Ýî·L…ŠÐÛaïÔÜmåßd’äm

‰Š‘bj½aËëŠ‘bj½aÞb–müaÕíŠåÇÝöbL†í†ÈÛaÇÝöbŠÛaÙÜmŠ·ëòîÐäÛapbz‘Š½aåßL Èß¿bÔqïÇbànua‰baÝa…ÙÛ‡ÙÛ‡áníëLŒîànmë

(1)…NïÛìäáîÛëZÂLïÜÔÈÛakİÛaëÐäÛaáÜÇ¿ñŠ–n‚½aòÇìì½a1LÒ‰bÈ½a‰a…LñŠçbÔÛaL

1979ç‡‰ì–mëñ‰ì•bm…bßLN (2)…NÝÓbÇŠbÏZLïiŠÈÛa†öaŠÛa‰a…LpëiLòî×ìÜÛaâìÜÈÛaávÈß1988‰ì•ñ…bßL

pa‰ì–mëN (3)ÑìíìiabäíaZz–Ûa¿sÛbrÛabÈÛañ‰ì•ñÐÛaÞýòîØíŠßüaëòíŠ–½aòÏb1980–

1989òyëŠcLêa‰ìn×…Iñ‰ì’äßËHµaoß†ÓâýÇüaòîÜ× ñŠçbÔÛaòÈßbâbÇ1994L˜34–35N

– 94 –

éÛýåßæëŠÄäíbèibz•übÈÓaëÝØ’mbèãdipbàÛaêˆçLóÜÇæìÏŠ–níëébaLaòßëbÔßëpbjrÛaµapbàÛaêˆçÝî·bà×îÌnÛH (1)N

òíìÌÜÛaÞì•þaáubÈß†îÈmëEtymologyòíŒîÜØã⁄aòàÜØÛaImageïãŠÏîmüÝ•aµgLáîçbÐ½aóÜÇÞ†nÛòíŒîÜØã⁄aáubÈ½a¿oß†‚na

òîmŁaZéib’n½aLáä•Lñ‰ì–ÛaLåçˆÛa¿Ýîr·LñŠØÏLåßîÛÝîr·ëcñ‰ì•cÞbîä¿bíŠ–iæìØíæað‰ëŠšÛañŠ×aˆÛaëLbßb÷î‘ar×éib’í‰ìèÃLÁ¸

ònibqòİÔäiéîÏòİÔãÝ×Ý•ìíŠeÝØ‘åßwnäíÝØ‘Lð…ìàÇÂbÔgëcðìnß|İëcoibqáîÔnßÁµgéäßNòËýjÛa¿òîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaâìèÐßë

ÈmZéîj’nÛaëñ‰bÈnüaNòßbÈÛañ‰ì–ÛaëIòíçbà¦aHÞìÔÇ¿ñ‰ì•ïçäÛaáÄÈßéÜr¹b½bIÞbr½aÝîjóÜÇHïbîlŒy(2)NæìrybjÛa|™ëcë

ńàèßńİÔã¿òîİàäÛañ‰ì–ÛaåÇòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaÒýnabàç(3)Z

1N äÛapbjrÛbiánmbèãgsîybçîÌmåØ¹òîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaægLbßcbçîÌmkÈ–ÛaåàÏîÌnÛaâëbÔmïèÏòîİàäÛañ‰ì–ÛaN

(1) sîÌ½a†jÇ†»aÒŠ‘aZlbj’Ûaô†ÛsÛbrÛabÈÜÛòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaåíìØm¿âýÇüa‰ë…

ðŠ–½aòÛb‰òîãa†îßòîÜîÜ¤òa‰…nubßIñ‰ì’äßËHµaoß†ÓâýÇüaòîÜ× òÈßbñŠçbÔÛaâbÇ1993˜61N

(2)Etymological Dictionary of the Language: By: R. Walter &W.Sheat. London: Oxford University Press , 1974 ,s.v. image.

(3)…NïØzØÛaóÐİ–ßñŒÇZç‡c¿bØíŠßcñ‰ì•ÝîØ’m¿Ýöbë‰ë…ïÈßb¦albj’ÛaæbâýÇ⁄aòîÜØÛåßbrÛaðìäÛaŠ·û½aÉöbÓë´àÜ½aëlŠÈÛañ‰ì•ëâýÇ⁄albn×¿LðŠ–½a

LñŠçbÔÛaòÈßbux1LñŠçbÔÛaL2002˜L335N

– 95 –

2N ìØmbßbjÛbËñŒîznßòîİàäÛañ‰ì–ÛaæLØÇòîjÜkÛbÌÛa¿ïèÏòîib¯gbãbîycæìØmÛaòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaLòîjÜôŠcÒëŠÃ¿ëN

bèãgóÜÇÁîìÛaávÈ½a¿òîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaÑíŠÈm…ŠíëZIñ‰ì–ÛaZáaÞbrànÛaëÝØ’ÛaLµbÈmÞbÓZÙÛ†ÈÏÚaìÏÙÔÜðˆÛaLñ‰ì•ðc¿

Ùj×‰õb‘bßLŠßþaëcòÛb½añ‰ì–ÏZŠßþaaˆçÞbÔíÊìäÛañ‰ì•ëbènÐ•‰ì•týqóÜÇNõï’Ûañ‰ì•ëZñ…ŠaénîçbßLëcåçˆÛa¿éÛbîém‰ì•ë

ÝÔÈÛaH(1)NåçˆÛa¿Œîàn½aâìÜÈ½aïçòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaëLòîçb½aòÜ•byëÛa¿…ŠíëÑÓaì½aŠ‘¿bà×ç‡ðcïÜÃ…ìuìiñ…ìuì½abz–Z

IòÌÛ…b–ÛaŠØi‰ì–ÛaëLñ‰ì•ÉºN‰ì–nÏaŠíì–mñ‰ì–ÛaëLp‰ì–mëÝîqbànÛaŠíëb–nÛaëïÛ‰ì–nÏém‰ì•oàçìmõï’ÛaH(2)N

áubÈ½aêˆç¿pa…bè’naåßâ†ÔmbßÞýåßëLïbþaóäÈ½aæbÏŠíì–nÛaÝÈÏëñ‰ì–Ûañ…ŠÐ½ïãeŠÔÛaâa†‚nüaåß‡ìdß|Üİ–àÜÛNóÜÇë

Ïë¿ñ‰ì–Ûa|Üİ–½òîbþapbßa†‚nüaæcwnänãæcåØ¹ÙÛ‡Õ îbc´îäÈßóÜÇÊ‹ìnmòîiŠÈÛaáubÈ½aLÞëþaZðˆÛaëïu‰bäÝØ’Ûa

Ýà’íIò÷îaHLÞbrànÛaLòÐ–ÛaLò‚äÛaëcÞbr½aëcéj’Ûa…ïãbrÛaëZòîçb½aåçˆÛaëÞbîä¿ïãbÈßåßbèäÇ‰†zníbßëñ…Šaâa†‚nüaìçëÝÔÈÛaë

ïÐÜÐÛa‰ìİnÛaÖbî¿|Üİ–½aâa†‚naµglŠÓþaNïçòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–Ûaë…ŠÐÜÛ¿ŠÈ½aâbÄäÛa¿bßÊì™ì½áÄäßÝîr·LpbàÛaåßòîà×aŠmòîäiïçë

(1)ÁîìÛaávÈ½aZñ…bßLŠ’ãƒí‰bmýiLòîàÜÈÛaòjnØ½aLæaŠèLòîiŠÈÛaòÌÜÛaÉà©Z‰ì•N (2)bz–Ûa‰bn«Z⁄aLïiŠÈÛalbnØÛa‰a…LpëiLð‹aŠÛaâbß1979ñ…bßLZ‰ì•N

– 96 –

ãbvnÛaì−Ýî·ÛaL…ŠÐÛaïÔÜmåßd’ämë…ŠÐÛaò÷îjÛbİjßbu‡ì¸Ýr·ïèÏÕíŠåÇÝöb‰Š‘bj½aËëŠ‘bj½aÞb–müaNbèãdipbàÛaêˆçŒîànmë

ébcóÜÇæìÏŠ–níëéÛýåßæëŠÄäíbèibz•übÓ…b•bÈÓaëÝØ’m(1)N

âa†‚naÉuŠíëòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaIimageHñŠØÏÊbjİãa ñ‰ì•µgòîäç‡LòßìŠßëcŠíì–nÛapüeô†yhiòİÔnÜßñ‰ì•æìØm†ÓïçëL†Óë

ñ‰ì•æìØmbßæbãgåç‡¿—‚’Ûëcõï’ÛNNåÇbèãì×ÛaémŠØÏðcéäÇéÇbjİãaðcéäç‡¿éÛbè‰Ûaém‰ì•ë—‚’ÛaÙÛ‡(2)Nñ‰ì–ÜÛë

òîİàäÛañ‰ì–Ûa|Üİ–ßìçÒ…aŠß|Üİ–ßòîäçˆÛastereotypeLÒŠÈíëÛaòîßýÇ⁄apbzÜİ–½aávÈßIstereotypeHò×’½a‹ìßŠÛabèãdi

çbàvÜÛLòîjÈ’ÛapbîäËþaëbþaëòÜrßþaëáØ§aÝrßLpa‰ì–nÛabèãgðcòäîÈßõbî‘þbäÛa†äÇÛaNòàÜØÛávÈ½aaˆçïİÈíÙÛˆ×

ÛaIstereotypeHæìØí|Üİ–½aaˆçóäÈßæbÏaˆëñŒçb¦akÛaìÔÛaóäÈß‰ìÛaëc—¦aåßkÛbÓ¿æ†È½ak–iÉä–mòîÇbjòzÐ–ÛbšícbÏ…aŠßÖ

ñ†šäßÒëŠyåÇ‡ìdßåvÈ½a(3)N

(1)…NïØzØÛaóÐİ–ßñŒÇZÕib‰†–ß˜L332N

(2) john Harding “image” in International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences Vol.4,New York: Macmillian company and the Free Press ,1968,P.259.

(3)…NÜ‘âŠ×ZLÖëŠ’Ûa‰a…LñŠçbÔÛaLòîßýÇ⁄apbzÜİ–½aávÈß1989˜L576˜ë285N

– 97 –

Ûapb×‰†½aåßòÇìà©ïçòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–Ûaæc´rybjÛaœÈi†uëëñ‰ì–ÛaÊì™ìßêb£…ŠÐÛa…ë…‰áØ¤sî¡ïÇìÛaòybß¿pŠÔna(1)N

ïç…bÈicòqýqbòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaæcœÈjÛaôŠíë(2)Z

1N ¿ŠÈß†ÈiZÛýåßÚ‰†íðˆÛa†ÈjÛaìçëÝ–níbäîÈßbÇì™ìß…ŠÐÛaéòîÏaŠÌ¦aëòî±‰bnÛaþbiòÏŠÈ½aÝrßbßÉàn©ëckÈ‘ëcòÛë†i

bèjÈ’iòÔÜÈn½apbßìÜÈ½biòÏŠÈ½aëòÛë†ÜÛN

2N ïãa†uë†ÈiZbßÉàn©ëckÈ‘ëcòÛë…ì−émübÈÐãaë…ŠÐÛaŠÇb’ßÝr¹ë¯⁄aíñ†’Ûa¿x‰†níëœÏŠÛaµaÝjÔnÛaåß†n¹ëòîjÜÛaëòîibN

3N ïöaŠug†ÈiZ“îÈÛaëòîjäucòÛë…µaŠÐÛa¿…ŠÐÛaòjË‰¿ÝràníëbèîÏ“îÈmñ†yaëåßxaëŒÛaëcbèîÏÝàÈÛaëNóÜÇÝßbÈÛaaˆç†ànÈíë

lìÈ’ÛaíòîÇbànuüaòÏb½aN

µgbî×ìÜa†ÈiÁîàänÛaòîÜàÇëòîäçˆÛa‰ì–ÛaÐyáÈä½a†jÇ|äßëa†ÈjÛakãbuïèÏòäîÈßpbÔjåßbäÛaœÈióÜÇbçŠ–Ôíëï×a‰…üIÁ¸Þˆnjß‰ŠØßLòí†îÜÔmëcòÈöb‘ñŠØÏëcLbäÛaœÈiØÐmëcÒŠ–mòÔíŠ¿

òäîÈßpbÔjåßH(3)N

(1)†îa†jÇ…aûÏâbëZ‰ì’äßs¡LðŠ–½aÈ’ÛaïÇìÛa¿òîØíŠßþañ†zn½apbíüìÛañ‰ì•

…†ÈÛaLòîÛë†ÛaòbîÛaòÜ©¿I134H1998˜L159N (2)…NïØzØÛaóÐİ–ßñŒÇZ˜LÕib‰†–ß335N (3)Ð§aáÈä½a†jÇZLïÛìi†ßòjnØßLñŠçbÔÛaLïãbrÛaõŒ¦aLïÐäÛaÝîÜznÛaëÐäÛaáÜÇòÇììß

1978˜L343N

– 98 –

âìèÐßÉßãbvnßòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaâìèÐßæcáÜßïßb†¯ë…ÝíŠícïãb½þaÑíŠÈmóÜÇa†ànÈßòÔj½aâbØyþaòÔj½aâbØyÿÛîÐí

bèãdibèÏŠÈíðˆÛaIåßòÇbºëc—‚‘êb£ˆ‚nmòšÏa‰ëcòîjÜÑÓaìßñ…†ªpbÐ•óÜÇòjÛìÔ½aÑÓaì½akjiòÇbà¦aêˆçÝ–¤sîy˜b‚‘þa

ý•cLónyòîÛbÈÐãüapbäz’ÛaëõbäÈÛaë…ìà¦akjibèzîz–ma†ukÈ–íØzÜÛòšçbäßòiŠ£Éß“íbÈnÛaìÛÕj½aáH(1)N

òîib¯⁄aëòîjÜÛaÑÓaì½aóÜÇlŠÈÛa´rybjÛaœÈiŒ×‰†ÔÏÝibÔ½biëòîİàäÛañ‰ì–Ûa¿ôŠmÛaŠ–ã´Û‰bß†äÇÞb§aìçbà×bÈßIåßòÇìà©

ÛaòîjÜÛaëcòîib¯⁄aòÛü†Ûapa‡òßbÈÛapaŠí†ÔnÛaëpbÐ–ÛaëâbØyþaà©bèÜà×diòÇbºóÜÇÕjİämåëëcòîßìÓëcÖŠÇáèÈà¯…aŠÏþaåßòÇì

åí…ëcNÕîjİnÛaëïÇbànuüaëcïÔÜäÞìÛ†½aë‰aŠØnÛaëáîàÈnÛaægsîyòjÛìÔ½añ‰ì–ÜÛòãìØ½aŠ•bäÈÛaïçbçŠdiòÇbºóÜÇH(2)N

ïÛë†ÛaÚìÜÛapba‰…ÝÔyµgòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaâìèÐßÝ…†Óëaòî½bÈÛalŠ§a†Èiò•bòî–‚’Ûbióàíb¶âbànçüaåà™ÙÛ‡ëòîãbrÛ

òîßìÔÛaLbèãdiÑ•ìmÛaòîßìÔÛaòîİàäÛañ‰ì–ÛaâìèÐßŠèÄÏIpbàÛaŠekÈ‘kãbuåßbßkÈ‘óÜÇðŠmÛaònibrÛaòÈöb’ÛaLÝØ‘ˆdmÛaë

ïÇì™ìßëcïàÜÇËbcóÜÇÎb–mÛaëòîÇbà¦aòßbÈÛañ†îÔÈÛaLaŠqdm

(1)…NáÜßïßbZñ†yìÛapba‰…Œ×ŠßLpëiLòí…b¤üabîãb½còÏbz•¿lŠÈÛañ‰ì•

LòîiŠÈÛa1985˜L18N (2)…NŠ–ã´Û‰bßZçbä½a¿âý⁄aëlŠÈÛañ‰ì•pba‰…Œ×ŠßLpëiLòîãŠÐÛaòîa‰†Ûaw

LòîiŠÈÛañ†yìÛa1995˜L20N

– 99 –

‰bØÏdiŠłÛbç‰ì–m¿ÁîjnÛbiánmòj–ÈnßH(1)NòîİàäÛañ‰ì–Ûaæì×ëñ‰ì•ïçòîäç‡ñ‰ì•Ý×ægÈíüÙÛ‡æbÏòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaåßaõŒu

òîİ¸LòîÏŠÈ½apbíŠÄäÛa‰bgåà™ëÝaëÉëcòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaâìèÐßæc‡gòîÏŠÈ½apbàÛaòÇìà©ìçÞëþaòqýrÛôìnªéãbÏI‰…üaòî×aHõŠ½aáèÐíÛa

òîÜÔÇòÔíŠİiõï’ÛabènİaìiLðqbnÛaæìØ½aïãbrÛaëIïÐbÈÛaHýrànßÈ½aõï’ÛaÝîšÐmâ†ÇëcÝîšÐniLï×Š§aæìØ½abrÛbqëIï×ìÜÛaHðˆÛa

õì™¿õï’Ûaõa‹gòàöýßõŠ½abç†ÔnÈíÛaòîÜàÈÜÛpbibvnüaòÇìà©ášíßò×‰†½aõï’ÛapbÐ•bÔjNåÇÑÜn¥òîäçˆÛañ‰ì–Ûaægaˆçåß|šníë

bèîÛgòÏb™⁄ao·bßa‡gÁ¸µgÞìznmüæcåØ¹bèãg¿òîİàäÛañ‰ì–ÛapbßìÜÈ½aozz•ëLóÜÇ†ànÈíòîİ¸âcòîäç‡ñ‰ì–Ûaæì×æbÏïÛbnÛbië

òÔÜÌßëcòyìnÐßòjî×Šmpa‡bèãì×ïçëücòîbcòÛbßNåßÚbäçægbà×íåÇbŒÈiÙÛ‡ëòÔîÔ§abèãg†ÔnÈíbßëcòîma‡òÔîÔyòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–Ûa¿ôŠ

Ûata†yþaÝÈÐiÌnÜÛò™ŠÇæìØmëÚìÜÛaéuìmïçëòîÇì™ì½aòÔîÔ§a…ŠÐÜÛòîmaˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaóÜÇŠqûmNÉëcïçòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaæbÏôŠcñ‰bjÈië

îİàäÛañ‰ì–ÛaóÔjmý¿òîİàäÛaåßÝaëïib¯gëcÜòàîÓáØyòõbšÇcíòí…ŠÐÛaÖëŠÐÛaýçbvnßbäÛaåßò÷ÐiæÔíáîàÈnÛaëòbjÛaÍÛbi

æbîyþaáÄÈß¿êîÌmkÈ–íëò÷ÐÛaÙÜm(2)N ¿òîİàäÛañ‰ì–ÛaëòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaâìèÐßpbßa†‚naíòã‰bÔ½aæg

ïÇbànuüaÐäÛaáÜÇÖbîL§aÝa†nÛaô†ßŠ‘ûm´ßìèÐ½aíÝ•b

(1)…N í†îÛaZòÇbjİÜÛŠíìänÛa‰a…LpëiLŠŁaâìèÐßëpaˆÛañ‰ì•íòîiŠÈÛaòî–‚’Ûa

LŠ’äÛaë1981˜L41N (2)ð‰ìj¦aïça‰æa†í‹ñ…a‰gZ˜LÕib‰†–ß1617N

– 100 –

bàèäîiÞ…bjn½aâa†‚nüaëLbãbîycôŠþaòÛü†ibàç†ycLxbnänüaæc†îiÝØÛaòÓýÇïçòîİàäÛañ‰ì–ÛaëòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaíòÓýÈÛaµg’íïÔİä½a

õŒ¦biLñ‰ì–ÛaâìèÐßåßüìëòÈŠr×aìçòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaâìèÐßæaëòîİàäÛaLiÁjmŠmÛaõbäiëpbçb£üaòa‰…ëÁîàänÛaòîÜàÈibþaòu‰†Ûb

k–ÈnÛaåÇòíŠÄãNòîu‰bäòÇbà¦añ‰ì•æaIòîİàäÛaHóÜÇbèîÛgŠÄäíübèiˆ×ëcbèÓ†•bcLòÇbà¦ab–ßëÒa†çcÉßbèjbämbcóÜÇÝi

à¦a¿ñ…ìuì½apbàÛaðìn¤üëcðìn¤b¶‰ôŠcñ‰bjÈiëcòîÜa†ÛaòÇbòİàä½aL¿bèäîàšnÛòjäÛbibàèßb÷î‘îÛpbàÛaêˆçlˆ×ëcÖ†•æc†îi

òîİàäÛañ‰ì–Ûa(1)N

òÌÜÛa¿´Ï…aßńàÜ×íŒî¸æc˜ì–äaˆç¿bäÛ†iüëbàçëòíŒîÜØã⁄aZòàÜ×IstereotypeHòàÜ×ëIimageHN|Üİ–ßÞ…bÈí‡g

òíŒîÜØã⁄aòÌÜÛa¿òîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaòàÜ×IimageHìßbÓbèÏŠÇÛaÞbrànÛaÝrßõï’ÜÛïu‰bäÝØ’ÜÛÊ‰bi†îÜÔmbèãdi…‰ìÐ×aNŠ×ˆíë

æcbšícìßbÔÛaIimageH†àÈnßÝÈÏïçLÑ–íëcñ‰ì•Éä–íóäÈ¶õï’Ûübr·Éä–íðcñ‰ì•Éä–íë(2)NòàÜ×ÒŠÈíéãbÏiëìßbÓbßcI

imageHbèãdiIcò‚ãb÷î‘ëcbãbãgæìØíæd×õï‘ÝØ‘åßôŠLÞbÔí‡g

(1)ñ‰bju‰ìØä•õbÐ•Zñ‰ì•òîÓaŠÈÛaòÏbz–Ûa¿bîãbİíŠi19451958êa‰ìn×…òyëŠcL

Iñ‰ì’äßËHâbÇâýÇ⁄aáÓla…ŁaòîÜ×…a†ÌiòÈßbuµgoß†Ó2001˜L142143N

(2) The Oxford Universal Dictionary , 5d , ( Oxford: The Clarendonpress , 1964 p.1063.

– 101 –

éîicåßò‚ãìç†ÛìÛaaˆçægLÝÔÈÛa¿ñ‰ì•bšícïçëH(1)NÕÐníëÙÛb½ï™b½aòiŠ£ÝØÛòvînãïçòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–Ûaæc¿æìîiŠÌÛaæìrybjÛa

cåİi¿´äuæbã⁄aëÙÛ‡ÝjÓb¶‰ë…ýî½aòÄ§ˆäßòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaéßL‡g†ÓëîbyþaÕíŠåÇòíìÐ’ÛaÝöbŠÛaåßaŠànßa‰bîmï§aåöbØÛaóÔÜní

õb™ì™ëñŒî¾Ëõaì™c…Š©‰ì–ÛaÙÜmæìØmNbç†Èiæbã⁄ac†jíáqõbî‘þabÇÁë¿bàuéÐãÚa‰…biLåØ¹ðˆÛa‰ì–nÛaòía†iaˆçæìØíë

¶‰ëüŒäßbÈÛaë†jí‡gÚa‰…⁄biéÐ•ëŠàÈÛaâ†Ômbßa‡hÏÊ‰aì‘ñ†Çb…ìuìßõï‘Ý×òíbèäÛa¿Ýà’îÛ‰ì–nÛaaˆç…a…‹aæbã⁄bi(2)NÑ–íë

ÑîØnm‡gÙbànÛaòíìÓëcòÐîÈ™bÈÜÛòjmŠßñ‰ì•bèãdiñ‰ì–ÛaêˆçæbàjîÛbäßýycëbämaŠßëbäma‰†ÓëbäÓaë‡cëbäma…bÇbèÔÏëóÜÇL‰ì•æìØmü†Óë

bÈÜÛòÜànØßbämõbÐ×ëbäßbØyc¿ŠqûmïçëåØ¾bÈÛñ‰ì•ÙÛ‡ÉßbèäØÛáÜÈnÛa¿LñbîzÜÛbänÐÜÏ¿ónyÝiåíŠŁaêb£bäÛbÈÏc…ë…‰ë(3)Nêˆçæg

ñ…ŠaòîÇì™ì½aénÏŠÈßbèãdiÒŠÈmbÈÛaåÇ…ŠÐÛabèÜà°ÛaòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaéÛýåßŠÄäíòÓ…b•òÔîÔyéãdiéiåßûíbßëcóÜÇbèàèÐíëéÛìybßµg

ébc(4)N

(1)Webster’s Desk Dictionary of the English Language , New York ,

PORTLAND HOUSE , 1990 , P. 449 (2)…NñìvÇïÜÇZLknØÛabÇLñŠçbÔÛaLòßbÈÛapbÓýÈÛaëòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–Ûa1983˜L7N (3)cpßüNpßüZLÖëŠ’Ûa‰a…LñŠçbÔÛaLïÇbànuüaÐäÛaáÜÇ1993˜L148N (4)…NòÓ‰b’ßîmZì•ëïiŠÈÛaLoîããüaëpbîöbšÐÛaëò½ìÈÛaÝÃ¿ém‰‰ì’äßs¡lbn×¿

…ŠíŠ¤Lòíìaëò½ìÈÛaNLbîÐÛ…ýîÏòÈßbuLæbàÇLÉj•gìicb•1999˜L365N

– 102 –

‰ìİmk¡Þ†jnmëÌnmòî×ŠyòîÜàÇïçòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaåíìØmægòîÏbÔrÛaëòîbîÛaÒëŠÄÛaëòí…b–nÓüaÊb™ëþaÌmëïÇbànuüaÉÓaìÛaL

Šàn½aÝÇbÐnÛaëòãëŠ½biánmb¸aë…ìà¦aëpbjrÛbiÑ–nmüïèÏÙÛˆÛÉnmëìàämë‰ìİnnÏñbî§aÞaìîÌnÛaÝjÔmëÕàÈnmë…†Ènmë(1)N

ñ‰ì–ÛaïzÜİ–ßíæìÈà¯lŠÈÛa´rybjÛakÜËaæbÏÙÛ‡Éßëa†yaëbßìèÐßbèãë†ÈíëòîİàäÛañ‰ì–ÛaëòîäçˆÛaNòîÜàÈi´ànè½a´rybjÛaåßë

ÒŠÈíðˆÛað‰bŠšïàÜy‰ìn×†ÛaåíŠŁaÞìÔÇ¿‰ì–ÛaåíìØmòîİàäÛañ‰ì–ÛabèãdiZIáníbßòÇbà¦ÂŠÐ½aÁîjnÛaëkÜ–nÛbiÑ–ní‰ì–m

êˆçµgæìànäíåíˆÛaåíŠŁa˜b‚‘þaÑ•ëéöì™óÜÇòÇbà¦aLÙÜnÛñŒîà½apbàÛaë—öb–äåßòÇìà©µga…bänaáèÐîä–mëòÇbà¦aHN(2)

(1)…NñìvÇïÜÇZ˜LÕib‰†–ßLòßbÈÛapbÓýÈÛaëòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–Ûa12N (2)…Nð‰bŠšïàÜyZ×ñcŠ½aIŠeHäàîç¿òa‰…¿ñcŠ½aòãbØßóÜÇïãbä¦aÁîàänÛaò

lbn×¿Lïã…‰þaÉànaZŠŁañ‰ì•ZLkîjÛŠçbİÛaŠíŠ¤LéîÛga‰ìÄäßëaŠÃbãïiŠÈÛaLòîiŠÈÛañ†yìÛapba‰…Œ×ŠßLpëi1999˜L765N

– 103 –

ïãbrÛa@szj½a òîäçˆÛa@ñ‰ì–Ûa@âìèÐß@‰ìİm@ @

–Ûa|Üİ–ßâa†‚nac†iòîäçˆÛañ‰ìimageïãbrÛaÑ–äÛaòía†iÉßòí‰bvnÛapf’ä½biòÓýÇéÛ|Üİ–à×åíŠ’ÈÛaæŠÔÛaåßNæasjÛbßåØÛòÐÜn‚½aòîäè½aëòîßýÇ⁄aëòîbîÛapüba¿â†‚na(1)NÞýbã†è‘†ÔÛ

ÐäÛaáÜÇtb¡c¿âìèÐ½aaâ‰ìšyåíŠ’ÈÛaæŠÔÛaåßïãbrÛaÑ–äÛauüaòßbÈÛapbÓýÈÛaëâýÇ⁄apba‰…ëïÇbànLâbÈÛaðcŠÛatì¡¿ë

òîÛë†ÛapbÓýÈÛaëLÉßémýa†mëcâìèÐ½aaˆç‰ìšy†•ŠãæcåØ¹sîyòßbÈÛañ‰ì–ÛaëòîßìÔÛañ‰ì–Ûaëõa‰Łaëpbçb£üaÝrßòèib’ßáîçbÐßN

òîäçˆÛañ‰ì–Ûa|Üİ–ßæcµgòîjäuþa‰…b–½aœÈi’mëµgŠèÄíâbÇ¿üg…ìuìÛa1908éibn×¿‰b‘cðˆÛaëüa…âbçaŠubÈÛa†íóÜÇ

Ájßõï‘åíìØmµgòuby¿´jbäÛaæcµgòbîÛaëòíŠ’jÛaòÈîjİÛabß|‘Šß¿òÔrÛa†äÇáÄäßëáöa…ë(2)Nñ†ÇòîiŠÌÛapba‰†Ûa¿â†‚nmë

çˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaâìèÐßóÜÇòÛü†ÜÛpajÈmòíŒîÜØã⁄aòÌÜÛa¿bç‹Šicòîä imageóäÈ¶îmýÛaÝ•ÿÛµëþaòàÜØÛa†ÈmëLIÝr¹ëcï×b°HéîÜÇë

ñb×baëÝîrànÛaóÜÇ†ànÈmòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛbÏNñ‰ì–ÛaµajíëávÈß’íëbîyÚ‰†íüõï’ÛïÜÔÇ‰ì–mbèãgóÜÇòîäçˆÛaLÞbàÇdiéÜî¥åØ¹åØÛë

(1) The New EncyclopaediaBritannia:CD. 2003image. (2) vermun Bogolonor; Blak Well, Encyolpeia of political sciences,

Oxford , Black wall pudlishers. 1991, p.229.

– 104 –

íŠëcòîÜÔÇåÇéîÜÇáØ§aëcbßõï‘‰ì–m—‚’ÛaÉîİníbènİaìiòÔÑz–Ûaë‹bÐÜnÛb×ðçbà¦aÞb–müaÝöbëÝrßpbîİÈ½aåßá×ÕíŠ(1)N

ñ‰ì–ÛaëòîİàäÛañ‰ì–Ûa|Üİ–ßòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–Ûa|Üİ–¶ÁjmŠíëòîßìÔÛaN˜b‚‘þaëñbî§aåÇòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaÕÜİßÈmòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛbÏÇcïçëòîİàäÛañ‰ì–ÛaåßÝcëáLoÓëåßÞ†jnmëÌnmbèãgµaòÏb™⁄bi

òîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaåÇbènÛü…¿òî•ì–Šr×còîİàäÛañ‰ì–Ûaæaý¿Šüñ‰ì–ÛaåíìØmÝyaŠ½òÔyüòÜyŠß†Èmë…ìà¦aëpbjrÛbiánmbèãþ

òîäçˆÛa(2)NâìèÐß‰ìÜjm¿ðŠÄäÛaîdnÛaaˆçáçb†ÔÛIòîßìÔÛañ‰ì–ÛaHëcIòîßìÔÛaòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaHbÈaëbßa†‚nabã†è‘ðˆÛaœÈjÛajÈmky

åíŠ’ÈÛaæŠÔÛaåßïãbrÛaÑ–äÛaˆäßéÛLÙÜmáÃbÈmÉß˜bÝØ’iëïÛë†ÛaÚìÜÛaŠçaìÃÞëbänÛoŠ×Ûapba‰†ÛaLlìÈ’Ûa‰ì•ëpaŠÄãë

bèšÈjÛLŠ•bÈ½aÞb–müaÝöbë¿bè¹†ÔmëñNá×…Š©òîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaoîÛëÁÔÏpbßìÜÈ½aåßLbèiÃbÐnyüaëbèÈîà£ëpbßìÜÈ½aêˆçõbÐ™gáníåØÛë

bèÈßÑîØníëæbã⁄abèîÏ“îÈíÛaò÷îjÛaÉßÕÐníb½bÔÏëLñ‰ì–Ûaæüpbçb£üaëÒ‰bÈ½aëÕöbÔ§aëpbßìÜÈ½aåßñr×pbãìØßåßÑÛdnmòîäçˆÛa

aëòîÐäÛaòà×a½añäÕíŠåÇbèibn×aáníëñ†ßb¦aÂb¸þaëpa‰ì–nÛémbîypaìäÇ…ŠÐÛaô†Û(3)NïÜÜî’ØîßØîÛa†äÇñ‰ì–Ûaæc†¬aˆë

(1) Webster’s Desk Dictionary of the English Language , New York ,

PORTLAND HOUSE , 1990 , P. 449 (2)”b‰…bÔÛa†jÇZÛaLïiŠÌÛaâýÇ⁄añeŠß¿lŠÌÛaëâýfiÛòîİàäÛañ‰ì–Ûaò×Š‘LbíŠ

Lñ…ë†aâýÇfiÛñŠöa†Ûa1981˜L13N (3)aìÇð‹bËZÂLòîØíŠßþaòÏbz–Ûa¿ïiŠÈÛa1LòßbèmpbÇìjİßLñ†uL1985˜L4N

– 105 –

òîÇbànuüaòíìaåíìØmŠ•bäÇåßŠ–äÇïçLbßkÜÓ¿êŠÄäiÉÔíéãaÝiïÈà¦abèÜØ‘¿òíìañaìãéîàíL…ŠÐÛaòíìañaìäÏâbÄäÛaìçéí†ÛòíIÕäÛaH

pa‰ì–nÛaëc‰ì–ÛaåßòîäiæìØíæcë†ÈíüðˆÛa¿bÔrÛaâbÄäÛaÝibÔß¿ŠÈ½aíbÈßåàšnmòî×a‰…gòØj‘óÜÇ†vnmbÈÛaÚa‰…biò•bäpaÐnÛaë

òîÏbÔq‹ìß‰ëx‡b¸ë(1)N

iLbèšÈiåÇÞŒÈ¶ÑÔmLòÜ–ÐäßpbãìØßoîÛòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaægÝIµgbèšÈióÜÇñ†ànÈßLòíŠ–jÛaòiŠvnÜÛòèib’ßLòîÔÏaìmòîÈà£paõbäi

îäÈ½aåßÝØiLòÐÜn«pbu‰…ZœÈiòîäjiûjänÛaëcÞü†nüaåØ¹éãaôŠþa‰ì–Ûaòîäiåß‰ì–ÛaLåÇwnäm‰ì–ÛaœÈi¿paîÌnÛaæcóäÈ¶ëcôŠþaîÌmì−évníæ‹aìmH(2)NäØ¹ÙÛîëëcòîÜ×ñ‰ì•åÇsí†§abä

Ûaòî™b½aéi‰b£ëémÝàxbnä×…ŠÐÛabèîàäíæcåØ¹bÈÜÛòîÛbºgbè‘bÇN|Üİ–½…ŠÐ½aâa†‚nüaaˆç¿ìçbäçéèuaìãðˆÛaÝØ’½aæg

âa†‚nüaaˆçkãbuµgâbÈÛa§aÖbî¿ém†çb’ßbã†nÇaðˆÛañ‰ì–Ûaİ–½…Šİ½aëÉaìÛaâìÜÇµaïànämòÐÜn«pbibİëpbÓbî¿ñ‰ì–Ûa|Ü

òÐÜn«òîÏŠÈßÞìÔyë(3)NbèîÏ“îÈíÛaò÷îjÛbiòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaåíìØmŠqdníëïu‰bäbÈÛaåßéÈÓìßë…ŠÐÛaLòî±‰bnÛapbßìÜÈ½aòîÇìãëoÓìÛaòÈîjë

(1)ïÜÜî’ØîßØîÛaZ…òºŠmLòíìaNLáîìÛa‰a…LÕ’ß…LòÐëïÜÇ1993˜L1826N (2)…NæìîÜËæbçŠiZÛë†ÛaòîiŠÈÛaòäaLòîiŠÈÛañ†yìÛapba‰…Œ×ŠßLpëiLòßþa†™ò

1994˜L59N (3)òíbÏcåí†Ûa‰ìã†àªZLÁîìÛaïßý⁄aïiŠÈÛaŠØÐÛa¿ŠŁa‰ì•Ýî‚n½alŠÌÛa

LïiŠÈÛa¿bÔrÛaŒ×Š½aLpëi2000˜L19N

– 106 –

òíŠþaëòî–‚’ÛapbÓýÈÛaòÈîjëLéí†Ûòîãbã⁄apa‰bšzÜÛpbÓýÇëîbyþaëŠÇb’½aòîÇìãëÉàna¿ñ†öbÛapbî×ìÜÛaëòÓa†–Ûa

pübÈÐãüaëNta†ygµgð…ûmÝßaìÇòÇìàv¶òîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaŠqdnmëlëŠ§aÝrßñr½ata†yþabèàçclb¯⁄aëckÜÛbibèîÏpaîÌm

½ata†yþaåßÙÛ‡ËëòßbaòîbîÛata†yþaët‰aìØÛaëêbjnãýÛñrbèîÜÇbäÛa…bînÇaâ†ÇëbèniaŠÌÛëcbènîàçþ(1)NòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaŠqdnmÙÛˆ×

ëcoÓìÛaåßòÜíìñÏbèmaqdmëcbèqë†yÖŠÌníÛaòà×a½ata†yþbiŠèÄíüëcLòîÇìjcéj‘ëcòîßìíñÌ•ta†ycëpbãìØßñ†ÇåßæìØnm

ëcÝànØmbß†äÇügbçqdmÞbàn×üaåßlÔmNÝöbëñ‰ìİŠèÄmbäçåßëåÇáèí†ÛïÛü†Ûa‰b⁄aÝØ’mbèÜÈuë…aŠÏÿÛñ‰ì–ÛaÝîØ’m¿âýÇ⁄aâ†ÇëcòÜîìÛaâbànça‰bg¿bèÈíˆmëbçŠ’ämÛaõa‰ŁaëpbßìÜÈ½aÕíŠôŠdiëcòu‰†iŠqûíðˆÛaŠßþaLôŠþaÞbÐËgëòäîÈßpbÇì™ì¶âbànçüa

…aŠÏþaô†ÛòîäçˆÛa‰ì–ÛaÝîØ’móÜÇ(2)N ¿a†í†u†ÈíòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–Ûa|Üİ–ßâa†‚naæaåßáËŠÛaóÜÇëÒŠÈíïßý⁄aëïiŠÈÛaƒí‰bnÛa¿sybjÛaëÉjnn½aæhÏòîßýÇ⁄apba‰†Ûaaë‰b‘cëñ‰ì–ÜÛñ†í†ÇpaÐmaìß†Ó†ÓÝöaëþaæìàÜ½alŠÈÛaõbàÜÈÛaæc

µgì™ìiòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–Ûa|Üİ–ßN¿‰ìÄäßåiaô†ÛŠ–−æcåØ¹sîy

(1)íìÈÛaïÜÇ†àªZÇLñŠçbÔÛaLÕîjİnÛaëòíŠÄäÛaíïÛë†ÛaâýÇ⁄aLknØÛab1987˜L166170N

(2)…NÐ–ÛaŒíŒÈÛa†jÇÞaìãZta†yc†ÈiòîØíŠßþaòîÇìjþapýa¿lŠÈÛañ‰ì•11‰ì’äßs¡LànjåßbrÛaðìäÛaŠ·û½aÉöbÓë´àÜ½aëlŠÈÛañ‰ì•ëâýÇ⁄albn×¿

LñŠçbÔÛaòÈßbuâýÇ⁄aòîÜØÛx1LñŠçbÔÛaL2002˜L435N

– 107 –

ïçñ‰ì–ÜÛòîö‰æbÈßtýqlŠÈÛaæbÛIò÷îaëÝØ’ÛaHëIõï’ÛaòÔîÔyHëIénÐ•NHéÛìÔiÞëþaóäÈ½aóÜÇÝÛ†íëZIìçë‰ì–½aµbÈmaõbc¿

ò•bñ‰ì•bèäßõï‘Ý×óİÇdÏbèjm‰ëpa…ìuì½aÉîº‰ì•ðˆÛaò÷îçëbèÏýnaóÜÇbèiŒîàníñ…ŠÐßH(1)N

òîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaëbßìàÇñ‰ì–ÛaâìèÐßïÄy†ÓëIimageHéuëóÜÇlŠÈÛa´rybjÛaëõbàÜÈÛa†äÇ†íaŒnß‰ìš¡˜ì–äN‰ìš§aaˆçÝÈÛë

Êbî™ëÝçÛa†yµgÝ–íbîÏŠÈßbÇbmaâìèÐ½aóÜÇóÐ™cbßìçÉaìÛaÕîÓ†ÛaÑíŠÈnÛa…ë†yÝa†nÛaåÇýšÏ…†a|™aìÛaâa†‚nüaë

òi‰bÔßpbßa†‚napa‡pbzÜİ–ßÉßÂýnüaëN¿ðìãbènÛaÒŠÇ†ÔÛëñ‰ì–ÛaéÏb’×IëaìÛaæìØëášÛbiLóÜÇÕÜİmáçËëõbàØ§aÒŠÇ¿

|j’Ûaïçëñ‰ì–Ûað‡ñ†çb’½ñeŠßëòÛeïçÝÔÈÛa¿Ý–¤òîÐî×bèäßæbÈßéîj’ÛaÞbr½aëñeŠ½a¿Ýî‚n½biLx‰bä¿æb×õaìõï’ÛaéiŒîàníbßbèäß

òîäç‡ñ‰ì•óàíëåçˆÛa¿ëcòîu‰bñ‰ì•óàíëNbßõï’Ûañ‰ì•ægêËåÇéiŒîàníLŒîààÜÛõaŒuëcéma‡´Çæb×õaìN¿ÙÛ‡ÕÜİíbà×ë

aˆ×Þb§añ‰ì•ëaˆ×òÛb½añ‰ì•ÞbÔîÏïãbÈ½aLíµbÈmém‰ì–Ïéma‡bèi…aŠµbÈmÞbÓbà×õbî‘þaåßêa†ÇbßòÜqb¾åÇòçŒä½aò•ì–‚½aIéÜrà×îÛ

õï‘HNòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛabèäßëLåçˆÛa¿Œîàn½aâìÜÈÛaðcH(2)NbÈÛabßcbäîåiaïiŠÈÛaI981â1037âHLæa…ìuëbõbî‘þaægŠ×ˆÏL…ìuë

(1)lŠÈÛaæbÛZL‰ìÄäßåiüx6Lñ…bßLŠ’ãƒí‰bmýiLòºÛaëÑîÛdnÜÛòîiŠÈÛa‰a†ÛaLñŠçbÔÛaZ

‰ì•N (2)ðìãbènÛaïÓë‰bÐÛaïÜÇ†àªZLæìäÐÛapbyýİ•aÒb’×x2L…ÕîÔ¤NLÉí†jÛa†jÇïÐİÛ

˜LïiŠÈÛalbnØÛa‰a…LñŠçbÔÛa324325N

– 108 –

æbîÇþabçbåçˆÛax‰bLëë‰ì•ïàíìèÏ‰ì–nÛabçbåçˆÛa¿…ìu‰ì–nÛbiæbã⁄aÝÔÇ¿ñ…ìuì½aõbî‘þa(1)NïãbuŠ¦aÑíŠ’Ûa†äÇñ‰ì–Ûaë

æbÇìãïçZïçñ‰ì–ÛaæaŠ×‡sîyòîÇìäÛañ‰ì–Ûaëòîà¦añ‰ì–ÛaIòîÐî×òîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaïçëåçˆÛa¿õï’Ûañ‰ì•Þì–yL¿Ý•byìçbßÝ×æü

iýÏÝÔÈÛaïÜÔÇ—î‚’måßéÛ†HNõï’Ûañ‰ì•ïçê†äÇòîu‰bäñ‰ì–Ûaëx‰bä¿bç†uaìm†äÇ(2)N

éßa†‚na‰ìİmÖbîåÇÞŒÈiòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaâìèÐßÞëbämåØ¹üëê‰bg¿êì¸ëïãbã⁄aŠØÐÛa¿ÝíìİÛaLåÇï±‰bnÛaÉjnnÛaÑ’Øí‡g

aóÜÇòz™aëbýÃo×ŠmòÐÜn«pbßa†‚na¿òÔyýÛa|Üİ–½apbßa†‚nôŠþaòîÏŠÈ½aÞìÔ§aëâìÜÈÛaN‰ìİmÛaòîbþaŒöb×ŠÛaìİ‰aÉ™ë†ÔÛ

ñ‰ì–ÛaâìèÐßÞìyòÔyýÛapaÄänÛaåßr×bèäßLñ‰ì–ÛaåßÝÈubß†äÇÚa‰…⁄aëÞbîäíÝ•ìÛaåßòÜ•NÝöaëþaòÐýÐÛaåßìİ‰aæb×†ÔÛë

ñ‰ì–Ûbi´ànè½abèiÇ†Óê†¬sîyòîäçˆÛaL…ìuìÛac†jßïçê†äÇñ‰ì–ÛbÏÝÈÐÛbiLñ‰ì–ÛaÕíŠåÇÝÈÐÛaòÛbyµgñìÔÛaòÛbyåßÝÔäí…ìuìÛaëNñ‰ì–Ï

Éä•bßïèÏém…bßbßcéÛÉãb–ÛaêbİÇcðˆÛaÝØ’ÛaïçÞbrànÛaëcïŠØÛaŒãëŠiëcŠßŠßëck’åßéäß(3)NÚìÛðŒîÜØã⁄aÒìÜîÐÛabßcI1632

1704HÝÈuëòíŠİÏ‰bØÏcðc…ìuëœÏ‰ðˆÛaíŠvnÛakçˆ½aûß

(1)Ñí†È‰ìq‰eZºŠmLbäîåia…òNLïia‰bÐÛa‰a…LpëiLâìÜÕîÏìm1987˜L231N (2)ïãëbènÛaïÓë‰bÐÛaïÜÇ†àªZLæìäÐÛapbyýİ•aÒb’×x4L…ÕîÔ¤NLåí†jÛa†jÇïÐİÛ

LlbnØÜÛòßbÈÛaòíŠ–½aò÷îaLñŠçbÔÛa1977˜L228N (3)ŠÈÛaõb¸⁄a†èÈßLpëiLñ…bí‹åÈßŠíŠ¤LòîiŠÈÛaòîÐÜÐÛaòÇìì½aLïi1986ñ‰ì•ñ…bßLN

– 109 –

pýîr·ôìoîÛêŠÄäi‰bØÏþbÏ‰bØÏþaÝ×‰†–ßòî§aòiŠvnÛaåßõbî‘ÿÛNñ‰ì•µgÞìzníÑÈšíýëòÏŠÈ½aÖýİãaòİÔãìçby⁄aëimagebèm†yp†ÔÏñ‰ì•ïçñŠØÐÛaë(1)N

ì–ÛaâìèÐßÑÔíëæìnËŠiòÐÜÏkÜÓ¿ñ‰Lbßa†‚naâ†Ósîyñ‰ì–ÛaòÐÜÏ‰ìİm¿bÔyüòz™aìÛaémaqdméÛoãb×|Üİ–àÜÛbj–N†ÔÛ

ñ†öbÛapbîöbärÛaåßar×‹ëbvníæcñ‰ì–ÛaâìèÐßÇæìnËŠiÞëbyLÊì™ì½aëpaˆÛaòîöbär×L’í‡gñ…b½aë‰ìÈ’ÛaëZIÈßa…ìuë†–Ôãñ‰ì–Ûbibäî

ýîr·ïÛbr½aêìÇ†íðˆÛa…ìuìÛaÙÛ‡åßŠr×aìçL…ìuìÛaÙÛ‡åßÝÓaéäØÛëb÷î‘ïÈÓaìÛaêìÇ†íðˆÛaLõï’ÛaíÕíŠİÛaÑ–näß¿ÉÔí…ìuëìç

ÝîrànÛaëH(2)N

òîiŠÈÛaòÏbÔrÛa‰bg¿ëLæì×‰c†àª†ÈíLñ‰ì–ÛaòîàçcµgéjãåßÞëcòàÜØibèÐ•ëÛaòîäçˆÛaIÞbî‚½aH(3)òÐÜn‚½aémbibn×¿LæcôŠíìçë

¿bšícÝikyë‰ì–nÛaæa†îß¿îÛbènİÜ‰b·òîÛbî‚½apa‰ì–nÛaåßbèÐãÒŠÈmòàöbÓòíŠ’iòÇbºÝ×éiâìÔmðˆÛaïÇbànuüaÝÈÐÛaÞb©

åíŠŁaÉßòã‰bÔ½aÞýN‰bg¿‰ì–nÛaaˆçÑîÃìmæì×‰c†àªÞëb°áq

(1)‰†–½aéÐãÐãáÜÇñ…bßLN (2)‰ìØä•õbÐ•ZÕib‰†–ß˜L84N (3)òíŒîÜØã⁄aòàÜØÜÛÝibÔà×Þbî‚½aòàÜ×âa†‚naaŠûßÊb‘imaginary†àªbèyÓcÛaë

‹ìßŠÛaåßòØj‘åÇñ‰bjÇìçïÇbànuüaÞbî‚½aæübéßa†‚naýÜÈßðŠib¦a†ibÇaëÛaõbî‘þaòÔîÔyéÛýåßôŠãðˆÛa‰bÄä½b×ìèÏŠçaìÄÛaëõbî‘þaÝíëdmbèîÏánííbÈ½

óäÈßbäîİÈmNŠÄãaÝî•bÐnÜÛZ…NðŠib¦a†ibÇ†àªZÂLïiŠÈÛaïbîÛaÝÔÈÛa3LpëiLLòîiŠÈÛañ†yìÛapba‰…Œ×Šß1995˜L1415N

– 110 –

rÛaÞìÔîÏòîiŠÈÛaòÏbÔZIõïÜ½aïÛbîäŠ–ÛaìçïiŠÈÛaïÇbànuüabäÜî«ægñbãbÈ½aÊaìãcëpüìİjÛaëŠqf½aåßbäÛbßcŠíLj×…†ÇéäØíðˆÛaŠ–Ûa

ïöbİÛabyëâìrÜ×åiëŠàÇëîÔÛaúŠßcëðŠÐä’ÛaÝrßï™b½a‹ìß‰åß§aë†îÛìÛaåi†ÛbëlbİäåiŠàÇëŠbíÞeëŒíŒÈÛa†jÇåiŠàÇë´

†í‹ïicë´§b–ÛaõbîÛëþaëåí†Ûaý•ëòÜîÛëòÜîÛÑÛcë†î‘ŠÛaæë‰bçëïÛýa…H(1)NâýÇ⁄aÝöbë†î×dmòzÜ–ß¿æì×‰c†àªÑíŠÈmk–íë

†ÈjÏïÇbànuüaÞbî‚½aÝîØ’m¿ò‰†½b×ôŠþaòîÇbànuüapbû½aëâìèÐ½añ†uóÜÇ†×ûíæaL•ëéjãaìuÝØiáÜíÕîÓ…ÑíŠÈmµgÞì•ìÛaòiìÈ

ÞìÔíZIbènÜÔãÛapa‰ì–nÛaÊìà©ìçòßcëcòîÇbànuaò÷Ïëc…ŠÏÝî¥æcòîjÈ‘p†ËòÏbÔqLâìîÛaëí†ÛalbİäëŠÈ’Ûaëáyý½aÕíŠåÇóšßbàîÏ

òÇbºÝ×ë…ŠÏÝ×ÙÜ¹óäÈ½aaˆèiëbîãbqò‰†½aëâýÇ⁄aÝöbëÕíŠåÇò×’½aòÌÜÛbiÁjmŠ½abàèÜî¥Ù‘ýiH(2)N

òîbîÛaòßìÄä½aïçô×òßìÄäßxbnãïçòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–Ûaægòí†öbÔÈÛaëòîÇbànuüaëLòÏb×ÉànapbûßbèÜîØ’m¿áçbmëNbßc

òîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaÙÜmåíìØm¿ïbþaÝßbÈÛaìèÏâýÇ⁄aLØÈäíñeŠßìçëÉÓaìÛabèîÏÞbîäëNæaâaŠ‘‰ìjÛë†×cbà×ë70EÛaòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–Ûaåß

âýÇ⁄aÝöbëåßñ†ànßïçéÛìyåßbÈÛaåÇæbã⁄abèãìØí(3)N

(1)æì×‰c†àªZLâý⁄aóÜÇñˆÏbãÂ2LLáîè¦abî•òºŠmLpëiLòîİÇ‰a…1997L˜18N

(2)æì×‰a†àªZ˜LÕib‰†–ß1819N (3)…N†îjÇ†jÈÛaïÛ†ÇÑbÇZÂLâýÇ⁄aÝöbë¿áÜÈ½añ‰ì•2LïiŠÈÛaŠØÐÛa‰a…LñŠçbÔÛaL

2001˜L20N

– 111 –

Êì™ìàÜÛŠ‘bj½aÚa‰…⁄aóÜÇâìÔmæañ‰ëŠšÛbiîÛòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaëLb¸aëbëÞýåßpbßìÜÈàÜÛñŠ‘bj½aË‰…b–½aóÜÇ†ànÈmæaåØ¹âýÇþaÝö

Þbî¨bibçŠqdmÉßŠ‘bj½aëcLòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaÝîØ’m¿ÞbÈÏŠ–äÇòÌÜÛaëLïèÏòÌÜÛbiòÔîÔ§aêˆçÉßbäÜßbÈmlìÜcŠqdníëòÔîÔ§akãaì¦pbîà½aåßâbÄãêˆçâ†‚nãå−ëóäÈàÜÛòîÏbÔqpbyýİ•aÕÜ¥Ûaëbèß†‚nãÛa

ÁîabÈÛaÐnÛpbzÜİ–½a(1)NòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaæaÞìÔÛaåØ¹bäçåßëbèäßÝßaìÇñ†Èiæbã⁄aòÏŠÈßÝÇbÐmåßæìØnmZL…ŠÐÛaéîÏbî°ðˆÛaæbØ½a

ïu‰bäbÈÛaåßéÈÓìßLæa¦aëñŠþaÁiaë‰ëòî–‚’ÛapbÓýÈÛaÝ–°ÛaòîÇbànuüaëòî±‰bnÛapbßìÜÈ½aëæbßŒÛaëéi´İîaõbÓ†•þaë

ÇbèîÜN

(1)…Nñ…b»ïãìîiZšèãòjnØßLñŠçbÔÛaLòbîÛaëâýÇ⁄aÝöbëLÖŠ’Ûaò1996˜L229N

– 112 –

– 113 –

sÛbrÛa@szj½a bèäíìØm@¿@âýÇüa@Ýöbë@‰ë…ëòîßýÇüa@ñ‰ì–Ûa@âìèÐß@ @

òrí†§aáîçbÐ½a†yd×òîßýÇüañ‰ì–ÛaâìèÐßŠèÃ¿ÝöbëÝßbÈmòÐÜn«pbÇì™ìßÉßâýÇüaLòîÈàn©æìØm†ÓIñcŠ½aLÝÐİÛaLáÜÈ½aLñŠüaH

òîbîæìØm†ÓëaI•paˆÛañ‰ìLôŠüaÞë†Ûañ‰ì•LpbàÄäßñ‰ì•òîÛë…L´z‘Š½añ‰ì•Hòí…b–nÓaæìØm†ÓëaIòí…b–nÓüapbû½aLpbvnä½a

ÉÜÛaëHbç‹mÛa‰ì–ÛaœÈiÒýnaâìèÐ½aaˆçxbnãa¿áèc†ÓëbòîÈÓaìÛañ‰ì–ÛaåÇâýÇüaÝöbëLbãbîyaÝöbìÛaêˆçŒî¤kjiëa

naïànämëabèvnämÛapb÷îaëpbû½aëaòàÄãüaŠÄãpbèuëÒýbèîÛa(1)N

bèãdiòîßýÇüañ‰ì–ÛaÑíŠÈmåØ¹ëZpbîÜàÇåàšnmñ‰ì•òÛbŠÛa‹ìß‰òËbî–Û†ÔÈß¿bÔqâbÄãóÜÇbçqdm¿†ànÈmLñ†ÔÈßòîuìÛìäØm

òîßýÇüa(2)LÔmnÛaÉÓaìÜÛò•bäòíúŠÛaòäàšn½aëbßëaâýÇüaÝöbëbèß†¿bèîÛaÉànãëÑz–Ûa¿bçúŠÔãÛaÙÜmïçëòÇìä–½aòîÈÓaìÛbióàí

(1)ðëaŠÈ’ÛaïÜÇ†»aZòîiŠÈÛaòîÐz–ÛaòîİÌnÛa¿òîØíŠßüañ†zn½apbíüìÛañ‰ì•2001–

2002nubßòÛb‰Lòã‰bÔßòîÜîÜ¤òa‰…Iñ‰ì’äßËHµaoß†ÓâýÇüaòîÜ×òÈßb âbÇñŠçbÔÛa2005˜L64N

(2)sîÌ½a†jÇÒŠ‘aZØ’m¿âýÇüa‰ë…ñ‰ì–ÛaåíìØm¿âýÇüa‰ë…òîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaÝînubßòÛb‰òîãa†îßòîÜîÜ¤òa‰…LðŠ–½albj’Ûaô†ÛsÛbrÛabÈÜÛòîäçˆÛaIñ‰ì’äßËH

µaoß†ÓâýÇüaòîÜ×âbÇñŠçbÔÛaòÈßb 1993L˜79–80N

– 114 –

åßñ†ànßbèãaáË‰òÈäİ–½aòîÈÓaìÛaêˆçëLæìíŒÐÜnÛa¿bç†çb’ãëìí…aŠÛaæaµaÝî·òÇìä–½aòîßýÇ⁄aòîÈÓaìÛbÏbèäÇÑÜn¥bèãaügòîÈÓaìÛañbî§a

ŠßŠr×aæìØmòîÈÓaìÛañbî§aåßbÐäÇëbÔíŠiŠr×cëòÏbr×Šr×cëby(1)Nëñ‰ì–ÛaòîßýÇüaïçÙÛˆ×ZòÇìà©åßÝöbëbèjämÛapbÐ–ÛaëpbàÛa

wßaŠië´ßbšßåßéß†ÔmbßÞýåßlìÈ’ÛaëaÞë†Ûaô†yüâýÇüalìÈ’ÛaëÞë†ÛaêˆçÞìy(2)N

’íëñ‰ì–ÛaâìèÐßòîßýÇüabØßaµaÞìÔÈÛâýÇüaÝîØ’mòîãôŠalìÈ‘ëaÞë…Þìypa‰ì–måßéyŠİíbßÞýåß´äaì½aòİjmŠßòäîÈßáîçbÐßóÜÇpa‰ìİnÛaêˆçŒØmŠm‡aÞë†ÛaÙÜniòİjmŠßbíbšÓëðçbºÖbİãóÜÇbè¯ëŠmëbç‹aŠiaëbçŠ’äÛâýÇüaóÈíëlìÈ’Ûaêˆèi

Óêb£´Èß‰ì–niçbà¦aêˆçÁi‰ëlìÈ’Ûaêˆçbíbš(3)N

(1)…NæbàrÇ†»a†»aë‰bväÛa†îÈïßbZŠ–½añìÐ–Ûapbçb£aïiŠÈÛaæbãüañ‰ì•ì−òí

lŠÈÛañ‰ì•ëâýÇ⁄albn×ïÐibn×¿‰ì’äßs¡LòîiŠÌÛaæìíŒÐÜnÛapaìäÓëÑz–Ûa¿LñŠçbÔÛaLÞëþaõŒ¦aLñŠçbÔÛaòÈßbuâýÇ⁄aòîÜØÛåßbrÛaðìäÛaŠ·û½aÉöbÓë´àÜ½aë

2002˜L459N (2)ïãbÔÜ’ÛaÅÏby´äyôì’ãZ†ÛaÝîäÛañbäÓ‰ë…Š–ßåÇòîäç‡ñ‰ì•ÝîØ’m¿òîÛë

´àîÔ½akãbuüaô†Û´íŠ–½aëIòîzßòa‰…Hêa‰ìn×…òÛb‰Iñ‰ì’äßËHµaoß†ÓòîÜ×âýÇüaâbÇñŠçbÔÛaòÈßb 2000˜L22N

(3)†àªéÞbà×ÞbßeZpbäîÈnÛa¿òîiŠÌÛaëòîiŠÈÛaòîÐz–ÛaòîİÌnÛa¿ÖaŠÈÛañ‰ì•òa‰…Lòã‰bÔßêa‰ìn×…òÛb‰Iñ‰ì’äßËHµaoß†ÓâýÇüaòîÜ×âbÇñŠçbÔÛaòÈßb 2001L

˜64M65N

– 115 –

ëæìàš½aánèíbàäîyŠüaåÇñ‰ì•æìØmæaåØ¹òîßýÇüañ‰ì–Ûañ‰ì–ÛaæìØm†ÓëLŠakÈ’ÛëaôŠaòÛë…¿ñbî§añb×bz¶ïßýÇüaåßðc¿bèma‡ñbî§añb×bªïßýÇüaæìàš½aÞëbäníbàäîypaˆÜÛòîßýÇüa

ñbî§apüb©H(1)N ÑíŠÈmåØ¹ë‰ì–nÛaëÊbjİãüabèãaóÜÇòÛë†ÜÛòîßýÇüañ‰ì–Ûa

bèäîÈiòÛë…ÞbîyòîßýÇüaòÜîìÛaóÜÇ´àöbÔÛaô†Û…ì–Ô½aïÜÔÈÛaLÝÃ¿paŒØmŠ½aåßòÜºLÞìà½aòbîåßbbaòÔrjä½aòîßýÇüaòbîÛabèàça

iÙÛ‡ëLpbûßëapbèuëaòÛë†Ûaoãb×õaìLòÜîìÛaêˆÝîØ’mÒ†è‰ìèàvÜÛbè¹†ÔmòÜîìÛa†íŠmòÛë†ÛaÙÜmÞìy‰bØÏüaåßòÜº(2)N

ónyëÑÓaì½aëta†yüaòä–‚’ibèníú‰ÕÏëâýÇüaÝöbëâìÔmëñ‰ì•áí†ÔnÛýåßÙÛ‡ëLÞë†Ûañ‰ì•òÜîìÛaÑÓìßkyòÛë†Ûa

òîßýÇüaLpbíüìÜÛýrßæaŠíaÑ•ë¿ñ†í†Çx‡b¸ôŠãæaåØ¹ëñ†zn½aäuáèãdi…ìèîÜÛŠÜnçæb½üaÑ•ëëaLáÄÇüaæbİî’ÛabèãdiòîØíŠßüa

áèäßòjmŠßÝÓaáèãdi…ìÜÛœîjÛaÑ•ëëaÉî™ë(3)N ïßýÇüa‰aŠÔÛaÉãb•ŠØÏ¿ñ‰ì•bbaïçòîßýÇüañ‰ì–ÛaëkbänmLòšíŠÇÂìİ¢|ßýßáŠíðˆÛaëLâýÇüaòÜîëóÜÇŠİî½a

(1)ÁîìjÛa†Èò’öbÇZ¿òîÜaòîÏbÔrÛawßaÛabèØÈmbà×ñ†zn½aòîiŠÈÛapa‰bßüañ‰ì•

nubßòÛb‰LòîäìÛaòîöbšÐÛapaìäÔÛaIñ‰ì’äßËHµaoß†ÓâýÇüaòîÜ×Èßb ñŠçbÔÛaòâbÇ1999˜L83

(2)ðëaŠÈ’ÛaïÜÇ†»aZ‰†–ßbÕiL˜65N (3)a†ã‰ì–äßå¹aZòîÜ×LâbÈÛaðcŠÛatìzjÛòíŠ–½aòÜaLòîbîÛapa‰aŠÔÛaëòîßýÇüa‰ì–Ûa

ìîãìíÝíŠiaLïãbrÛa…†ÈÛaLñŠçbÔÛaòÈßbuLâýÇüa2001L˜262N

– 116 –

…ŠíòíŠ§a“ßaìç…†¤aˆèiëLòÜîìÛaóÜÇ‰aŠÔÛaÉãb•ñŠİîô†ßÉßbâaïßýÇüaâbÄäÛaâaòÛë†ÛaòİÜoãb×õaìLpbİÜÛaÙÜmbè×mÛa

µaÝÔnämïßýÇüa‰aŠÔÛaÉãb•pbàîÜÈmæhÏïÛbnÛbiëð…b–nÓüaÞìà½aáöbÔÛaÞýåßñ‰ì–ÛaêˆçòÈîj…†°ðˆÛaÞb–mübiIÏñÜHñ…b½aòîÐ–mëa

ÖŠİiñ‰ì–Ûaêˆçáí†ÔmÞýåßæìØmòîßýÇüa…aì½aåíìÜnÏòîßýÇüaòÐÜn«ëñ…†ÈnßÞbØ‘aëNëaˆèióäÈ½aÏêˆçâýÇaÝöbëbèvnämÛa‰ì–Ûaæb

òÜîìÜÛòØÛb½aëaòà×b§aòİÜÛaŠÄãòèuëåÇj×†yµañÈßÝÄmÞë†ÛaôìÔÛaëòîßýÇüabèiòİjmŠ½aN

åÇòîßýÇüañ‰ì–ÛaÑÜn¥ëñ‰ì–ÛaÇâ†ÔmbèãasîyåßòîäçˆÛaÉÓaìÛaåÇòîöŠ½aëòÇìà½aëLñõëŠÔ½aâýÇüaÝöbëLñ‰ì–ÛaæaÐyôŠíë

òîßýÇüaILÉÓaìÛaaˆçåßÑÓìßbbabèäØÛëLÉÓaìÜÛŠíì–m…Š©oîÛéîÏqdnÛaëêÐnÛòÛëbªëH(1)NèiëæaåØ¹óäÈ½aaˆòîßýÇüañ‰ì–ÛaÑÜn¥

æìØnmÛaòîmaˆÛapbÇbjİãübiïöbèäÛawmbäÛa¿ÝrànmÛaòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaåÇëaéäîÈiäuëakÈ‘ëabßâbÄãëa´Èß—‚‘õa‹gpbÇbà¦aë…aŠÏüa†äÇ

aåØ¹Šaõï‘ðcëaòîäèßëaòîÛë…ëaòîÜªòàÄäßëaòûßëañd’äßææbãüañbîyóÜÇqdméÛæìØíN

µaæýî¹bàèãì×sîyåßòîäçˆÛaëòîßýÇüañ‰ì–ÛaåßÝ×ÕÐnmëéÛaŒnaëÉÓaìÛaÁîjmLÉÓaìÛañ‰ì–ÛaïÇìãåßðakãaìuØÈmüs¡

(1)Ðyð‰†ÓZaLÐäÛaáÜÇåßpbò÷îaLñŠçbÔÛòíŠ–½aLlbnØÜÛòßbÈÛa2000L

˜135–139N

– 117 –

ÁjšÛbiLÖëŠÏ…ìuëµaòîßýÇüapba‰†ÛaåßóàÄÈÛaòîjÛbÌÛaoÜ•ìm†ÔÏaëòîßýÇüañ‰ì–Ûaíé™ŠÈmðˆÛaÉÓaìÛLòîİàäÛañ‰ì–Ûa|Üİ–½ƒ‰b¾

ñ†ßb¦akÛaìÔÛaëaLÝrßpbzÜİ–ßpŠèÃbà×Ië†ÈÛañ‰ì•IHñ‰ì–Ûaëòçì’½aHòîjÜÛaëéíì’nÛaëòîöa†ÈÛbiñ‰ì–ÛaÙÜm|ßýßÒb–maóÜÇÞ†nÛ(1)NŒîànmëñ‰ì•bèãì×¿òîßìÔÛañ‰ì–ÛaëòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaåÇòîßýÇüañ‰ì–Ûa

µað…ûm†ÓòîÈÓaìÛaêˆçæaëLÞbîäåß´Èß‰†ÔiÉÓaìÛabèîÏÁÜn±òÈäİ–ßpbæabà×LÉÓaìÛaåÇÒýnüaëòÔîÔ§aåÇ…bÈniüaáqåßLòíì’nÛapaÌn½aåßõì™¿…†zníb¸aòîjäuaòÛë†ÛòîßýÇüañ‰ì–Ûa…bÈiaë

qdma‰ë…âýÇüaÝöbëbèîÏð…ûmpbÓýÈÛaëñ‰ì–ÛaêˆçÝîØ’m¿bí(2)N

abßaòîbîÛañ‰ì–ÛÒŠÈnÏbèãdiZÊbä•bèîÜÇ†ànÈíÛaõa‰ŁaÙÜmbèíˆ‚nßëpa‰aŠÔÛaLñ†ßbuüëònibqËïçëLÒëŠÄÛaÌniÌnmïèÏ

t†zÜÛòîÇì™ì½akãaì¦aëÞaìyüaëLëòÛë†ÛaâýÇaÝöbëbèvnämÛaïçj×†yµañÈßÝÄmÛaëòÜîìÜÛòØÛb½aëaòà×b§aòİÜÛaŠÄãòèuëåÇ

b½bèàèÏlìÜaëñ‰ì–ÛaêˆçpbÇì™ìßæd’ibèiòİjmŠ½aôìÔÛaëòîßýÇüabènzÜ–ß¿ê†£(3)N

(1)‰†ibnÐÛa†jÇæbäyZòîãb½üaòÏbz–Ûa¿´íŠ–½aëŠ–ßñ‰ì•áöbÔÛaëæìàšàÜÛòa‰…

nubßòÛb‰LÞb–mübiIñ‰ì’äßËHLñŠçbÔÛaòÈßbuLâýÇüaòîÜ×L2005˜L63N (2)…NæbàrÇ†»a†»aëb‰bväÛa†îÈïßZ˜LÕib‰†–ß460N (3)Ýí†äÓŠçbßÝöaëZòîiŠÈÛaõbjãþapüb×ëëÑz–ÛaïÜaŠ½LïÐz–Ûalbİä¿Š–ßñ‰ì•

åßñÐÛaÞýŠ–ß¿òÜßbÈÛa1990–1996êa‰ìn×…òÛb‰LIñ‰ì’äßËHâýÇ⁄aòîÜ×L–ñŠçbÔÛaòÈßbu2002˜L81N

– 118 –

òîßýÇüañ‰ì–Ûab¬µaxbn¤òîbîÛañ‰ì–ÛaëLb•bĆõbäikÜİnm‡gÜüaŠ•bäÈÛaœÈiéîÏŠÏìnmòîßýÇüaòÛbŠÜÛÝÔãkÈ–íbèãë†iÛaòîiì

bèäíìØmëñ‰ì–Ûa(1)N óÜÇâýÇüaÝöbëbè™ŠÈmÛañ‰ì–ÛaqdnÛñ†í†Çpüb©Úbäçë

Þë†ÜÛòîbîÛañ‰ì–ÛaLòîu‰bäòbîÛaÉä•¿qdmåßbb½L†×a†ÓëåÜiì×Coplinòîu‰bäòbîÛa¿bàèßa‰ë…kÈÜmòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaæaL†ÔÏ

aéîuìmëòîbîÛa‰ìßüaÐmë†îídnÛpaë…d×â†‚nm‰ì–ÛaÙÜmæa†ÔnÇÞë†ÛaÚìÜNbß†Üi¿âýÇüaÝöbëbèvnämÛañ‰ì–ÛaòîàçaµaÒbšíë

ñŠ‘bj½aËëañŠ‘bj½aòîÈjnÛaòÓýÇåßê‰ìšy†àníoÏü†ÈiŠüaåÇÉàn©ñ‰a…a¿bîÜÈÛa†îÛaÙÜ·ÛaòİÜÜÛéäîÈiL¿ñ‰ì–ÛaŠ•bäÇæaÙÛ‡ë

bîÔÛéi†nÈíaŠ‘ûßæìØnbîßýÇabèubnãaëbèjî×ŠmòÔíŠëòÛb§aêˆçñ‰ì–ÛaÊì™ìßõa‹aòİÜÛaêˆçÑÓìßLåßéiÁjmŠíbßëénÈîjoãb×bía

pbbîëbíbšÓ(2)N ¿ëò•bòÐ–iòîbîÛañ‰ì–ÛaÝÔã¿âýÇüaÝöbëb¬æa

İníbèäíìØmòí‰bjüaòîßýÇüaòÛbŠÜÛb•bõbäikÜLŠ•bäÈÛaœÈiŠÏìmëåØ¹Š•bäÈÛaêˆçëbèäíìØmëa‰ì–ÛaÝÔãkÈ–íbèãë†iÛaòîiìÜüa

bbºa(3)N

(1)‰ì–äßå¹aa†ãZañ‰ì•òîiŠÈÛaòîöbšÐÛbmaìäÔÛa¿òí‰bjüa…aì½abèØÈmbà×ïiŠÈÛaåìÛêa‰ìn×…òÛb‰Lòã‰bÔßòa‰…Lòîi‰ëüaëIñ‰ì’äßËHµaoß†ÓâýÇüaòîÜ× ñŠçbÔÛaòÈßb

âbÇ2000L˜111–113N (2)Ýí†äÓŠçbßÝöaëZLÕib‰†–ß˜79N (3)‰ì–äßå¹aa†ãZà×ïiŠÈÛaåìÛañ‰ì•òîiŠÈÛaòîöbšÐÛbmaìäÔÛa¿òí‰bjüa…aì½abèØÈmb

Lòã‰bÔßòa‰…Lòîi‰ëüaë˜LÕib‰†–ß123124N

– 119 –

1M bèÐîÛdmëòÛbŠÛaõbäiZbİîiæìØíæcŞ†iüòîbîÛaòÛbŠÛaæìàšàÏbÏìÛdßLbîÛbrßL ñ…bÇc†jmòîbîÛañ‰ì–ÛbÏòîîö‰òÜàLKey phrase

ñ‰ì–ÛaÊì™ìß¿aëŠØÐíónybäÜÛbàöýßbÔíŠáŠmñŠØÏëaL†í†¦a†èÈÛa‰bÈ‘oÜÏ‹ë‰âa†‚naÙÛ‡ÞbrßëL‰bÈ‘æb¯‰âa†‚naë

”ìiâa†‚naëòîÛa‰†îÐÛaIlüaH†í†¦aï½bÈÛaâbÄäÛaN

2M òîbîÛaòÛbŠÛa‹aŠiaZbiâýÇüaÝöbëÖaŠËaání‡gòîbîÛaòÛbŠÛbòÏbä½aÝöbŠÛaåßa‰ìèÃëa‹ëŠiŠr×aæìØnÛLkî–äÛabæìØîÛ

áèma‰ì–më…aŠÏüaŠØÏåíìØm¿×üaN

3M òîÓa†–½aåßxbîiòîbîÛaòÛbŠÛaòbyaLâa†‚naÕíŠåÇÙÛ‡ëbÈßbàçëaòîÐbÈÛapübànüaëaòîÔİä½awv§aN

ãìØmÛañ‰ì–Ûaæaìèà¦aô†ÛâýÇüaÝöbëbè‰µëüapbäjÜÛaïç‡gòîbîÛa‰ìßÿÛòî¹ìÔmíbÈà×â†‚nmëLâbÈÛaðcŠÛabèäßæìØníÛaòÐÜn‚½aÞë†ÜÛòîu‰bäòbîÛbiò•bäâbØyþa‰a†•góÜÇ…aŠÏüa†ÇbmN

ÞbÔnãüa¿âýÇüaÝöbëéiáèmðˆÛa‰ë†Ûaòîàçaë†jmbäçåßëòîjÜËübipbÈànaëÞë†ÛaµaÞbÔnãýÛLôŠaµaòÛë…åßÞbÔnãüaåÇñŒubÇÝÄmÛa

pbÈànaêˆçñbîyÞìyõa‰eëÒ‰bÈßåßáéß†Ômb¶ôŠüaLbèàÄãòí…b–nÓüaëòîbîÛaLLpa‰bš§aÊaŠ•¿bènãbØßLðŠ’jÛaƒí‰bnÛa¿bç‰ë…âìîÛabÇ¿éÜr·bßëLßÙÛˆ×ëáèmýØ’ßëáçbíbšÓåßbèÐÓì(1)N

(1)†ßbyáîçaŠia…b»Zòa‰…LòîßìîÛaòíŠ–½aòÏbz–Ûa¿òîØíŠßüañ†zn½apbíüìÛañ‰ì•

nubßòÛb‰LpbäîÈjÛaëæbäînÛajÔyíòã‰bÔßIñ‰ì’äßËHµaoß†ÓâýÇüaòîÜ× ñŠçbÔÛaòÈßbâbÇ1986L˜34N

– 120 –

bß†ÜjÛòîu‰bäòbîÛaÉä•¿ñ‰ì–ÛaqdnÛpa…†ªÚbäçëLêˆçëáØ§aáÄãÒýnbiÑÜn¥pa…†aLbßÕÏëæa†ÜjÛaÒýnbiÑÜn¥bèãabà×

æbßŒÛaðŠ–äÇÝÇbÐmbèÜîØ’m¿Ý†íÛaëòíŠİÔÛaòî•ì–¨bióàíÌ¦aëƒí‰bnÛaëaæbØ½aë‰aŠÔÛaÉä•Šöaë…qdmåÇýšÏbîÏaŠ(1)Nbäçåßë

òqýq¿oÐä•‡gòîßýÇüañ‰ì–Ûapba‰…¿ïbîÛa†ÈjÛaòîàçapŠèÃtìzjÛaåßÊaìãa(2)Z

1M pbbîÜÛò™‰bÈ½aë†îídnÛakãÝÜ¤ÛaâbÈÛaðcŠÛaë|½atì¡laŒyüaÙÛˆ×ëbíbšÔÛaëaõbàÇŒÛaëN

2M òa‰†iánèmtì¡pbçb£üaåíìØniò•bäòîÐäÛapbîÜàÈÛaÞë†Ûaêb£òîbîÛañ‰ì–ÛaÙÛˆ×ëòîbîÛaN

3M ïbîÛaâbÄäÛaì−…aŠÏÿÛñ‰ì–ÛaáîîÔmtì¡N

‰ì–ÛaåíìØmëÝîØ’m¿áèmÛapaìäÔÛaáçcâýÇ⁄aÝöbë†ÈmëbäÛaæbç‡c¿òîäçˆÛaNåíìØm¿ô×òîàçcÝöbìÛaêˆçknØmë‰ì–Ûa

‰bèi⁄aóÜÇòÌÛbjÛabèm‰†ÓëÉaìÛabç‰b’nãakjiñŠ•bÈ½abämbîy¿òîäçˆÛalbİÔnüaëLòîöbšÐÛapaìäÔÛaòí…†ÈmëòîÇbä–Ûa‰bàÓþa‰b’nãa†Èiò•bë

(1)†îa†jÇ…aûÏâbëZLòîÛë†ÛaòbîÛaòÜ©LðŠ–½aÈ’ÛaïÇìÛa¿ñ†zn½apbíüìÛañ‰ì•

…†ÈÛa134L1998˜L159N (2)bíŠ×‹´ßãZnubßòÛb‰LðŠ–½a‰ìèà¦aô†ÛòîØíŠßüañ†zn½apbíüìÛañ‰ì•IË

ñ‰ì’äßHµaoß†ÓâýÇüaòîÜ× ñŠçbÔÛaòÈßbâbÇ2001˜L4N

– 121 –

òíúŠÛaòí‰ìn†ióàíbßæŁa†uëcbÈÛa¿ñ‰ì–ÜÛÝçˆ½a‰b’nãüaëL‡gíb½bä×‰a†ßoÈëëñ‰ì–ÛapËéîÛgŠÄäãæcÕznLÕ§abäí†Ûb½ëÝi

åšn−æaÉîİnãbäãgby⁄abänzäßñ‰ì–ÛaæcµgòÏb™⁄biéîÛgŠÄäÜÛ‰ì–ÛaåßòßìÄäà×bäÛìÔÇ¿bÈÛaN

†ÓëpbßìÜÈ½aÝÔäÛòÛbÈÏñbäÓŠr×aëáçaâýÇüaÝöbëozj•aa†íŠmÛaïçpbßìÜÈ½aêˆçëLïbîÛaÝàÈÜÛòí‰ëŠšÛabb–íaòßìØ§

ïçâýÇüaÝöbìÏLòîjäuüapbßìØ§aëaïu‰bäëaïÜa†ÛaâbÈÛaðcŠÜÛòîbîÛaòjÈÜÛa¿´×‰b’½aáÄÈßõa‰aÞb–íaµaÝîjÛa(1)N

òîØíŠßüañ‰a…üaâ†‚nmëÞbr½aÝîjóÜÇáÇ†Ûaò÷jÈnÛâýÇüaÝöbë¿áÇ…µaxbn¤bß†äÇbè©aŠiëbènbîÛõï’ÛaŠÌãìØÛaÝÈÐíëLŠÌãìØÛa

éÐãL‰bèÃbi|àmta†yaÞìyòîßìîÛaémbb’ãîöŠÛaë†ÇbßáÄäíbà×òjbäßòîİÌmóÜÇÞì–§aÝßdíLñÈß‰ì•NLáèÐãaòböŠÛaìz‘Šßâ†Ôíë

òîbîÛabíbšÔÛa‰brãëæìÛ…bvníëLáèmbibİæìÔÜíëLÝöbëÞýåßâýÇüaLaâýÇüakÈÜíëbíbšÔÛaÞìykbäÛaòîÇìm¿bàèßa‰ë…ïØíŠßü

paë†äÛaëòí‰aì§awßaÛaëòîãìíŒÐÜnÛa‰bjüaÞýåßpbbîÛaë‰bØÏüaëòîÜîÜznÛapübÔ½aëðcŠÛapbzÐ•ëNâìîÛa†¬aˆèiëŠr×añ†zn½apbíüìÛa¿

åßI1700Hòîßìíñ†íŠuLëI1000HëLòîãìíŒÐÜmòİªI9000HİªLòîÇa‡aò

(1)kíŠË†ãìß…aZLlŠÈÛaëïØíŠßüaâýÇüa¿‰ì’äßs¡LpëiLïiŠÈÛaÝjÔn½aòÜ©

…†ÈÛa260L10O2000˜L72N

– 122 –

ëI7Hòîö‰xbnãaŒ×aŠßLëI2500HpaŠ’äÛaåßÒüüaëLŠ’äÜÛ‰a…òîÇìjüa(1)N

ëïybäßòÏb×åÇòÐÜn‚½apbßìÜÈ½bi…ŠÐÛa…a†ßhiâýÇ⁄aÝöbëâìÔmòîjäuþaÞë†ÛaåÇòÏŠÈ½aëpbßìÜÈàÜÛïîöŠÛa‰†–½a†ÈmëLñbî§a

ÑÔãbîßìíbäãhÏòî½bÈÛata†yþaëŠÄäÛapbèuëë‰bjþaåßa‰bîmâbßcòîäç‡‰ì•áîÇ†mëÕÜµgð…ûmæcbèãd‘åßÛaåíëbäÈÛaë‰ì–Ûaë

Imageòîİ¸‰ì•ëcStereotypesNáèß‰ë†iâýÇ⁄aÝöbëâìÔmëÉàna¿ðŠçìuëLÝöbëåßÑÓaì½aëõa‰ŁaëpbßìÜÈ½aóÜÇ…ŠÐÛaÝ–°ë

âýÇ⁄aLìØm¿ê†ÇbmëéîÏ“îÈíðˆÛabÈÜÛ‰ì–måíNâýÇ⁄aÝöbë†ÈmëpbßìÜÈ½aáí†ÔniâìÔmbèãþL‰ìèà¦aô†Û¿ŠÈ½axa‰…þaÝßaìÇåß

bèîÏkËŠmÛaòÔíŠİÛbibèèîuìmë(2)N

ËëòîŠÛaÑÓaì½aëpbßìÜÈ½aáí†ÔniâýÇ⁄aÝöbëâìÔmÙÛˆÛò‘bÈ½abíbšÔÛaòÏb×åÇòîŠÛaLiâìÔmëpbßìÜÈ½aòÏbØibç‰ìèº…a†ßh

ÛapbîuìÛìí†íþaëòîßýÇ⁄abènbîÉßÕnmÛaòÔíŠİÛbibèèîuìmëbèàØ¤NÕÜ¢oßbÓbßa‡gòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaåíìØm¿òÏbz–Ûab¬ÑÓìníë

ñ…ìuìßåØmñ†í†ua‰ì•Lpa‰ì–nÛaƒîŠmëòíìÔmóÜÇÝàÈmæcëc

(1)ïãa†à§a†»aæbİzÓbí‰ZîßýüaëòîiŠÈÛaÁÌšÛapbÇbºÂb’ãòñ†zn½apbíüìÛa¿

îØíŠßüaòåßñ†àÜÛ×òàÄäßÂb’äÛòîÜîÜ¤òa‰…11O9O2001òíbÌÛ11O9O2003Lêa‰ìn×…òyëŠaIñ‰ì’äßËHâbÇ…a†ÌiòÈßb âýÇüaòîÜ×µaoß†Ó2006˜L114N

(2)…N†àªýZLknØÛabÇLñŠçbÔÛaLòîvèä½akãaì¦aëòíŠÄäÛaþaâbÈÛaðcŠÛa1988˜L62N

– 123 –

ñ…ìuì½aL¤óÜÇÝàÈmëcñ…ìuì½apa‰ì–nÛaîÌmëÝíìNæüaŠÄãëémbßìÜÈß…ŠÐÛabèäßïÔníÛaòîîöŠÛa‰…b–½a†yc†ÈmòÏbz–ÛaL†Èmë

ÁÔÏpbßìÜÈ½aÝÔäÛpaë…cLpbÇbà¦aë…aŠÏþaéîuìnÛpaë…cozj•cÝiòîÇbànuüaëòíŠØÐÛaáèÐÓaìßåíìØmëLñ‰ì–ÛaÉä•¿òÏbz–Ûa‰ë…ÑÔíüë

ÁÔÏLiçbà¦aæbç‡c¿bèÈjëñ‰ì–ÛaêˆçáîÄäniâìÔmÝ(1)Nˆþak¯ëòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaõbäióÜÇŠqûmÝ–mÛapbßìÜÈ½aÝ×oîÛéãdi‰bjnÇüa¿

…ŠÐÛaô†ÛL…ŠÐÛaâbànçbióÄ¤üpbßìÜÈßÚbäèÏLLòİîipbßìÜÈßëbí‰ûaÌmt†−pbßìÜÈßëLïzî™ìmŠqcpa‡ôŠcëLëcpa‡æìØmæc

l‰bÔnßqdm(2)N pbßìÜÈßéöbİÇhiâìÔmë…ŠÐÛaô†Û¿ŠÈ½aqdnÛbiâýÇ⁄aÝöbëâìÔmëëcÑÓaì½aëcta†yþaåÇê†äÇòîäç‡ñ‰ì•ÕÜ¥ëcÞ†ÈmëcÌmñ†í†u

b‚‘þaëcÞë†ÛaLÉßÕÐníbèãìàšßæb×a‡aòîßýÇ⁄aòÛbŠÛaqdmt†°ëÛaòî–‚‘kãaìuœÈi…ŠÐLéàîÓëéÈÏaë…ëNcŒvníüõŒuòÏbz–Ûaoãb×b½ë

bèjb±Ûaçbà¦apbÇbİÓóÜÇqdnÛaóÜÇbç‰†ÓcëÞb–müaÝöbëåßLìzäÛaóÜÇòîäçˆÛapa‰ì–nÛaåíìØmòîÜàÇ¿bàèßa‰ë…ð…ûmæcbåØàîÏ

ïmŁa(3)Z

(1)Ý™bÏbèZta†yc†ÈiòîØíŠßþaëòíŠ–½aòîßìîÛaÑz–Ûa¿òîiŠÈÛaÞë†Ûañ‰ì•11

ÉöbÓë´àÜ½aëlŠÈÛañ‰ì•ëâýÇ⁄albn×¿‰ì’äßs¡Lòã‰bÔßòîÜîÜ¤òa‰…ànjLñŠçbÔÛaLÞëþaõŒ¦aLñŠçbÔÛaòÈßbuâýÇ⁄aòîÜØÛåßbrÛaðìäÛaŠ·û½a2002˜L435N

(2)½a‰†–éÐã˜L435436N (3)…N†îà§a†jÇ†àªZLknØÛabÇLñŠçbÔÛaLqdnÛapbçb£aëâýÇ⁄apbíŠÄã1997L

˜273N

– 124 –

1N ñ…ìuìßåØmñ†í†uñ‰ì•ÕÜN

2N îŠmëòíìÔmóÜÇÝàÈÛaÝjÓåßñ…ìuìßpa‰ì–mƒN

3N ôŠcpa‰ì–mµgñ…ìuìßpa‰ì–mÝíì¤ëcÝí†jmN

òíŠØÈÛaëòí…b–nÓüaëòîäí†ÛaëòîÏbÔrÛaëòîÇbànuüata†yþað…ûmëlìÈ’ÛaåÇòàöbÔÛaòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaóÜÇpaqdmñ†ÇµgòÏbz–ÛabëbänmÛa

…aŠÏþaëNÇ⁄aÝöbëëòÏbz–Ûa‰ë†ÏòßbÇòÐ–iëÉä•†äÇÑÔíüâýÁÔÏbççbºô†ÛÂb¸þaëñ‰ì–ÛaL¿bèÈjëñ‰ì–ÛaêˆçáîÄäniâìÔmÝi

bènÛëbämÛapbî–‚’ÛbiýÈÏóÔnÛa†ÓïÔÜn½aæb×ìÛbà×ñìÔiçbà¦aæbç‡còÏbz–ÛaNá×¿òÜöbçñ…bí‹µaâìîÛabè’îÈãÛapbßìÜÈ½añ‰ìqp†Çbë

pbßìÜÈ½aÊìãëL¾õì™¿òãŒn‚½a‰ì–Ûa†í†£ëîÌm¿…ŠÐÛa†ÇbíbÉàna¿bn½a¿ŠÈ½aôìn½a(1)N

æcïç‰aë…þaêˆçëñ‰ì–ÛaÕÜ¿‰aë…còqýqâýÇ⁄aÝöbëkÈÜmëpa‰ì–nÛaŠİÛña…cëcbÏŠëcòybæìØmLôìÔÛaëpbßìØ§advÜmsîy

Ýöbëâa†‚nüòÐÜn‚½aòîbîÛaëcbèma‰ì–mbèîÏŠİmòybà×âýÇ⁄abèma‰ì–moîjrmëcáÇ†Ûña…d×bšícbèÐÃìm†ÓNâýÇ⁄aÝöbëæìØm†Óë

éma‰ì–mëéàîçbÐßéÛübÈÏbÏŠL|j–nÛÝÇbÐnmëtýrÛapüb§aÝa†nm†Óëéma‡oÓìÛa¿bÏŠëña…cëòybâýÇ⁄aÝöbë(2)NÝöbëæaÙ‘üë

(1)…NñìvÇïÜÇZÂLòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaëòßbÈÛapbÓýÈÛa3LknØÛabÇLñŠçbÔÛaL2001L

˜2568N (2)…NæbàrÇ†»a†»aëïßb‰bväÛa†îÈÛaZLÕib‰†–ß˜459460N

– 125 –

ÇâýÇ⁄a¿ØÈmÝikzÏpa‰ì–mâ†ÔmübèãhÏ‰ë†Ûaaˆèiœèämbß†äpa‰ì–nÛaÙÜmåÇÉànapa†ÔnÈßéma‡oÓìÛaNñ‰ì–ÛaæaÞìÔÛaåØ¹ë

òÛë…¿âýÇ⁄aÝöbëbèibÈmÛaòÔíŠİÛbiŠqdnmòäîÈßòÛë…êb£òîßýÇ⁄añ‰ì–Ûaòjyb•òÛë†Ûa—¥Ûata†yþaëbíbšÔÛabßNìÔmëâýÇ⁄aÝöbëâ

õa‰ŁaëpbßìÜÈ½bi…ŠÐÛa…a†ßhiòîßìÓòÇbºåÇ…ŠÐÜÛï×a‰…üakãb¦aõbäi¿áí†ÔniâìÔmñbäÓ…Š©îÛâýÇ⁄aæüéäîÈikÛbÓ¿bè¹†ÔmëpýîÜznÛaëï×a‰…üaõbäjÛa‰ìİmæabà×Lòã‹aìnßòîİÌmë…bî¡bßÉàn©åÇpbßìÜÈ½a

‰ìİmë…ŠÐÜÛ¿ŠÈ½aµað…ûí†Ó´ÈßïÇbànuaÉÓaëÝa…ÝØ×énî–‚‘éí†Ûñ‰ì–Ûaôìnªëõbäi¿ê‰ë†iŠqûíïbcïuìÛìØîÝîßta†yg(1)N

†îà§a†jÇ†àª‰ìn×†ÛaŠ×ˆíëZIÝöbëì−éçb£a…†°…ŠÐÛaægêˆçåÇ¿ŠÈ½aéãëŒ«¿…ŠÐÛabèŠíÛaòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaÞýåßâýÇ⁄a

öbìÛabènÓýÇëÝöbìÛaêˆçåßéiaÓaåßòà×a½añäòvînãbça†ygëcÝém‰bg¿…ŠÐÛabèãŒn±Ûapb×‰†½biH(2)N

óÜÇñŠqû½aÖŠİÛaáçcô†ygïçpbßìÜÈàÜÛâýÇ⁄aÝöbëéîuìmægôŠcòßcåÇòßcô†Û‰ì–ÛaåíìØmNknØméãaáÜÈãbß†äÇáèßqdnÛaaˆçæg

Ý×òîßýÇgòàÜ×æìîÜßåßŠr×abÈÛa¿âìíLåßŠr×aù‰bÔÛabèäßáÜníüòöb½biÑ–ãLîÌnÛÉš‚îÏòí‰bj⁄apbßìÜÈ½aåßŠzjÛaaˆçåßóÔjmbßbßaë

á‚™N‰ì–ÛaåíìØnÛpbßìÜÈ½aŠ¡åßñŠqbän½apbßìÜÈ½a‰bînaòîÜàÇæg

(1)…N‰b¬a†îÈÛaïßbëæbàrÇ†»c†»c‰†–ßÕib˜L460N (2)…N†îà§a†jÇ†àªZLqdnÛapbçb£aëâýÇ⁄apbíŠÄãÕib‰†–ß˜L201N

– 126 –

²jÛòàèßòîÜàÇïçôŠcòßcô†ÛòßcåÇüëcZñŠqbän½apbßìÜÈ½aêˆçæüòîbîÛaáèöaìçckyÑz–ÛaóÜÇæìàöbÔÛabç‰bn±Låß†íŒíðˆÛaŠßþa

ý•còçì’½añ‰ì–ÛaóÜÇîÌnÛaNbîãbqZa‰ë…kÈÜmbèãgÑz–ÛaêˆçïÇ†m‰ìèà¦aíbîÐîÔrm(1)N

ýÛôì–ÓòîàçcbÑz–Ûa¿òí†¦aòîÐz–ÛaòibnØÛaægÉaìÛa‰b’nãòÏbz–ÜÛLÑÓaì½aåíìØmóÜÇñŠqû½apbßìÜÈ½aÝÔäÛòàè½aòÜîìÛabèãþë

áßþaåÇ‰ì–ÛbiòÔÜÈn½aLÕÏ†mæbÏòîÛëû½aôìnßµgõbÔm‰üaáníïØÛëìçâücòÐîz–Ûa¿ŠíŠznÛañ‰a…aëÝaŠ½aíÝÇbÐÛaÞb–müaëpbßìÜÈ½a

bèÐãòÔibÛaòîàçþbi(2)N

bíbšÓåÇòîäçˆÛa‰ì–ÛaåíìØm¿bàèßa‰ë…âýÇ⁄aÝöbëð…ûmëòÐÜn‚½añbî§aL‰bØÏþaëõa‰Łaë‰ì–ÛaÝÔäÛòîöŠÛaòÜîìÛaïèÏLáÇ†më

¿oãìØmÛa…aŠÏþaæbç‡c¿bÔjßñ…ìuì½aòîäçˆÛa‰ì–ÛaâýÇ⁄aÝöbëò‰†½aëñŠþaÝa…¿òÛìÐİÛaòÜyŠßLïÐšnÏòÔqëbÓbİãÉëca†ÈibèîÜÇ

òîÏb™gNîÌm¿bç‰ë…åßŠr×aæìØí‰ì–ÛaáîÇ†m¿âýÇ⁄aÝöbë‰ë…ë‰ì–ÛaêˆçÝí†ÈmëL‰ì–ÛaêˆçÝí†ÈmëîÌm¿bç‰ë…ð…ûmbà×Lð…ûmbà×

bèäÇ…ŠÐÛaÙÜn¹üÛañ†í†¦apbÇì™ì½aåÇòîäç‡‰ì•ÕÜ¿bàèßa‰ë…pbßìÜÈßðc(3)NòîmŁaÂbÔäÛbi‰ì–ÛaåíìØm¿âýÇ⁄aÝöbëòîàçc‹mëZ

(1)…NáÜßïßbZpba‰…Œ×ŠßLpëiLòí…b¤üabîãb½còÏbz•¿lŠÈÛañ‰ì•

aLòîiŠÈÛañ†yìÛ1985˜L3132N (2)˜LéÐã‰†–½a32N (3)…N‰†i†»aZLpbÇìjİ½aòÛb×ëLoíìØÛaLòîàänÛaëòíbÇ†ÛaëâýÇ⁄aíçbà¦biÞb–müa

1981˜L128N

– 127 –

1N énÈîjİi…ë†ªbäÛaáÄÈßòiŠ£ÖbİãægLïÔníæbã⁄aæbÏÙÛˆÛë‰b’nãüaòÈaìÛaâýÇ⁄aÝöbëé™ŠÈmëéÈíˆmëêŠ’ämb¶émbßìÜÈßN

æa|šmaë70EÝöbëåßñ†ànßé½bÈÛ…ŠÐÛabèîäjíÛa‰ì–ÛaåßâýÇ⁄aÞë†Ûaâ†ÔmÒýnbiòjäÛaêˆçÑÜn¥ëòÐÜn‚½abîuìÛìäØmLåßlŠÔíbßæbÏ95EóÜÇæìÜ–°´îØíŠßþaåß

âýÇ⁄aÝöbëåßáèmbßìÜÈß(1)N

2N âýÇ⁄aÝöbìÛÉaìÛa‰b’nãüaLð…ìàÈÛaëïÔÏþaê…a†nßaëLïèÏÏjØÛa‰b’nãüaaˆçkjië†uìísîyæbØßÝ×¿æbã⁄aŠ•b¤ý

bèÜöb‰åßlŠa…ŠÐÜÛåØ¹(2)N

3N bÈÛa¿ðŠ£ÛaÕöbÔ§aëta†yþaÐmóÜÇâýÇ⁄aÝöbëñ‰†ÓòäîÈß‰ì•¿bèm‰ìÜiëbîßìíLØÐnÛa¿a†èu…ŠÐÛaóÜÇŠÏìíaˆçë

ÝîÜznÛaëLìÛaêˆçóÜÇ…bànÇüaµgdvÜîÏéiÁîabÈÜÛénÏŠÈß¿ÝöbN

ì•…ŠÏÝ×æìØíëòîÔîÔ§aò÷îjÛaÉßéÜÇbÐnÛòvînãòîäç‡a‰LÑÜn¥ïÛbnÛbiëÉßéib’nmæaåØ¹ü…ŠÏÝ×ñæüŠeµa—‚‘åßòîäçˆÛa‰ì–Ûa

åíŠŁañLémaëéi‰b£õì™¿émŠÐíëŠ’í…ŠÏÝ×æbÏáqåßëémbîyÞaìbèjnØíÝÄíÛaN‰ŁaëpbßìÜÈ½aóÜÇ…ŠÐÛaÝ–°ëÑÓaì½aëõa

âýÇ⁄aÝöbëåßL†ànÈíëéîÏbî°ðˆÛabÈÜÛ‰ì–måíìØmóÜÇê†Çbmë

(1)…N”b‰…bÔÛa†jÇZò×Š‘LbíŠÛaLïiŠÌÛaâýÇ⁄añeŠß¿lŠÈÛaëâýfiÛòîİàäÛañ‰ì–Ûa

a†ÛaL…ë†aâýÇfiÛñŠö1989˜L20N (2)…NÉj•gìicÝîÜb•Zâa‰e‰a…LæbàÇLñŠ•bÈ½apbÈàna¿âýÇ⁄aëÞb–müa

LŠ’äÛaëpba‰†ÜÛ1995˜L84N

– 128 –

éiÁîaÉÓaìÛaóÜÇÒŠÈnÛa¿émaµaòÏb™⁄bibèîÜÇLæaâaŠ‘ÛëôŠíëïÛaìy70EâýÇ⁄aÝöbëåßñ†ànßé½bÈÛæbã⁄abèîäjíÛa‰ì–Ûaåß

òíçbà¦a(1)übànya†ÈmsîyâýÇ⁄aÝöbëåßéÛŠÈníb¶…ŠÐÛaŠqdmpñj×pübànyaL†î’mëcóäjmÛaòÔíŠİÛa¿aj×a‰ë…ÝöbìÛaêˆæü

bÈÜÛbã‰ì–mbçbšnÔ¶LâýÇ⁄aÝöbëbèÜÔämÛapbßìÜÈ½akÈÜmsîy‰ìèà¦aÒ‰bÈßåíìØm¿a‰ë…òí‰aŠànübiÑ–nmÛaÙÜmò•bë

bjİãaëpbÏŠ–m¿ŠqûmÛaòîÜÔÈÛa‰ì–ÛaÝîØ’mµaòíbèäÛa¿ð…ûmëémbÇæbã⁄a(2)N

åÇpbßìÜÈàÜÛòîîöŠÛa‰…b–½aáçcåßâýÇ⁄aÝöbë†Èmaˆèiëòî½bÈÛata†yþaëòîjäuþaÞë†ÛaLa‰ì•ÕÜ¥áqa‰bjcbç‰ìèà¦ÝÔämïèÏ

äÛapbèuëŠÇÞýåßbÈÛaÞë…åÇáèí†ÛåíëbäÈÛaë‰ì–ÛaëŠÄLÛaëÛaÞë†ÛaåÇÁÔÏîÛòîäç‡‰ì•áîÇ†mëÕÜµað…ûmæabèãd‘åß

bšícÞë†ÛaòÏbrØÛåØÛëbèäß‰†–mLÞë†Ûañbîy¿bàèßa‰ë…ð…ûmbèÜÈ¯b¾bèÐÓaìßëpa‰bš§aÊaŠ•¿bènãbØßëòîbîÛaòàÄãþa¿bç‰ë…åÇjÈnÛaë

½aëbíbšÔÛaåßòîÛë†ÛaòybÛaóÜÇpýØ’Na‰ë…âýÇ⁄aÝöbëkÈÜmëçbà¦aæbç‡c¿òîäçˆÛa‰ì–ÛaÕÜ¿bîîö‰LåßÝİmÛañˆÏbäÛaïèÏ

òîÛë†ÛaëòîÜata†yþaóÜÇëbÈÛaóÜÇçbà¦abýL…a†nßüabèãþ

(1)ŒÛ‰b’moía‰Zò÷îaLñŠçbÔÛaLïznÏ†àªòºŠmLðçbà¦aÞb–mýÛïÇbànuüa‰ìÄä½a

LlbnØÜÛòßbÈÛaòíŠ–½a1983˜L107120N (2)óìßâb–ÇZLŠ’äÛaëòÇbjİÜÛïãbèjäÛa‰a…L†i‰cLðçbà¦aÞb–müa¿Ý†½a1986˜L

8990N

– 129 –

æbçìÜ×bßÞb‘‰bßÞìÓ†yóÜÇbäÇbcëbã‰b–iþïÈîjİÛaNÙÛˆ×âìÔm¿ñìÔibèÈjİiëñj×òu‰†i‰ì–Ûaêˆçáî‚šniòíçbà¦aâýÇ⁄aÝöbëéãañr×æbîyc¿ŠÈ’í†çb’½aëcÉàn½aëcù‰bÔÛaæaòu‰…µaæbç‡þabèÜibÔíéãaåßáËŠÛaóÜÇâýÇ⁄aÝöbëbëbänmÛapbî–‚’ÛbiýÈÏóÔnÛa

ÁÓ(1)Nbèß†Ômëñ†í†¦aÒ‰bÈ½aëpbßìÜÈ½aÁîjniâýÇ⁄aÝöbëâìÔmëÝîÛaòÔyýßóÜÇ…ŠÏðcñ‰†Óâ†ÈÛášaòÜèpbÇŠu¿‰ìèàvÜÛ

âýÇ⁄aÝöbëÇéÜ–mÛapbßìÜÈ½aåßÒ‰b¦a(2)N

bß†ÜjÛòîu‰bäòbîÛaÉä•¿òîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaqdnÛpa…†ªÚbäçëLaêˆçëáØ§aáÄãÒýnbiÑÜn¥pa…†Læa†ÜjÛaÒýnbiÑÜn¥bèãabà×

ðŠ–äÇÝÇbÐmbèÜîØ’m¿Ý†íÛaëòíŠİÔÛaòî•ì–¨bióàíbßÕÏëbîÏaŠÌ¦aëƒí‰bnÛaëcæbØ½aëæbßŒÛaL‰aŠÔÛaÉä•Šöaë…qdmåÇýšÏ(3)N

¿ŠqûmòÐÜn‚½aâýÇ⁄aÝöbëæcÞìÔÛaÉîİnãâ†Ômb¾ë…aŠÏþaÚìÜéÐäÛê‰ìÄäßëén÷îiåÇ…ŠÐÜÛ‰bØÏcbè¹†ÔmÞýåßNŠ–ÈÛa¿pŠèÃÙÛˆÛ

ðcŠÛaòÇbä•ëpbçb£üaåíìØmÝuaåßo÷’ãcòîßýÇgpbûßsí†§aâbÈÛaLòßbÈÛapbÓýÈÛakmbØßÝrßNòí‰bvnÛaëòîÇbä–Ûapbû½aóÈmÙÛˆ×

ô†ÛbèäÇòîib¯gòîäç‡ñ‰ì•á‰µg…aŠÏþaÞìÔÇLðþòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–Ûaæc‡g

(1)pb×ŠièZòîÇbànuüaâìÜÈÛaòÜ©¿‰ì’äßs¡LòÈjİä½a‰ì–ÛañŠçbÃëâýÇ⁄aIoíìØÛaHæbîãLòäßbrÛaòäÛaLÞëþa…†ÈÛa1980˜L23N

(2)…N†jÈÛaïÛ†ÇÑbÇZtìzjÛaòÜ©¿‰ì’äßs¡LâýÇ⁄aÝöbë¿ñcŠ½añ‰ì•…†ÈÛaI16HÞëþaæìãb×1985˜L141N

(3)†îà§a†jÇ…aûÏâbëZs¡LðŠ–½aÈ’ÛaïÇìÛa¿òîØíŠßþañ†zn½apbíüìÛañ‰ì•…†ÈÛaLòîÛë†ÛaòbîÛaòÜ©¿‰ì’äßI134HL1998˜L159N

– 130 –

æbãfiÛòî–‚’Ûaòibr¶ïçòí‰b£òûßNóÜÇpbû½aêˆç†ànÈmëpbãýÇ⁄aÕíŠåÇÙÛ‡ëñ‰ì–ÛaêˆçŠ’ã¿òÐÜn‚½aâýÇ⁄aÝöbëLŠèÃë

óàí˜bæýÇgIòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaæýÇgHíáèÏÕîÔ¤µgóÈíðˆÛamëÉànaëòû½abèmbvnäßÉîjÛîÛëbèibènÜ•Õîqì(1)N

ÝöbëÑöbÃëòß†Ôß¿òîäçˆÛa‰ì–ÛaxbnãgòîÜàÇÉšíåßòëòîbcÑöbÃëtýqïçëâýÇ⁄aZåßáníòîbcña…cbèãì×¿Ýrànmµëþa

Œîè£åÇòÛëûßæìØmÙÛîïçëòîÇbànuüaòÏŠÈ½aÚýènaëxbnãgbýmÛañ†ÇbÔÛapbÔjİÛaëpbÇbà¦abèîÜÇóäjIòîäç‡ñ‰ì•Hpb‰b¾ëïãbÈ½

ôŠþapbÔjİÛaëpbÇbà¦aáîÓëNbèubn°Ûa‰bØÏþaë‰ì–Ûa†íëŒmëÉànaNïçñŠ•bÈ½aâýÇ⁄aÝöbìÛµëþaòîÏbÔrÛaòÐîÃìÛaæcðcZÏìnÛa

òîÇbànuüaòÏŠÈàÜÛïöbÔnãüaõbäjÛaëNòîãbrÛaòÐîÃìÛabßcáçbmëØÈmæaïèÏŠ•bÈ½aÉànabèiÑ–níÛaòí…†ÈnÛaÕîÔ¤¿LÊaìãþaáÄämëkmŠmbäçë

ÉÓaìÛaÁöaŠåà™òîÈuŠ½abèmbÓbîÛbÈjmòîÇbànuüaòÏŠÈ½aåßòÐÜn‚½a†ÇaìÓóÜÇâìÔmÛaâýÇ⁄aÝöbëòîöbÔnãa|™ìíb¾òÜšÐ½aïÇbànuüa

òí‰bîÈßNrÛaòÐîÃìÛaëbîöbÔnãaéÜîrànioßbÓbßbÈßÉà£ë…ìÔmëáÄämæcïçòrÛbLbîöbÔnãaénÐä•bßëLëcïÛbîäâbvãüaëcñ†yìÛaœÈiõbäjic†jmæcïÌjäíbäçë

ñ…†Èn½aëñcŒa…aì½aêˆçíêˆçíÁiaÛaëÖbmüaåßòu‰…Nbäç|šníëêˆç¿bîuìÛìí†íþaéjÈÜmðˆÛa‰ë†Ûaô†ßtýrÛaÑöbÃìÛa¿ëòÐîÃìÛa

bßìàÇ(2)N

(1)…NÉj•gìicÝîÜb•Z˜LÕib‰†–ßLñŠ•bÈ½apbÈàna¿âýÇ⁄aëÞb–müa246N (2)ñ‰bju‰ìØä•õbÐ•Z˜LÕib‰†–ß152N

– 131 –

ÞìÔÇ¿òîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaÉä•¿bàèßa‰ë…òîbîÛaòàÄãþakÈÜmëòÐÜn‚½aâýÇ⁄aÝöbìÛbèèîuìmÞýåß…aŠÏþaLåß†uìmü‰ì–ÛaêˆèÏ

òîöaì’ÇoîÛïçëÎaŠÐÛaLkybè™ŠÐmëbèÈv’mÛaïçÞë†Ûab¸aëòîbîÛabèÏa†çcLbè™aŠËcÙÛ‡kbäíbß†äÇbçîÌmóÜÇâ†Ômïçë(1)N†Óë

bßar×ëb†îèànÛaÞýåßòäîÈßta†ycÕÜ¿âýÇ⁄aÝöbëâ†‚nmÝöbëòîİÌmÙÛ‡òÜrßcåßëòîu‰bäòbîÛaÉ™ëóÜÇâüŁaÝöbëŠqûm

lŠ§ñ†zn½apbíüìÛa¿òîÜa†Ûaò™‰bÈàÜÛòîØíŠßþaâýÇ⁄aâbänîÏNðcéîÜÇÉîv’nÛaë‰bÈ½aÉ™ìÛaÕÜ¿òàçb½aLâbîÓŠÐíæcåØ¹aˆçë

ìÛbà×†yaëæbØß¿âbÈÛaðcŠÛaëÑz–ÛaÉ™ìi´îbîÛa´İİ‚½aœÈiñ†yaëñŠçbÄÛbbcaìãb×(2)N

òîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaÉä•¿âýÇ⁄aÝöbëbèß†‚nmÛakîÛbþabßgïèÏZ

1H@a@õbÔnãapbßìÜÈ½aë@ta†yþZ@@ @¿ñŠqû½aÖŠİÛaáçcô†ygïçpbßìÜÈàÜÛâýÇ⁄aÝöbëéîuìmægéãcáÜÈãbß†äÇáèßqdnÛaaˆçæaëLôŠcòßcåÇòßcô†Û‰ì–ÛaåíìØm

òîßýÇgòàÜ×æìîÜßåßŠr×cbÈÛa¿âìíÝ×knØmLù‰bÔÛabèäßáÜníüòöb½biÑ–ãåßŠr×cLßóÔjmbßbßcëòí‰bjþapbßìÜÈ½aåßŠzjÛaaˆçå

(1)…NæbàîÜÝîöb‚îßZ…†ÈÛaïiŠÈÛaÝjÔn½aòÜ©LlŠÈÛaµg´îØíŠßþañŠÄãI177HL1993L

˜94N (2)…NíìÈÛaïÜÇ†àªZïÛë†ÛaâýÇ⁄aLÕîjİnÛaëòíŠÄäÛaíÂ2LìÜ¬üaòjnØßLñŠçbÔÛa

LòíŠ–½a1981˜L67N

– 132 –

á‚™îÌnÛÉš‚îÏ(1)Nòîßìíta†yþbßõbÔnãaìçaéîàãbßægLbßëLò¹†ÓÝíëdmŠcÕÏëéÜíëdmåØ¹†í†ut†ykÛbÌÛa¿ìçb¸g‚×óÔnäí

áí†Óìçb½†î×dmïç‰bjþbÏ(2)N

(2@bèÐíŠ¤ë@ÕöbÔ§a@åíìÜmZ@@ @û½aïÐnØmüÛa‰bjþaõbÔnãbiòîßýÇ⁄apbû½aïÐnØmügpb

ôŠcÕöbÔyÝçb£ëbènzÜ–ß¿k–mLéÐãt†§aåíìÜmµadvÜmÝiáöbÔÛaÉ™ìÛaòzÜ–½bÔÏëŠÐíëŠÈíæcÝucåßéÐíŠ¤ëNäåíìÜmë

Ñz–ÛaœÈjiŠßþað…ûí†ÓëéuëõbÐaëéäß˜béuë‹aŠig†àÈmìçíì’mµaóäÈ½aéãcóÜÇê‹aŠigë‰ì’ä½aäéîÛgð…ûíübß‰bînaëäé

äåß…ì–Ô½a(3)N

3 (ò•b@pbzÜİ–ßë@pa‰bjÇ@âa†‚naZ@ @pbàÜØÛaåßbÇìä–ßbäîÈßb½bÇ´ÔÜnàÜÛâýÇ⁄aÝöbëâ†ÔmLåçaŠmë

pbàÜØÛa†uìmsîyéãa…bÔnÇüa¿´ÔÜn½apa…bÇóÜÇLÉöbÓëÚbäçbèÜibÔmNòîàmòîãìîè–ÛaòíbÇ†ÛaÝöbëÕÜİmaˆØçëIÞýÔnüalŠyHky

(1)…NáÜßïßbZ˜LÕib‰†–ß31M32N (2)ÚbiØæ…‰ìÌîZåíŠŁañ‰ì•Mòîi‰ëþaòîiŠÈÛapbÓýÈÛa¿òi‡bØÛaëòîÔîÔ§aÒëb‚½a

ŠŁañ‰ì•lbn×¿ZÂLéîÛga‰ìÄäßëaŠÃbãïiŠÈÛa1iLñ†yìÛapba‰…Œ×ŠßLpëLòîiŠÈÛa1999˜L549N

(3)æëŠeëŒmb×Ýîîãa…Z…òºŠmLâbÈÛaðcŠÛaëâýÇ⁄aNñŠçbÔÛaLïßbaÝßb×…ìàªLòšèã‰a…LŠ’äÛaëÉjİÜÛŠ–ß1982˜L22N

– 133 –

âbÇµëþaòîÜîöaŠ⁄aòîiŠÈÛalŠzÜÛòîÜîöaŠ⁄aòíaëŠÛa1948Lt†znmbß†äÇ İÜÏóÜÇbç‡aìznaåÇNïyìípa‰bjÈÛaëpbàÜØÛaêˆçâa†‚naæg

òîäçˆÛa‰ì–ÛaëïãbÈ½aåßrØÛbiN

(4ÜÇ@Œî×Ûa@òäîÈß@ta†yc@óZ@ @‰ŠØmÛaÝöbŠÛaæcµgòîßýÇ⁄atìzjÛaëpba‰†Ûawöbnã’m

bçËåßŠr×a…ŠÐÛabçŠ×ˆníÉíìäniLbèãdÏ‰aŠØnÛaaˆçåßbäÛaÝ¹üïØÛëòÐÜn«ÞbØ‘diéÐãæìàš½aÉíìämµgdvÜmNòîvîmaaòîãìîè–ÛaoÈjma†Óë

•éíì’mµgïßŠmbÈ½aòz™aë‰ì–ÛaêˆçáÇ†iâìÔmïçëlŠÈÛañ‰ì‰aŠànbiòîjÜÛaN bè–ÔãëcpbßìÜÈ½aŠÏaìnibòÓýÇüòjÛìÔÛaÙÜmòîjÜæg

àÜ½aëlŠÈÛaÞìyLszjÛaŠöaë…ô†ÛñŠÏaìnßpbßìÜÈ½aêˆçæcÙÛ‡…ýjÛa¿ÝîrßéÛ†uìíüì−óÜÇbØíŠßc¿pba‰†ÛaŒ×aŠßëpbÈßb¦aë

ãòîiŠÈÛabèÐLÝçb£ëcÝèuõa‹gïØíŠßþaâýÇ⁄aÉßbänÓýÇ¿bäÛåzäÏpbßìÜÈ½a¿—ÔãëcLòîbîÉÏaë…bçõa‰ëÑÔmòàÄä·ý»éuaìãå−b¸aëN

òíìÐÇoîÛ´àÜ½aëlŠÈÛa†™òîjÜÛaòjÛìÔÛaægLÑÔmòàÄäßïçb¸aë⁄abèmbîÜàÇñ‰a…hiâìÔmüpbûßëpbîÈºbçõa‰ëkzÏòîßýÇLÝi

ïiŠÈÛabÈÛaêb£bèÐãòîØíŠßþaòbîÛaá‰ÙÛ‡åÇýšÏ‰b·(1)N

âýÇ⁄aÝöbëbèí…ûmÛaÑöbÃìÛaáçcåßòí‰bj⁄aòÐîÃìÛa†ÈmëpbÈànaÝ×¿ñõbÐØiëñŠ‘bjß(2)Lb¶âbànçüa†í†‘æbã⁄a|j•csîy

(1)ð†öbÈÛa…ìàªïÜÇZpa‰bß⁄aŒ×ŠßLÃìicLñŠ•bÈ½apbí†znÛaâbßcïiŠÈÛaâýÇ⁄apba‰†ÜÛLòîvîmaüatìzjÛaë1999˜L4647N

(2)ìÈß†àªZÂLâýÇ⁄aÝöbë¿ä1LïiŠÈÛaŠØÐÛa‰a…LñŠçbÔÛaL1994˜L9N

– 134 –

óÜÇðìİämâìîÛa‰bjþbÏéÛìyðŠ¯bämbîyóÜÇŠqûmÛaÕöbÔ§aåßr×bjä£ëc‰bİþaõ‰…bç‡b¥abäîÜÇ´ÈníÛapa‰aŠÔÛabèîÜÇjmë

ta‰ìØÛ(1)N

bÈßÝßbØnmòîbcòí‰bjgkîÛbcñ†Ç†uìmëLåíìØm¿áèmëõbÐîna¿âýÇ⁄aÝöbëóÜÇa…bànÇaŠr×þa…aŠÏþaô†ÛòîäçˆÛa‰ì–Ûa

ÜÈ½aïçkîÛbþaêˆçëpbßì(2)Z

1M@ta†yþaë@ÑÓaì½a@òä–‚‘personalization:@@ @ÝÈuì−´îßýÇ⁄aêb£aéãdita†yþaëÑÓaì½aòä–‚‘ÑíŠÈmåØ¹

pbûßëcpbÈàn©xbnãbèäßŠr×c…aŠÏcxbnãta†yþaëÑÓaì½aLÝÔãë–nÓüaëòîbîÛaëòîÇbànuüapbÓbîÛaáí†Ômæë†it†§aåßwnämÛaòí…b

bèÓbî¿ëbýNì−êb£üaµaâýÇ⁄aÝöbìiÉÏ†mÛaÝßaìÈÛaåßëta†yþaòä–‚‘ì−êb£üaµaâýÇ⁄aÞbu‰Òìbèäßta†yþaòä–‚‘òÛby¿âýÇ⁄aÝöbëåß‰ìèà¦alëŠçåßâýÇ⁄aÞbu‰Òìbèäß

òÔàÈn½apýîÜznÛaóÜÇŒî×ÛaNÙÛˆ×ëðc¿ïãbã⁄akãb¦a…ŠòÛìèÛbòÔàÈn½aëcòíŠçì¦aÝî•bÐnÛa…ŠåßòîšÓNòÈibnßòÛìèÛÙÛˆ×ë

bðŠçbÄÛaáèÐÛaòÛìèëòä–‚’½a‰bjÿÛ‰ìèà¦aN

(1)åyð†»ZÂLâýÇ⁄aÝöbìÛòí‰bj⁄aòÐîÃìÛa2LïiŠÈÛaŠØÐÛa‰a…LñŠçbÔÛaL1991˜L

43N (2)a†ã‰ì–äßå¹cZ‰aŠÔÛaëòîßýÇ⁄añ‰ì–ÛaLòÛ…bjn½apbÓýÈÛaëåíìØnÛaòîbîÛapa‰†–ß

Õib˜L259260N

– 135 –

2M@@ta†yþaë@ÑÓaì½a@óÜÇ@ïßa‰†Ûa@ÉibİÛa@õbÐ™gDramatization:@@ @ÝØ‘¿‰bjþaâýÇ⁄aÝöbëâ†Ômbßñ…bÇò–ÓÝØÛòí‰bjg—–Ó

bènØjyëbèmbî–‚‘bèäßLêˆçëñŠ–n«ò–ÔÛaêˆçáí†Ômáníbßñ…bÇëÞýåß‰brmÛaòîÐbÈÛapbßbànçüaï™Šmòí‰bjþa—–ÔÛa

pbØj§aëpbî–‚’ÛaN´Ûëû½aåß…†ÇÞìy‰ë†mbènîjÛbËæabà×òí‰bjgbßì¬aìzj•cåíˆÛa´ÏìÛd½aN

3M@ì½a@Áîàäm@ta†yþaë@ÑÓaNormatizationZ@@ @âýÇ⁄aÝöbëáí†ÔmÞýåßta†yþaëÑÓaì½aÁîàämt†°ë

ta†yþaëÑÓaìàÜÛòîİ¸paÐnÛLæìjîvníâýÇ⁄aÞbu‰ë´Ûëû½bÏµa…ìÈmÒìõbî‘þaêˆçæaáìÔiòîÈànapýØ’½aëòö‰bİÛapbß‹ÿÛ

lbjcëòí…bÈÛaðcòîİàäÛabènÛbyóÜÇâýÇ⁄aÝöbë…bànÇaìçÁîàänÛab¾‰bjþaáí†Ôm¿ïßa‰†ÛalìÜþata†yþaëÑÓaì½aÁîàämµgð…ûíN

4M@ta†yþaë@ÑÓaì½a@ùŒ£Z@Fragmentation@@ @ŠŁaœÈjÛabèšÈiåÇòí‰bj⁄a—–ÔÛaÞŒÇðc‰bjþaùŒ£Èíë

bèäîiÁiaëŠÛa…b¯gòÛëbªëcbèİi‰â†ÇëN Ûë‰bjþa¿pbßìÜÈ½aæbÏÙÛ†yaë‰bg¿bèÈºkÈ–ÛaåßëòÜ–Ðäßë†jmN

òí‰bàÈnüaáènÇŒãlŠÈÛa†äÇæbØíŠßÿÛòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–Ûa|ßýßáçcåßëòîiŠÈÛaòßþaáèäßëlìÈ’Ûa‰bàÈna¿Lpbía†i…ìÈmÞbr½aÝîjóÜÈÏ

âbÈÛaµgÖaŠÈÜÛïØíŠßþaâbànçüa1932ýÇg†ÈiðcåÇÖaŠÈÛaÞýÔnaæ¿bòî™ìÐßòîØíŠßþaòßìØ§aoßbÓcsîyáßþaòj–ÇéÛì…ëbîãbİíŠi‡ìÐãÕbäßóÜÇÞì–§biëòîiŠÈÛaòÔİä½bibèßbànçaåßõŒuÙÛ‡æb×ë…a†Ìi

– 136 –

bÈÛa¿ñ†í†uNïãbrÛaåíŠ’m¿ñ‰bÐµgòî™ìÐ½aêˆçôìnßÉÏ‰†Óë1946NlŠÈÛaæbÏÙÛˆ×áèãì×æbØíŠßÿÛòîöýÈnañ‰ì•æbØíŠßÿÛaìãì×

òîàçcòîØíŠßþañ†zn½apbíüìÛaoÛëcsîyñìÔÛbiáènÏbÔqŠÏæë†íŠíóÜÈÏòîiŠÈÛaòÔİä½a¿bç…ìuëëbè§b–ßŒíŒÈmëÕîqìm¿¿bÔrÛaÝßbÈÜÛñj×

ÓaŠÈÛaòíŠqþapa…ìuì½biòía†jÛa¿oànçaÖaŠÈÛa¿Þbr½aÝîjòîÐî×ëòîábiò‰†ßocáqbèîÜÇ‡aìznüaI…a†ÌiòíìãbqHòÏbÔrÛaŠ’ãŠÌÛ

ïÓaŠÈÛalbj’ÛaíòîØíŠßþa(1)LbèÈ™ëÛaòİäåßõŒuÙÛ‡æb×ëâbÇoíaÛìÏáîÛëïØíŠßþa‰ìmbäÛa1946ioÏŠÇÛaëIoíaÛìÏæìãbÓH

†zn½apbíüìÛaâbîÓñ‰ëŠ™óÜÇ†×cðˆÛaëÕîqìmŠÌÛëòîØíŠßþañòÏbÔrÛaŠ’ãëòîÏbÔrÛapbßìÜÈ½aÞ…bjmÕíŠ…bànÇaµabÈÛaÞë…ÉßbèmbÓýÇ

bèîÏòîØíŠßþa(2)NåÇlŠÈÛabèãì×ÛaòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–Ûa|ßýßxŠ¥üëÐÛaéjn×ŠíŠÔmåßÙÛ‡ŠèÄíëòí‰bàÈnüañ‰ì–Ûa|ßýßåÇæbØíŠßþa

a†Ìi¿ïØíŠßþaƒí‰bniïØíŠßþaîöŠÛaµg…17O5O1953bßµgéîÏ’íé–ãZIæ…‰þaëŠ–ßïçëñ‰ëb©òîiŠÇÞë…Éi‰cëÝîöaŠgµgïm‰bí‹oîèãc

òîmŁapbÇbjİãübiouŠëæbäjÛëbí‰ìëZ

(1)…NòîbÓòíZs¡LíŠ§aíbßñÐÛa¿ïiŠÈÛaåìÛaëòîØíŠßþañ†zn½apbíüìÛa

ïiŠÈÛaÝjÔn½aòÜ©¿‰ì’äßIpëiH…†ÈÛaI29H‹ì·1986˜L55N (2)†jÇbjÇŠqì×ZpbÓýÈÛa‰ìİmòîØíŠßþaòîÓaŠÈÛa19451958nubßòÛb‰LIË

ñ‰ì’äßHòî×a‘üaëòîßìÔÛapba‰†Ûa†èÈßòíŠ–än½aòÈßb¦aµgoß†ÓâbÇ1982L˜32N

– 137 –

1MÚbäçÞaŒmübàäîiëòîØíŠßþañ†zn½apbíüìÛaéîÏb¶lŠÌÛaì−òîçaŠØÛañ…bÈnüò•ŠÏœíìÈnÛoÓìÛaåßÉnßÚbäçîÜÏòîiŠÈÛaòîäÛaåy

ñ‰bäN 2Mòíìmánía‡aëŠİþaòÜØ’½aïçŠ–ß ñ†zn½aòØÜà½aòÜØ’ß†Èm

lŠÌÛaêb£|íŠ•ëìnÐßõa†ÇòÛby¿æìØîïiŠÈÛabÈÛaæbÏÑÓì½aîÏìÛaæìÈÜÛbîÔÜnßpüb§aœÈi¿æìØíëN

3MyÉßoÔÐmaòßìØŠyÕîÜÈmóÜÇŠ–ß¿ñ‰ìrÛal†™pbib–ÈÛaÉßpb™ëbÐ½aåßïãbİíÛaÑÓì½aÝí†ÈmåßáèäØ·´§´îãbİíÛaïÜ•þabèÜØ‘¿ÁëþaÖŠ’ÛaÊbÏ…òàÄäßæcaˆçåßwnäníëŠ–ß

òîÜàÇË†ÈmN

4Mæbibäçåí…ìuì½aæbØíŠßþaëlŠÈÛaõbàÇŒÛaÉßpbrybjß†ÈioÈänÓaýyåØ¾ËŠ™b§aoÓìÛa¿bîÜîöaŠgbîiŠÇbîàÜN

5MòîiŠÈÛaòîäÛaåyëïÜîöaŠ⁄aâýÛaòÜØ’ßo¦ìÇa‡géãdi†ÔnÈã‡gëÕÜÈníbàîÏéÐãÝ†àÜÛòubyÚbäçæìØmåÜÏï¯‰†mbcóÜÇòjîò•ŠÏÝr·Š–ßæbi´äßûßbäçµabä÷u†ÔÛLòîiŠÈÛaÞë†ÛaÉîà

añ…bîÔÛlŠÌÛaëÝîöaŠgÉßÝšÏapbÓýÇêb£bilŠÈÛH(1)N âbÇ†ÈiòîØíŠßþaòîu‰bäñ‰a‹ëém†ÇcŠíŠÔm¿ë1958µg’íbß

¿bç‡ìÐãëbç†uaìm‰aŠànüñ†zn½apbíüìÛabènİÇcÛañjØÛaòîàçþa

(1)…NíŠØnÛaÑíŠ‘âb–ÇZåßòîØíŠßþaÕöbqìÛa¿ÖaŠÈÛa19521954‰a…L…a†ÌiL

LòßbÈÛaòîÏbÔrÛaæëû’Ûa1995˜L2324N

– 138 –

ŠíŠÔnÛa†×csîyÖaŠÈÛaIòîiŠÈÛaòîßìÔÛaéîÏìàämðˆÛaoÓìÛa¿éãaæbÏåßæìØîëïiŠÈÛabÈÛa¿bîö‰bÈÓìßþa¿ûjníéãdiŠ’jíÖaŠÈÛaaŠÄãÖaŠÈÛaÉßÕqëcpbÓýÇáÇ†ãæcbäÛòjäÛbiñ†íaŒnßñ‰ì–iëð‰ëŠšÛaóÜÇ†îÈi†yµg†ànÈíÒìénßŠiòÔİä½a¿ñ†zn½apbíüìÛaŒ×Šßæü

ñ†zn½apbíüìÛaêb£ÖaŠÈÛaÑÓìßH(1)N

(1)å»ŠÛa†jÇð†»òàbÏZ˜LÕib‰†–ß73N

– 139 –

ÉiaŠÛa@Ý–ÐÛa@ @@òîäçˆÛa@ñ‰ì–Ûa@æìàšß@ÝîÜ¤@¿@´îØíŠßþa@lbnØÛa@ô†Û@ÖaŠÈÜÛ

Œ¹bm@Ú‰ìíìîã@òÐîz•@ @@ @

Þëþa@szj½aZæìàš½a@ÝîÜ¤@¿@òîvèä½a@paõaŠu⁄aë@áîçbÐ½a@@ @ïãbrÛa@szj½aZ@ÖaŠÈÛbi@òÔÜÈn½a@òîbîÛa@pübÔ½a@æìàšß@ÝîÜ¤@

ãë@Œ¹bm@Ú‰ìíìîã@òÐîz•@¿évöbn@ @sÛbrÛa@szj½aZÝîÜznÛa@wöbnã@Ðm@@ @

@ @

– 140 –

– 141 –

@Þëþa@szj½a æìàš½a@ÝîÜznÛ@òîbþa@pa…†aë@áîçbÐ½a@@ @

ÝîÜznÛa¿ïvèäßlìÜcëòîàÜÇña…d×æìàš½aÝîÜ¤ñd’ãoİjm‰aòîßýÇ⁄apba‰†ÛbiLâýÇ⁄aáÜÈÛòîvèä½apbubînyüaæbiÞìÔÛaåØ¹sî¡

ioÈÏ…lìÜcñ‰ìÜiµgåíŠ’ÈÛaæŠÔÛaåßñŠØj½apbía†jÛa¿´rybjÛaœÈµgð…ûíb¶òÇìänßÂb¸cëÞbØ‘þbÔÏëbèÜîÜ¤ëpbßìÜÈ½aÉº¿†í†u

püü†nüaëpaÐnÛaëpýîÜznÛaåß†íŒ½aÂbjänaLòÇìà©Éßbèİi‰ëLÝîÜznÛaÊì™ì¶òÜ–n½aôŠþaÒ‰bÈ½aåßÜþaìçë|Üİ•aðˆÛalìôìnaÝîÜ¤ëcæìàš½aÝîÜ¤énîàmóÜÇ(1)ContentAnalysisN

æbnîbcæbn‰†ßbÈÛa¿æìàš½aÝîÜ¤òîvèäßóÜÇoäàîç†ÔÛëbàçZòîãŠÐÛaò‰†½aáqæìàš½aÝîÜ¤¿òîØíŠßþaò‰†½aLoànçaµëþa

åßpaˆÛbiëLæìàš½aÝîÜ¤¿òîàØÛakãaì¦biåßÝíìü†Ûë‰bçÝjÓ†ÈÛa¿â†‚nmÛapb÷ÐÛaïçëLÝîÜznÛapa†yëë‹ìßŠÛê†í†¤ÞýÞb–müañ…b¶b¸aëLÞb–mýÛÁÔÏòîÜØ’Ûakãaì¦biánèmüÛaëÝîÜznÛaë

bšícjÈnÛañ†‘ëNáèasîyLïÐîØÛaÝîÜznÛbiòîãŠÐÛaò‰†½aoànçabàäîi–äiæìîãŠÐÛaõbàÜÈÛawöbnäÛáçÐm¿ïÐîØÛaÝîÜznÛaŠíìİm¿ŠÏaëkî

(1)…Ný†àªZÂLéma…†ªëéàîçbÐßëémbÐíŠÈm æìàš½aÝîÜ¤2LknØÛabÇLñŠçbÔÛaL

1996˜L13N

– 142 –

ïàØÛaÉibİÛapa‡æìàš½aÝîÜ¤Lña…d×æìàš½aÝîÜ¤ŠíìİmóÜÇ†Çbb¾ÝîÜznÛaÞb©¿òîãŠÐÛaò‰†½aénß†ÓbßÞbaaˆç¿‹íëÝîÜznÛaëbîÔÜÛ

þaòîàØÛakîÛbþabèioàmaÛaòÓ†ÛaÖìÐíb¾LïöbäjÛaòîØíŠß(1)N

òîÜàÇbèäßïãbÈmÞaŒmbßÛaòîÛbØ‘⁄aæbÏïiŠÈÛaåìÜÛòjäÛbibßc‰ë†mbèãhÏòîiŠÈÛatìzjÛa¿bèmbÔîjİmëbèiò•bäpýØ’½aëïàÜÈÛaszjÛa

wçbä½aåßbvèäßæìàš½aÝîÜ¤‰bjnÇaÞìyI MethodHbiìÜcâcITechniqueHämëpbßìÜÈ½aÉà¦bèàîÄ(2)N

wèä½aòàÜ×ÈmëMethodbèiåØ¹ÛakîÛbþaâbÈÛabçbäÈß¿ê‹b¬gëÒ†aÕîÔ¤LóäÈ¶IïÜÈÐÛaëðŠØÐÛaxbnã⁄añ…bÇüòÔíŠìçwèä½aæc

òa‰†ÛaÊì™ì¶ÕÜÈn½aH(3)Næìàš½aÝîÜ¤ëContentAnalysis µgÒ†èíb–müaÝöbŠÛa¿òîÄÐÜÛa‹ìßŠÛaÝíì¤bèbîÓëbç†ÇÝèíòí…†ÇáîÓµgòîÛ

òîßýÇ⁄aÝöbŠÜÛñ…†Èn½apbbjm‰üaåÇwöbnäÛaÞýåßÞü†nüaë(4)N

ïãbrÛa†ÔÈÛaÁaëc¿éßa†‚naòía†iµgæìàš½aÝîÜ¤ƒí‰bm’íë

(1)…Nå»ŠÛa†jÇÑaìÇIZpbíŠcëZH‰a…LñŠçbÔÛaLòîßýÇ⁄apba‰†Ûa¿æìàš½aÝîÜ¤

aëŠ’äÜÛòÏbÔrÛaLÉí‹ìnÛ1986˜L291292N (2)…Náîñ†î»ZLòßbÈÛaòîÏbÔrÛaæëû’Ûa‰a…L…a†ÌiLÝ†àâbÈÛaðcŠÛaòíŠÄã1992˜L

323324N (3)…NïİÈ½a†jÇÁbjÛa†jÇZLê…bÈiaëévèä½òí†Ôãòíú‰ì−òÛëbªïÇbànuüaszjÛa

LòîÈßb¦aòÏŠÈ½a‰a…Lòí‰†äØ⁄a1984˜L23N (4)…N†îà§a†jÇ†àªZLknØÛabÇLñŠçbÔÛaLâýÇ⁄atì¡¿‰ìèà¦aòa‰…1993˜L

163N

– 143 –

òäîÇÝîÜzni‰ŒîßŒÛ‰b’mëæbàjîÛÛaëæbrybjÛaâbÓbß†äÇåíŠ’ÈÛaæŠÔÛaåßaåßâbÇåßòîÐ’ÜjÛañ‰ìrÛaåÇŒ¹bmÚ‰ìíìîãòÐîz–iñ‰ì’ä½aòí‰bj⁄añ…b½

1917âbÇónyë1920LâbÇÝîÜznÛawöbnãæbrybjÛaŠ’ãë1920ðˆÛaëòîÐ’ÜjÛañ‰ìrÛañ‰ì•ŠÇ¿Œ¹bmÚ‰ìíìîãŒî¤|™ëNò‰†ßoànçabà×

bßbànçaæìàš½aÝîÜ¤pba‰†ibîjßìÛì×òÈßb òÏbz–Ûapbîäîqýq¿aj×åíŠ’ÈÛaæŠÔÛaLÑz–ÛaæìàšßåÇòîÜîÜ¤òa‰…åßŠr×abèäÇ‰†•sîy

òîØíŠßþa(1)N

‡gòîãbrÛaòî½bÈÛalŠ§aõbäqcæìàš½aÝîÜ¤lìÜcâa†‚naÉìm†Óëpaë…cô†ygéÐ•ìilìÜþaaˆçÞì…¿bþaÌn½alŠ§aêˆç†Èm

ëïöbÇ†ÛaÝàÈÛaÝîÜ¤émbçb£aNaŒßÝrànmëïmdíbßÞýåßâa†‚nüaaˆçbíZ 1NÝ†mÞbànyaåßÝÜÔíæcåØ¹òíŠ’jÛa‰…b–½biŠ‘bj½aÞb–müaâ†Çæg

pbßìÜÈ½aâ†ÔíðˆÛaðŠ’jÛa‰†–àÜÛïma‡LaˆçÊìÓëæbØßgåßÝÜÔíëcñ…ì–ÔßËëcñ…ì–Ôßõbİc¿‰†–½aN

2Néãì×LsybjÜÛïÐäÛaó™ŠÛaóÜÇÞì–zÜÛòíŠ’jÛa‰…b–½aÕyýíüòub§aoÇ…bàÜ×pbßìÜÈàÜÛÊìuŠÛaæbØßgÙÛˆ×LòiìÜİ½apbßìÜÈ½a(2)N

3NÙÛ‡ëpýibÔßëcl‰b£õaŠu⁄´qìzj½biÞb–maµgsybjÛaxbn°üâýÇ⁄aÝöbëëcpbÐÜ½aëcknØÛa¿ñŠÏìnßòa‰†ÜÛòiìÜİ½añ…b½aæü

òÐÜn‚½aN

(1)…Ný†àªZ˜LÕib‰†–ßLæìàš½aÝîÜ¤1314N (2)…Nð‰†íë…†îyëõbu‰ZLŠØÐÛa‰a…LÕ’ß…LòîÜàÈÛaémb‰b¾ëòíŠÄäÛaémbîbcïàÜÈÛaszjÛa

2000LµëþaòÈjİÛaL˜216218N

– 144 –

4N†ÈiëÝjÓïçbà×óÔjnÏbèÜîÜzniâìÔíÛapbßìÜÈ½a¿sybjÛaŠqûíüòa‰†ÛaõaŠugN

5NµëþañŠ½aÉßwöbnäÛaòã‰bÔßëòîãbqñŠßòa‰†ÛaõaŠugñ…bÇüòîãbØßgÚbäçôŠcpüb©ëŠçaìÃòa‰…wöbnãÉßëcñŠçbÄÛaÐäÛ(1)N

æìàš½a@ÝîÜ¤@ÑíŠÈmZ@@ @æbçb£aÚbäçbàçòîvèä½aõbàÜÇ†äÇæìàš½aÝîÜ¤ÑíŠÈm¿Z

üëc@Zôìna@ÝîÜ¤@¿@ïÐ•ìÛa@êb£üa@@Z@ @ÁÔÏôìnaÑ•ëÒ†çóÜÇêb£üaaˆçlbz•côŠíëNÝßbÈnÛaáníë

êˆòäßbØÛaïãbÈ½aµgÙÛ‡‹ëb£æë…ÁÔÏŠçbÄÛaôìnapa†yëÉßbèmbÓýÇëpa†yìÛaNaåíˆÛa…aëŠÛaåßëÑíŠÈnÛa¿êb£üaaˆçaìß†‚n

â†‚naðˆÛaÝíìü†Ûë‰bçÞýòîöbÇ†Ûa‹ìßŠÛaåÇÑ’ØÛa¿ôìnaåíˆÛaáçËëoíŠm‰b×ëîãbuëæýib×ÙÛˆ×ëńî½bÈÛaíŠ§aíbßñÏ

bç†Èibßëñd’äÛañÏaëŠ•bÇN…‰bãŠiÑíŠÈmÞbaaˆç¿pbÐíŠÈnÛaáçcåßëæìÛiLîyéãcæìàš½aÝîÜ¤ÒŠÇsIµgÒ†èíðˆÛaszjÛalìÜc

Þb–mýÛŠçbÄÛaôìnzàÜÛïvèä½aëïÇì™ì½aëïàØÛaÑ•ìÛaH(2)N†ÓëéãdiÒ‰ë†äiŠ×‹ìÜ×sybjÛaéÏŠÇIZ¿â†‚nmÛaòîrzjÛakîÛbþa†yc

(1)…NáîäË†àªæbàrÇëæbîÜÇóÐİ–ßï¡‰ZòíŠÄäÛa ïàÜÈÛaszjÛakîÛbcëwçbäß

LÉí‹ìnÛaëŠ’äÜÛõbÐ•‰a…LæbàÇLÕîjİnÛaë2000˜L49N (2)…Nå»ŠÛa†jÇÑaìÇIpbíŠcëZHLÕib‰†–ßLòîßýÇ⁄apba‰†Ûa¿æìàš½aÝîÜ¤

˜10N

– 145 –

òzîz•pbubnänaëpüü†naµgÝ•ìnÛaÒ†èiòîßýÇ⁄a…aì½aÝîÜ¤bİßëÝîÜznÛaëcszjÛaòÛb§òÔiH(1)N

bîãbqZôìna@ÝîÜ¤@¿@ïÛü†nüa@êb£üa@Z@ @ïãbÈ½aåÇÑ’ØÛaµgŠçbÄÛaôìnaÑ•ëêb£üaaˆç‹ëbvníëòîÜàÈÛòÐÜn‚½a…bÈiþaåÇÞü†nüaë‰ìİÛaíbßñõaŠÓëLòäßbØÛa

Þb–müaNbîäînÛaòíbèãˆäßêb£üaaˆçóäjmå¾ëÛìçï™b½aæŠÔÛaåßpáçËëæìnëïã‰b×ëNóÜÇòibu⁄a¿†ÇbíÝîÜznÛaæcæëŠísîy

bèmaqdmëÞb–müaòîÜàÈiòİjmŠ½añ…†Èn½aòÜ÷þaN…Š©îÛÞb–müaæcÙÛ‡ÕÏ†nßÝÇbÐméäØÛëòÇaˆßëcòÇìjİßoãb×õaìònibqòÛb‰LæbÏÙÛˆÛë

ÛbŠÛaµaŠÄäíüÝÜabèma‡†y¿òLòîÜàÈiòİîapüúbnÛaÝØÛåØÛëbçqdmëÞb–müaNÞü†nüaìçÝîÜznÛaòîÜàÇåßïbþaÒ†bÏLaˆçë

pb–Ü‚n½aëcÑîä–nÛaëcòŠèÐÛaåÇÝîÜznÛaÖŠÐí(2)N‰ìn×†ÛaôŠíëïÐ•ìÛa´çb£üaåßÝ×íÉà¯æìàš½aÝîÜ¤ÑíŠÈmæc†îà§a†jÇ†àªÝîÜznÛbiáöbÔÛaÒ†èníÛawöbnäÛaôìnßëÝîÜznÛapbjÜİnßëïÛü†nüaë

bèÔîÔ¤Néãdiæìàš½aÝîÜ¤†îà§a†jÇ†àªÒŠÈíÙÛˆÛëZIpaìİäòÇìà©ôìna¿òäßbØÛaïãbÈ½aÒb’n×aµgóÈmÛaòîvèä½aLòîbjm‰üapbÓýÈÛaë

ïàØÛaszjÛaÞýåßïãbÈ½aêˆèi¿ñŠçbÄÛapbàÜÛáÄä½aëïÇì™ì½aëôìnaaˆçH(3)N

(1)…Ný†àªZ¤˜LÕib‰†–ßLæìàš½aÝîÜ1819N (2)…N†îà§a†jÇ†àªZÂLòîßýÇ⁄apba‰†Ûa¿ïàÜÈÛaszjÛa5LknØÛabÇLñŠçbÔÛaL

2015˜L315N (3)½a‰†–éÐã˜L318N

– 146 –

—öb–äáçcŠ×ˆãæcåØ¹â†ÔmbßÞýåßëòÔibÛapbÐíŠÈnÛaåßëïmŁaìzäÛaóÜÇÙÛ‡ëæìàš½aÝîÜ¤lìÜcbèiŒîàníÛaZ

1Npaë…cëkîÛbckãbuµgÝîÜznÜÛlìÜcëcña…cæìàš½aÝîÜ¤ôŠcN

2NÜ¤óÈíÑ•ëµgbèjíìjmëpbãbîjÛaÑîä–mÕíŠåÇæìàš½aÝîòîßýÇ⁄añ…bàÜÛŠçbÄÛaôìnaëc|íŠ–Ûaæìàš½aN

3NëcpbàÜØÛaëcÝà¦a‰ìèÃëc…ë‰ëpa‰aŠØmóÜÇæìàš½aÝîÜ¤†ànÈíõbäiòîßýÇ⁄añ…b½a¿ÝîÜznÛaáöaìÓ¿òäàšn½aïãbÈ½aëcpbzÜİ–½a

éiâìÔíbßóÜÇéma†yëëÝîÜznÛapb÷ÐÛïÇì™ìß†í†¤åßsybjÛaN

4NÁÔÏòîÇì™ì½akãaì¦aóÜÇæìàš½aÝîÜ¤Š–nÔíüLÝà’íb¸aëbšícòîÜØ’Ûakãaì¦aN

5NòîöaŠu⁄aëòîvèä½aëòîäÐÛaïyaìäÛaåßæìàš½aÝîÜ¤òîÜàÇÁjmŠmé™ëŠÏëszjÜÛòîàÜÈÛaòÜØ’½biN

6NÝîÜ¤æìØíæcïÌjäíbàÄnäßæìàš½aN

7NÝîÜznÛapbîÜàÇ¿ïàØÛalìÜþaóÜÇbbcæìàš½aÝîÜ¤†ànÈíN

8NáîàÈnÜÛòÜibÓæìàš½aÝîÜ¤wöbnãæìØmæcïÌjäíN

9Nòa‰†Ûañ…bÇgòÛby¿òÔibİßæìàš½aÝîÜ¤wöbnãæìØmæck¯òîÜîÜznÛaN

10NòîÇì™ì½biæìàš½aÝîÜ¤Œîàníæck¯Lëòîvèä½apbjÜİnàÜÛÉš±N

– 147 –

æìàš½a@ÝîÜ¤@lìÜcZ@ @Ýàn’íðˆÛaïÐ•ìÛawèä½akîÛbcåßlìÜcæìàš½aÝîÜ¤†Èíë

òîmŁaïàÜÈÛaszjÛakîÛbcóÜÇI1HZ

1N|½alìÜcSurvey:

2NòÛb§aòa‰…Case Study

3Næìàš½aÝîÜ¤ZContent Analysis

ìÛbiæìàš½aÝîÜ¤lìÜcâìÔíëïàØÛaáÄä½aïÇì™ì½aÑ•énİaìiåØ¹sí†ylìÜcê‰bjnÇbiÙÛˆ×Þb–müaòÜîìÛŠçbÄÛaôìnzàÜÛ

ta†yþaëŠçaìÄÛaåÇÕîÓ†ÛaëïàØÛajÈnÛaNæclìÜþaaˆç¿Â’íëòÔîqìÛa¿ñ‰ì×ˆ½aòz™aìÛaò°Š–ÛapbãbîjÛbisybjÛaïÐnØíLÞëb°æcæë…

òÔîqìÛaåßxbnänüaLpbçb£aæcµgæìàš½aÝîÜ¤lìÜc†äníëaˆçbèmaìäÓëbèia…eëbèÐz•ëbèmbibn×¿ì™ìiŠèÄm…aŠÏþaëpbÇbà¦a

paë…þaêˆçÝîÜ¤a‡hÏLbèma…bÇëbèiýßëLpbçb£aåÇÑ’ØíÙÛ‡æbÏpbÇbà¦aêˆçI2HN

æìàš½aÝîÜ¤lìÜcsybjÛaâ†‚na†ÓëContentAnalysis

bi´ßbšßåÇÑ’ØÛa¿òÜràn½aszjÛaaˆçÒa†çcÕÔ°biìÜcê‰bjnÇòÐîz•¿æbØíŠßþaòîbîÛapübÔ½albn×ô†ÛÖaŠÈÜÛòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–Ûa

(1)…N…ëæbîÜÇóÐİ–ßï¡‰NáîäË†àªæbàrÇZ˜LÕib‰†–ß44N (2)…Nð‰†íë…†îyëõbu‰ZLÕib‰†–ß˜215N

– 148 –

åßñ†àÜÛŒ¹bmÚ‰ìíìîã1O1O2004òíbÌÛë31O12O2004åßÙÛ‡ëpübÔ½aÙÜmæìàšßÝîÜ¤ÞýN

ÝîÜznÛa@paìİZ@ @õbäqcsybjÛaÉjmapaìİäæìàš½aÝîÜ¤lìÜcâa†‚naòîÜàÇ

òîmŁaZ

1NÝîÜznÛapa†yë†í†¤Zñ†yëïçñŠØÐÛañ†yëæcsybjÛa†uësîyµgòÏ…bapba‰†Ûa¿bèßa†‚naåØ¹ÝîÜznÛapa†yëíåßòàöýßòîbîÛapübÔ½albn×ô†ÛÖaŠÈÜÛòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–Ûa´ßbšßóÜÇÒŠÈnÛa

¿æbØíŠßþañ‰ì×ˆ½añ†àÜÛŒ¹bmÚ‰ìíìîãòÐîz•N

2NÝîÜznÛapb÷Ï†í†¤ZòàÛa†í†znisybjÛaâbÓñìİäêˆçÞýåßæìàš½a¿ò–î–äëcòjÛbÌÛaNÊì™ì½a³ßÑîä–mµg’mòàÛaêˆçë

ïÜØÛak×Š½aóÜÇÝàn’mïçëòîöbÇ†ÛaëcòîËýjÛaénÐ•bcóÜÇbšícæìàšàÜÛN

3Na…bànÇüaæë…ðcð†ÈjÛaæìàš½aÝîÜ¤Þýåß´ßbš½axaŠ‚nÝîÜznÛaÝjÓŒçbuÑîä–mjíðˆÛaïÜjÔÛaÑîä–nÛaóÜÇNÙÛ‡ôŠu†Óë

ÞýòîØíŠßþaŒ¹bmÚ‰ìíìîãòÐîz•¿Š’ãïbîÞbÔßÝ×ñõaŠÓ†ÈiâbÇ2004LòjãoÜrßñÌ•òäîÈÛ10EszjÛaÉànòîÜØÛaòäîÈÛaåßN

4NÙÛ‡ëåíŠè‘ñ†ßbàèäîiÝ–Ðm´mŠßÝîÜznÛaòîÜàÇõaŠuhisybjÛaâbÓÝîÜznÛa¿pbjrÛakÜİßÜíïØÛN

@ @

– 149 –

ÝîÜznÛa@òÔíŠZ@ @òîmŁapaìİäÊbjmbiæìàš½aÝîÜ¤òÔíŠsybjÛa†ànÇaZ

1NÖaŠÈÛañ‰ì–iánèíbßò•bòîãdnßñõaŠÓÖaŠÈÛbiÕÜÈníÞbÔßÝ×ñõaŠÓo·lbn×ô†ÛŒ¹bmÚ‰ìíìîãòÐîz•¿òîbîÛapübÔ½aLbßñŠØÏpŠèÃa‡hÏ

êËåßŠr×céîÜÇ†î×dnÛaë†jíðˆÛaêb£übiˆdísybjÛaæbÏIêb£üaðcôìÓþaHN

2N¿ŠàníÝÜaæbÏêb£ýÛòÛü…òícÝîÜznÛaÊì™ìßñŠÔÐÛa¿ŠèÄma‡gànØmónyòîÛbnÛañŠÔÐÛaµgñõaŠÔÛa†öbÛaêb£üa|šníëñŠØÐÛaÝN

3NýÔnßbçb£a†ÈmbàèäßñŠØÏÝ×æbÏæbmŠØÏñ†yaìÛañŠÔÐÛa¿pŠèÃa‡gêb£aÝØÛ†yaë‰aŠØm‰bjnÇaáníëN

éãaügÝîÜ¤òÜîëìçæìàš½aÝîÜ¤æcòîvèä½aõbàÜÇœÈiÅyü†ÔÛòÄyýßòÜîëìèÏÙÛ‡åßŠr×cNìÜòÄyýßåßü†jÏŠ‘bjßÝØ’iŠ’jÛaÚ

sybjÛaÞëbäníáèîÜÇõb–ÔnüaõaŠugëcpbbîÔÜÛÊìšäáèîÛgkÜİÛaëcbèîÜÇpüúbmŠİíëõüûçbèvnãcÛaòîÛb–müañ…b½aI1HN

szjÛa@òäîÈÛ@ð†îèànÛa@ÝîÜznÛaZ@ @aÝjÓòîÛëcñìİð†îèànÛaÝîÜznÛa†ÈíÝîÜznÛapaõaŠug¿õ†jÛ

ïöbèäÛaNb‘†Óëx‰†msîytìzjÛaåß†í†ÈÛa¿ñìİäêˆçâa†‚naÊ

(1)…‰b’ní‰åíIæëŠeëZH…òºŠmLòîiŠÈÛapbÔîjİnÛaëwèä½aâýÇ⁄aæìàšßÝîÜ¤N†àª

LŠ’äÜÛòî†ÓL†i‰aLŠçì¦aïubã1992˜L10N

– 150 –

ÝîÜznÛaÊëŠ’½òîbþapaõaŠu⁄aåà™NÝîÜ¤ìçð†îèànÛaÝîÜznÛaëÝîÜznÛapa†yìÛòãìØ½aŠ•bäÈÛa†í†¤ŠÌÛŠÌ•cpbäîÇóÜÇáníïÐî×

Ñîä–nÜÛbbcˆ‚nnÛaïöbèäÛaNð†îèànÛaÝîÜznÛaæbÏÙÛ‡µgòÏb™⁄biëÁjmŠmÛaÑöbÃìÛaåßÕÔznÜÛsybiðcbèîÛgdvÜíòí‰ëŠ™ñìİìç

ôìnzàÜÛòäßbØÛaïãbÈ½aåÇÞü†nüa¿ôìnaÝîÜ¤âa†‚nbiN

òîbîÛapübÔ½aæìàšß¿paÌn½aëŠ•bäÈÛaåÇÑ’ØÛaÝuaåßëszjÛañ†ßÞýÖaŠÈÛbiòÔÜÈn½aLàÄnäßòîöaì’ÇòäîÇ‰bîna†ÔÏåßò

òjãsÜrßŒ¹bmÚ‰ìíìîãòÐîz•¿pŠ’ãÛapübÔ½a10EÊìà©åßòîÜØÛaòäîÈÛaLâbÈÛa‰b⁄biâb½⁄aÝuaåßåÈ·ëòÓ†ibèmaõaŠÓo·sîy

âbànçüaŒ×aŠßòÏŠÈßëN†í†¤ëÑîä–nÛaõbäióÜÇõaŠu⁄aaˆçbã†Çb†Óëpa†yëëÝîÜznÛapb÷ÏxaŠ‚naëÝîÜznÛapa†yëÖbîÛaI†ÈÛapa†yë

bîÔÛaëHN

szjÛa@Éàn©Z@@ @ÝîÜznÜÛïãbØ½aëïãbßŒÛaÞba†í†¤szjÛaÉànv¶†–ÔíLñ†½a†Èmë

íòÈÓaìÛa1O1O2004òíbÌÛë31O12O2004LszjÛaÉànbîãbß‹üb©ñ‰ì×ˆ½añ†½aÞýŒ¹bmÚ‰ìíìîãòÐîz•¿ÖaŠÈÛbiòÔÜÈn½apübÔ½a†Èmë

©szjÛaÉànbîãbØßübNõaŠuhiÝîÜznÜÛïãbØ½aÞbasybjÛa…†y†ÔÛëÞýŒ¹bmÚ‰ìíìîãòÐîz•¿ÖaŠÈÛbiòÔÜÈn½apübÔàÜÛÝßb‘|ßòîÜàÇ

âbÇ2004oÌÜiÛaëI72HübÔßN

– 151 –

ÝîÜznÛa@ñ†yë@†í†¤Z@@ @à×bÐ•ëæìàš½aŠ•bäÇÑ•ëµgóÈíæìàš½aÝîÜ¤æb×b½bîL

k¡áÔmÝîÜ¤pa†yëµgæìàš½aaˆçáîÔmáníæcð‰ëŠšÛaåßæbØÏïçòîîö‰pa†yë¼µgõaäëæìrybjÛaéîÛgkç‡bßZ

IòàÜØÛañ†yëHwordÊì™ì½añ†yëëThemeåßŒÛaëòyb½añ†yëëLSpace and timeLòî–‚’Ûañ†yëëCharacterLñŠØÐÛañ†yëë

ThemeI1HNë¿ÝîÜznÛañ†yëïçæìØnÛñŠØÐÛañ†yësybjÛa‰bna†ÔÛéÏa†çcëémaõaŠugëszjÛapbjÜİnßÉßávämbèãìØÛszjÛaaˆçN

ÝîÜznÛa@ò÷Ï@†í†¤Z@ @æìàš½aåßõŒuŠÌ•aïçëLÊìãëcÝØ‘ò÷Ïbàç´ÇìãµgáÔmë

òîÛbÈÐãüañ†‘ëcjÈnÛañ†‘pb÷ÏëÞb–müaI2HNaaˆç¿âìÔäëszjÛ‰bjnÇbiIêb£üaHÝîÜznÛaò÷ÏìçÞb–müañ…bßéîÏoËŠÏcðˆÛakÛbÔÛaëcNðc

pb÷ÏóÜÇ†ànÈãÒìIÞb–müañ…bß¿ÝîÓa‡bßHI3HN

ÖbîÛa@ñ†yë@†í†¤Z@ @ôìnaÝa…òíìÌÛpa†yëïçÖbîÛapa†yëægIòÜºLñ‰bjÇLñŠÔÏH

(1)…N†îà§a†jÇ†àªZLâýÇ⁄atì¡¿ôìnaÝîÜ¤Õib‰†–ß˜L140N (2)…Nbòí…bãZîÜ¤¿òîØíŠßþaò‰†½apba‰†Ûa¿æìàš½aÝîÜ¤lbn×¿Læìàš½aÝ

˜LÕib‰†–ßLòîßýÇ⁄a28 (3)…N†»a†î†àªkíŠËZLòîÈßb¦aòÏŠÈ½a‰a…Lòí‰†äØ⁄aLïÇbànuüaszjÛaˆîÐämëáîà–m

1989˜L153N

– 152 –

nÛapa†yëïãbÈ½ÕîÓ†Ûa†í†znÛa¿†îÐmbîÔÛaë†ÈÛabèîÜÇáníÛaÝîvI1HNÛapa†yìÛaŠr×aëÝîÜznÜÛñ†yëŠÌ•cïçòàÜØÛaŞæcåßáËŠÛaóÜÇëòàÜ×…ë‰ëpaŠß…†ÇbcóÜÇÝîÜznÛaâìÔíbçbšnÔ¶ëbîÛbÇbmbjqïİÈmïÐšm×apa†yëµgéÜîÜ¤¿xbn°bßñ…bÇsybjÛaæcüg—äÛa¿òäîÈß

¤óÜÇóäÈßlbÈíéãaügÝîÜznÜÛñ†yì×òÜà¦aâa†‚naÝšÐíáqåßëéÜîÜa‡gò•bëòÜÜšßæìØm†Óbèma‡†y¿òÜà¦aæcòÜà¦aâa†‚naóÜÇbšíc

Ýrßpb÷Ï¿bèua‰…glìÜİ½aæb×I†íbªL‰bÈßL†íûßHÝà¦aåßar×æc‡gÝrßòÛì•ìßpbàÜ×åßéíìn¤b¶bèçb£a†í†¤kÈ–íIØÛÉßLæcügLå

ÙÛ‡HNÝîÜznÜÛñ†yì×Êì™ì½aëcóäÈ½apa‡ñŠÔÐÛa‰bînaæbÏbäçåßëòÐÜn‚½aÝîÜznÛapa†yëpa†í†¤sîyåßÝšÏa(2)NñŠÔÐÛasybjÛaˆ¥a†ÔÛ

†ÈÛaëbîÔÜÛñ†yëñŠÔÏÝ×Ýa…ñŠØÐÛapˆ¥abàîÏÖbîÜÛñ†yëN

Ñîä–nÛa@õbäiZ@ @’ä½apübÔ½aÉºæc†ÈioÔqëÛaëŒ¹bmÚ‰ìíìîãòÐîz•¿ñ‰ì

ÜÇããüaòØj‘óÜÇòÐîz–ÛaÉÓìßóòíŒîÜØã⁄aòÌÜÛbiòî½bÈÛaoLÊbİnaòÌÜÛaåßòºÛbi´Šàn½a´º½a†ycñ†ÇbßÕíŠåÇbènºŠmsybjÛa

òîiŠÈÛaòÌÜÛaµgòíŒîÜØã⁄aNÛaÖaŠÈÛbiòÔÜÈn½apübÔ½aêˆçÕîqìmôŠu†ÓëâbÇÞýbç…†ÇÍÜi2004I72HübÔßNÑîä–nÛaõbäiòîÜàÇæbÏbäçåßë

õaŒucµgÝØÛaÝíì¤òîÜàÈioİjm‰aIpb÷ÏHåí†ànÈßLò×’ß—öb–pa‡pübÔ½aêˆð†ÈiÑîä–móÜÇÙÛ‡¿NòîöŠÛapb÷ÐÜÛŠÇïmdíbàîÏë

(1)…N†îà§a†jÇ†àªZ˜LÕib‰†–ßLâýÇ⁄atì¡¿ôìnaÝîÜ¤137N (2)…N«ïßbènÛa‰bnZ˜LÕib‰†–ß46N

– 153 –

ñ†ßÞýÖaŠÈÛbiòÔÜÈn½apübÔ½abènäàšmÛa†Ûaòa‰Z

1NòîÓaŠÈÛaòî–‚’ÛaåßïØíŠßþaÑÓì½aò÷ÏN

2Nlbç‰⁄añ‰ì•ëòîÓaŠÈÛaòßëbÔ½añ‰ì•íÁiŠÛaò÷ÏN

3Nõa†ÈÛaŠ–yò÷ÏIõa†ÈÛaòä–‚‘HN

4NÖaŠÈÛa¿ïØíŠßþa‹b¬⁄a†î×dmò÷ÏN

5NÖaŠÈÛa¿ÝjÔn½añ‰ì•ò÷ÏN

6NÖaŠÈÛa¿òîÜa†ÛaÊb™ëþañ‰ì•ò÷ÏN

7NÖaŠÈÛa¿òí…b–nÓüaÊb™ëþañ‰ì•ò÷ÏN

8NsÈjÛalŒyëÕibÛaâbÄäÛaåßïØíŠßþaÑÓì½aò÷ÏN

9NòîÓaŠÈÛaÝßb’Ûa‰bß†ÛaòzÜcåßïØíŠßþaÑÓì½aò÷ÏN

10NòîÓaŠÈÛapbib‚nãüaåßïØíŠßþaÑÓì½aò÷ÏN

ÝîÜznÛa@pbjqZ@ @òîãìßb½aìçéîãbÈßÁidipbjrÛaReliabilityëcIóÜÇ…bànÇüaô†ßH

òiìÈ•†uìmüëLòÔnßwöbnãÕîÔ¤Éßñ…bÇ⁄aëc‰aŠØnÛaóÜÇñ‰†ÔÛaìçëwöbnäÛaóÜÇbîÔÛa†äÇÝ–°sybjÛaæcÈíìèÏpbjrÛaÕîÔ¤¿ñj×

òqìzj½añ…b½aóÜÇkîÛbþapa‡â†‚naa‡gbèÐãI1HNxaŠ‚na†ÓëÛaaˆç¿pbjrÛalìÜcóÜÇ…bànÇübilbnØ ÇéÐãÉßsybjÛaÖbma

(1)…‰b’ní‰iåIæëŠeëZH˜LÕib‰†–ß175N

– 154 –

åßŒÛaZ†äÇbèÐãwöbnäÛaµg´ÜÜªòÇìà©ëa…ŠÐäßÝÜªÝ•ìmÈíëñ†¶åØÛëbèÐãpaõaŠu⁄aëéÐãôìnaÝîÜ¤¿éÐãÑîä–nÛaâa†‚na

òÐÜn«òîäß‹N

– 155 –

@ïãbrÛa@szj½a îÛa@pübÔ½a@æìàšß@ÝîÜ¤@òÐîz•@¿@ÖaŠÈÛbi@òÔÜÈn½a@òîb

évöbnãë@Œ¹bm@Ú‰ìíìîã@ @ô†ÛÖaŠÈÛañ‰ì–iòÔÜÈn½apübÔ½aæìàšßÝîÜ¤lìÜcÑÛû½aÉjma

åßñ†àÜÛ´îØíŠßþapübÔ½albn×1O1O2004ónyë31O12O2004NåßÝ–ÐÛaaˆç¿ÝîÜznÜÛoÈšÛaòîÐz–Ûañ…b½axaŠ‚naÊbİna†Óë

ÈuaŠßÞýÉÓìßóÜÇpŠ’ãÛa…a†ÇþaòòÐîz•âbÇÞýŒ¹bmÚ‰ìíìîã2004éÜà×diNÞýåßÝîÜznÜÛoÈšcÛapübÔ½a…†ÇÑ•ëåØ¹ë

ïmŁaÞë†¦aZ

áÓ‰Þë†uI1H

´jí…†ÇpübÔ½aòîbîÛa¿pŠ’ãÛaòÐîz•Ú‰ìíìîãñ‰ì–iòÔÜÈn½aŒ¹bmÖaŠÈÛabèibn×õbcëåßñ†àÜÛ1O1O2004ónyë31O12O2004(1) p ÞbÔ½akmb×áa émübÔß…†Ç 1 æbß†íŠÏbßìm 38 2 …ëa…åí‰ìß 8 3 æbàËëŠ×Þìi 7 4 ÏbáîÛë 5

(1)ÁÔÏ´îØíŠßþaòîbîÛapübÔ½albn×bèjn×ÛapübÔ½aïçÝîÜznÜÛoÈšcÛapübÔ½a

ïàèÏéjn×ðˆÛaÞbÔ½aìçÖaŠÈÛbiÕÜÈníÁÔÏ†yaëÞbÔß…bÈjna†ÓëLÖaŠÈÛbiòÔÜÈn½aëìçâìíð†í24O3O2004Š’jíüïÓaŠÇð‰bjgŒuìßæaìäÈiŒ¹bmÚ‰ìíìîäÛaòÐîz•¿

ÝjÔn½biar×N

– 156 –

p ÞbÔ½akmb×áa émübÔß…†Ç 5 pŠiŠçlìi 5 6 ×ëŠi†îÐí… 3 7 ÒìníŠ×üìØîã 3 8 æb¹ÜîçoìvïÛbßpŠië‰ 1 9 ÙîrîÛbîÛa… 1 10 òîu‰bäŠí‹ëÞëbiåÛì×ïØíŠßþa1

†ÓÖaŠÈÛbiòÔÜÈn½apübÔ½akÜËaæaÕibÛaÞë†¦aÞýåßÅyýíëæbß†íŠÏbßìmïØíŠßþaïÐz–Ûabèjn×(2)LsîyåßòîãbrÛaòjmŠ½a¿ïmdmë

(2)bßìm æbß†íŠÏZŒ¹bmÚ‰ìíìîäÛaòÐîz•¿´îØíŠßþaòîbîÛapübÔ½albn×Šè‘cåßìçë

‰ŒnîÛìjÛañŒöb ´mŠßŒöbÐÛaN…ìàÇ‰Šª|j•c ¿òÐîz–Ûbiòîu‰bäæì÷’ÛaŠíbäíŠè‘1995NbÔibÝàÇ ÜaŠ½aknØ½bîö‰ âbÇˆäßŒ¹bmåİä‘aìÛaòÐîz–i´í…b–nÓüa1994NoîjÜÛïîö‰ÝaŠà×ÝàÇÙÛ‡ÝjÓë œîiþaN¿ìí‰ìÛbØjÛañ…bè‘óÜÇÝ–y

ŠzjÛaòÔİäßpba‰…—–¥ í†ãaŠiòÈßbuåßÁìn½a1975NLòîÈßb¦aéna‰…Þýòîa‰…Þì–Ï‰…¿ óšßcbà×L†ÔÛa¿òíÈÛaòÈßb¦aëñŠçbÔÛa¿òîØíŠßþaòÈßb¦a

¿ïÐî•Ý–Ï òîØíŠßþapa‰bj‚nüaòÛb×ëåßòzä¶åİä‘aë¿ïma‰bj‚nücÝîÜznÛaN†Èi oãbòîÜ×¿òa‰†ÜÛÞb‘‰bßåßòîa‰…òzäßóÜÇÝ–yLìí‰ìÛbØjÜÛéöbèãg

ìîãìİãaNâbÇ¿1978ñ…bè‘óÜÇÝ–yåßsí†§aÁëþaÖŠ’Ûapba‰…¿nub½aòÈßbu …‰ìÐ×ëa. âbÇ¿1983òîÛë†ÛaŠí‰bÔnÜÛ‰ŒnîÛìiñŒöbuæbß†íŠÏ|äßLIæbäjÛåßHL

âbÇ‰ŒnîÛìjÛañŒöbuë 1988 òîÛë†ÛaŠí‰bÔnÛa¿IÝîöaŠgåßNHâbÇ¿1987ñŒöbuóÜÇÝ–yÝîöaŠgòzäß ŠgåßòÈöaŠÛaŠí‰bÔnÜÛñ†í†¦aâbÇ¿LÝîöa1985ýƒí‰bmòûßñŒöbu

âbÇ¿LŒäí‰b½aƒí‰bmåÇòibnØÜÛŒäí‰b½a1984Ñz•òîÈºåßµëþaòzÐ–ÛañŒöbu ÝíŠia¿ëLÚ‰ìíìîã1982LpëiknØ½aŠí†ß´Ç ïÜîöaŠ⁄aëŒÌÛaÝjÓÉîibcònÁÔÏ

æbäjÜÛNxëŒnßæbß†íŠÏ æbnäiaéí†ÛëNi¿énÜöbÇÉß“îÈí†ãýí‰bßLa†îîrîNÝî•bÐnÛaåß†íŒ½ïmŁaÉÓì½aŠÄãcZ

htm.5american/AmericanPress/com.2000shahr.www://http

– 157 –

…ëa…åí‰ìßòîØíŠßþaòîÐz–Ûabènjn×ÛapübÔ½a…†ÈÛa(1)N

òîÐz–Ûañ…b½aÑ•ëåØ¹ëÐîz•¿pŠ’ãÛaâbÇŒ¹bmÚ‰ìíìîãò2004ëÖaŠÈÛbiòÔÜÈn½aëÞýåßÝ–ÐÛaaˆç¿ÝîÜznÜÛoÈšcÛa

ïmŁaÞë†¦aZ

áÓ‰Þë†uI2H

pübÔ½a´jíòîbîÛañ‰ì–iòÔÜÈn½aŒ¹bmÚ‰ìíìîãòÐîz•¿pŠ’ãÛaåßñ†àÜÛÖaŠÈÛa1O1O2004ónyë31O12O2004

p ‰ì’ä½aÞbÔ½aæaìäÇ akmb×áaÞbÔ½ ÞbÔ½aŠ’ãƒí‰bm

1 âbÇ¿ÝÈÐäa‡bß2004 ÞëbiåÛì×OŠí‹ëï×ßþaòîu‰bä

3O1O2004

2 ‰bØÏþalŠy æbß†íŠÏbßìm 10O1O2004

3 ïÔîÔy”ìiÕÜÓ …ëa…åí‰ìß 10O1O2004

4 ìÈmüò•ŠÏZc†jíbî×Šmåß‰bØÏþalŠyëpa‰bš§aÖbäÇ

æbß†íŠÏbßìm 13O1O2004

(1)…ëa…åí‰ìßZbÔ½aòibnØio––¥Œ¹bmÚ‰ìíìîãòÐîz•¿ÝàÈmòîØíŠßcòîÐz•pü

æaìäÈiÞbÔßbçŠeæb×ÖaŠÈÛaåÇòîbîÛaI´’ßÚìÜHozšÏéîÏbènjØm‰aÛaáöaŠ¦a õa†m‰aëïä¦a”ŠznÛabèîÏb¶ÝöbìÛaÝ×åß†‚naïmýÛapbîØíŠßþapbÔÔaœÈi

âýØÛaïÜÇæìîibç‰gáèãg¿éjn’½a‰bju⁄òz™bÐÛaiý½aNóÜÇŠÄãcÝî•bÐnÛaåß†íŒ½ïmŁaÉÓì½aZ html.0403/16473/issues/eg.org.elakhbar.www://http

– 158 –


5 òzî–ãµgxbn°Ú‰ý×ÞaŠä¦abãë…bß

…ëa…åí‰ìß 16O1O2004

6 ‰bØÏþalŠ§ŠeéuëZò–Óê…ýuá×b°kÈ‘NNá×b°ë

éÐãANN


7 bßb×ßcë‰bİÇ|Ü–íÝçbèîö‰ê†ÏcNN_


8 Ýyë¿…aŠ×þaÉîšíüónyŠ™b§aëï™b½a

ÏbáîÛë 21O1O2004

9 lŠÇbíòyaŠ–iZìçaˆçáØÈÓaëNNæìÜÇbÏánãca‡bàÏNN_


10 Ö†–íåßNNŠßfnãbšícå−_õüìÛaábiÝjÔn½aóÜÇNAN


11 ìí‰bäîÛaaˆçô…bÐnãÑî×éíŠØÛaANN_


12 ÛaòÇbä•pbäèØnÛaåßlˆØ ÒìníŠ×üìØîã 8O2O2004

13 lŠÇbílìÜİ½aìçaˆçANN æbß†íŠÏbßìm 14O2O2004

14 ïÓýþaýÏ⁄aéãgNNÝibšícïvîmaüaë


– 159 –


15 ÖaŠÈÛaÉßZôŠcòî×ßcñ‰ì•òÔîÔ§aòèuaì½AN


16 bäÜÈÏbäyoÐnÜãý´îië‰ëþa|öb–äÛ


17 òîãbjþaòÛb§aZòÓbà§aòÐîÛìmõb™üaëNNlŠ§aëNN

‰bÈÛaëNAN


18 bäØ¾oà–Ûa†ÈíNNÉß

ñ†zn½aáßþaòzîšÏA


19 ÖaŠÈÛa¿bãŠÄnäía‡bß a…åí‰ìß…ë 24O3O2004

20 áÜznÛÅÔînmæcóäÈßNAN æbß†íŠÏbßìm 30O3O2004

21 éíì’mëåÐÇbänßìØyŒîÛbç…¿

òî–‚’ÛaòÈàÜÛ†àÈnß

æbàËëŠ×Þìi 9O4O2004

22 âbÇ†ÈiÖaŠÈÛaZæŁaÝÓë

Õ§a—zž–yNAN


23 ”ìiÕİäßìçNNß†nÛáÈã

òíŠÓNNãgÝucåßåØÛëbç‡bÔ


– 160 –


24 3µgòuìÜÐÛaåßÝöb‰

”ìiNNlŠÈÛañ…bÔÛaëNNå−ë

áØ§aÜ©ëANN


25 ÖaŠÈÛaÉßâbÇZÑØãüa‡b½ÑÜäµgæaİÛaåÇNAN

ÏbâbîÛë 16O4O2004

26 …a†ÌiñŒËNNáîÜm†ÈibßÕÏc|îmbÐ½aNAN


27 âbänîÏëÖaŠÈÛaZÉÔän½aëæbiŠy†yaëAN


28 õbîàÇëõbàØiñ‰a…gNNÙq†¤ëƒíŠ½aåÇANN


29 òqýrÛaÖaŠÈÛapbçìí‰bäîANN æbß†íŠÏbßìm 26O4O2004

30 Š–jmüñ‰a…gNNõbîyþaüNNüëómì½aANN


31 òq‰bØÛaì−bã…ìÔm”ìiñ‰a…g æbß†íŠÏbßìm 7O5O2004

32 ¨biŠ’jíü…b–y æbàËëŠ×Þìi 8O5O2004

33 bäiaìÔqaìÛbÓNNbäÛaìß†Óëåß†çb’ßDï×ßcÎüìËC


– 161 –


34 bäm†ÏcÛabämìÓ ×ëŠi†îÐí… 13O5O2004

35 ònØãoîÛNNˆÔäíåßåßæaŠígæaŠígNN_A

ÒìníŠ×üìØîã 25O5O2004

36 pbîÜÓþaæbîÌNNéuëåßŠr×c æbß†íŠÏbßìm 17O5O2004

37 ÁÔÏbnä´à¢òäîãdà æbß†íŠÏbßìm 28O5O2004

38 åvðcåÇNNòzîšÏðcëNN_æìq†zníkuaëðcë


39 Ýßb’Ûa‰bß†ÛaÞbu‰òîyŠßANNmæbß†íŠÏbßì 24O5O2004

40 ÖaŠÈÛaNNå−ëNNòßŒyÜ¦aëõbèÜipbÐÛb¤ë‰aŠc

ÏbáîÛë 25O5O2004

41 ÖaŠÈÛaìèäÛòÐ•ëNNôŠcëåİä‘aëÉÜANN


42 ïÔîÔ§aâìvaâìí æbß†íŠÏbßìm 11O6O2004

43 æ…üåiëâa†•NNónßµg‡¿‰aŠànüa_òÔîÔ§a|i


44 åÇÑÓìnÛap‰ŠÓlbjþaêˆòibnØÛaANN


45 ÖaŠÈÜÛaõìÝÓcÞìÜyì− æbàËëŠ×Þìi 10O8O2004

– 162 –


46 ‰ìn†ÜÛÚbènãaNNòzÏbØßábilbç‰⁄a

ÙîrîÛbîÛa… 20O8O2004

47 ÖaŠÈÛaëŒËë…bîj½ëþaí …ëa…åí‰ìß 23O8O2004

48 ïãbÌÏþakbäÛabnÛb‰ÖaŠÈÛakÈ’Ûï×ßþaë


49 Ü¦a†»cë”ìiZŒîànßáí†ÔmjØ‘Š½A

ÒìníŠ×ðüìØîã 13O8O2004

50 òèuaì½æbnÔíŠDlbç‰⁄aC¿ÖaŠÈÛa

×ëŠi†îÐí… 17O9O2004

51 þaÊa†äNN|iˆÛaÖaŠÇ¿ìÛaëï×ßþa…ìuNAN


52 ïãbÓìÐÛaæcóÜÇ”ìiŠ–ía‡b½_òÈiŠßñŠöa†Ûaëïãbn¤

pŠiŠçlìi 6O10O2004

53 ïÓaŠÇáîzuì−évnãÝç_†í†u

×ëŠi†îÐí… 7O10O2004

54 NNÉä–íæcÝèvÜÛåícåßë_ñìÓ


55 Ê‰aì‘¿ŠeÊìãåßÝÜ‘moíŠØ


– 163 –


56 ‰bÈÛaâbícµgaìÛbÈmNN pŠiŠçlìi 2O11O2004

57 pbÏŠÇtaßaˆçNNÙÛ‡ëâa†•taß


58 òuìÜÐÛaÝjÓNNêˆçóÜÇkväÜÏòÜ÷þaANN


59 lbç‰⁄aëÖaŠÈÛaZxbn¤ña‰bjß¿b™gåßŒÛ

ŠÏbßìmæbß†í 19O11O2004

60 ðcåßŠİcòî×ßcñ‰a…g´ÔçaŠßòib–Ç


61 ÖaŠÈÛaNNÝîyŠÛaÝjÓbßpbîäßc æbß†íŠÏbßìm 22O11O2004

62 áÜycïãìÇ…NNa‡gïÈßaìàÜyaëánzNAN


63 ÖaŠÈÛaZæìq‰b½aÂì‘éãgþaNNÛa†–°åàÏ_kçˆ


64 aˆç¿ù…baØÐnÜÛñìÇ…ëïÓaŠÈÛaÑİÈä½a

ïÛbßpŠië‰æb¹Üîçoìv

2O12O2004

65 ”ìjÛZÞbîÏþak×‰aNNüëbèãaóÜÇåçaŠm


– 164 –


66 éaîöŠÛñ†í†uòÓb»”ìiANN


67 ëb×ßcÖaŠÈÛaZñ†í†uñ…bßlìŠÛaõa‰ë


68 Áj™cZbjÜnß†ÜîÐßa‰NAN …ëa…åí‰ìß 10O12O2004

69 ÖaŠÈÛaZõa†ÇcµgòÛb‰bväÛaNNÕnÐÛaòÜ×cëANN


70 ÖaŠÈÛaZò•bòÛbyNNkÜİnmb•bbuýÇ


71 aÖaŠÈÛZòî‘bÐÛa|j–mýòßëbÔß


72 †ÜîÐßa‰ZæcÕ»þaaˆæebßcoà–í


òÌÜÛbiŒ¹bmÚ‰ìíìîãòÐîz•¿pŠ’ãÛapübÔ½aÉºæg†ÈiëòºÛaòîÜàÇóÜÇ´Šàn½a´º½a†ycÉßÖbÐmüaôŠuòíŒîÜØã⁄a

Ñz–ÜÛòÐîz–Ûa¿pŠ’ãÛapübÔ½aÉîºòºiâbÓ†ÓëòîjäuþaoÌÜiÛaëñ‰ì×ˆ½aI72Hô†ÛÖaŠÈÛañ‰ì–iòÔÜÈn½apübÔ½aÉîà¦übÔß

åßñ†àÜÛòÐîz–Ûa¿ðcŠÛapübÔßlbn×1O1O2004ónyë31O12O2004N

– 165 –

ÝîÜznÛapb÷ÏxaŠ‚naëÑîä–nÛaõbäisybjÛaÊbİnaÙÛ‡†ÈiëòÔÜÈn½bmübÔ½abènäàšmÛaòîöŠÛapb÷ÐÛa†í†¤ëÝîÜznÛapa†yë†í†¤ë

½aÞýŠ×ˆÛaòÐãŁaòÐîz–Ûa¿ðcŠÛapübÔßlbn×ô†ÛÖaŠÈÛañ‰ì–iñ†ïçëñ‰ì×ˆ½aZ

1NòîÓaŠÈÛaòî–‚’ÛaåßïØíŠßþaÑÓì½aò÷ÏN

2Nlbç‰⁄añ‰ì•ëòîÓaŠÈÛaòßëbÔ½añ‰ì•íÁiŠÛaò÷ÏN

3N´äîÈß˜b‚‘diÖaŠÈÜÛïØíŠßþaõa†ÈÛaŠ–yò÷ÏIõa†ÈÛaòä–‚‘HN

4NÖaŠÈÛa¿ïØíŠßþa‹b¬⁄a†î×dmò÷ÏN

5NÖaŠÈÛa¿ÝjÔn½añ‰ì•ò÷ÏN

6NÖaŠÈÛa¿òîÜa†ÛaÊb™ëþañ‰ì•ò÷ÏN

7NÖaŠÈÛa¿òí…b–nÓüaÊb™ëþañ‰ì•ò÷ÏN

8NÕibÛaâbÄäÛaåßïØíŠßþaÑÓì½aò÷ÏsÈjÛalŒyëN

9NòîÓaŠÈÛaÝßb’Ûa‰bß†ÛaòzÜcåßïØíŠßþaÑÓì½aò÷ÏN

10NòîÓaŠÈÛapbib‚nãüaåßïØíŠßþaÑÓì½aò÷ÏN

òîbþaÝîÜznÛapb÷ÏbènäàšmÛaòîöŠÛa‰bØÏþa†í†¤ïmdíbàîÏëïmdíbà×ïçëZ

üëcZíŠßþaÑÓì½aò÷Ïêb£abèäàšmÛaòîbþapb÷ÐÛaåßïØòîÓaŠÈÛaòî–‚’ÛaZ

òîmŁa‰bØÏþabènäàšmÛapübÔ½abèi†–ÔíëZ

– 166 –

cN aìàÜníæc†ÈiügbèmìÓëòîÓaŠÈÛaáènî–‚‘æìÏŠÈíüæìîÓaŠÈÛa|îmbÐ½aNNñ…bÇgëcÖaŠÈÛaõbäiñ…bÇg¿òîÛëû½aÝÔäãæcÉîİnãbèäîy

áèÐãc´îÓaŠÈÛaµgê‰bàÇaLaëŠÈ’íåÛáèãabà×ÙÛ‡†ÈiügòîÛëû½biLbèàØyëpaˆÛaÁjšÛòîÔîÔ§aâþaïçòîÛëû½aæüN

lN òîÓaŠÇòßìØyoÜØ’mbßa‡gòîÛbr½abØíŠßcbíaìäiæìäßûîæìîÓaŠÈÛañ‰ëŒßpbib‚nãbiýrßòã‰bÔ½biñ†bÏËòÇëŠ’ßN

xN òîäÜÈÛaÊbànüapbÜuæbiáèmaì•cóÜÇdi„aŠ–Ûaæìí‰ìèà¦aÞëbyapb×bènãaÞìyïØíŠßþa„ìî’ÛaÜv¶òzÜ½apaìÔÛaòä¦bç†ÔÈmÛ

õa…cåÇbã…ìäu‰bÄãcÒŠ–m´îÓaŠÈÛaõbävÛaòîãbã⁄æbØíŠßþa…ìä¦aáèmbjuaëN

…N pa…bîÔÛaÝjÓåßñ†àÈnßòbîìçkíŠËìicåv¿t†ybßÓaŠÈÛaõbävÛaò×ì‘ŠØÛòîØíŠßþaòí‰bj‚nüaòíŠØÈÛa´î

pbÔîÔznÜÛáèn÷îènÛëLñŠİîÛaåÇouŠòbîïçëN

êN ¿ÖaŠÇþaëkçaˆ½aíòîÐöbİÛaòänÐÛa‰ëîwuûmÞýnyüapbİÜæaÑöbÃìÛaëòîbîÛaÉÓaì½a¿òîÐöbİÛaò–•bac†jßbç…bànÇbi…ýjÛa

âbÄäÛaëæìãbÔÛalbîË¿òzÜ½apbî’îÜî½a‰b’nãbibèybëLòßbÈÛaN

ëN brÛbqa‰bîïaŠÔ¹†Ûa‰bîänÈíLïÜjÓïiŠÇÉàn©Ý×ÝrßéÜrßÖaŠÈÛaNìçbàöa…éîÏÞëþa‰bîäZDbçúa†ÇcâŒèíëÜîjÓŠ–nämæcNC‰bîäëL

ìçïãbrÛaZDŠ¥æck¯ÙnÜîjÓæhÏpŠ†ÓÜîjÓoßa…bßCNbßcìèÏsÛbrÛa‰bîäZD¿bèßì–kØíëÜîjÓkØmæcoÓìÛaÐãN

‹N paìÔÛaægïçkíŠËìicåvòzîšÏÊìÓìÛïîöŠÛakjÛaæg

– 167 –

òí‰bj‚napbßìÜÈßbèí†ÛåØíëa…Š·éuaìmoãb×ÖaŠÈÛa¿òî×ßüaNóÜÇbäm‰†ÔiëcòîÇŠ‘ñŠÄãbäîÛgæëŠÄäí´îÓaŠÈÛaåßýîÜÓa…†Çæcbà×

â†ÔnÛaóÜÇaëúŠ¯ëcaìjËŠíáÜÏaˆÛëLáèníb»òí‰bj‚napbßìÜÈ¶bäºbèíðˆÛaåß˜ì–¢N

N ìçLjØ‘ñõaŠÔÛoÓëéí†Ûæb×a‡gL”ìiîöŠÛbiÕÜÈn½a‰†Ûapbî–‚’ÛaÕrmbjíŠÔmòîyŠßÝ×ïÐÏLòîma‰bj‚nüapbÓbÐ⁄aòîàny

ïq‰b×ì−óÜÇòzîz•ËæìØmæcµgïènämÛapbßìÜÈ½biN†ÔÏÛaémbäiÛÙÜ½aÖ†•Ö†•ëLònîßoîîÛìuæcìîßë‰Ö†•ëLpbíØ

ìËbíkí‡b×cÝîİÇN

bîãbqZñ‰ì•íÁiŠÛabèäàšmÛaòîbþapb÷ÐÛaòîÓaŠÈÛaòßëbÔ½albç‰⁄añ‰ì•ëZ


cN bÏ†çïÇbà¦aëcð…ŠÐÛaôìn½aóÜÇõaìÖaŠÈÛaìí‰bznãaÙÜ¹üÖaŠÈÜÛ†îÐßõï‘ðcáí†Ôm¿oÜ’ÏbØíŠßcæcóÜÇòäçÛaôìLáçë

Ò†aaˆçÝucåßÖaŠÈÛakÈ‘ÝØiòîzšnÜÛ…a†ÈnaóÜÇN

lN òÛëbªëcó™ìÐÛaëlaŠäòÇb‘g¿bîÛby‰aŠ‘þaòİ—‚Ünmåßj×…†ÇÝnÓéäÇwnäíÝàÈiâbîÔÜÛòîØíŠßþapaìÔÛa‹aŒÐna

´îÓaŠÈÛaL…ûíb¾bäÛaÊbäÓgë´îÓaŠÈÛa´Ûëû½axaŠygµgïÛbnÛbið´îØíŠßþa†í¿pa‹ìu‰cåßŠr×caìîÛáèãdiN

xN ´îrÈiåßéãìØßbäÛaaë‰didjÈmüñŠíŠ‘ôìÓÝÈÐÛbiéuaìãå−æìãbÔÛaÖŠëò¹Š¦a¿ªëñ†ÇbÔÛbiòİjmŠßŠ•bäÇë´ÔibLáèãa

– 168 –

åßñj×…a†ÇcÝnÓæìÜ•aìíkÛbİßòícåÇaìz–Ðíæaæë†i´îÓaŠÈÛaòîbîN

…N ÉßÝ’Ðãæa†îyìÛaéàçë†Çòi‰bªåßòiìÈ•Šr×còàèßÚbäçîÛÝí†iwßbãŠiµgê‰bÔnÏaLÕzÛaôìéÈßð†¯üë†ÈÛaÙÛ‡ÝràÏ

ß†nÛaëN

êN òîÜªòîÓaŠÇpbiaˆÇxbnãáçÝßb’Ûa‰bß†ÛaÞbu‰ægLbþa¿áçëë…‰ìnßòÜÓòîßýgòÏŠİnßŠ•bäÇëïiŠÈÛaâýÇ⁄aåßwíŒßáèÔÜ±æN

ëN Þýnyaæg37´îäîİÜÐÛaÉÏ…òîiŠÌÛaòÐšÜÛÝîöaŠgÝjÓåßbßbÇòÜîÜÔÛapaìäÛaÞýòîib‚nãüaâbèàÜÛáèäß…a†ÇcÊìİnnÛæìävÜÛpbîÜàÈÛapc†ibàîÏa†yaëbßbÇ†ÈníÖaŠÈÛaÞýnyaåØÛëLòî™b½a

nãüaòîØíŠßþapaìÔÛaÞì•ëåßòÜîÜÓŠè‘c†Èiòí‰bzN

‹N ¿áèäØßcbßaìÜnÔíæcæìÛëb°áèãgìçÖaŠÈÛa¿æìîibç‰⁄aéÜÈÐíbßlŠy¿ýa…ÖaŠÈÛa‰bèäíëéîÏñ†zn½apbíüìÛaÝ’ÐmónyÖaŠÈÛa

òîÜçcN

N ÉaëÖbİãóÜÇ“ÐnßæŁaéäØÛÖaŠÈÛa¿a…ìuìßåØílbç‰⁄a±ýëÑ–ãæaÉîİnãübäãhÏá‹bäßåßxëŠäæìîÓaŠÈÛaó’

â†ÔméãdiÚbäçÝ•b§aN

ÂN æìîibç‰⁄aéÜÈÐíb¶aëŠØÏZÖaŠÈÛa¿áèäØßcbßaìÜnÔíæcæìÛëb°áèãgÖaŠÈÛa‰bèäíëLÖaŠÈÛa¿ñ†zn½apbíüìÛaÝ’ÐmónyôŠcå×bßc¿ë

íæcåØ¹üïÛbnÛbiëLòîÜçclŠy¿ýa…òîaŠÔ¹†ÜÛÝßc—î–id’äb×ßcÒbÈ™gåØ¹ˆö†äÇëïiŠÈÛabÈÛa¿N

– 169 –

ðN åßŠßþaÉÓaë¿ÑÛdnmòîÓaŠÈÛaòŠ’Ûa…aŠÏcÝnÔmÛapaìÔÛaægòîäÛaòîÜÓþapa‹bînßaëáØyñ…bÈnaµgæìÈíåíˆÛaLòäÛa´àÜ½a

eðcÑãæìÛëb°´îÜªëkãbuc´îßýgëcLsÈjÛalŒyëÖbÏÖaŠÈÛa¿òîãbàÜÈÛaëòí…†ÈnÛaëòqa†zÜÛN

ÚN óÜÇ†íŒmÛaÖaŠÈÛaŒ×aŠßæaÕqìnÛabääØ¹Ýç570æcåØ¹LaŒ×ŠßæìßëbÔîåí…Šàn½aæcâcL´í‰bznãüaåíŠvÐ½aåßòîàªëòäßeæìØm

_ÙÛ‡

brÛbqZÖaŠÈÜÛïØíŠßþaõa†ÈÛaŠ–yêb£abèäàšmÛaòîbþapb÷ÐÛab‚‘di´äîÈß˜Iõa†ÈÛaòä–‚‘HZ


cN sí†yÞëc‰bqcýâa†–iòîØíŠßþañ†zn½apbíüìÛaòybgægïiŠÈÛabÈÛa¿ïbîÛaý•⁄aåÇïÔîÔyN

lN ò‰b¾óÜÇa‰…bÓæb×ýâa†•æüÞü‡⁄biïiŠÇÝ×ŠÈ’íæck¯òîq‰b×pbbîbÈÛa¿brjÇŠr×þaëŠÔÏþa†ÜjÛaµgÌÛaÖaŠÈÛaoÛìyN

xN áÇ†Ûaâa†–Ûaìß†ÓáèîÐÔrßœÈiæüÞü‡⁄biïiŠÇÝ×ŠÈ’íæck¯bšícLáènßaŠ×åÇbÇbÏ…âa†–i|îİíåßáçlŠÈÛaóÜÇæb×ý¿N

…N bèÜà×diòÛë†ÛaŠß†ÏÞýnyüaõbuÉànaýâa†•Šß…æc†ÈiN

êN ½aægýâa†•œÏ‰ëïë‰b–ÛaÊbÏ†ÛaâbÄãõa‹gòîØíŠßþaÒëb‚pbàvçÊìÓëÉäßåÇbänÜÌ‘†ÓýÛaåÇ“înÐnÛapbîÜàÈÛ11ànjN

– 170 –

ëN Š½aåßæbÔrjäíbàèäØÛë´ÐÜn«åí†í†èmæýØ’íâa†•ëñ†ÇbÔÛaægð…b–nÓüa…ì×ŠÛaëÉaìÛaÉàÔÜÛéma‡N

‹N ·ÂìÔŠØjßoÓë¿æ‰bÓ”ìiÕíŠÏòyb¿ýâa†•Þbrò÷bòã‰bÔßêˆçëL´ÛŠi‰a†uÂìÔÉß…a†Ìjië…ŠÐÛaN´ÛŠi‰a†vÏ

æcbßëéãþLéÈàÔíðˆÛaÉànbiéÛòíìšÇòÜ•üëLbîÜ×Éäİ–ßŒubyïã†½aÉànaëñŠ§aÖìÛa|İÛaóÜÇê†ÈipŠèÄ·L‰a†¦aÙÛ‡Ýí‹c

Óoãb×ÛaLòîaŠÔ¹†Ûa†îÛbÔnÛaëòîÓŠ’Ûabîãb½cÝrßå×bßc¿Úbäçòàöbbí‰bÌäçëa†äÛìiëNÕíŠİÛaåÇ†ÈnjãæcìçéÜÈÏbäîÜÇ´ÈmbßÝ×ëN

N åÇëLïu‰bäbÈÛaÉßÝ•aìnÛaåÇåíŒubÈÛalbj’ÛaåßrØÛaægaˆçâa†•Év‘ëLåí†Ûaµgaìè£aL†ÜjÛaÝa…ÑöbÃëóÜÇÞì–§a

bÔmhiòë‰†ßwßaŠiÇéuìnÛaæb×ëLâý⁄aòÛbèiéÐãÕíìİniëLæòÜ×fn½aénîÇŠ‘áÇ…¿bšícÝßdíÙÛîN

bÈia‰ZÖaŠÈÛa¿ïØíŠßþa‹b¬⁄a†î×dmêb£abèäàšmÛaòîbþapb÷ÐÛa


cN Óûß‰ìn…òËbî•¿´îÓaŠÈÛañ†Çbß¿Š¹ŠiÞìi|¬†ÔÛoN

lN ïÛì•þaâý⁄a†™òÜíìæìØnlbç‰⁄a†™lŠ§aægLæaÉßëbîÏb×îÛéãaügð‰ëŠ™ñìÔÛaâa†‚naL´àÜ½aëlŠÈÛaòíìÔmáè½a

´ÏŠİn½aaìèuaìíæcåØ¹åíˆÛaæë†îyìÛaáèãþ´Û†nÈ½aN

xN ènÇbİnbiæcóÜÇòäçÜÛa‰bjnaÖaŠÈÛa†ÈmòîØíŠßþaÊbÏ†Ûañ‰a‹ëbbîuìÛìäØnÛat†ydidjÈßÌ•“î lŠy¿aŠ–ãÕÔ¤æcN

– 171 –

…N òî×ßcïçÛaù…bj½aåÇòibîäÛbiòÜöbab×ßcñìÓ‰aŠànaåß†iübäma‡åß×aéma‡oÓìÛa¿ëNÖaŠÈÛa¿òíŠ§aòÈÓ‰ÉîìmóÜÇŠ–ãëN

êN ëòyìnÐßòîÜàÇÇïÓaŠÈÛakÈ’Ûaµgñ…bîÛañ…bÇgóÜÇÝàÈãòÛ…bÇæìí†ÛaõbÐÇgåß×þa‰†ÔÛaóÜÇ…ýjÛaÞì–yæbà™ëN

bßbZÖaŠÈÛa¿ÝjÔn½añ‰ì•êb£abèäàšmÛaòîbþapb÷ÐÛa

òîmŁa‰bØÏþabènäàšmÛapübÔ½abèi†–ÔíZ

cN Šçbix‡ì¸cµgÖaŠÈÛaÝíì¤µgÒ†èmÖaŠÈÛa¿òîØíŠßþaòbîÛaîÜÛëñŠ§añ‰bvnÜÛò–‚–äëòÜçbn½aòîjíŠšÛapbbN

lN ‰bØÏþalŠyaì¡Šíï×ÖaŠÈÛa¿´Û†nÈ½añ†Çbß†íŠmñ†zn½apbíüìÛaïßý⁄aëïiŠÈÛabÈÛaÝa…

xN æë†ia†yìß“îÈÛaóÜÇïÓaŠÈÛakÈ’Ûañ†zn½apbíüìÛa†Çbnò‘b’ÛaåßïãbrÛaõŒ¦aóÜÇŠèÄíðˆÛaÝuŠÜÛòí†í†§aòšjÔÛaN

…N nÖaŠÇþañ…†ÈnßòÜÔnßòîiŠÇòßìØyÖaŠÈÛa¿ñ†zn½apbíüìÛajòİÜÜÛïàÜÛaÞbÔnãüaëpbîÜÓþaÖìÔyÝjÔmòí‰ìn…ëN

êN õkÇÝ×ÝàznnëbÄçbiæb×bàèßåÝ×ÉÏ†nñ†zn½apbíüìÛaÖaŠÈÛa¿bÐîÄãbîaŠÔ¹…bßbÄãáîÔnÛýîÔqæb×bàèßN

ëN …bîñ…bÇgóÜÇÝàÈãáßþaòàÄäßìÇ†ãL´îÓaŠÈÛaµg‰ŠaÖaŠÈÛañØÐnÜÛòÈÜÓÖaŠÈÛaÝÈu¿´îÓaŠÈÛañ†Çb½ïÛë†ÛaÉànaëñ†zn½a

Š§a…b–nÓüaëŠ§aN

– 172 –

b…bZÖaŠÈÛa¿òîÜa†ÛaÊb™ëþañ‰ì•êb£abèäàšmÛaòîbþapb÷ÐÛaZ

Ła‰bØÏþabènäàšmÛapübÔ½abèi†–ÔíëòîmZ

cN µgéuìnÛaµg´îÓaŠÈÛaÉv‘ÖaŠÈÛaòíb»åÇÊbÏ†Ûañ‰a‹ëŒvÇægÊ‰Œíë…ýjÛaõbäiòîÜàÇìÔíbßìçëåßþaÕîÔznÛòîÐöbİÛapbî’îÜ½a

òîÜçþalŠ§a‰ëîN

lN ÝibØíŠßcëïßý⁄aÒŠİnÛaíbiŠyîÛÖaŠÈÛa¿âìîÛaðŠ¯bßæg Ûaíâý⁄aÝa…lŠyéãaïß†Ômïãbãgéuìibßýgæë†íŠíåí

bÈÜÛböëbäßëüŒÈäßbßýgæë†íäíˆÛaÙ÷ÛëcëbÈÛaÉßxŒn¹æcåØ¹N

xN åß†íŒßµgŠÈnnëòäçaëòÐîÈ™ÖaŠÈÜÛòîßìÔÛaòíìap‰b•áèmaõbànãbiæë‡ìÜîbèäîybäÛaæü‰aŠÔnüaâ†ÇÝÈÐiÒbÈ™⁄a

òîÜjÔÛaN

…N ”ìiåØípì½aò–Ó‰Š×ˆíáÜÏòîib‚nãüaénÜ»ìu…bÏg¿kËŠíËëòíìnÜßpa‰b‘gbíbzšÛaµg‰b’íæb×sîyòuìÜÐÛa¿oq†yÛa

ñŠ‘bjßN

êN éîj‘bÐÓìßÕÜ±ë‰bîèãüa¿ð…b–nÓüaëßþaÉ™ìÛaŠàníæcåØ¹òîÛbßì–Ûaì’í…bÔ¶LxëŠäÝucåßÞbnÔÜÛæbØíŠßþaŠİ™asîyN

ëN åßòãŒaëñ‰bÛa‰bjþaægòîib‚nãüaòíbÇ†Ûa¿”ìiìîvîmaaÞìÔíŠ×ˆmåÛsr¦biÝîrànÛa†çb’ßægæë†ÔnÈíáèÏîöŠÛaâ†¥bèÜ×ÖaŠÈÛa

òí‡üìÐÛaîöŠÛaò¹ŒÈiüg´jbäÛaN

– 173 –

‹N ‰aŠÔnüa¿áèàÜyÕîÔ¤ÝucåßòíìnÛaµgõìvÜÛa´îÓaŠÈÛaóÜÇ´ÈnîíïØÛkîmÛa¿Þëþaáèìib×aìjävnZæbîÌİÛaµgñ…ìÈÛaëcó™ìÐÛaN

bÈibZÖaŠÈÛa¿òí…b–nÓüaÊb™ëþañ‰ì•bèäàšmÛaòîbþapb÷ÐÛaZ

òîmŁa‰bØÏþabènäàšmÛapübÔ½abèi†–ÔíëZ cN âbÇÞýoÇbİnaÑÛbznÛaòİÜæg2003òî×ŠàØÛaâìŠÛaœÐ¥æc

Çbä–Ûa†yìmëåíŠàrnàÜÛbèîÇaŠ–ßóÜÇòîÓaŠÈÛaòÇbä–Ûalaìic|nÐmëòkãbuþaLáç…ýiµgñaŒËbä÷ubäãg´îÓaŠÈÛabygåß‹ŒÇb¾N

lN Ý•ëðˆÛaŠßþabjíŠÔmõï‘Ý×o–‚–ÖaŠÈÛa¿òîØíŠßþañ‰a…⁄abàçń•bń×Š‘¿´ÐÃìß´îÈm†yµgIðeïéíaïHë

IæbîmbmHæìÜàÈíkíŠËìicåv¿´ÔÔªL´•bä´ÔÔaõüûçæaë´îÓaŠÈÛaõbävÛakíˆÈmÞìyñŠöa†ÛapbÔîÔznÛaáèÜà’mN

bäßbqZâbÄäÛaåßïØíŠßþaÑÓì½aêb£abèäàšmÛaòîbþapb÷ÐÛasÈjÛalŒyëÕibÛaZ

òîmŁa‰bØÏþabènäàšmÛapübÔ½abèi†–ÔíëZ cN ÝnÓòãa…gbäîÜÇñ†ÇbÔÜÛåí†íû½a†íóÜÇòîÓaŠÈÛaòŠ’Ûa¿´Çìİn½a

´îrÈjÛaýbÐÛaëN lN ÁÐäÛawßbãiòÔÜÈn½aÞbînyüapbîÜàÇåÇÞëûßÕibÛaâbÄäÛaæg

pa‰üë†Ûapa‰bîÜß‰a†çgbèäÇá¬ÛaõaˆÌÛaÝibÔßN

xN ´îrÈjÛa´ÏŠİn½akãbuåßÁÐäÛbiÌÛaÖaŠÈÛaóÜÇõýînüaægÑÓìß‹ŒÈîéãasîycìcæìØîñ†ÇbÔÛaÉßÝàÈÜÛåí†Èn½a

ý•⁄aòîÜàÇ†à¯ëòîiŠÈÛaòÔİä½a¿´ÏŠİn½aN

– 174 –

bÈbmZòzÜcåßïØíŠßþaÑÓì½aêb£abèäàšmÛaòîbþapb÷ÐÛaòîÓaŠÈÛaÝßb’Ûa‰bß†ÛaZ

òîmŁa‰bØÏþabènäàšmÛapübÔ½abèi†–ÔíëZ cN þaòßìØ§a‰bß†ÛaòzÜdiòÔÜÈn½aòí‰bj‚nüapbßìÜÈ½aoÇaòîØíŠß

âìva‰mónyŠİäávyá‚šmï×Ýßb’ÛaN lN énvyåß—Ü‚nÜÛ”ìjÛ†îyìÛaÑİÈä½aIÝßb’Ûa‰bß†ÛaòzÜcHìç

ò×‰b’½aÝuaåßòîÇbà¦añ…bi⁄aÞbàÇcÒÔßýâa†•âbÄäiòyb⁄aòßbÓg¿ïÓaŠÈÛakÈ’ÛaÉßïiŠÈÛabÈÛakÜÓ¿òÔöýÛaòßìØ§aïßý⁄aëN

xN òzÜcóÜÇ‰ìrÈÛaæb’idİóÜÇæb×éãdiÒÈíæc”ìjÛæaëþaæelŠ§aŠínÛÖaŠÈÛa¿Ýßb’Ûa‰bß†ÛaÙÛ‡†î×dm¿ŠàníæcdİäåßëN

…N Ýßb’Ûa‰bß†ÛaòzÜcåß—Ü‚nÛabèÏ†çæb×ÖaŠÈÛaóÜÇlŠ§aægN

êN ”ìiÕíŠÏæcóÜÇñ†ànÈ½aémbßìÜÈßóÜÇô†½a†îÈibîbîbäÉÏ†îÖaŠÈÛa¿Ýßb’Ûa‰bß†ÛaòzÜcÞìyõüìÛaN

ëN âìípa‡ñŠbLía‰aŒîÛë†ãì×oÛbÓZò¹Š¦aÝîÛ…µgòub¡bäÛå−õbàÛa¿òíëìãòibz‹ëŠiïšnÔíÙÛ‡æb×a‡gN

aŠ‘bÇZêb£abèäàšmÛaòîbþapb÷ÐÛaåßïØíŠßþaÑÓì½aÈÛapbib‚nãüaòîÓaŠZ


cN áç‰aŠ‘cŠy…åßæìîÓaŠÈÛaåØ·a‡gLáèãbÏòßbÈÛapbib‚nãüaõaŠugåßëìÛaáèî™bßpbÄ§cìcåßëbäßæë‰ŠznîN

– 175 –

lN ÛbaâbÄãåÇóÜ‚níæaÖaŠÈÛa¿”ìiÕíŠÏóÜÇ´Èní†ÔÈ½aòîÜaæcË|ÜÐíåÛâbÄäÛaÙÛˆÏònÓûßòîÓaŠÇòßìØy‰bînü†ÇaðˆÛa

ŠŁaìç|ÜÐíåÛòÜubÇñŠ‘bjßpbib‚nãaõaŠug¿òÈî’ÛakÜİßN

xN µgbîãbİíŠiëòîØíŠßþañ†zn½apbíüìÛaëÖaŠÈÛaåÇæìÜr¾éuìnîaòíeÎýiükÜİiâ†ÔnÜÛÚ‰ìíìîäiæbäÇ¿ì×knØßæbiïãbnîÛaïÜÇ

õaŠu⁄ÞìjÔßëÞìÔÈßß‹Þë†uµgÝ•ìnÛa†íûnñ†zn½aáßþaòèíŒãëñŠyòîÓaŠÇpbib‚nãaN

…N LòîäÛaò×‰b’½aœÈiÉßLÖaŠÈÛa¿òî™Šßpbib‚nãaÕÔ−æcåØ¹ÝçòŠ’ÛabèäÇÉÏa†íLÚbäçÞìjÔßì−óÜÇòîÇŠ‘òßìØyÝîØ’më

åí…Šàn½aæcâcL“î¦aë_ÙÛ‡æìßëbÔî

êN bÈÛaëÖaŠÈÛa¿òÛbÈÏòî×ßcpbßìÜÈßòÜ»áîÔãæaacbääØ¹ÝçæaåØ¹Ýç_ÙÛ‡åßü†iñŠíŒ¦añbäÔÛÝÔ§aåÇÞ‹bänäbäãcâcLïiŠÈÛaâcLòîÓaŠÈÛapbib‚nãüa¿´í‰ìÛaë´îãaŠí⁄akãbuåßÝ†nÛa†î−

_òÜîybäãìÓìÐîáèãc Êbİna†Óëô†ÛÖaŠÈÛañ‰ì–iòÔÜÈn½apübÔ½aæìàšßÝîÜ¤sybjÛa

Ûaæìàš½aÝîÜ¤òİˆîÐämÞýåßòqìzj½añ†àÜÛ´îØíŠßþapübÔ½albn×Ý–ÐÛaaˆçåßÞëþaszj½a¿oyŠ‘NkäÛalbyáqpa‰aŠØnÛaÉºë

pa‰aŠØnÜÛòíì÷½aN¦aÞýåßÝîÜznÛawöbnã|î™ìmbääØ¹ëïmŁaÞë†Z

– 176 –

áÓ‰Þë†uI3H

´îbîÛalbnØÜÛòîäçˆÛa‰ì–ÛbiòÔÜÈn½apübÔ½a´ßbš½òîöŠÛapbçb£üaâbÈÜÛŒ¹bmÚ‰ìíìîãòÐîz•¿ÖaŠÈÛaåÇ´îØíŠßþa2004

òjmŠ½a ñ‰ŠØ½añŠØÐÛaëcêb£üa ‰aŠØnÛa òíì÷½aòjäÛa1 ÖaŠÈÛa¿òîÜa†ÛaÊb™ëþañ‰ì• 65 31,6E 2 ÖaŠÈÜÛïØíŠßþaõa†ÈÛaŠ–y

´äîÈß˜b‚‘diIõa†ÈÛaòä–‚‘H 25 12,1E

3 òîÓaŠÈÛaòßëbÔ½añ‰ì•íÁiŠÛalbç‰⁄aíë

24 11,7E

4 pbib‚nãüaåßïØíŠßþaÑÓì½aòîÓaŠÈÛa

20 9,7E

5 Ýßb’Ûa‰bß†ÛaòzÜcåßÑÓì½a 19 9,2E 6 òî–‚’ÛaåßïØíŠßþaÑÓì½a

òîÓaŠÈÛa 18 8,7E

7 ÖaŠÈÛa¿ïØíŠßþa‹b¬⁄a†î×dm 16 7,8E

8 ¿òí…b–nÓüaÊb™ëþañ‰ì•ÖaŠÈÛa

10 4,8E

9 ÖaŠÈÛa¿ÝjÔn½añ‰ì• 6 2,9E 10 ÕibÛaâbÄäÛaåßïØíŠßþaÑÓì½a

sÈjÛalŒyë 3 1,5E

Êìàa 206 100E

– 177 –

sÛbrÛa@szj½a@ @ÝîÜznÛa@wöbnã@Ðm

üëcZ•@êb£a@ÖaŠÈÛa@¿@òîÜa†Ûa@Êb™ëþa@ñ‰ìZ

pŒ×‰ÛaôŠþapbçb£üaíåßµëþaòjmŠ½aêb£üaaˆçÝnyalbnØÜÛòîäçˆÛa‰ì–ÛbiòÔÜÈn½apübÔ½a´ßbš½òîöŠÛapbçb£üabèîÜÇ

âbÈÜÛŒ¹bmÚ‰ìíìîãòÐîz•¿ÖaŠÈÛaåÇ´îØíŠßþa´îbîÛa2004LÍÜië£üaaˆçÊìà©êbI65HÊìà©åßa‰aŠØmI206Hbç‰a†Ôßòíì÷ßòjäiëa‰aŠØm

I31,6HEpbçb£üaÝà©åßNÛalŠ§aæaÞýåßÙÛ‡ÐmåØ¹ëïçlbç‰⁄a†™biŠybènîàmëÖaŠÈÛaóÜÇòîØíŠßþañ†zn½apbíüìÛabènä‘

aîÐämbèäßlbjcñ†ÈÛÙÛ‡ëòîÐãbiŠyæìØnÛoÔÜİãalŠyæbÔnyüta†ycåßòîØíŠßþañ†zn½apbíüìÛa¿ôŠubßõa‹gïØíŠßþaÈ’ÛakÈ’Ûaæb×ìÛbà×ßþaõbüa“îÈíæb×ðˆÛakÈ’ÛaaˆçpdubÏ

òîäßþata†yþaêa†znmüðˆÛabÈÛa¿†îyìÛaLénÔq†ÔÏéãakãbuµgpaˆÛbipa‰bj‚nübiëòîØíŠßþañ‰a…⁄biLòÏb™gbèãaìÐäÇp†ÔÏbØíŠßcæcµg

ŠÄã¿ozj•cëpbÇbñ†ÈÛæ‹ìÛaâa†ÈãaòÛby¿oÜ…bß†äÇbÈÛaâbßcò™ŠÇôŠþaÞë†ÛaòîÔj×áÄÇþaòÛë†Ûañ‰ì–ibèîÛgŠÄäíæb×ðˆÛabÈÛa

îÐänÛa¿ñìÔÛaëñŠjäœÈiëÁîİ‚nÛaÙÜn·òÇbºòícåßlbç‰gðþNåßëalbn×æbÏbäçaë…a‰cŒ¹bmÚ‰ìíìîãòÐîz•¿ÖaŠÈÛbiòÔÜÈn½aòîbîÛapübÔ½

æcóÜÇ†î×dnÛaÖaŠÈÛa¿òîÜa†ÛaÊb™ëþa‹aŠihiáèßbànçaÞýåßpbíüìÛaéi‰b¤ðˆÛalbç‰⁄aÞbàÇcµgÉuŠmb¸gÖaŠÈÛa¿ò÷îÛaÊb™ëþa

– 178 –

ta†ycˆäßbÈÛa¿òîØíŠßþañ†zn½a11ÞìÜíc2001NŒî×ŠmæbÏÙÛˆ×‰bèÃcóÜÇŒ¹bmÚ‰ìíìîãòÐîz•¿´îØíŠßþaòîbîÛapübÔ½albn×

ÖaŠÈÛa¿òîÜa†ÛaÊb™ëÿÛò·bÔÛañ‰ì–ÛaLpýØ’½a‰ëû‰bèÃgéäß†í‰cæüáîÜÈmëòÛbİiëÝèuëŠÔÏåßÕibÛaâbÄäÛaåß‹ÖaŠÈÛa¿òäßŒ½aòîÜa†Ûa

Ûaõüûç…a‰cbà×lbç‰⁄aŠÔÐÜÛïÇŠ’ÛaÝÐİÛaìçÖaŠÈÛa¿êŠíì–mlbnØÝè¦aëN

bîãbqZ@´äîÈß@˜b‚‘di@ÖaŠÈÜÛ@ïØíŠßþa@õa†ÈÛa@Š–y@Iõa†ÈÛa@òä–‚‘HZ

òjmŠ½aêb£üaaˆçÝnyaòîãbrÛapŒ×‰ÛaôŠþapbçb£üaíåßbîÛalbnØÜÛòîäçˆÛa‰ì–ÛbiòÔÜÈn½apübÔ½a´ßbš½òîöŠÛapbçb£üa´î

âbÈÜÛŒ¹bmÚ‰ìíìîãòÐîz•¿ÖaŠÈÛaåÇ´îØíŠßþa2004óÜÇÝ–ysîyLI25HÊìà©åßa‰aŠØmI206Ha‰aŠØmLoÌÜiòíì÷ßòjäiëI12,1HEåß

pbçb£üaÝà©NÞýåßÙÛ‡ÐmåØ¹ëæc´îØíŠßþa´îbîÛalbnØÛaïØíŠßþaõa†ÈÛaaëŠ–y†ÓŒ¹bmÚ‰ìíìîãòÐîz•¿ÖaŠÈÜÛâa†•—‚’i

¿oíìØÛaòß‹c†Èiõbuê†™´ÈßïbîÑÓìßåÇajÈmý2O8O1990Np†–mòß‹þaáÓbÐmÉßëòÐîz•bèäßëòîØíŠßþaòÏbz–Ûa

Œ¹bmÚ‰ìíìîãðìß†Ûa‰ìmbn×†Ûañ‰ì–iê‰bèÃ⁄ýâa†•òî–‚’ÛéäßáèÔÜÓô†ßØÈmëNnÈã†Óëoëòîibç‰gpbÐ–iýâa†•Š¸éãdi

éãaëòíŠØÈÛaòvİÜjÛaµgd¦éãdiëéÏ…b–íbßÝ×ÐîòÔİä½a¿ÕîÜ‹aŒniüaëÁÌšÛalìÜdilŠÌÛaÉßÝßbÈnÛaµgóÈíNÑ•ë†Óë

éÛìÔiâa†•òî–‚‘æëbmx‰ìuòÈßb ‡bnþaïÛ†îçpŠië‰‰ìîÏëÛaI†ÛæbÏòîÓaŠÈÛañ…bîÛaåßbcÕÜ…a‰ca‡géãaæcéäØ¹bà‚™bqaŠméí

õb’íbßéäßïÔníLòÜ»ïİÈíëa†îuê‰ìèºÒŠÈíë|ubãòíbÇ…Ýu‰éãa

– 179 –

‰ìèà¦aê†íŠíbßÁjšÛbiìçëòİÜÛaëÞb½bia…ìÇëbèä’íÛaòíbÇ†ÛaH(1)N

brÛbqZlbç‰⁄a@ñ‰ì•@íë@òîÓaŠÈÛa@òßëbÔ½a@ñ‰ì•@í@ÁiŠÛa@Z @ @òjmŠ½aêb£üaaˆçÝnyaaòrÛbrÛpŒ×‰ÛaôŠþapbçb£üaíåß

´îbîÛalbnØÜÛòîäçˆÛa‰ì–ÛbiòÔÜÈn½apübÔ½a´ßbš½òîöŠÛapbçb£üaâbÈÜÛŒ¹bmÚ‰ìíìîãòÐîz•¿ÖaŠÈÛaåÇ´îØíŠßþa2004óÜÇÝ–ysîyL

I24HÊìà©åßa‰aŠØmI206Ha‰aŠØmLoÌÜiòíì÷ßòjäiëI11,7HEåßÝà©pbçb£üaNÉànaoß‹üñŠçbÃlbç‰⁄aÞýåßÙÛ‡ÐmåØ¹ë

ïbîÛaLåÇwnãðˆÛaÊaŠ–ÛaëòîÛëû½aëpbİÜÛaáîÄämÉßâ‹ýmïèÏåíŠŁaóÜÇñ…a‰⁄aŠÏëñìÔÛaÚýnßaLâ†Ób¹†Ólbç‰⁄aæb×bäçåßë

òîbîÛapbİÜÛa(2)m‰ì–ilbç‰fiÛñŠ‘bj½a‰ëˆ¦a†n·ëpbía†i¿òîÛb§aéŠ’ÇÉbnÛaæŠÔÛaµgåíŠ’ÈÛaëð…b§aæŠÔÛa(3)pa‰ìqÝØ‘¿bßcòÜrànß

âbØ§a†™åí…ŠànàÜÛLëcòíŠpbîÈà¦òîbîòîibç‰gpbàîÄämÝØ‘¿ëcñŠß†½abç‰bqfipbib–ÈÛalŠyÝØ‘¿NéÛÑäÈÛaÞbØ‘cåßÝØ‘lbç‰⁄aë

iòÓýÇìèÏñŒîà½aé–öb– ÏŠZÉÔíŠeÒŠëlbç‰⁄a‰b¹ÒŠlbç‰⁄aéîÜÇ(4)NÏaˆëædÚ‰ìíìîãòÐîz•¿´îØíŠßþa´îbîÛalbnØÛa

(1)Îbi†ÛaóÐİ–ßZLòrí†§aòÛbŠÛaòjnØßLæbàÇLwîÜälŠy¿Êa†ä1993˜L139N (2)…NêìîÜÇ†îÛaZÛaëpbß‹þañ‰a…gØt‰aìŒ×ŠßLñŠçbÔÛaLòîöbÓëkîÛbcLòîàÜÇÞìÜy

Lpa‰bàrnýÛñŠçbÔÛa1997˜L203N (3)ìçæŁaëí‰ìßÙí‰cZ…òºŠmLéîÜÇ…ŠÛaë†í†ènÛalbç‰⁄aNLñŠçbÔÛaL…ìàªð†»†»c

LlbnØÜÛòßbÈÛaòíŠ–½aò÷îa1991˜L26N (4)…NlŠyïÛaŒÌÛaòßbcIæëŠeëZHïÛë†Ûalbç‰⁄aLsÛbrÛabÈÛa¿ŠíŠznÛapýØ’ßë

LòîãìãbÔÛapba‰†ÛaëtìzjÜÛlŠÈÛa´ßba…b¤aŒ×ŠßLñŠçbÔÛa1986˜L1112N

– 180 –

ÒŠóÜÇòîçaŠØÛaŒî×ŠmlìÜcóÜÇáèmübÔßÞýåßaëŒ×‰†ÓŒ¹bmÊì™ì½aaˆçÞëbämæc‡glbç‰⁄añ‰ì–iéİi‰ÞýåßòîÓaŠÈÛaòßëbÔ½a

éÛ†ÈíŠÇb’½awîudmôìÒ†çLlbç‰⁄aëÒìäŠÇb’ßÝÔäiÊbnànüaëbèãþæbØíŠßþa´äaì½aô†ÛŠÇb’½aêˆçÝrßáî‚šmñ‰ìİåßáËŠÛaóÜÇ´îÓaŠÈÛaåÇë†Üj×ÖaŠÈÛaåÇòîjÜòîäç‡‰ì•xbnãhiòÜîÐ×òÜ–a¿

kÈ’×NîbîÛapübÔ½albn×†äÇlbç‰⁄añŠçbÃoİÜna†ÔÛ´îØíŠßþaò–½aŠíŠÔmÕ¡òİjmŠ½aòîÓaŠÈÛaòßëbÔ½añŠçbÃÉßŒ¹bmÚ‰ìíìîãòÐîz•¿L

bèîÜÇáØ§a¿ÁÜä¿ñ‰ì×ˆ½aòÐîz–Ûa¿òîbîÛapübÔ½albn×ÉÓëcb¾òîibç‰⁄apbîÜàÈÛaáØy¿áç†äÇòîÓaŠÈÛaòßëbÔ½aoãb×sîyL´bänßIæc

ÝàÇnÈmòßëbÔ½a˜ý‚naë‰þaŠíŠznÛëŠÐßkuaëëÝiÊëŠ’ßÖìÔ§aH(1)N

bÈia‰ZòîÓaŠÈÛa@pbib‚nãüa@åß@ïØíŠßþa@ÑÓì½a@Z @ @òjmŠ½aêb£üaaˆçÝnyaòÈiaŠÛapŒ×‰ÛaôŠþapbçb£üaíåß

´îbîÛalbnØÜÛòîäçˆÛa‰ì–ÛbiòÔÜÈn½apübÔ½a´ßbš½òîöŠÛapbçb£üaíŠßþaâbÈÜÛŒ¹bmÚ‰ìíìîãòÐîz•¿ÖaŠÈÛaåÇ´îØ2004óÜÇÝ–ysîyL

I20HÊìà©åßa‰aŠØmI206Ha‰aŠØmLoÌÜiòíì÷ßòjäiëI9,7HEÝà©åßpbçb£üaNÞýåßÙÛ‡ÐmåØ¹ëæc¿´îØíŠßþa´îbîÛalbnØÛa

îØíŠßþaòîbîÛañ†äuþaaëŠíb†ÓŒ¹bmÚ‰ìíìîãòÐîz•b¬æc†×ûmÛaò´ßëbÔ½aÝ×Ý’ÏëÖaŠÈÛa¿ïØíŠßþaÊëŠ’½ab¬ÈíòîÓaŠÈÛapbib‚nãüa

òîbîÛaáèÏa†çcÕîÔ¤åßÊëŠ’½aaˆN

(1)…NlŠyïÛaŒÌÛaòßbcIæëŠeëZH˜LÕib‰†–ß27N

– 181 –

bßbZòîÓaŠÈÛa@Ýßb’Ûa@‰bß†Ûa@òzÜc@åß@ïØíŠßþa@ÑÓì½a@Z @ @òjmŠ½aêb£üaaˆçÝnyaòßbäÛaôŠþapbçb£üaíåßpŒ×‰



Œ¹bmÚ‰ìíìîãòÐîz•áëbäniõa‰ŁaÛaÕibÛaâbÄäÛaæcñŠØÏæbç‡ÿÛ†îÈmâbÇÝßb‘‰bß…òzÜcÙÜn¹æb×1991ïîöŠÛakjÛaòîØíŠßþalŠzÜÛ

ÖaŠÈÛaóÜÇLðˆÛaçbàvÜÛòîÜÔÈÛañ†yìÜÛïÐäÛaæìãbÔÛaóÜÇæë†×ûíb¸g‚’ÛaæcôŠíñŠÌ–½apa†yìÛa‰bØÏcëÑaìÇ|j–m…ŠÐÜÛòîÇaìÛaòî–

òîÇbºë‰ÝØ’nmˆö†äÇëêb£üaÐã¿òèuì×‰ìèàvÜÛòÜØ’½aI1HN

b…bZòîÓaŠÈÛa@òî–‚’Ûa@åß@ïØíŠßþa@ÑÓì½a@Z @ @òjmŠ½aêb£üaaˆçÝnyaò…bÛapŒ×‰ÛaôŠþapbçb£üaíåß

´ßbš½òîöŠÛapbçb£üa´îbîÛalbnØÜÛòîäçˆÛa‰ì–ÛbiòÔÜÈn½apübÔ½aâbÈÜÛŒ¹bmÚ‰ìíìîãòÐîz•¿ÖaŠÈÛaåÇ´îØíŠßþa2004óÜÇÝ–ysîyL


òîÓaŠÈÛaòî–‚’Ûaêb£òîjÜÛbiáèmübÔßoàma†ÓŒ¹bmÚ‰ìíìîãòÐîz•N

(1)æìiìÛÒbnìËZÂLb•á‘bçáí†ÔmëòºŠmLçbà¦aòîuìÛìØî2‰a…LpëiL

LïÓbÛa1997L˜53N

– 182 –

òîİ¸ñ‰ì•åßÑÓì½aaˆç´îØíŠßþaòîbîÛapübÔ½albn×†àníëòîiŠÈÛaòî–‚’ÛaåÇ´äÛapb÷ßÇoãìØmNåßòîiŠÈÛaòî–‚’Ûa†Èmë

ÔîÔ§abènàîÓœÐ¨òÛëbªëéíì’nÜÛò™ŠÇpbî–‚’ÛaŠr×cbç…†ybà×òîÊbànuüaõbàÜÇLåßÖbääbèîÜÇÕî™ëbèiÁîycòîßìÓòî–‚‘ÚbäçoîÜÏ

ÝrßbènàîÓœÐëòîöŠÛabè½bÈßéíì’nÛòë‰†ßëòİİ«òîÏbÔqòÜ»ÞýòîiŠÈÛaòî–‚’ÛaLïiŠÌÛað‰bàÈnüaëŒÌÛaòÜyŠßˆäßbèîÜÇŒî×Ûa†ÔÏ

ŠÔÛa¿pc†iÛaëïiŠÈÛabÈÜÛïãbrÛaÑ–äÛaónypŠànaëŠ’ÇÉbnÛaæåíŠ’ÈÛaæŠÔÛaåß(1)N

bÈibZÖaŠÈÛa@¿@ïØíŠßþa@‹b¬⁄a@†î×dm@Z @ @òjmŠ½aêb£üaaˆçÝnyaòÈibÛapŒ×‰ÛaôŠþapbçb£üaíåß

´îbîÛalbnØÜÛòîäçˆÛa‰ì–ÛbiòÔÜÈn½apübÔ½a´ßbš½òîöŠÛapbçb£üa´îØíŠßþaâbÈÜÛŒ¹bmÚ‰ìíìîãòÐîz•¿ÖaŠÈÛaåÇ2004óÜÇÝ–ysîyL


íŠßþa‹b¬⁄a†î×dmêb£üáëbäm¿Œ¹bmÚ‰ìíìîãòÐîz•b¸cÖaŠÈÛa¿ïØÝàÈÛaÞýåßLÖaŠÈÛa¿òîØíŠßþaòbîÜÛéîöbÇ…´ßbšßæìÓìíaìãb×

ÖaŠÈÛa¿òíŠ§aòÈÓ‰ÉîìmóÜÇLëÇïÓaŠÈÛakÈ’Ûaµgñ…bîÛañ…bÇgõbÐÇgåß×þa‰†ÔÛaóÜÇ…ýjÛaÞì–yæbà™ëòÛ…bÇëòyìnÐßòîÜàÇ

æìí†ÛaN

(1)…N bí†îÛaZLŠ’äÜÛŠíìänÛa‰a…LpëiLŠüaâìèÐßëpaˆÛañ‰ì•íòîiŠÈÛaòî–‚’Ûa1981˜L7073N

– 183 –

bäßbqZnÓüa@Êb™ëþa@ñ‰ì•@ÖaŠÈÛa@¿@òí…b–Z @ @òjmŠ½aêb£üaaˆçÝnyaòäßbrÛapŒ×‰ÛaôŠþapbçb£üaíåß


I10HÊìà©åßpa‰aŠØmI206Ha‰aŠØmLoÌÜiòíì÷ßòjäiëI4,8HEåßpbçb£üaÝà©NÞýåßÙÛ‡ÐmåØ¹ëæc´îØíŠßþa´îbîÛalbnØÛa

Ýr·ÛaòîÔîÔ§añ‰ì–Ûaâ†ÔmÛaõa‰ŁaaìÜçb£†ÓŒ¹bmÚ‰ìíìîãòÐîz•¿ñ…bš½aõa‰ŁaåßÝîÜÔÛaòibn×Éßòí…b–nÓüaÖaŠÈÛaÊb™ëcLÝçb£ÙÛˆ×

óÜÇòîØíŠßþalŠ§aénjjb½lbnØÛaÙ÷ÛëcòíŠ’it‰aì×åßÖaŠÈÛaòí…b–nÓaëNÊb™ëþaóÜÇlŠ§aêˆçpaqdmáèmübÔßoÜçb£ÙÛˆ×

ïÓaŠÈÛakÈ’ÛaóÜÇbèmbbØÈãaëÖaŠÈÛa¿ò÷îÛaòí…b–nÓüaN

bÈbmZÖaŠÈÛa@¿@ÝjÔn½a@ñ‰ì•@Z @ @òjmŠ½aêb£üaaˆçÝnyaòÈbnÛaåßpŒ×‰ÛaôŠþapbçb£üaí

îbîÛalbnØÜÛòîäçˆÛa‰ì–ÛbiòÔÜÈn½apübÔ½a´ßbš½òîöŠÛapbçb£üaI6HÊìà©åßpa‰aŠØmI206Ha‰aŠØmLoÌÜiòíì÷ßòjäiëI2,9HEÝà©åß

pbçb£üaNÞýåßÙÛ‡ÐmåØ¹ëæc¿´îØíŠßþa´îbîÛalbnØÛaìíìîãòÐîz•æaóÜÇáçŒî×Šm¿òîÐbÇ´ßbšßaìuë‰†ÓŒ¹bmÚ‰òbîÛa

ñŠ§añ‰bvnÜÛŠçbix‡ì¸cµgÖaŠÈÛaÝíì¤µgÒ†èmÖaŠÈÛa¿òîØíŠßþaò–‚–äëòÜçbn½aòîjíŠšÛapbbîÜÛëL†íŠmÙÛˆ×ñ†zn½apbíüìÛa

bÈÛaÝa…‰bØÏþalŠyaì¡Šíï×ÖaŠÈÛa¿´Û†nÈ½añ†ÇbßïiŠÈÛaßý⁄aëÛaëïL´îÓaŠÈÛaµg‰ŠaÖaŠÈÛañ…bîñ…bÇgóÜÇÝàÈñìÇ…ëòàÄäß

– 184 –

ØÐnÜÛòÈÜÓÖaŠÈÛaÝÈu¿´îÓaŠÈÛañ†Çb½ïÛë†ÛaÉànaëñ†zn½aáßþaŠ§a…b–nÓüaëŠ§aN´îØíŠßþaòîbîÛapübÔ½albn×óbäm†ÔÛIæg

ØíŠßþañ†zn½apbíüìÛaòbîónyt†¤òÔibÖaŠÈÛakÈ‘†™òîbŠÈmÛapbiìÔÈÛaëòîãbrÛaòî½bÈÛalŠ§a¿ÒëŠÄÛakÈ•cÞý

¿b×‰ßýiëlìÈ’ÛaåßkÈ‘bŠÈníÖaŠÈÛakÈ‘H(1)N

aŠ‘bÇZsÈjÛa@lŒyë@ÕibÛa@âbÄäÛa@åß@ïØíŠßþa@ÑÓì½a@Z @ @òjmŠ½aêb£üaaˆçÝnyañþa iåßpŒ×‰ÛaôŠþapbçb£üa

îbîÛalbnØÜÛòîäçˆÛa‰ì–ÛbiòÔÜÈn½apübÔ½a´ßbš½òîöŠÛapbçb£üaI3HÊìà©åßpa‰aŠØmI206Ha‰aŠØmLoÌÜiòíì÷ßòjäiëI1,5HEÝà©åß

pbçb£üaNÞýåßÙÛ‡ÐmåØ¹ëæc¿´îØíŠßþa´îbîÛalbnØÛaÚ‰ìíìîãòÐîz•âbÄäÛaåßïØíŠßþaÑÓìàÜÛáëbäm†äÇaëŒ×‰†ÓŒ¹bm

ÑaìÈÛabèäîiåßëòíìÔÛaÉÏaë†ÛaÞýÌnaóÜÇsÈjÛalŒyëÕibÛaðc‰ìèà¦aô†ÛÉîİÔÛañŒíŠËâa†‚na(2)¿âbÄäÛaÂìÔ†Èiò•b

9O4O2004N

(1)…NòßýïÜÇâbyëáîÜ†»aæbäyZòa‰… ïiŠÈÛaâýÇ⁄abèØÈíbà×lŠÌÛañ‰ì•

añ‰ì•ëâýÇ⁄albn×¿‰ì’äßs¡ñŠíŒ¦añbäÓóÜÇòîÔîjİmL´àÜ½aëlŠÈÛx2LLåßbrÛaðìäÛaïàÜÈÛaŠ·û½aâýÇ⁄aòîÜ×ñŠçbÔÛaòÈßbuLñŠçbÔÛa2002˜L586N

(2)…NíìÈÛaïÜÇ†àªZLÕîjİnÛaëòíŠÄäÛaíïÛë†ÛaâýÇ⁄aÂ2LìÜ¬üaòjnØßLñŠçbÔÛaLòíŠ–½a1981˜L81N

– 185 –

pbî•ìmë@ò·b

Šc¿ÝßbØnÛaÇëlbnØÛaaˆçÞýåßÑÛû½aÞëbyLòíŠÄäÛaêòîbîÛapübÔ½albn×ô†ÛòîäçˆÛa‰ì–Ûa†í†¤Lémaë…cëLévçbäßë

åßñ†àÜÛÖaŠÈÛaåÇ´îØíŠßþa1O1O2004òíbÌÛë31O12O2004ÙÛ‡ëòÐîz•¿ÖaŠÈÛbiò•bäòîbîÛapübÔ½aóÜÇszjÛaÕîjİmÞýåß

âbÇŒ¹bmÚ‰ìíìîã2004NawöbnäÛaµgÑÛû½a—Ü†ÓëòîmŁZ

1H ¿ÖaŠÈÛbiòÔÜÈn½aòîbîÛapübÔàÜÛ´îØíŠßþalbnØÛaægszjÛaÑ’×âbÇŒ¹bmÚ‰ìíìîãòÐîz•2004L¿òîÜa†ÛaÊb™ëþa‹aŠihiaìànça†Ó

lbç‰⁄aÞbàÇcµgÉuŠmb¸géîÏò÷îÛaÊb™ëþaæcóÜÇ†î×dnÛaëÖaŠÈÛaa¿òîØíŠßþañ†zn½apbíüìÛaéi‰b¤ðˆÛata†ycˆäßbÈÛ11ÞìÜíc

2001NòÐîz•¿´îØíŠßþaòîbîÛapübÔ½albn×Œî×ŠmæbÏÙÛˆ×ÖaŠÈÛa¿òîÜa†ÛaÊb™ëÿÛò·bÔÛañ‰ì–Ûa‰bèÃcóÜÇŒ¹bmÚ‰ìíìîãL†í‰c

ÕibÛaâbÄäÛaåß‹ÖaŠÈÛa¿òäßŒ½aòîÜa†ÛapýØ’½a‰ëû‰bèÃgéäßáîÜÈmëòÛbİiëÝèuëŠÔÏåßlbnØÛaõüûç…a‰cbà×lbç‰⁄aæü

Ýè¦aëŠÔÐÜÛïÇŠ’ÛaÝÐİÛaìçÖaŠÈÛa¿êŠíì–mN

2H æcszjÛaÑ’×Œ¹bmÚ‰ìíìîãòÐîz•¿´îØíŠßþa´îbîÛalbnØÛaÖaŠÈÜÛïØíŠßþaõa†ÈÛaaëŠ–y†ÓåÇajÈmýâa†•—‚’i

¿oíìØÛaòß‹c†Èiõbuê†™´ÈßïbîÑÓìß2O8O1990NÉßëp†–mòß‹þaáÓbÐmŒ¹bmÚ‰ìíìîãòÐîz•bèäßëòîØíŠßþaòÏbz–Ûa

ô†ßØÈmëðìß†Ûa‰ìmbn×†Ûañ‰ì–iê‰bèÃ⁄ýâa†•òî–‚’Û

– 186 –

éäßáèÔÜÓNnÈã†Óëo¿ÕîÜŠ¸éãdiëòîibç‰gpbÐ–iýâa†•óÈíéãaëòíŠØÈÛaòvİÜjÛaµgd¦éãdiëéÏ…b–íbßÝ×ÐîòÔİä½a

‹aŒniüaëÁÌšÛalìÜdilŠÌÛaÉßÝßbÈnÛaµgN

3H szjÛawöbnãpŠèÃcæcÚ‰ìíìîãòÐîz•¿´îØíŠßþa´îbîÛalbnØÛaÒŠóÜÇòîçaŠØÛaŒî×ŠmlìÜcóÜÇáèmübÔßÞýåßaëŒ×‰†ÓŒ¹bm

™ì½aaˆçÞëbämæc‡glbç‰⁄añ‰ì–iéİi‰ÞýåßòîÓaŠÈÛaòßëbÔ½aìÊéÛ†ÈíŠÇb’½awîudmôìÒ†çLÒìäŠÇb’ßÝÔäiÊbnànüaëlbç‰⁄aë´äaì½aô†ÛŠÇb’½aêˆçÝrßáî‚šmñ‰ìİåßáËŠÛaóÜÇ

†Üj×ÖaŠÈÛaåÇòîjÜòîäç‡‰ì•xbnãhiòÜîÐ×òÜ–a¿bèãþæbØíŠßþakÈ’×´îÓaŠÈÛaåÇëNpübÔ½albn×†äÇlbç‰⁄añŠçbÃoİÜna†ÔÛ

îbîÛaòîÓaŠÈÛaòßëbÔ½añŠçbÃÉßŒ¹bmÚ‰ìíìîãòÐîz•¿´îØíŠßþaò–½aŠíŠÔmÕ¡òİjmŠ½aLòÐîz–Ûa¿òîbîÛapübÔ½albn×ÉÓëcb¾

¿áç†äÇòîÓaŠÈÛaòßëbÔ½aoãb×sîyLbèîÜÇáØ§a¿ÁÜä¿ñ‰ì×ˆ½aòîibç‰⁄apbîÜàÈÛaáØyL´bänßIàÇnÈmòßëbÔ½aæcÝiÊëŠ’ßÝ

ÖìÔ§a˜ý‚naë‰þaŠíŠznÛëŠÐßkuaëëHN

4H æcæaszjÛaÑ’×Ú‰ìíìîãòÐîz•¿´îØíŠßþa´îbîÛalbnØÛapbib‚nãüab¬æc†×ûmÛaòîØíŠßþaòîbîÛañ†äuþaaëŠíb†ÓŒ¹bmaˆ´ßëbÔ½aÝ×Ý’ÏëÖaŠÈÛa¿ïØíŠßþaÊëŠ’½ab¬ÈíòîÓaŠÈÛa

òîbîÛaáèÏa†çcÕîÔ¤åßÊëŠ’½aN

5H lbnØÛaæcŒ¹bmÚ‰ìíìîãòÐîz•¿´îØíŠßþa´îbîÛaáëbäniõa‰ŁaÛaâbÇÝßb‘‰bß…òzÜcÙÜn¹æb×ÕibÛaâbÄäÛaæcñŠØÏæbç‡ÿÛ†îÈm

– 187 –

1991ïîöŠÛakjÛaÖaŠÈÛaóÜÇòîØíŠßþalŠzÜÛLóÜÇæë†×ûíb¸gÛïÐäÛaæìãbÔÛaòîÇaìÛaòî–‚’ÛaæcôŠíðˆÛaçbàvÜÛòîÜÔÈÛañ†yìÜ

òèuì×‰ìèàvÜÛòÜØ’½añŠÌ–½apa†yìÛa‰bØÏcëÑaìÇ|j–m…ŠÐÜÛòîÇbºë‰ÝØ’nmˆö†äÇëêb£üaÐã¿N

6H æcoàma†ÓŒ¹bmÚ‰ìíìîãòÐîz•¿´îØíŠßþa´îbîÛalbnØÛaòîÓaŠÈÛaòî–‚’Ûaêb£òîjÜÛbiáèmübÔßNòîbîÛapübÔ½albn×†àníë

åÇ´äÛapb÷ßÇoãìØmòîİ¸ñ‰ì•åßÑÓì½aaˆç´îØíŠßþaòîiŠÈÛaòî–‚’ÛaNò™ŠÇpbî–‚’ÛaŠr×cåßòîiŠÈÛaòî–‚’Ûa†Èmë

ÊbànuüaõbàÜÇbç…†ybà×òîÔîÔ§abènàîÓœÐ¨òÛëbªëéíì’nÜÛLîÜÇÕî™ëbèiÁîycòîßìÓòî–‚‘ÚbäçoîÜÏòÜ»ÞýåßÖbääbè

ÝrßbènàîÓœÐëòîöŠÛabè½bÈßéíì’nÛòë‰†ßëòİİ«òîÏbÔqòîiŠÈÛaòî–‚’ÛaLð‰bàÈnüaëŒÌÛaòÜyŠßˆäßbèîÜÇŒî×Ûa†ÔÏ

ónypŠànaëŠ’ÇÉbnÛaæŠÔÛa¿pc†iÛaëïiŠÈÛabÈÜÛïiŠÌÛaåíŠ’ÈÛaæŠÔÛaåßïãbrÛaÑ–äÛaN

7H æcÛalbnØÛaêb£üáëbäm¿Œ¹bmÚ‰ìíìîãòÐîz•¿´îØíŠßþa´îbîòîöbÇ…´ßbšßæìÓìíaìãb×b¸cÖaŠÈÛa¿ïØíŠßþa‹b¬⁄a†î×dm

ÝàÈÛaÞýåßLÖaŠÈÛa¿òîØíŠßþaòbîÜÛ¿òíŠ§aòÈÓ‰ÉîìmóÜÇÖaŠÈÛaLòÛ…bÇëòyìnÐßòîÜàÇÇïÓaŠÈÛakÈ’Ûaµgñ…bîÛañ…bÇgë

æìí†ÛaõbÐÇgåß×þa‰†ÔÛaóÜÇ…ýjÛaÞì–yæbà™ëN

8H æcszjÛaojqa†ÓŒ¹bmÚ‰ìíìîãòÐîz•¿´îØíŠßþa´îbîÛalbnØÛaçb£ÜÖaŠÈÛaÊb™ëcÝr·ÛaòîÔîÔ§añ‰ì–Ûaâ†ÔmÛaõa‰Łaaì

– 188 –

ñ…bš½aõa‰ŁaåßÝîÜÔÛaòibn×Éßòí…b–nÓüaLlbnØÛaÙ÷ÛëcÝçb£ÙÛˆ×òí…b–nÓaëòíŠ’it‰aì×åßÖaŠÈÛbôÜÇòîØíŠßþalŠ§aénjjb½NÙÛˆ×

¿ò÷îÛaòí…b–nÓüaÊb™ëþaóÜÇlŠ§aêˆçpaqdmáèmübÔßoÜçb£ïÓaŠÈÛakÈ’ÛaóÜÇbèmbbØÈãaëÖaŠÈÛaN

9H æcaìuë‰†ÓŒ¹bmÚ‰ìíìîãòÐîz•¿´îØíŠßþa´îbîÛalbnØÛa×Šm¿òîÐbÇ´ßbšßæcóÜÇáçŒîÒ†èmÖaŠÈÛa¿òîØíŠßþaòbîÛa

òîjíŠšÛapbbîÜÛëñŠ§añ‰bvnÜÛŠçbix‡ì¸cµgÖaŠÈÛaÝíì¤µgò–‚–äëòÜçbn½aL†íŠmÙÛˆ×¿´Û†nÈ½añ†Çbßñ†zn½apbíüìÛa

ßý⁄aëïiŠÈÛabÈÛaÝa…‰bØÏþalŠyaì¡Šíï×ÖaŠÈÛaÛaëïÝàÈ…bîñ…bÇgóÜÇL´îÓaŠÈÛaµg‰ŠaÖaŠÈÛaññìÇ…ëñ†zn½aáßþaòàÄäß

Š§aØÐnÜÛòÈÜÓÖaŠÈÛaÝÈu¿´îÓaŠÈÛañ†Çb½ïÛë†ÛaÉànaëŠ§a…b–nÓüaëN´îØíŠßþaòîbîÛapübÔ½albn×óbäm†ÔÛIæg

ónyt†¤òÔibÖaŠÈÛakÈ‘†™òîØíŠßþañ†zn½apbíüìÛaòbîýbŠÈmÛapbiìÔÈÛaëòîãbrÛaòî½bÈÛalŠ§a¿ÒëŠÄÛakÈ•cÞ

¿b×‰ßýiëlìÈ’ÛaåßkÈ‘bŠÈníÖaŠÈÛakÈ‘HN

10H æc†äÇaëŒ×‰†ÓŒ¹bmÚ‰ìíìîãòÐîz•¿´îØíŠßþa´îbîÛalbnØÛaÞýÌnaóÜÇsÈjÛalŒyëÕibÛaâbÄäÛaåßïØíŠßþaÑÓìàÜÛáëbäm

†ÛaÉÏaëÑaìÈÛabèäîiåßëòíìÔÛaô†ÛÉîİÔÛañŒíŠËâa†‚naðc‰ìèà¦a¿âbÄäÛaÂìÔ†Èiò•b9O4O2004N

– 189 –

pbî•ìnÛa

aˆçòíbèã¿lbnØÛaíïmdíb¶ÑÛû½aï•ìZ

1N âbànçañ‰ëŠ™¿ïbîÛa‰aŠÔÛaÊbä•را ÖòîØíŠßþaÑz–Ûbipa‡العaoÛ…ÛaëqdnÛaë‡ìÐäÛaëòãbØ½aŒ¹bmÚ‰ìíìîä×bènîàçcóÜÇtìzjÛL

òîàçcåßéÔznmbßbèß†ÔmÛa´ßbš½aõbİÇgëLåß…ŠÛañ‰ëŠ™Éßñ‰ì•êì’mÛa´ßbš½aœÈióÜÇŠßþbi´îäÈ½aÝjÓÝöbë¿ÖaŠÈÛa

ïØíŠßþaâýÇ⁄aN

2N Þìyñ…†ªÂbÔãðì¤òîÓaŠÇòîßýÇgòîvîmaaÉ™ëæbØ¶òîàçþaåßîÐî×ïØíŠßþaÝÔÈÛa¿ÖaŠÈÜÛòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–Ûa´¤òL†–Ôãüë

äuþa—äÛaµgïiŠÈÛaæìàš½aòºŠm…Š©ïØíŠßþaÝÔÈÛaòjb‚¶LòîØíŠßþaòîÜÔÈÛaáèÏkÜİníÙÛ‡æcsîyaˆçåßÕàÇcŠßþaåØÛëáçØÐmòÔíŠ‰aìËcåßÙÛ‡éjÜİníb¶òîØíŠßþaòî–‚’Ûa|îmbÐßë

ëáènjb«lìÜcNáöýníüòîiŠÈÛasí…byþa¿òØí†ÛaÊaŠ•æcÙÛ‡òîØíŠßþaØÐnÛaòÔíŠëLÝöü†Ûaëwv§aŠÇlìÜcæcbà×

áèí†ÛÑaìÈÛaõa†vnalìÜcóÜÇÕjc´çaÛaëN

3N ð‰ëŠšÛaåß¿Þb–mübiáöbÔÛaóÜÇpba‰…õaŠugâýÇ⁄aÝöbëŠÌÛaë˜bÝØ’iòîØíŠßþaåÇéí†ÛòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaòÏŠÈ½âbÇÝØ’il

ïßýÇ⁄a‰aŠÔÛaÉãb•ê‰bjnÇbiïÓaŠÈÛaÉànaLµgÝ•ìnÛaéÈßåØ¹b¶òîÓaŠÈÛaòî–‚’ÛaÞìyò•bäáîçbÐ½a|îz–mN

– 190 –

4N âbànçañ‰ëŠ™ÖaŠÈÛa¿ïbîÛa‰aŠÔÛaÊbä•ÝšÏc‰bînaóÜÇ˜Š§biÜîr·óÜÇñ‰…bÔÛaŠ•bäÈÛaébä¿Šàn½aáîîÔnÜÛáèÜàÇÊbšgëx‰

òÏbÔqëñ‰bšyØÈmòjîñ‰ì•áí†ÔniõüûçâaŒnÛaåàšíÝØ’iìÜë†í†¦aïÓaŠÈÛaæbã⁄aÚN

5N âbànçüañ‰ëŠ™ïÓaŠÈÛaòÌÜÛaÝí†jmëLòîßýÇ⁄apbbîÛaÝí†jniïÔÜnàÜÛòîÏbÔrÛapa‰bjnÇüañbÇaŠßñ‰ëŠ™ëLïßýÇ⁄aÝÔÈÛaëLòîßýÇ⁄a

bëòÔbäÛapýaëÑz–ÛaëòîöbšÐÛapaìäÔÛawßaŠiÞb©¿ò•òîãb½þaëòîãŠÐÛaëòíŒîÜØã⁄b×ïÛë†Ûa‰b’nãüapa‡pbÌÜÛbiN

6N âýÇ⁄aÝöbëâbànçañ‰ëŠ™õaìåí†ÜÛ|îz•‹aŠihiïÓaŠÈÛazî½aëcïßý⁄aLïpbî×ìÜÛaµgñ…ìÈÛaëÖýþaòß‹cò¦bÈßë

b’ßåßñ†îà§aïßìØyâýÇgÉßñ†í†¦aïã†½aÉànapbûßò×‰òÔíŠİi‰bÌ–ÛaìÐã¿òîäìÛaëòîäí†ÛaëòîÇbànuüaáîÔÛaŠËóäjní

òzîz•N

7N âýÇ⁄aÝöbëbç……ŠmÛaòçì’½apbßìÜÈ½aë‰ì–Ûaåßr×oãb×b½åÇòîØíŠßþaÖaŠÈÛapŠÏìma‡gbð†–nÛaëbèšy…ÝèÛaåß

bßìÜÈ½aíæëbÈmòÌî•…b¯gŠÐíaˆçæbÏòzîz–Ûaòîäí†ÛapñbäÓòîöbšÐÛaòîÓaŠÈÛaŒîè£Ò†èibäÈàn©¿ïßý⁄aåí†ÛaõbàÜÇíë

âýÇ⁄aÝöbëµgbè¹†ÔmÝjÓbènÈuaŠßëòzîz–Ûaòîäí†ÛapbßìÜÈ½aN

– 191 –

ÉuaŠ½aë@‰…b–½a

üëcZ@@òîiŠÈÛa@knØÛa

1N ïÓìÓa†ÛaáîçaŠiaZñ‰ì•ÚaŠmüaô†ÛlŠÈÛaLpëiLpba‰…Œ×ŠßòîiŠÈÛañ†yìÛaL2001N

2N †»aÝîÜáîçaŠigZÝ•ì½a¿òîiŠÈÛaòÏbz–Ûañd’ãLÝ•ì½aLòÈßbuÝ•ì½aL1982N

3N âbßaáîçaŠiaZñŠçbÔÛaLïÐz–ÛaåÐÛa¿pba‰…L¬üaòjnØßìÜMLòíŠ–½aIlNpHN

4N a‰ìÄäßåiZlŠÈÛaæbÛL†ÜaI1Ha…LLpëiL‰…b•‰IlNpNH

5N òÐîÜÞýugZïÐz–ÛaŠíŠznÛaåÏ¿òrí†ypbçb£aLÂ1LñŠçbÔÛaL‰a…Š’äÛaëòÇbjİÜÛbäaL1972N

6N ‰†i†»aZòîàänÛaëòíbÇ†ÛaëâýÇ⁄aíçbà¦biÞb–müaLoíìØÛaLpbÇìjİ½aòÛb×ëL1981N

7N …ìàªkî¬ï×‹ë´ßc†»aZbÈÛa¿l…þaò–ÓLx3LñŠçbÔÛaLòjnØßòíŠ–½aòšèäÛaL1945N

8N ðë†iï×‹†»aZaâìÜÈÛapbzÜİ–ßávÈß⁄pëiLòîÇbànuLòjnØßæbäjÛL1978N

– 192 –

9N Ñí†È‰ìq‰eZbäîåiaL…òºŠmNâìÜÕîÏìmLpëiLïia‰bÐÛa‰a…L1987N

10N ìçæŁaëí‰ìßÙí‰cZéîÜÇ…ŠÛaë†í†ènÛalbç‰⁄aL…òºŠmN†»cªð†»…ìàLñŠçbÔÛaLlbnØÜÛòßbÈÛaòíŠ–½aò÷îaL1991N

11N lŠyïÛaŒÌÛaòßbcIæëŠeëHZŠíŠznÛapýØ’ßëïÛë†Ûalbç‰⁄asÛbrÛabÈÛa¿LñŠçbÔÛaLpba‰†ÛaëtìzjÜÛlŠÈÛa´ßba…b¤aŒ×Šß

òîãìãbÔÛaL1986N

12N áîçaŠigÝîÇbgZÔîjİnÛaëòíŠÄäÛaþa ïÐz–ÛaÞbÔ½aåÏpbòîÜàÈÛaLÂ2LñŠçbÔÛaLÉí‹ìnÛaëŠ’äÛaëòÇbjİÜÛŠvÐÛa‰a…L2003N

13N æìîÜËæbçŠiZòßþa†™òÛë†Ûa òîiŠÈÛaòäaLpëiLpba‰…Œ×ŠßòîiŠÈÛañ†yìÛaL1994N

14N ñ…b»ïãìîiZòbîÛaëâýÇ⁄aÝöbëLñŠçbÔÛaLÖŠ’ÛaòšèãòjnØßL1996N

15N òÓ‰b’ßîmZ¿ém‰ì•ëïiŠÈÛaoîããüaëpbîöbšÐÛaëò½ìÈÛaÝÃLòíìaëò½ìÈÛalbn×¿‰ì’äßs¡L…ŠíŠ¤NÉj•gìicb•LæbàÇL

bîÐÛ…ýîÏòÈßbuL1999N

16N ‰ìÐ–ÇŠibuZïËýjÛaëð†ÔäÛataÛa¿òîäÐÛañ‰ì–ÛaLñŠçbÔÛaL‰a…òÏbÔrÛaL1974N

17N ï–ßbà§aåí†ÛaÞýuZòîÛbr½aòÐîz–ÛaLñŠçbÔÛaL‰a…Š–¶Ò‰bÈ½aL1972N

– 193 –

18N †îÛaýóÜîÛëðëbØß…bàÇåyZLñŠ•bÈ½aémbíŠÄãëÞb–müañŠçbÔÛaLòîãbäjÜÛaòíŠ–½a‰a†ÛaL1998N

19N ð‰bŠšïàÜyZ×ñcŠ½aIŠeHïãbä¦aÁîàänÛaòäàîç¿òa‰…ïã…‰þaÉàna¿ñcŠ½aòãbØßóÜÇLlbn×¿ZŠŁañ‰ì•ZÃbãïiŠÈÛaaŠ

éîÛga‰ìÄäßëLkîjÛŠçbİÛaŠíŠ¤LpëiLòîiŠÈÛañ†yìÛapba‰…Œ×ŠßL1999N

20N åyð†»ZâýÇ⁄aÝöbìÛòí‰bj⁄aòÐîÃìÛaLÂ2LñŠçbÔÛaL‰a…ïiŠÈÛaŠØÐÛaL1991N

21N áîñ†î»ZÝ†àâbÈÛaðcŠÛaòíŠÄãLòîÏbÔrÛaæëû’Ûa‰a…L…a†ÌiLòßbÈÛa1992N

22N pbib•ÝîÜZÝöbëbç‰ìİmëbèmd’ãÞb–müaLÂ5LñŠçbÔÛaLòjnØßòíŠ–½aìÜ¬üaL1987N

23N æëŠeëŒmb×Ýîîãa…Z…òºŠmLâbÈÛaðcŠÛaëâýÇ⁄aNÝßb×…ìàªñŠçbÔÛaLïßbaLLŠ’äÛaëÉjİÜÛŠ–ßòšèã‰a…1982N

24N ŒÛ‰b’moía‰Zðçbà¦aÞb–mýÛïÇbànuüa‰ìÄä½aL†àªòºŠmïznÏLñŠçbÔÛaLalbnØÜÛòßbÈÛaòíŠ–½aò÷îL1983N

25N áîäË†àªæbàrÇëæbîÜÇóÐİ–ßï¡‰ZszjÛakîÛbcëwçbäßÕîjİnÛaëòíŠÄäÛaïàÜÈÛaLæbàÇLÉí‹ìnÛaëŠ’äÜÛõbÐ•‰a…L2000N

26N Éîi‰ÕÛbä†jÇZòîmaˆÛaòÛbÔ½aåÏLïiŠÈÛal…þa¿òí‰†äØüaL‰a…LòîÈßb¦aòÏŠÈ½a1988N

– 194 –

27N õbu‰ð‰†íë…†îyëZémb‰b¾ëòíŠÄäÛaémbîbc ïàÜÈÛaszjÛaòîÜàÈÛaLÕ’ß…LŠØÐÛa‰a…L2000N

28N …‰b’ní‰iåIæëŠeëHZpbÔîjİnÛaëwèä½a âýÇ⁄aæìàšßÝîÜ¤òîiŠÈÛaL…òºŠmN†i‰aLŠçì¦aïubã†àªLŠ’äÜÛòî†ÓL1992N

29N áÜßïßbZbîãb½còÏbz•¿lŠÈÛañ‰ì•òí…b¤üaLpëiLòîiŠÈÛañ†yìÛapba‰…Œ×ŠßL1985N

30N ‰bväÛakíŠÌÛa†îÈZòîàÓŠÛaòîäÔnÛaŠ–Ç¿òÏbz–ÛabîuìÛìäØmLñŠçbÔÛaLLòîãbäjÜÛaòíŠ–½a‰a†Ûa2003N

31N ðŠ•bäÛalbİâýZ¿òa‰… òîØíŠßþaòîu‰bäòbîÛaëâýÇ⁄aåìÜÛïØíŠßþaïßýÇ⁄aÖaüaïiŠÈÛaL…a†ÌiLòîÏbÔrÛaæëû’Ûa‰a…

òßbÈÛaL2000N

32N ý†àªZòîvèä½akãaì¦aëòíŠÄäÛaþaâbÈÛaðcŠÛaLñŠçbÔÛaLknØÛabÇL1988N

33N y†àªZLéma…†ªëéàîçbÐßëémbÐíŠÈm æìàš½aÝîÜ¤Â2LñŠçbÔÛaLknØÛabÇL1996N

34N y†àªZ¿pba‰…LâýÇüatì¡ïàÜÈÛaszjÛawçbäßÂ3LñŠçbÔÛaLknØÛabÇL1999N

35N …buèZïÇbäÓüaÞb–müaëâýÇ⁄aÝöbëLñŠçbÔÛaLòßbÈÛaò÷îalbnØÜÛòíŠ–½aL2003N

– 195 –

36N êìîÜÇ†îÛaZÛaëpbß‹þañ‰a…gØòîàÜÇÞìÜyt‰aìëLòîöbÓëkîÛbcñŠçbÔÛaLpa‰bàrnýÛñŠçbÔÛaŒ×ŠßL1997N

37N í†îÛaZŠŁaâìèÐßëpaˆÛañ‰ì•íòîiŠÈÛaòî–‚’ÛaLpëiLŠ’äÛaëòÇbjİÜÛŠíìänÛa‰a…L1981N

38N ÚbiØæ…‰ìÌîZåíŠŁañ‰ì•M¿òi‡bØÛaëòîÔîÔ§aÒëb‚½aŠŁañ‰ì•lbn×¿òîi‰ëþaòîiŠÈÛapbÓýÈÛaZa‰ìÄäßëaŠÃbãïiŠÈÛa

ÂLéîÛg1L…Œ×ŠßLpëiLòîiŠÈÛañ†yìÛapba‰1999N

39N æbjÜÛa“íë‰…ÑíŠ‘Zòrí†§apbçb£üaïÐz–ÛaŠ’äÛabîuìÛìäØmLñŠçbÔÛaLòîãbäjÜÛaòíŠ–½a‰a†ÛaL2001N

40N …ë†»a†îðŠØ‘Nð…bà§a†àªa†jÇZæìàš½aÝîÜ¤òîvèäßLŠİÓòÈßbuL1987N

41N ïÜßbÈÛa†àªïÓì‘Zå»ŠÛa†jÇl…c¿ÞbÔ½aðŠØ‘LñŠçbÔÛaLòjnØßòíŠ–½aòšèäÛaL1989N

42N Éj•gìicÝîÜb•ZñŠ•bÈ½apbÈàna¿âýÇ⁄aëÞb–müaLæbàÇLŠ’äÛaëpba‰†ÜÛâa‰e‰a…L1995N

43N ÞaìÐÛaý•ZñŠçbÔÛaLòîÇbànuüaâìÜÈÛa¿szjÛawçbäßLòjnØßkíŠËL1982N

44N †îjÇ†jÈÛaïÛ†ÇÑbÇZ¿áÜÈ½añ‰ì•âýÇ⁄aÝöbëLÂ2LñŠçbÔÛaLïiŠÈÛaŠØÐÛa‰a…L2001N

– 196 –

45N ïİÈ½a†jÇÁbjÛa†jÇZòí†Ôãòíú‰ì−òÛëbªïÇbànuüaszjÛaê…bÈiaëévèä½Lòí‰†äØ⁄aLòîÈßb¦aòÏŠÈ½a‰a…L1984N

46N âbäÌÛaŒíŒÈÛa†jÇZòÏbz–ÛaáÜÇµgÝ†ßLñŠçbÔÛaLìÜ¬üaòjnØßòíŠ–½aL1977N

47N ÒŠ‘ŒíŒÈÛa†jÇZòîÛb–müapa‰bš§a‰ìİmëòîßýÇ⁄abäuþaLñŠçbÔÛaLlbnØÜÛòßbÈÛaòíŠ–½aò÷îaL2003N

48N ÒŠ‘ŒíŒÈÛa†jÇZòÛbÔ½al…þïßýÇ⁄aÐnÛaLñŠçbÔÛaLbÇ‰a…òÏŠÈ½aL1995N

49N ÒŠ‘ŒíŒÈÛa†jÇZïÐz–ÛaÞbÔ½aåÏLñŠçbÔÛaLŠ’äÛaëòÇbjİÜÛõbjÓ‰a…ÛaëÉí‹ìnL2000N

50N ”b‰…bÔÛa†jÇZâýÇ⁄añeŠß¿lŠÈÛaëâýfiÛòîİàäÛañ‰ì–ÛaïiŠÌÛaLbíŠÛaL…ë†aâýÇfiÛñŠöa†Ûaò×Š‘L1989N

51N ñŒ»ÑîİÜÛa†jÇZŠ–ß¿òîÐz–ÛaòÛbÔ½al…cLx2LÂ2LñŠçbÔÛaLïiŠÈÛaŠØÐÛa‰a…L1958N

52N ñŒ»ÑîİÜÛa†jÇZaŠíŠznÛaåÏ¿Ý†½aïÐz–ÛLÂ4LñŠçbÔÛaL‰a…ïiŠÈÛaŠØÐÛaL1968N

53N ðŠØ‘†îa†jÇZpbí†¤ëÝjÔn½aÖbÏe òîàänÛaëïßýÇ⁄aÞb–müa†í†uæŠÓLñŠçbÔÛaLÉí‹ìnÛaëŠ’äÜÛïiŠÈÛaL1995N

54N Ð§aáÈä½a†jÇZïÐäÛaÝîÜznÛaëÐäÛaáÜÇòÇììßLïãbrÛaõŒ¦aLñŠçbÔÛaLïÛìi†ßòjnØßL1978N

– 197 –

55N íŠØnÛaÑíŠ‘âb–ÇZåßòîØíŠßþaÕöbqìÛa¿ÖaŠÈÛa19521954L…a†ÌiLòßbÈÛaòîÏbÔrÛaæëû’Ûa‰a…L1995N

56N óìßâb–ÇZðçbà¦aÞb–müa¿Ý†½aL†i‰cLïãbèjäÛa‰a…Š’äÛaëòÇbjİÜÛL1986N

57N ñìvÇïÜÇZòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaëòßbÈÛapbÓýÈÛaLÂ3LñŠçbÔÛaLbÇnØÛakL2001N

58N ð†öbÈÛa…ìàªïÜÇZñŠ•bÈ½apbí†znÛaâbßcïiŠÈÛaâýÇ⁄aLÃìicLòîvîmaüatìzjÛaëpba‰†ÜÛpa‰bß⁄aŒ×ŠßL1999N

59N å»ŠÛa†jÇÑaìÇIZpbíŠcëHZpba‰†Ûa¿æìàš½aÝîÜ¤òîßýÇ⁄aLñŠçbÔÛaLÉí‹ìnÛaëŠ’äÜÛòÏbÔrÛa‰a…L1986N

60N aìÇåí‹ð‹bËñŠçbÔÛaLòÜvàÜÛòîäÐÛaþaLZòíŠ–½aò÷îaLlbnØÜÛòßbÈÛa1997N

61N aìÇð‹bËZòîØíŠßþaòÏbz–Ûa¿ïiŠÈÛaLÂ1Lñ†uLpbÇìjİßòßbèmL1985N

62N Ë†»a†î†àªkíŠZïÇbànuüaszjÛaˆîÐämëáîà–mLòí‰†äØ⁄aLòîÈßb¦aòÏŠÈ½a‰a…L1989N

63N æìiìÛÒbnìËZòîuìÛìØîçbà¦aLb•á‘bçáí†ÔmëòºŠmLÂ2LpëiLïÓbÛa‰a…L1997N

64N ÝÓbÇŠbÏZòî×ìÜÛaâìÜÈÛaávÈßLpëiLïiŠÈÛa†öaŠÛa‰a…L1988Lpa‰ì–më‰ì•ñ…bßN

– 198 –

65N †í‹ìiaÖë‰bÏZÂLòîÐz–ÛaòibnØÛaåÏ4ñŠçbÔÛaLZLknØÛabÇ1990N

66N ÝßbØÛaxŠÏZa…bÈiþaÞb–müaÝöbëqdmòîÇbànuüaëòîÐäÛLñŠçbÔÛaLïiŠÈÛaŠØÐÛa‰a…LŠ’ãƒí‰bmýiN

67N Ðyð‰†ÓZÐäÛaáÜÇåßpbLñŠçbÔÛaLòßbÈÛaòíŠ–½aò÷îalbnØÜÛL2000N

68N Ü‘âŠ×ZòîßýÇ⁄apbzÜİ–½aávÈßLñŠçbÔÛaLÖëŠ’Ûa‰a…L1989N

69N cpßüNpßüZïÇbànuüaÐäÛaáÜÇLñŠçbÔÛaLÛa‰a…ÖëŠ’L1993N

70N lŠÈÛaæbÛZ‰ìÄäßåiüLx6ñŠçbÔÛaLLÑîÛdnÜÛòîiŠÈÛa‰a†ÛaòºÛaëLŠ’ãƒí‰bmýiLñ…bßZ‰ì•N

71N Š–ã´Û‰bßZòîãŠÐÛaòîa‰†Ûawçbä½a¿âý⁄aëlŠÈÛañ‰ì•LpëiLòîiŠÈÛañ†yìÛapba‰…Œ×ŠßL1995N

72N æì×‰c†àªZâý⁄aóÜÇñˆÏbãLÂ2LòºŠmáîè¦abî•LpëiLòîİÇ‰a…L1997N

73N ïië‰†Ûa†àªZŠ•bÈ½aïÐz–ÛaëòÏbz–ÛaLpëiLòîiŠÈÛaòû½aŠ’äÛaëpba‰†ÜÛL1996N

74N ð‹aŠÛaŠØiïicåi†àªZbz–Ûa‰bn«LpëiLðŠ–½albnØÛa‰a…L1979N

75N ÝØîç´äy†àªZòbîÛaëòÏbz–ÛaíLñŠçbÔÛaL‰a…LÖëŠ’Ûa2003N

– 199 –

76N ðŠib¦a†ibÇ†àªZïiŠÈÛaïbîÛaÝÔÈÛaLÂ3LpëiLŒ×ŠßòîiŠÈÛañ†yìÛapba‰…L1995N

77N ïua‰†ÛabjÇ†àªZÊa†igëƒí‰bm ÑväÛaòÏbz•L…a†ÌiL‰a…òßbÈÛaòîÏbÔrÛaæëû’ÛaL1989N

78N †àªáîØ§a†jÇ†àªZÕîjİnÛaëòíŠÄäÛaíÞbÔ½aæìäÏLñ‰ì–ä½aL‰a…âaŠÔÛapbß†‚ÜÛôòîàîÜÈnÛaL1999N

79N †îà§a†jÇ†àªZòîßýÇ⁄apba‰†Ûa¿ïàÜÈÛaszjÛaLÂ5LñŠçbÔÛaLknØÛabÇL2015N

80N †îà§a†jÇ†àªZòÏbz–Ûatì¡Lñ†uLÖëŠ’Ûa‰a…L1990N

81N †îà§a†jÇ†àªZâýÇ⁄atì¡¿ôìnaÝîÜ¤Lñ†uLÖëŠ’Ûa‰a…L1983N

82N †îà§a†jÇ†àªZa‰…âýÇ⁄atì¡¿‰ìèà¦aòLñŠçbÔÛaLbÇknØÛaL1993N

83N †îà§a†jÇ†àªZqdnÛapbçb£aëâýÇ⁄apbíŠÄãLñŠçbÔÛaLbÇknØÛaL1997N

84N íìÈÛaïÜÇ†àªZÕîjİnÛaëòíŠÄäÛaíïÛë†ÛaâýÇ⁄aLñŠçbÔÛaLbÇknØÛaL1987N

85N ðìãbènÛaïÓë‰bÐÛaïÜÇ†àªZyýİ•aÒb’×æìäÐÛapbLx2ÕîÔ¤L…NÉí†jÛa†jÇïÐİÛLñŠçbÔÛaLLïiŠÈÛalbnØÛa‰a…I…LpHN

– 200 –

86N ïãëbènÛaïÓë‰bÐÛaïÜÇ†àªZæìäÐÛapbyýİ•aÒb’×Lx4LÕîÔ¤…Nåí†jÛa†jÇïÐİÛLñŠçbÔÛaLlbnØÜÛòßbÈÛaòíŠ–½aò÷îaL1977N

87N ìÈß†àªZâýÇ⁄aÝöbë¿äLÂ1LñŠçbÔÛaL‰a…ïiŠÈÛaŠØÐÛaL1994N

88N lbvyäß†àªZïybnnÏüaÞbÔ½aLbİäLòÇbjİÜÛ†îÈòûßL1987N

89N lbvyäß†àªZ†ÜaLòîßýüaòÇìì½aI6HŠ’äÜÛŠvÐÛa‰a…LLñŠçbÔÛaLÉí‹ìnÛaë2003N

90N òíbÏcåí†Ûa‰ìã†àªZïiŠÈÛaŠØÐÛa¿ŠŁa‰ì•Ýî‚n½alŠÌÛaÁîìÛaïßý⁄aLïiŠÈÛa¿bÔrÛaŒ×Š½aLpëiL2000N

91N ÑíŠ‘…ìàªZòîÐz–ÛaëòîÇì™ì½aëòîi…þaòÛbÔ½aåÏL‰a…LoíìØÛaòiëŠÈÛaLI…LpHN

92N ïàèÏ…ìàªZôØÛaÑz–ÛaŠíŠ¤åÏLñŠçbÔÛaLòßbÈÛaòíŠ–½aò÷îalbnØÜÛL1982N

93N bz–Ûa‰bn«Zð‹aŠÛaâbß⁄aLpëiLïiŠÈÛalbnØÛa‰a…L1979Lñ…bßZ‰ì•N

94N Îbi†ÛaóÐİ–ßZwîÜälŠy¿Êa†äLæbàÇLòrí†§aòÛbŠÛaòjnØßL1993N

95N aÁîìÛaávÈ½Zx2LÂ3LòîiŠÈÛaòÌÜÛaÉà©LñŠçbÔÛaL1985N

96N ð† þa†vä½aZÂ5LpëiLÖŠ’½a‰a…L1986N

– 201 –

97N òîiŠÈÛaòîÐÜÐÛaòÇìì½aLñ…bí‹åÈßŠíŠ¤LpëiL¸⁄a†èÈßõbïiŠÈÛaL1986Lñ‰ì•ñ…bßN

98N ñŠ–n‚½aòîÐÜÐÛaòÇìì½aZÝßb×…aûÏòºŠmIæëŠeëHLpëiL‰a…´íýàÜÛáÜÈÛaLŠ’ãƒí‰bmýiLñ…bßZñ‰ì•N

99N îaæbàÈãð…bçZðçbà¦aÞb–müaòîÜàÇ¿òÌÜÛaL…a†ÌiL‰a…òÇbjİÜÛŠßbÛaL1997N

100N ïÛìäáîÛëZ¿ñŠ–n‚½aòÇìì½aïÜÔÈÛakİÛaëÐäÛaáÜÇLÂ1LñŠçbÔÛaLÒ‰bÈ½a‰a…L1979Lç‡‰ì–mëñ‰ì•bm…bßN

101N ïÜÜî’ØîßØîÛZòíìaL…òºŠmNòÐëïÜÇLÕ’ß…LáîìÛa‰a…L1993N

102N Öë‹ŠßÑìíZÞb–müaáÜÇµgÝ†ßLòí‰†äØ⁄aLòÏŠÈ½a‰a…òîÈßb¦aL1988N

bîãbmZòîÈßb¦a@ÝöbŠÛaë@|í‰büa@@ @1N ðëaŠÈ’ÛaïÜÇ†»aZòîİÌnÛa¿òîØíŠßüañ†zn½apbíüìÛañ‰ì•

òîiŠÈÛaòîÐz–Ûa20012002òã‰bÔßòîÜîÜ¤òa‰…LnubßòÛb‰Iñ‰ì’äßËHâbÇñŠçbÔÛaòÈßb âýÇüaòîÜ×µaoß†Ó2005N

2N ð‰ìj¦aïça‰æa†í‹ñ…a‰gZáíbnÛaòÜ©¿lŠÈÛañ‰ì• òîİàäÛañ‰ì–Ûa1973LnubßòÛb‰Iñ‰ì’äßËHòîÜ×ßýÇ⁄aáÓµgoß†Ó

âbÇ…a†ÌiòÈßb la…Ła1996N

3N sîÌ½a†jÇÒŠ‘aZâýÇüa‰ë…òîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaÝîØ’m¿âýÇüa‰ë…ðŠ–½albj’Ûaô†ÛsÛbrÛabÈÜÛòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaåíìØm¿Lòa‰…

– 202 –

nubßòÛb‰òîãa†îßòîÜîÜ¤I’äßËñ‰ìHòÈßb âýÇüaòîÜ×µaoß†ÓâbÇñŠçbÔÛa1993N

4N †àªéÞbà×ÞbßeZ¿òîiŠÌÛaëòîiŠÈÛaòîÐz–ÛaòîİÌnÛa¿ÖaŠÈÛañ‰ì•êa‰ìn×…òÛb‰Lòã‰bÔßòa‰…pbäîÈnÛaIñ‰ì’äßËHòîÜ×µaoß†Ó

âbÇñŠçbÔÛaòÈßb âýÇüa2001N

5N a†ã‰ì–äßå¹aZŠÈÛaåìÛañ‰ì•¿òí‰bjüa…aì½abèØÈmbà×ïiòîi‰ëüaëòîiŠÈÛaòîöbšÐÛbmaìäÔÛaLòã‰bÔßòa‰…Lêa‰ìn×…òÛb‰IË

ñ‰ì’äßHâbÇñŠçbÔÛaòÈßb âýÇüaòîÜ×µaoß†Ó2000N

6N ÑìíìiabäíaZòîØíŠßüaëòíŠ–½aòÏbz–Ûa¿sÛbrÛabÈÛañ‰ì•ñÐÛaÞý1980–1989L×…òyëŠcêa‰ìnIñ‰ì’äßËHoß†Ó

âbÇñŠçbÔÛaòÈßb âýÇüaòîÜØôÛa1994N 7N †ßbyáîçaŠia…b»ZòíŠ–½aòÏbz–Ûa¿òîØíŠßüañ†zn½apbíüìÛañ‰ì•

òîßìîÛaLpbäîÈjÛaëæbäînÛajÔyíòã‰bÔßòa‰…LnubßòÛb‰Iñ‰ì’äßËHâbÇñŠçbÔÛaòÈßb âýÇüaòîÜ×µaoß†Ó1986N

8N ‰†ibnÐÛa†jÇæbäyZòa‰…òîãb½üaòÏbz–Ûa¿´íŠ–½aëŠ–ßñ‰ì•nubßòÛb‰LÞb–mübiáöbÔÛaëæìàšàÜÛIñ‰ì’äßËHLâýÇüaòîÜ×L

ñŠçbÔÛaòÈßbuL2005N 9N Ýí†äÓ†»còîua‰Z âaìÇaòíŠ–½aòÏbz–ÛaóÏÝîöaŠgñ‰ì•1972ë

1974ë1978Lêa‰ìn×…òyëŠcIËñ‰ì’äßHòÏbz–ÛaáÓµaoß†ÓâbÇñŠçbÔÛaòÈßb âýÇ⁄aòîÜ×¿1981N

– 203 –

10N ïãa†à§a†»aæbİzÓbí‰ZLòîÓaŠÈÛaòÏbz–Ûa¿ñ†zn½apbíüìÛañ‰ì•nubßòÛb‰Iñ‰ì’äßËHâbÇ…a†ÌiòÈßb la…ŁaòîÜ×µgoß†Ó

2001N

11N ïãa†à§a†»aæbİzÓbí‰ZÛaÁÌšÛapbÇbºÂb’ãîßýüaëòîiŠÈò¿îØíŠßüañ†zn½apbíüìÛaòåßñ†àÜÛ×òàÄäßÂb’äÛòîÜîÜ¤òa‰…

11O9O2001òíbÌÛ11O9O2003Lêa‰ìn×…òyëŠaIñ‰ì’äßËHâbÇ…a†ÌiòÈßb âýÇüaòîÜ×µaoß†Ó2006N

12N ñ‰bju‰ìØä•õbÐ•ZòîÓaŠÈÛaòÏbz–Ûa¿bîãbİíŠiñ‰ì•19451958LòyëŠcêa‰ìn×…Iñ‰ì’äßËHòîÜ×…a†ÌiòÈßbuµgoß†Ó

âbÇâýÇ⁄aáÓla…Ła2001N

13N ÁîìjÛa†Èò’öbÇZbèØÈmbà×ñ†zn½aòîiŠÈÛapa‰bßüañ‰ì•òîäìÛaòîöbšÐÛapaìäÔÛa¿òîÜaòîÏbÔrÛawßaÛaLnubßòÛb‰IË

ñ‰ì’äßHÇñŠçbÔÛaòÈßb âýÇüaòîÜ×µaoß†Óâb1999N

14N å»ŠÛa†jÇð†»òàbÏZíbßòîØíŠßþaòîÓaŠÈÛapbÓýÈÛa19671987LnubßòÛb‰Iñ‰ì’äßËHòîÜ× …a†ÌiòÈßbuµaoß†Ó

òîbîÛaâìÜÈÛaL1988N

15N †jÇbjÇŠqì×ZòîØíŠßþaòîÓaŠÈÛapbÓýÈÛa‰ìİm19451958LnubßòÛb‰Iñ‰ì’äßËHaµgoß†Ó†èÈßòíŠ–än½aòÈßb¦

âbÇòî×a‘üaëòîßìÔÛapba‰†Ûa1982N

16N ðëaŠÛa‰†isîÛZêa‰ìn×…òÛb‰LòîiŠÈÛaòÏbz–Ûa¿ïÐz–ÛaÞbÔ½aIËñ‰ì’äßHµaoß†ÓâýÇüaòîÜ× òÈßbâbÇ2006N

– 204 –

17N …ìjÇô†ãZnubßòÛb‰LòîÓaŠÈÛaòÏbz–Ûa¿ïybnnÏüaÞbÔ½aIËñ‰ì’äßHoß†Óµala…üaòîÜ× …a†ÌiòÈßbâbÇ1992N

18N ïãbÔÜ’ÛaÅÏby´äyôì’ãZñ‰ì•ÝîØ’m¿òîÛë†ÛaÝîäÛañbäÓ‰ë…´àîÔ½akãbuüaô†Û´íŠ–½aëŠ–ßåÇòîäç‡Iòîzßòa‰…HòÛb‰

êa‰ìn×…Iñ‰ì’äßËHâbÇñŠçbÔÛaòÈßb âýÇüaòîÜ×µaoß†Ó2000N

19N bíŠ×‹´ßãZñ‰ì•LðŠ–½a‰ìèà¦aô†ÛòîØíŠßüañ†zn½apbíüìÛanubßòÛb‰Iñ‰ì’äßËHâbÇñŠçbÔÛaòÈßb âýÇüaòîÜ×µaoß†Ó

2001N

20N Ýí†äÓŠçbßÝöaëZÑz–ÛaïÜaŠ½ïÐz–Ûalbİä¿Š–ßñ‰ì•åßñÐÛaÞýŠ–ß¿òÜßbÈÛaòîiŠÈÛaõbjãüapüb×ëë1990–1996L

ìn×…òyëŠcêa‰Iñ‰ì’äßËHâbÇñŠçbÔÛaòÈßb âýÇüaòîÜ×µaoß†Ó2002N

brÛbqZñ‰ì’ä½a@pba‰†Ûaë@tìzjÛa@@ @1N ‰bväÛa†îÈÛaïßbëæbàrÇ†»a†»aZì−òíŠ–½añìÐ–Ûapbçb£a

òîiŠÌÛaæìíŒÐÜnÛapaìäÓëÑz–Ûa¿ïiŠÈÛaæbã⁄añ‰ì•Ls¡ëlŠÈÛañ‰ì•ëâýÇþalbn×¿‰ì’äßðìäÛaŠ·û½aÉöbÓë´àÜ½a

ñŠçbÔÛaòÈßbuâýÇ⁄aòîÜØÛåßbrÛaLx1LñŠçbÔÛaL2002N

2N kíŠË†ãìß…aZLlŠÈÛaëïØíŠßüaâýÇüa¿‰ì’äßs¡ÝjÔn½aòÜ©pëiLïiŠÈÛaL…†ÈÛa260L10O2000N

3N a†ã‰ì–äßå¹aZòîbîÛapa‰aŠÔÛaëòîßýÇüa‰ì–ÛaLòíŠ–½aòÜaìzjÛâbÈÛaðcŠÛatLâýÇüaòîÜ×LñŠçbÔÛaòÈßbuLïãbrÛa…†ÈÛaLÝíŠiaìîãìí2001N

– 205 –

4N òßýïÜÇâbyëáîÜ†»aæbäyZâýÇ⁄abèØÈíbà×lŠÌÛañ‰ì•âýÇ⁄albn×¿‰ì’äßs¡ñŠíŒ¦añbäÓóÜÇòîÔîjİmòa‰… ïiŠÈÛa

´àÜ½aëlŠÈÛañ‰ì•ëLx2LñŠçbÔÛaL ñŠçbÔÛaòÈßbu âýÇ⁄aòîÜ×åßbrÛaðìäÛaïàÜÈÛaŠ·û½aL2002N

5N òîbÓòíZbßñÐÛa¿ïiŠÈÛaåìÛaëòîØíŠßþañ†zn½apbíüìÛa iŠ§aíLïiŠÈÛaÝjÔn½aòÜ©¿‰ì’äßs¡IpëiH…†ÈÛaI29H

‹ì·1986N

6N ïãa†è’½aæbàÜ†ÈZüaòÏbz–Ûa¿ÖaŠÈÜÛòîäçˆÛañ‰ì–ÛaòîØíŠßoìiåİä‘aìÛaòÐîz•¿ÖaŠÈÛbiòÔÜÈn½aðaŠÛapübÔ½òîÜîÜ¤òa‰…

åßñ†àÜÛ1O1O2007òíbÌÛë31O12O2007LòÜ©¿‰ì’äßs¡†ÜaòîãbãüaâìÜÈÜÛoíŠØmòÈßbuI15H…†ÈÛaI6Hku‰1429ç

‹ì·2008N

7N Ý™bÏbèZ½aòîßìîÛaÑz–Ûa¿òîiŠÈÛaÞë†Ûañ‰ì•òîØíŠßþaëòíŠ–ta†yc†Èi11òã‰bÔßòîÜîÜ¤òa‰…ànjLlbn×¿‰ì’äßs¡

òîÜØÛåßbrÛaðìäÛaŠ·û½aÉöbÓë´àÜ½aëlŠÈÛañ‰ì•ëâýÇ⁄añŠçbÔÛaòÈßbuâýÇ⁄aLx1LñŠçbÔÛaL2002N

8N pb×ŠièZòÈjİä½a‰ì–ÛañŠçbÃëâýÇ⁄aLòÜ©¿‰ì’äßs¡aâìÜÈÛaòîÇbànuüIoíìØÛaHÞëþa…†ÈÛaLòäßbrÛaòäÛaLæbîã1980N

9N †jÈÛaïÛ†ÇÑbÇZòÜ©¿‰ì’äßs¡LâýÇ⁄aÝöbë¿ñcŠ½añ‰ì•tìzjÛa…†ÈÛaI16HÞëþaæìãb×1985N

– 206 –

10N ïØzØÛaóÐİ–ßñŒÇZæbç‡c¿bØíŠßcñ‰ì•ÝîØ’m¿Ýöbë‰ë…ðŠ–½aïÈßb¦albj’ÛaLâýÇ⁄albn×¿´àÜ½aëlŠÈÛañ‰ì•ë

ñŠçbÔÛaòÈßbuâýÇ⁄aòîÜØÛåßbrÛaðìäÛaŠ·û½aÉöbÓëLx1LñŠçbÔÛaL2002N

11N Ùí†ÛaæbyŠÏZòîiŠÈÛaòî–‚’Ûa¿í†ÛabþaL¿‰ì’äßs¡ïiŠÈÛaÝjÔn½aòÜ©L…†ÈÛaI126Hle1989N

12N æbàîÜÝîöb‚îßZlŠÈÛaµg´îØíŠßþañŠÄãL½aòÜ©…†ÈÛaïiŠÈÛaÝjÔnI177HL1993N

13N bòí…bãZLòîØíŠßüañ†zn½apbíüìÛa¿´îÜîöaŠüaëlŠÈÛañ‰ì•…†ÈÛaLòîÇbànuüaâìÜÈÛaòÜ©1L1980N

14N Ð–ÛaŒíŒÈÛa†jÇÞaìãZòîØíŠßþaòîÇìjþapýa¿lŠÈÛañ‰ì•ta†yc†Èi11ànjLlbn×¿‰ì’äßs¡ì•ëâýÇ⁄alŠÈÛañ‰

ñŠçbÔÛaòÈßbuâýÇ⁄aòîÜØÛåßbrÛaðìäÛaŠ·û½aÉöbÓë´àÜ½aëLx1LñŠçbÔÛaL2002N

15N ï™a‰Ý™bÏâbëZñ‰ì–ÛaÝîØ’m¿òí‰bj⁄aòîöbšÐÛapaìäÔÛa‰ë…ÈßbuòjÜóÜÇòîãa†îßòa‰…ÖaŠÈÛaåÇòîbîÛaëòîßýÇ⁄a

òÏìØÛaë‰bjãüaLòÜ©¿‰ì’äßs¡ïßýÇüasybjÛaL…†ÈÛaI5HæaŠíŒy2008N

16N †îà§a†jÇ…aûÏâbëZïÇìÛa¿òîØíŠßþañ†zn½apbíüìÛañ‰ì•ðŠ–½aÈ’ÛaLòîÛë†ÛaòbîÛaòÜ©¿‰ì’äßs¡L…†ÈÛaI134HL

1998N

– 207 –

bÈia‰ZÑz–Ûa@¿@ñ‰ì’ä½a@pübÔ½a@@ @1N †ãýËìçáîuZÕíŠİÛaÑ–näßbØíŠßcÑÓìmñ‰ìİLß¿‰ì’äßÞbÔ

ƒí‰bni‰…b–Ûa…†ÈÛaŒ¹bmÚ‰ìíìîäÛaòÐîz•29O10O2001N

2N Šväî×ðŠäçZlbç‰⁄a†™bØíŠßcòîvîmaa¿òbyòÜyŠßLÞbÔßƒí‰bni‰…b–Ûa…†ÈÛaŒ¹bmÚ‰ìíìîäÛaòÐîz•¿‰ì’äß29O10O2001N

3N ŠíbÏbáîÛëZâa†•Éßlb§aòîÐ–nÛ”ìiò•ŠÏL¿‰ì’äßÞbÔßÐîz•ƒí‰bni‰…b–Ûa…†ÈÛaŒ¹bmÚ‰ìíìîäÛaò23O11O2001N

bßbZ@òîjäuüa@knØÛa@@ @1. Dictionary of Behavioral Science , by Benjamin B. Wolman(ed)

, N. Y , Van Ncstrand Reinhold ,Co, 1973.s.v. Image.

2. Encarta Reference LibraryCD,2003, (editorial article).

3. Etymological Dictionary of the Language:By: R. Walter

&W.Sheat. London: Oxford University Press , 1974 ,s.v. image.

4. john Harding “image” in International Encyclopedia of the

Social Sciences Vol.4,New York: Macmillian company and the

Free Press ,1968,P.259.

5. The New EncyclopaediaBritannia:CD. 2003image.

6. The Oxford Universal Dictionary , 5d , ( Oxford: The

Clarendonpress , 1964

– 208 –

7. vermun Bogolonor ; Blak Well, Encyolpeia of political sciences

, Oxford , Black wall pudlishers.1991.

8. Webster’s Desk Dictionary of the English Language , New York

, PORTLAND HOUSE , 1990.

b…bZ@oããüa@òØj‘@óÜÇ@ñ‰ì’ä½a@tìzjÛa@@ @1. http://www.balagh.com/najah/5q0tinut.htm

2. http://www.shahr2000.com/AmericanPress/american5.htm

3. http://www.elakhbar.org.eg/issues/16473/0403.html

4. http://www.nytimes.com/

bÈibZþa@Ñz–Ûa@òîjäuZ@ @1. The New York Times: 3/1/2004.

2. The New York Times: 10/1/2004.







– 209 –




12. The New York Times:8/2/2004.















– 210 –




















– 211 –




















– 212 –









Documents

portal.arid.my · 2017-07-11 · –11 – @@òß†Ô½a ñ ‰ì– ò aÛ àä çî È bí¾ L Hñ ‰ì–Ûa Š–ÇI é åc ã çŠaŠ ãbaÛ–Ç p b åß òí…b– nÓüaë