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Audiologist or Speech Pathologist
An audiologist is a healthcare professional specializing in identifying, diagnosing, treating and
monitoring disorders of the auditory and vestibular system portions of the ear. They are
healthcare professionals who evaluate, diagnose, treat, and manage hearing loss, tinnitus, and
balance disorders in newborn, children, and adults.
An audiologist with a master’s degree can currently practice in the field. However, beginning in 2012, audiologists must earn a doctoral degree (PhD or AuD) in order to be eligible for national certification.
The first step in becoming an audiologist is to obtain a bachelor’s degree. While no specific undergraduate major is required, audiology doctoral programs require courses in physics, math, anatomy and physiology. Some colleges offer undergraduate communication science programs that prepare students for careers in audiology or speechlanguage therapy.
Formal audiology training begins at the graduate level. When enrolling in a doctoral program, it is important to choose one accredited by the American SpeechLanguageHearing Association (ASHA). Completion of a doctoral degree in audiology generally requires at least four years of fulltime study beyond the bachelor’s level. Because they involve a research component, PhD programs may last as long as 56 years.
Audiologist Duties
Obtain pertinent medical history from patients
Examine patients suffering from hearing or balance issues
Diagnose problems and determine a course of treatment
Fit patients with hearing aids or cochlear implants if necessary
In cases of profound deafness, provide education and counseling to families on
locating appropriate education for the hearingimpaired
Provide follow up care as necessary
Examine patients who have hearing, balance, or related ear problems
Assess the results of the examination and diagnose problems
Determine and administer treatment
Administer relief procedures for various forms of vertigo
Fit and dispense hearing aids
Counsel patients and their families on ways to listen and communicate, such as by lip
reading or through American Sign Language
See patients regularly to check on hearing and balance and to continue or change the
treatment plan
Keep records on the progress of patients
Conduct research related to the causes and treatment of hearing and balance disorders
The Bureau of Labor Statistics expects jobs in the field of audiology to increase by 37% between
2010 and 2020. Although this is a large percentage, since audiology is a small specialty, this will
result in approximately 4800 new jobs during that period of time.
An aging babyboom population will continue to increase the demand for most healthcare
services. Hearing loss increases as people age, so an aging population is likely to increase
demand for audiologists. The early identification and diagnosis of hearing disorders in infants
also will spur employment growth. Advances in hearing aid design, such as smaller size and the
reduction of feedback, may make such devices more appealing as a means to minimize hearing
loss. This may lead to more demand for audiologists.
DENTAL ASSISTANTS
Dental Assistants provide patients with dental care and assist dentists and dental hygienists. They
have many tasks, ranging from patient care and taking x rays to record keeping and scheduling
appointments. Their duties vary by state and by the dentists’ offices where they work.
High school students interested in a career as a dental assistant should take courses in biology,
chemistry, and anatomy. Some states require assistants to graduate from an accredited program
and pass a state exam. Most programs are offered by community colleges, take about 1 year to
complete, and lead to a certificate or diploma. Programs that last 2 years, also offered in
community colleges, are less common and lead to an associate’s degree. The Commission on
Dental Accreditation(CODA), part of the American Dental Association, approved more than 250
dentalassisting training programs in 2013.
Dental assistants typically do the following:
Work with patients to make them comfortable in the dental chair and to prepare them
for treatments and procedures
Sterilize dental instruments
Prepare the work area for patient treatment by setting out instruments and materials
Help dentists by handing them instruments during procedures
Keep patients’ mouths dry by using suction hoses and other equipment
Instruct patients in proper dental hygiene
Process x rays and complete lab tasks, under the direction of a dentist
Keep records of dental treatments
Schedule patient appointments
Work with patients on billing and payment
Employment of dental assistants is projected to grow 25 percent from 2012 to 2022, much faster
than the average for all occupations. Ongoing research linking oral health and general health will
likely continue to increase the demand for preventive dental services. Dentists will continue to
hire more dental assistants to complete routine tasks, allowing the dentist to see more patients in
their practice and to spend their time on more complex procedures. As dental practices grow,
more dental assistants will be needed.
As the large babyboom population ages, and as people keep more of their original teeth than did
previous generations, the need to maintain and treat teeth will continue to increase the need for
dental care.
Federal health legislation is expected to expand the number of patients who have access to health
insurance. People with new or expanded dental insurance coverage will be more likely to visit a
dentist than in the past. This will increase the demand for all dental services, including those
performed by dental assistants.
Diagnostic Medical Sonographer
Diagnostic medical sonographers and cardiovascular technologists and technicians, including
vascular technologists, operate special imaging equipment to create images or conduct tests. The
images and test results that diagnostic imaging workers produce help physicians assess and
diagnose medical conditions. Some technologists assist physicians and surgeons during surgical
procedures.
Colleges and universities offer both associate’s and bachelor’s degree programs in sonography and in cardiovascular and vascular technology. Oneyear certificate programs also are available from colleges or in hospitals, although these are usually useful only to those who are already employed in related healthcare jobs, such as a radiation therapist. Employers typically prefer candidates with degrees or certificates from accredited institutes or hospital programs. Most programs also include a clinical component in which students earn credit while working under a more experienced technologist in a hospital, physician’s office, or imaging laboratory.
Sonography, cardiovascular, and vascular education programs usually include courses in anatomy, medical terminology, and applied sciences. Most sonography programs are divided into the specialized fields that correspond to the relevant certification exams, such as abdominal sonography or breast sonography. Cardiovascular and vascular programs include coursework in either invasive or noninvasive cardiovascular or vascular technology procedures.
High school students who are interested in diagnostic medical sonography, cardiovascular
technology, or vascular technology should take courses in anatomy, physiology, and
mathematics.
Diagnostic medical sonographers and cardiovascular technologists and technicians, including
vascular technologists, typically do the following:
Prepare patients for procedures by taking a patient’s history and answering any
questions about the procedure
Prepare and maintain diagnostic imaging equipment
Operate equipment to obtain diagnostic images or conduct tests
Analyze the images or test results to check for quality and adequate coverage of the
areas needed for diagnoses
Recognize the difference between normal and abnormal images and other diagnostic
information
Analyze diagnostic information to provide a summary of findings for physicians
Record findings and keep track of patients’ records
Employment of diagnostic medical sonographers is projected to grow 46 percent from 2012 to
2022, much faster than the average for all occupations. Employment of cardiovascular
technologists and technicians, including vascular technologists, is projected to grow 30 percent
from 2012 to 2022, much faster than the average for all occupations.
As imaging technology evolves, medical facilities will use it to replace more invasive, costly
procedures. Technological advances and less expensive equipment now allow more procedures
to be done outside of hospitals. Thirdparty payers encourage the use of these noninvasive
measures over invasive ones.
Although hospitals remain the primary employer of diagnostic medical sonographers,
cardiovascular technologists and technicians, and vascular technologists, employment is
projected to grow more rapidly in physicians' offices and in medical and diagnostic laboratories.
Employment in these healthcare settings is projected to increase because of a shift toward
outpatient care whenever possible.
Emergency Medical TechniciansParamedics
Emergency medical technicians (EMTs) and paramedics care for the sick or injured in
emergency medical settings. People’s lives often depend on their quick reaction and competent
care. EMTs and paramedics respond to emergency calls, performing medical services and
transporting patients to medical facilities.
Both a high school diploma or equivalent and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) certification
are prerequisites for most postsecondary educational programs in emergency medical
technology. Most of these programs are postsecondary nondegree award programs that can be
completed in less than 1 year; others last up to 2 years. Paramedics, however, may need an
associate’s degree. Educational programs in emergency medical technology are offered by
technical institutes, community colleges, and facilities that specialize in emergency care training.
High school students interested in becoming EMTs or paramedics should take courses in
anatomy and physiology.
Programs at the EMT level include instruction in assessing patients' conditions, dealing with
trauma and cardiac emergencies, clearing obstructed airways, using field equipment, and
handling emergencies. Formal courses include about 150 hours of specialized instruction, and
some instruction may take place in a hospital or ambulance setting.
Programs at the Advanced EMT level typically requires about 300 hours of instruction based on
the scope of practice. At this level, people must complete the requirements for the EMT level as
well as more advanced ones, such as using complex airway devices, intravenous fluids, and some
medications.
Paramedics have the most advanced level of education. They must complete EMT and Advanced
EMT levels of instruction, along with courses in advanced medical skills. Community colleges
and technical schools may offer these programs, which require about 1,200 hours of instruction
and may lead to an associate's degree. Paramedics’ broader scope of practice may include
stitching wounds or administering intravenous medications.
EMTs and paramedics typically do the following:
Respond to 911 calls for emergency medical assistance, such as cardiopulmonary
resuscitation (CPR) or bandaging a wound
Assess a patient’s condition and determine a course of treatment
Follow guidelines learned in training or received from physicians who oversee their
work
Use backboards and restraints to keep patients still and safe in an ambulance during
transport
Help transfer patients to the emergency department of a healthcare facility and report
their observations and treatment to the staff
Create a patient care report, documenting the medical care given to the patient
Replace used supplies and check or clean equipment after use
Employment of emergency medical technicians (EMTs) and paramedics is projected to grow 23
percent from 2012 to 2022, much faster than the average for all occupations. Emergencies, such
as car crashes, natural disasters, or acts of violence, will continue to create demand for EMTs
and paramedics. Demand for parttime, volunteer EMTs and paramedics in rural areas and
smaller metropolitan areas will also continue.
Growth in the middleaged and elderly population will lead to an increase in the number of
agerelated health emergencies, such as heart attacks or strokes. This, in turn, will create greater
demand for EMTs and paramedic services. An increase in the number of specialized medical
facilities will require more EMTs and paramedics to transfer patients with specific conditions to
these facilities for treatment.
MEDICAL ASSISTANTS
Medical assistants take and record patients’ personal information. They must be able to keep that
information confidential and discuss it only with other medical personnel who are involved in
treating the patient.
High school students interested in a career as a medical assistant should take courses in biology,
chemistry, and anatomy.
Medical assistants typically graduate from postsecondary education programs, and employers
may prefer to hire assistants who have completed these programs. Programs for medical assisting
are available from community colleges, vocational schools, technical schools, and universities
and take about 1 year to complete. These programs usually lead to a certificate or diploma. Some
community and junior colleges offer 2year programs that lead to an associate’s degree. All
programs have classroom and laboratory portions that include lessons in anatomy and medical
terminology.
Some medical assistants have a high school diploma or equivalent and learn their duties on the
job.
There are no formal educational requirements for becoming a medical assistant in most states.
Some states require assistants to graduate from an accredited program, pass an exam, or both to
do advanced tasks, such as taking x rays and giving injections.
Medical assistants typically do the following:
Take and record patient history and personal information
Measure vital signs
Help the physician with patient examinations
Give patients injections as directed by the physician
Schedule patient appointments
Prepare blood for laboratory tests
Employment of medical assistants is projected to grow 29 percent from 2012 to 2022, much
faster than the average for all occupations. The growth of the aging babyboom population will
continue to spur demand for preventive medical services, which are often provided by
physicians. As their practices expand, physicians will hire more assistants to perform routine
administrative and clinical duties, allowing the physicians to see more patients.
An increasing number of group practices, clinics, and other healthcare facilities need support
workers, particularly medical assistants, to do both administrative and clinical duties. Medical
assistants work mostly in primary care, a steadily growing sector of the healthcare industry. In
addition, federal health legislation will expand the number of patients who have access to health
insurance, increasing patient access to medical care.
Additional demand also is expected because of new and changing tasks for medical assistants as
part of the medical team. As more and more physicians’ practices switch to electronic health
records (EHRs), medical assistants’ job responsibilities will continue to change. Assistants will
need to become familiar with EHR computer software, including maintaining EHR security and
analyzing electronic data, to improve healthcare information.
PHLEBOTOMIST
Phlebotomists are trained medical professionals who are an integral part of the medical
community. Phlebotomists not only draw blood from patients from the finger, heel, or vein so
that diagnostic tests on the blood may be performed, they also use their skills to provide many
necessary services to patients and doctors.
Phlebotomists typically enter the occupation with a postsecondary nondegree award from a
phlebotomy program. Programs for phlebotomy are available from community colleges,
vocational schools, or technical schools. These programs usually take less than 1 year to
complete and lead to a certificate or diploma. Programs have classroom and laboratory portions
and include instruction in anatomy, physiology, and medical terminology.
Some phlebotomists may enter the occupation with a high school diploma and are trained to be a
phlebotomist on the job.
Phlebotomists typically do the following:
Draw blood from patients and blood donors
Talk with patients and donors so they are less nervous about having their blood drawn
Verify a patient or donor’s identity to ensure proper labeling
Label the drawn blood for testing or processing
Enter patient information into an onsite database
Assemble and maintain medical instruments such as needles, test tubes, and blood vials
Employment of phlebotomists is projected to grow 27 percent from 2012 to 2022, much faster
than the average for all occupations. Hospitals, diagnostic laboratories, blood donor centers, and
other locations will need phlebotomists to perform blood work.
Blood analysis remains an essential function in medical laboratories and hospitals. Demand for
phlebotomists will remain high as doctors and other healthcare professionals require blood work
for analysis and diagnoses.
PHYSICIAN ASSISTANTS
Physician assistants, also known as PAs, practice medicine on a team under the supervision of
physicians and surgeons. They are formally educated to examine patients, diagnose injuries and
illnesses, and provide treatment.
Most applicants to physician assistant education programs already have a bachelor’s degree and
some healthcarerelated work experience. While admissions requirements vary from program to
program, most programs require two to four years of undergraduate coursework with a focus in
science.
Many applicants already have experience as registered nurses or as EMTs and paramedics before they apply to a physician assistant program.
Physician assistant education programs usually take at least 2 years of fulltime study. In 2012, the Accreditation Review Commission on Education for the Physician Assistant, Inc. (ARCPA) accredited 170 education programs. Most of these accredited programs offer a master’s degree.
Physician assistant education includes classroom and laboratory instruction in subjects such as
pathology, human anatomy, physiology, clinical medicine, pharmacology, physical diagnosis,
and medical ethics. The programs also include hundreds of hours of supervised clinical training
in several areas, including family medicine, internal medicine, emergency medicine, and
pediatrics.
Sometimes students serve in one or more of these areas under the supervision of a physician who
is looking to hire a physician assistant. In this way, the rotation may lead to permanent
employment.
Physician assistants typically do the following:
Review patients’ medical histories
Conduct physical exams to check patients’ health
Order and interpret diagnostic tests, such as x rays or blood tests
Make diagnoses concerning a patient’s injury or illness
Give treatment, such as setting broken bones and immunizing patients
Educate and counsel patients and their families—for example, answering questions
about how to care for a child with asthma
Prescribe medicine when needed
Record a patient’s progress
Research the latest treatments to ensure the quality of patient care
Conduct or participate in outreach programs; talking to groups about managing
diseases and promoting wellness
Employment of physician assistants is projected to grow 38 percent from 2012 to 2022, much
faster than the average for all occupations.
Demand for healthcare services will increase because of the growing and aging population. More
people means more need for healthcare specialists, and as the large babyboom generation ages,
it will require more healthcare. This, coupled with an increase in several chronic diseases such as
diabetes, will drive the need for physician assistants to provide preventive care and treat those
who are sick.
POLYSOMNOGRAPHIC TECHNOLOGIST
Polysomnographic Technologist also referred to as sleep technologists, evaluate, test and treat
patients who have been diagnosed with sleep disorders. These sleep professionals work under the
general supervision of and work with physicians while treating sleep problems. In order to work
in the field, polysomonographic technologists must be credentialed by the Board of Registered
Polysomnographic Technologists.
Depending on how a PT seeks RPGST certification, educational requirements may include
proof of high school graduation or the completion of the Accredited Sleep Technology
Education Program (ASTEP) introductory course and selfstudy modules offered through the
American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM). Another education requirement is the
completion of an accredited program offered through the Commission on Accreditation of
Allied Health Education Programs (CAAHEP) or through the Commission on Accreditation for
Respiratory Care (CoARC).
Under the direction of physicians Polysomnographic Technicians and Technologists assist in the
diagnosis, treatment and management of patients with varied sleep disorders. Polysomnographic
Technicians and Technologists are responsible for proper hookup and monitoring of patients
through the night, staging the patients sleep and breathing, noting movements, etc.
Polysomnographic Technologists are employed in hospitals, medical centers, private clinics,
home care companies, educational institutions and more. This is a rapidly expanding field that
will continue to grow and become more established in the community. Polysomnographic
Technicians and Technologists are needed throughout the state and country, even internationally.
According to the U.S. Department of Labor, health care provided 13.5 million jobs in 2004, making it the largest industry. 8 out of 20 occupations projected to grow the fastest are in health
care. More new wage and salary jobs — about 19 percent, or 3.6 million — created between 2004 and 2014 will be in health care than in any other industry. Most workers have jobs that require less than 4 years of college education, but health diagnosing and treating practitioners are among the most educated workers. There is a critical need for welltrained healthcare professionals in the area of polysomnography. The field of sleep studies, or polysomnography, is a rapidly growing area of health professions. With the continuing growth in the number of sleep labs annually, the need for credentialed, welltrained Polysomnographic Technicians and Technologists is also increasing. According to the National Sleep Foundation, over 82 million Americans suffer from sleeping disorders with greater than 12 million Americans suffering from obstructive sleep apnea. RADIATION THERAPIST Radiation therapists treat cancer and other diseases in patients by administering radiation treatments. Although candidates may qualify by completing a 12month certificate program, employers
usually prefer to hire applicants who have an associate’s degree or a bachelor's degree in
radiation therapy.
Radiation therapy programs include courses in radiation therapy procedures and the scientific
theories behind them. These programs often include courses in human anatomy and physiology,
physics, algebra, computer science, and research methodology.
Radiation therapists typically do the following:
Explain treatment plans to the patient and answer questions about treatment
Follow safety procedures to protect the patient and themselves from overexposure to
radiation
Examine machines to make sure they are safe and working properly
X ray the patient to determine the exact location of the area requiring treatment
Check computer programs to make sure the machine will give the correct dose of
radiation to the appropriate area of the patient's body
Operate the machine to treat the patient with radiation
Monitor the patient to check for unusual reactions to the treatment
Keep detailed records of treatment
Employment of radiation therapists is projected to grow 24 percent from 2012 to 2022, much
faster than the average for all occupations. However, because it is a small occupation, the fast
growth will result in only about 4,500 new jobs over the 10year period.
The risk of cancer increases as people age, so an aging population will increase demand for
radiation therapists. Early diagnosis and the development of more sophisticated treatment
techniques will also increase employment.
RESPIRATORY THERAPIST
A respiratory therapist treats patients with breathing issues due to various medical conditions.
Respiratory therapists see patients of all different ages and utilize a variety of techniques to treat
them including chest physiotherapy, medications, and ventilators. They also diagnose issues in
patients by testing lung capacity, performing other diagnostic tests, and examining patients.
Respiratory therapists need at least an associate’s degree, but employers may prefer applicants
who have a bachelor’s degree. Many colleges and universities, vocational–technical institutes,
and the Armed Forces offer education and training programs. Most programs award an
associate’s or bachelor’s degree.
All programs have clinical components that allow therapists to earn course credit and gain
supervised, practical experience treating patients.
Respiratory therapy programs include courses in human anatomy and physiology, chemistry,
physics, microbiology, pharmacology, and mathematics. Other courses deal with therapeutic and
diagnostic procedures and tests, equipment, patient assessment, and cardiopulmonary
resuscitation (CPR).
High school students interested in applying to respiratory therapy programs should take courses
in health, biology, mathematics, chemistry, and physics.
Respiratory therapists typically do the following:
Interview and examine patients with breathing or cardiopulmonary disorders
Consult with physicians to develop patient treatment plans
Perform diagnostic tests such as measuring lung capacity
Treat patients by using a variety of methods, including chest physiotherapy and aerosol
medications
Monitor and record the progress of treatment
Supervise respiratory therapy technicians during tests and evaluate the findings of the
tests
Teach patients how to use treatments
Employment of respiratory therapists is projected to grow 19 percent from 2012 to 2022, faster
than the average for all occupations. Growth in the middleaged and elderly population will lead
to an increased incidence of respiratory conditions such as emphysema, chronic bronchitis,
pneumonia, and other disorders that can permanently damage the lungs or restrict lung function.
These factors will in turn lead to an increased demand for respiratory therapy services and
treatments, mostly in hospitals and nursing homes. In addition, advances in preventing and
detecting disease, improved medications, and more sophisticated treatments will increase the
demand for respiratory therapists. Other conditions affecting the general population, such as
smoking, air pollution, and respiratory emergencies, will continue to create demand for
respiratory therapists.
SURGICAL ASSISTANTS
the surgical assistant provides aid in exposure, hemostasis, closure, and other intraoperative
technical functions that help the surgeon carry out a safe operation with optimal results for the
patient. In addition to intraoperative duties, the surgical assistant also performs preoperative and
postoperative duties to better facilitate proper patient care. The surgical assistant to the surgeon
during the operation does so under the direction and supervision of that surgeon and in
accordance with hospital policy and appropriate laws and regulations.
. Surgical technologists receive their training in formal programs offered by community and
junior colleges, vocational schools, universities, hospitals, and the military. In 2006, the
Commission on Accreditation of Allied Health Education Programs (CAAHEP) recognized
more than 400 accredited training programs. Programs last from 9 to 24 months and lead to a
certificate, diploma, or associate degree. High school graduation normally is required for
admission. Recommended high school courses include health, biology, chemistry, and
mathematics.
Programs provide classroom education and supervised clinical experience. Students take
courses in anatomy, physiology, microbiology, pharmacology, professional ethics, and
medical terminology. Other topics covered include the care and safety of patients during
surgery, sterile techniques, and surgical procedures. Students also learn to sterilize
instruments; prevent and control infection; and handle special drugs, solutions, supplies, and
equipment.
Employment of surgical technologists is expected to grow 24 percent between 2006 and
2016, much faster than the average for all occupations, as the volume of surgeries increases.
The number of surgical procedures is expected to rise as the population grows and ages.
Older people, including the baby boom generation, who generally require more surgical
procedures, will account for a larger portion of the general population. In addition,
technological advances, such as fiber optics and laser technology, will permit an increasing
number of new surgical procedures to be performed and also will allow surgical technologists
to assist with a greater number of procedures.
Hospitals will continue to be the primary employer of surgical technologists, although much
faster employment growth is expected in offices of physicians and in outpatient care centers,
including ambulatory surgical centers.
Medical Laboratory Technologist
Medical laboratory technologists (commonly known as medical laboratory scientists) and
medical laboratory technicians collect samples and perform tests to analyze body fluids, tissue,
and other substances. Medical laboratory technologists perform complex medical laboratory
tests; medical laboratory technicians perform routine medical laboratory tests.
Universities and hospitals offer medical technology programs. An entrylevel job for
technologists usually requires a bachelor's degree in medical technology or life sciences.
A bachelor’s degree program in medical laboratory technology includes courses in chemistry,
biology, microbiology, mathematics, and statistics, as well as courses in clinical laboratory skills,
management, and education. This degree often is known as a medical laboratory scientist degree.
The courses may be offered through a hospitalbased program that students attend during their
senior year of college. College graduates who major in other sciences and meet a program’s
prerequisites, such as having completed required courses in biology and chemistry, also may
apply to a medical laboratory science program.
Medical laboratory technicians often complete an associate’s degree program in clinical
laboratory science. A limited number of 1year certificate programs are available from hospitals
for those who already have a degree in a related field, such as nursing. The Armed Forces and
vocational or technical schools also may offer certificate programs for medical laboratory
technicians. The technician coursework addresses the theoretical and practical aspects of each of
the major laboratory disciplines.
High school students who are interested in pursuing a career in the medical laboratory sciences
should take courses in chemistry, biology, and mathematics.
Medical laboratory technologists and technicians typically do the following:
Analyze body fluids, such as blood, urine, and tissue samples, and record normal or
abnormal findings
Study blood samples for use in transfusions by identifying the number of cells, the cell
morphology or the blood group, blood type, and compatibility with other blood types
Operate sophisticated laboratory equipment, such as microscopes and cell counters
Use automated equipment and computerized instruments capable of performing a
number of tests at the same time
Log data from medical tests and enter results into a patient’s medical record
Discuss results and findings of laboratory tests and procedures with physicians
Supervise or train medical laboratory technicians
Employment of medical laboratory technologists is projected to grow 14 percent from 2012 to
2022, about as fast as the average for all occupations. Employment of medical laboratory
technicians is projected to grow 30 percent from 2012 to 2022, much faster than the average for
all occupations.
An increase in the aging population will lead to a greater need to diagnose medical conditions,
such as cancer or type 2 diabetes, through laboratory procedures. Medical laboratory
technologists and technicians will be in demand, to use and maintain the equipment needed for
diagnosis and treatment.
Diagnostic Molecular Scientist
Diagnostic molecular scientists are trained to perform research by conducting tests for many
types of medical diagnoses and analyses, including cancer, infectious diseases, identity testing,
genetic disorders and pharmacogenetics. They are typically involved in DNA and RNA
isolation, amplification, detection and viral load analysis.
Diagnostic molecular scientists generally have at least a baccalaureate level education. Some
have master’s degrees and some go on to complete PhDs. Students typically earn a bachelor’s
degree in a science field, then enter an accredited certificate or graduate degree program.
Program prerequisites may include anatomy, microbiology, and introductory statistics. Typical
coursework includes advanced biochemistry, statistics, and chemistry analysis. Some diagnostic
molecular scientists enter the profession through a related field like cytotechnology or a more
general one like clinical laboratory technology.
The early part of a diagnostic science course is largely theoretical, and takes place in the
laboratory and the classroom. In the latter part of the program, students get practical experience
in a number of fields including hematopathology, oncology, infectious disease, and genetics.
Students may have the opportunity to take advanced coursework in an area of special interest, for
example, microbial genomics or cancer biology. Many molecular scientists specialize in
genetics.
Molecular scientists study various human samples including blood and bone, fetal cells, and hair
follicles. Duties can include preparing samples, sequencing DNA, analyzing data, and reporting
findings. These specialized scientists may also develop protocols and write documents related to
quality control. They are often involved in research, from investigating collection methods and
other best practices to designing new assays. They may also have supervisory duties within the
laboratory.
Demand for diagnostic molecular scientists is expected to increase in the coming years, fueled by
new scientific understanding and also by changes in demographics. Advances in genomics will
increase the use of advanced molecular tests. The Bureau of Labor Statistics predicted that
molecular technology and technician positions would increase by 14% during the years 2008 to
2018.
HISTOLOGIC TECHNICIAN
Histologic technicians prepare and perform tests on human tissue for pathologists to examine and
identify disease. Histologic technology involves cutting tissues, making cultures, and using
chemicals to prepare potentially infectious specimens for analysis. Histologic technicians work
under supervision in laboratories in universities, doctor offices, hospitals, and private companies.
Performs, interprets, and correlates laboratory procedures that require the broad exercise of
independent judgement and responsibility with minimal technical supervision. Maintains
equipment and records. Performs quality assessment activities related to test performance.
Participates in the evaluation of new techniques and procedures n the laboratory. Differentialtes
and resolves technical, instrument and physiologic causes of problems or unexpected test results.
Most histologic technicians have earned bachelor's degrees in biology, chemistry or medical
technology, according to the professional organization American Medical Technologists (AMT,
americanmedtech.org), though it is possible to enter the field with an associate's degree and
several years of laboratory experience. Histologic technicians typically are certified by one of
four national agencies, and some states also require licensure.
As the field of medicine advances and the population grows, laboratory tests will be used to
diagnose disease, and the field of histologic technology will grow quickly. In May 2012, the U.S.
Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS,www.bls.gov), reported that clinical laboratory technicians,
including histologic technicians, earned a mean salary of $39,340. Histologic technicians
working in larger hospitals earned more than those working in independent medical laboratories
and physician offices. According to the BLS, employment of clinical laboratory technicians is
expected to increase 22% from 20122022.
PATHOLOGIST ASSISTANT is an intensively trained allied health professional who provides
anatomic pathology services under the direction and supervision of a licensed, boardcertified or
boardeligible pathologist.
While earning a 4year bachelor's degree in biology or a related field, a prospective pathology
assistant will take classes in pathology, anatomy, microbiology and biochemistry. Many
pathology assistants have also earned master's degrees and have work experience in related fields
like histotechnology, medical technology and autopsies. Pathology assistants will also have
obtained a state license by passing a standardized exam.
nder the direction and supervision of a pathologist, a pathologists’ assistant may provide the following:
Preparation, gross description and dissection of human tissue surgical specimens Preparation of human postmortem examinations
Instruction of anatomy and physiology, gross pathology, photography and gross dissection skills for surgical specimens as well as autopsy techniques
Training of pathology residents/fellows, pathologists’ assistant students and other pathology lab personnel (as needed)
Research Procurement of samples for biospecimen banking Performance of administrative, budgetary, supervisory, teaching and other such duties as
may be appropriate and assigned
The career outlook for pathologist’s assistants is strong. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
classifies pathologist’s assistants within the physician’s assistants category, and, as such, projects
job growth for the entire field to be 30 percent from 2010 to 2020. Employment opportunities are
projected to grow about as fast as average due to a rising demand for medical services. Pathology
assisting opportunities should be plentiful in rural and inner city areas because these locations
have difficultly enticing employees to relocate.
CLINICAL ASSISTANT
Clinical assistants generally provide laboratory and clinical support to physicians, nurses, and
laboratory technicians.
Clinical assistants may perform diagnostic lab work like chemistry, hematology, and urinalysis
testing on collected patient samples as directed by supervisory personnel. Clinical assistants can
also provide prep services and limited patient care, like setting up examining rooms and taking
patients' medical history. In most cases, clinical assistants work in doctors' offices and clinics,
although they may work in hospitals or laboratories as well.
Clinical assistants complete certificate or diploma training from a community, vocational, or
technical college, which usually takes about a year. Some clinical assistants may be certified
through a professional organization or association, depending on their skills, abilities, and
interests. Clinical assistants study specimen collection, handling, and processing. They also study
anatomy, physiology, medical terminology, computers, and ethics.
Clinical assistants can look forward to a generally positive career outlook. According to research
conducted by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS, www.bls.gov), there is expected to be a
marked expansion in the number of doctors' offices and outpatient clinics in the next few years,
so there should be an increased need for medical support staff like clinical assistants. The BLS
estimates that employment growth for medical assistants will be 31% from 20102020, much
faster than most career fields. In May 2012, the BLS estimated the average annual salary for
clinical assistants, also known as medical assistants, to be $30,550.
CYTOGENETIC TECHNOLOGISTS
Cytogenetic technologists research the molecular pathology of genetic diseases and disorders.
They sample bodily fluids, blood, tissue, chromosomes cells and other genetic matter that are
collected from patients. Working in medical laboratories cytogenetic technologists track and
analyze these biological cultures with microscopes and other medical imaging tools. They may
also write and supply reports on their research findings for doctors, medical agencies and private
parties.
Cytogenetic technicians can enter this field with a 2year associate degree in life science from a
junior college or technical school. But, cytogenetic technologists are generally required to have a
4year bachelor degree in medical science or life science from a college or university. Degree
courses often include classes in biology, math, molecular science and medical terminology.
Some states require cytogenetic technologists to pass a licensure test as a condition of
employment.
Growth of the elderly population and the resulting increase in the need for diagnosing medical
conditions are factors in the need for medical and clinical laboratory technologists and
technicians, a category that includes cytogenetic technologists. Job growth of 30% is expected
for medical and clinical laboratory technologists and technicians from 20122022, which is much
faster than the average for all occupations, as reported by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
(www.bls.gov). The median annual income for medical and clinical laboratory technologists and
technicians in general was $57,580 as of May 2012, the BLS reported.
COMMUNITY COUNSELOR
A community counselor offers counseling for individuals and communities, usually after a tragic
event such as a natural disaster.
Community counselors need a master's level education in counseling. A master's degree in
community counseling will provide a student with the necessary training to qualify for state
licensing and national certification. This program consists of courses that cover topic areas
such as:
Human development
Psychology
Family counseling
Cultural diversity
Juvenile counseling
Mental disorders
Addictions and interventions
Earning a bachelor’s degree is typically the first step toward a community counseling career.
Individuals pursuing careers in this field will often earn degrees in counseling, social services,
psychology, social psychology, or sociology to begin with.
A master’s degree in community counseling, however, is usually necessary before becoming
certified or licensed. In many cases, students earning master’s degrees in community counseling
are also required to complete an internship as well.
Community counselors attempt to solve widespread community problems that are social or
psychological in nature. In order to do this, they will often work with individuals as well as a
community as a whole. The main duty of a community counselor is to help individuals or groups
of people cope with the challenges in their lives.
he BLS projected job growth of 17% for community and social service occupations in general
from 20122022, faster than the average for all occupations. Mental health counselors could
expect job growth of 29% (much faster than average) during that decade, and substance abuse
and behavioral disorder counselors of 31%.
Genetic counselors assess individual or family risk for a variety of inherited conditions, such as genetic disorders and birth defects. They provide information and advice to other healthcare providers, or to individuals and families concerned with the risk of inherited conditions. Genetic counselors typically need at least a master’s degree in genetic counseling or genetics,
and some earn a Ph.D.
Coursework in genetic counseling includes public health, epidemiology, psychology, and
developmental biology. Classes emphasize genetics, public health, and patient empathy.
Advanced courses focus on clinical observations, review of previous genetic research, and health
communication strategies.
Genetic counselors typically do the following:
Analyze genetic information to identify patients or families at risk for specific
disorders and syndromes
Write detailed consultation reports to provide information on complex genetic concepts
for patients or referring physicians
Discuss testing options and the associated risks, benefits, and limitations with patients
and families
Interview patients to obtain comprehensive medical histories and document the
findings
Interpret laboratory results and communicate findings to patients or physicians
Counsel patients and family members by providing information, education, or
reassurance regarding genetic risks and inherited conditions
Determine patient treatment plans by reviewing laboratory work, literature, and patient
histories
Participate in professional organizations or conferences to keep abreast of
developments in genetics and genomics
Employment of genetic counselors is projected to grow 41 percent from 2012 to 2022, much
faster than the average for all occupations. However, because it is a small occupation, the fast
growth will result in only about 900 new jobs over the 10year period. Ongoing technological
innovations, including lab tests and developments in genomics, are giving counselors the
opportunities to conduct more types of analyses. Cancer genomics, for example, can determine a
patient’s risk for specific types of cancer. The number and types of tests that genetic counselors
can administer and interpret has increased over the past few years.
MARRIAGE AND FAMILY COUNSELOR/THERAPIST
Mental health counselors and marriage and family therapists help people manage and overcome
mental and emotional disorders and problems with their family and relationships. They listen to
clients and ask questions, to help the clients understand their problems and develop strategies to
improve their lives.
To become a mental health counselor or a marriage and family therapist, applicants typically
need a master’s degree in psychology, social work, counseling, marriage and family therapy, or a
related mental health field. A bachelor’s degree in most fields is acceptable to enter a
master’slevel program.
Counseling programs prepare students to recognize symptoms of mental and emotional disorders
and to use effective counseling strategies. Marriage and family therapy programs teach students
about how marriages, families, and relationships function and how they affect mental and
emotional disorders.
Mental health counselors and marriage and family therapists typically do the following:
Encourage clients to discuss their emotions and experiences
Help clients process their reactions and adjust to changes in their life, such as divorce
and layoffs
Guide clients through the process of making decisions about their future
Help clients develop strategies and skills to change their behavior and to cope with
difficult situations
Coordinate treatment with other professionals, such as psychiatrists and social workers
Refer clients to other resources or services in the community, such as support groups or
inpatient treatment facilities
Employment of mental health counselors and marriage and family therapists is projected to grow
29 percent from 2012 to 2022, much faster than the average for all occupations. Growth is
expected in both occupations as more people have mental health counseling services covered by
their insurance policies.
Federal legislation mandating individual health coverage may increase the number of health
insurance customers. In addition, the law requires insurance plans to cover treatment for mental
health issues in the same way as other chronic diseases. These two factors will open up
prevention and treatment services to more people who were previously uninsured, did not have
these services covered, or found treatment to be costprohibitive. Mental health centers and other
treatment and counseling facilities will need to hire more mental health counselors and marriage
and family therapists, to meet this increased demand.
In addition, the number of military veterans needing and seeking mental health treatment is
expected to increase over the next decade. The federal government, community clinics, and local
hospitals will need to expand their mental health counseling staff, to provide timely and effective
treatment for veterans and active duty personnel.
REHABILITATION COUNSELOR
Rehabilitation counselors help people with emotional and physical disabilities live
independently. They work with clients to overcome or manage the personal, social, and
professional effects of disabilities on employment or independent living.
Most employers require a master’s degree in rehabilitation counseling or a related field. A
bachelor’s degree in most fields is acceptable to enter a master’slevel program. Master’s degree
programs teach students the theories, skills, and techniques to provide effective mental health
counseling. These programs also train students in evaluating clients’ needs, formulating and
implementing job placement strategies, and understanding the medical and psychological aspects
of a disability. They typically require a period of supervised experience or training, such as an
internship.
Although some employers hire workers with a bachelor’s degree in rehabilitation and disability
studies, these workers typically cannot offer the full range of services that a rehabilitation
counselor with a master’s degree can provide. Bachelor’s degree programs teach students about
issues that people with disabilities face and about the process of providing rehabilitation services.
Rehabilitation counselors typically do the following:
Provide individual and group counseling to help clients adjust to their disability
Evaluate clients’ abilities, interests, experience, skills, health, and education
Develop a treatment plan in consultation with other professionals, such as doctors,
therapists, and psychologists
Create rehabilitation or treatment plans based on clients’ values, strengths, limitations,
and goals
Arrange for clients to obtain services, such as medical care or career training
Help employers understand the needs and abilities of people with disabilities, as well
as laws and resources that impact people with disabilities
Assist clients in creating strategies to develop their strengths and adjust to their
limitations
Locate resources, such as wheelchairs or computer programs, that help clients live and
work more independently
Monitor clients’ progress and adjust the rehabilitation or treatment plan as necessary
Advocate for the rights of people with disabilities to live in the community and work in
the job of their choice
Employment of rehabilitation counselors is projected to grow 20 percent from 2012 to 2022,
faster than the average for all occupations. Demand for rehabilitation counselors is expected to
grow with the increase in the elderly population and with the continued rehabilitation needs of
other groups, such as veterans and people with disabilities.
Older adults are more likely than other age groups to become disabled or injured. They will need
to learn to adapt to their disabilities and learn strategies to live independently. As a result, they
will require the services of rehabilitation counselors. As the size of the elderly population grows,
so will the need for rehabilitation counselors.
In addition, there will be a continued need for rehabilitation counselors to work with veterans
who were disabled during their military service. They will also be needed to work with other
groups, such as people who have learning disabilities, autism spectrum disorders, or substance
abuse problems.
School counselors help students develop social skills and succeed in school. Career counselors
assist people with the process of making career decisions, by helping them choose a career or
educational program.
Most states require school counselors to have a master’s degree in school counseling or a related
field. Programs in school counseling teach students about fostering academic development;
conducting group and individual counseling; and working with parents, teachers, and other
school staff. These programs often require students to gain experience through an internship or
practicum.
Most employers prefer that career counselors have a master’s degree in counseling with a focus
on career development. Career counseling programs prepare students to teach career
development techniques and assess clients’ skills and interests. Many programs require students
to have a period of supervised experience, such as an internship.
School counselors typically do the following:
Help students understand and overcome social or behavioral problems through
individual and group counseling
Provide individual and small group counseling based on student needs
Work with students to develop skills, such as organization, time management, and
effective study habits
Help students set realistic academic and career goals and develop a plan to achieve
them
Evaluate students’ abilities and interests through aptitude assessments, interviews, and
individual planning
Collaborate with teachers, administrators, and parents to help students succeed
Deliver classroom guidance lessons on topics, such as bullying, drug abuse, and
planning for college or careers after graduation
Identify and report possible cases of neglect or abuse
Refer students and parents to resources outside the school for additional support
Employment of school and career counselors is projected to grow 12 percent from 2012 to 2022, about as fast as the average for all occupations. While overall employment growth is expected due to increasing school enrollments, hiring may be limited, due to slow growth—or decline—in education funding from state and local governments.
Rising student enrollments in elementary, middle, and high schools, as well as colleges and
universities, are expected to increase demand for school counselors. As enrollments grow,
schools will require more counselors to respond to the developmental and academic needs of
their students. Colleges will need to hire additional counselors to meet the demand for career
counseling services from their students.
Despite these projected increases in school enrollment, however, employment growth for school
and career counselors will depend on state and local government budgets. When state and local
governments experience budget deficits, they may lay off employees, including counselors. As a
result, employment growth may be reduced by state and local government budget difficulties.
Demand for career counseling is projected to increase in vocational rehabilitation organizations
and in private practice. Companies may expand their use of employment assistance programs and
career counseling, to retain talent and increase the productivity and morale of their employees.
Career counselors also will be needed to assist career changers and to help laid off workers find
employment, as well as to help military personnel transition into the civilian job market.
ART THERAPIST
Art therapists use visual art media to help people who may struggle to communicate verbally or
to express their feelings.
People who wish to enter the art therapy field must first hold a bachelor's degree. They then
apply to a master's degree program in art therapy. According to the American Art Therapy
Association, prospective art therapy graduate students must submit a portfolio of their artwork
in order to be admitted to an art therapy degree program
(www.americanarttherapyassociation.org). They must also possess 18 semester hours of art
studio courses and 12 semester hours of psychology courses. Art therapy degree programs
typically last about two years.
Students enrolled in a graduate program for art therapists take classes related to psychotherapy,
psychology, human development, ethics, patient assessment and other subjects related to the art
therapy field. Graduates of a program typically earn a master's degree in art therapy. They may
also earn a master's degree in counseling with a concentration in art therapy. Some art
therapists return to school to earn a Ph.D. in art therapy.
Art therapists lead their clients through a variety of art activities in order to improve clients' self
esteem, physical health and mental wellbeing. They believe that creating art can help people
cope with problems that contribute to emotional, mental and physical issues. According to the
Health Professions Network, art therapists employ a combination of studio art, psychotherapy
and counseling to guide their clients toward a healthier outlook on life (www.healthpronet.org).
Clients sculpt, sketch, paint and create other unique works of art during their sessions with a
licensed art therapist.
Also known as: Certified Recreational Therapist, Certified Therapeutic Recreation Specialist,
CTRS, Drama Therapist, Recreational Therapist, Therapeutic Recreation Specialist
The overall job outlook for Art Therapist careers has been negative since 2004. Vacancies for
this career have decreased by 9.63 percent nationwide in that time, with an average decline of
1.61 percent per year. Demand for Art Therapists is expected to go up, with an expected 5,870
new jobs filled by 2018.
NUCLEAR MEDICINE TECHNOLOGIST
Nuclear medicine technologists use a scanner to create images of various areas of a patient’s
body. They prepare radioactive drugs and administer them to patients undergoing the scans. The
radioactive drugs cause abnormal areas of the body to appear different from normal areas in the
images.
Nuclear medicine technologists typically need an associate’s degree in nuclear medicine
technology. Bachelor’s degrees are also common. Some technologists become qualified by
completing an associate’s or a bachelor's degree program in a related health field, such as
radiologic technology or nursing, and then completing a 12month certificate program in nuclear
medicine technology. Generally, certificate programs are offered in hospitals, associate's degree
programs are in community colleges, and bachelor's degrees are granted by colleges and
universities.
Nuclear medicine technology programs include clinical experience—practice under the supervision of a certified nuclear medicine technologist and a physician or surgeon who specializes in nuclear medicine. In addition, these programs often include courses in human anatomy and physiology, physics, chemistry, radioactive drugs, and computer science.
Nuclear medicine technologists typically do the following:
Explain imaging procedures to the patient and answer questions
Follow safety procedures to protect themselves and the patient from unnecessary
radiation exposure
Examine machines to ensure that they are working properly
Prepare radioactive drugs and administer them to the patient
Monitor the patient to check for unusual reactions to the drugs
Operate equipment that creates images of areas in the body, such as images of organs
Keep detailed records of procedures
Employment of nuclear medicine technologists is projected to grow 20 percent from 2012 to
2022, faster than the average for all occupations. However, because it is a small occupation, the
growth will result in only about 4,200 new jobs over the 10year period.
Nuclear medicine technologists work mostly with adult patients, although procedures may be
performed on children. A larger aging population should lead to the need to diagnose and treat
medical conditions that require imaging, such as heart disease. Nuclear medicine technologists
will be needed to administer radioactive drugs and maintain the imaging equipment required for
diagnosis.
Federal health legislation will increase the number of patients who have access to health
insurance, increasing patient access to medical care. This will increase the demand for medical
imaging services, including those provided by nuclear medicine technologists.
CYTOPATHOLOGY TECHNOLOGIST/ CYTOTECHNOLOGIST
Cytotechnologists (CTs) analyze fluid and tissue specimens for microscopic cellular
abnormalities, such as bacterial and viral infections, cancer, meningitis, and other diseases.
A bachelor's degree and completion of a university or hospitalbased cytotechnology program
accredited by the Committee on Accreditation of Allied Health Programs (CAAHEP) is required
for entrylevel jobs.
They work closely with pathologists, who are medical doctors specializing in the study of
diseases, but much of their microscopic and analytical work is performed independently.
Cytotechnologists analyze the Pap tests that detect cervical cancer. They also collect, prepare,
and interpret specimens for other types of fluid and tissue testing. They may be employed by
laboratories, hospitals, research facilities or universities.
The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) predicts fasterthanaverage job growth for medical
and clinical laboratory technologists, including cytotechnologists (www.bls.gov). The BLS
predicts 14% job growth for medical and clinical laboratory technologists for the 20122022
period. Automation is rapidly changing the field of cytotechnology, and technologists with
advanced diagnostic skills and ASCP certification in related areas, such as molecular pathology
(MP), may have the strongest employment opportunities. In May 2012, the BLS reported that
medical and clinical laboratory technologists made a median annual salary of $57,580.
DOSIMETRIST
A dosimetrist is a medical specialist who determines what dosage of radiation cancer patients
should receive.
Dosimetrists typically must have a bachelor's degree in medical dosimetry. Many employers may
also require a master's degree. Bachelor's degrees typically take 45 years, while a master's can
take an additional 23 years. Most dosimetrist degree programs include radiation therapy
components that help dosimetrists learn how the entire radiation therapy team works on the
treatment of a patient. These programs also emphasize math and science courses to prepare
students to calculate dosage.
Students should look for programs accredited by the Joint Review Committee on Education in
Radiologic Technology (JCERT) in order to qualify for certification exams to be completed
after graduation. Certification exams are administered by the Medical Dosimetrist Certification
Board (MDCB). Certification usually involves taking an exam and participating in an
interview, and finally, candidates are observed by a senior medical dosimetrist.
The duties as a dosimetrist include measuring radiation doses, consulting with radiation
therapists and radiation oncologists on treatment plans and ways of limiting radiation exposure,
monitoring the effectiveness of treatment and keeping treatment records. Your medical training
needs to include knowledge of brachytherapy and the proper use of radiation equipment and
technology.
The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) reports that approximately 15,200 people worked as
radiation therapists in 2008 (www.bls.gov). Employment in radiation treatment positions was
projected to grow 27% to about 19,400 between 2008 and 2018 due to a growing elderly
population, falling costs and improved treatment effectiveness.
CARDIOVASCULAR TECHNOLOGIST
Cardiovascular technologists and technicians provide assistance to doctors who perform
heartrelated procedures. Most have a minimum of an associate's degree, but bachelor's degrees
are also possible; candidates who also earn optional professional credentials have better job
prospects.
Associate's degree programs in cardiovascular technology are the most common type of
educational program in the field. These programs engage students in didactic and lab
components in addition to clinical experiences and hospital internships. Students learn
theoretical concepts related to cardiac health conditions as well as procedures for operating
echocardiography equipment, performing diagnostic scans and assisting with treatment. After
completing introductory coursework in general sciences and cardiovascular technology, most
programs require students to take advanced coursework, focused in either invasive or
noninvasive cardiovascular technology.
Though less common, fouryear bachelor's degree programs in the field are becoming more
readily available. In these programs, the first two years are dedicated to basic science and
general education courses, followed by two years of study in advanced health science, an
invasive or noninvasive specialty and an extended internship.
Cardiovascular technologists and cardiovascular technicians serve as cardiovascular assistants
to physicians. They aid in the diagnosis and treatment of heart and blood vessel issues. Their
daytoday tasks include reviewing doctor and patient documentation, scheduling appointments
and monitoring patients' heart rates. They also look after and operate the equipment, explain
test procedures to patients and identify problems in their test findings.
Cardiovascular technologists and technicians have a variety of areas of specialization, such as
invasive cardiology, echocardiography, vascular technology, stress testing and
electrocardiograms. Those who specialize in invasive procedures assist in the cardiac
catheterization of balloon angioplasties and electrophysiology tests.
Depending on which area of specialization the cardiovascular tech works in, duties may
include assisting physicians during delicate, invasive procedures. They may be tasked with
administering drugs, shaving and cleaning the patient, positioning the patient and monitoring
the patients' biological state.
According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), most cardiovascular technologists
were employed in general public and private hospitals in 2013 (www.bls.gov). Other popular
places of employment included private cardiology offices, medical laboratories and outpatient
care centers.
The BLS predicted that from 20122022, as the aging population grew and technology allowed
for earlier detection of heart disease, employment opportunities for cardiovascular
technologists would increase at the high rate of 30 percent. In May of 2013, the BLS also
reported that cardiovascular technologists and technicians earned a mean annual salary of
$53,990.
HEALTH INFORMATION ADMINISTRATOR
Health information administrators oversee the health information system which contains all
medical documents, insurance information, and medical/legal documentation for a health care
facility.
Individuals interested in a career as a health information administrator should take courses in
algebra, biology, chemistry, computer skills, data processing, psychology, English, government,
history, literature, foreign language, anatomy, sociology, and health occupations/medical
professions.
Students interested in health information administration must complete a baccalaureate degree
program from an accredited institution, which is generally 4 years in length. Graduates are then
eligible to take the national registration examination offered by the American Health Information
Management Association. Once the exam is successfully passed, an individual then becomes a
registered health information administrator (RHIA).
They design and manage health information systems to insure they meet medical, legal, and
ethical standards. Seeing that each patient's medical record is complete, kept confidential, and
safeguarded from individuals not involved with the medical care of the patient are paramount
concerns. The duties and responsibilities of a health information administrator are largely
dependent on the size and type of health facility they work in. They usually have a number of
personnel that work under them and are responsible for training and directing them. Accurate
records are necessary for research, insurance claims, legal actions, evaluation of treatment and
medications prescribed, and for instruction of various medical personnel. Health information
administrators also help in assisting the medical staff in evaluating the quality of health care that
patients receive in a particular health facility.
n the years to come hospitals will continue to be the highest employer of health information
professionals. There is expected to be over a 25% increase in the number of health information
administrators through the year 2010. This is mainly due to the need for detailed and highly
organized medical records that will be increasingly scrutinized by third party payers, courts, and
consumers. Many other health care facilities such as health maintenance organizations nursing
homes, and home health agencies will also be utilizing health information personnel because of
the need to keep accurate and secure medical records.
HEALTH INFORMATION TECHNICIANS
Medical records and health information technicians, commonly referred to as health information
technicians, organize and manage health information data by ensuring its quality, accuracy,
accessibility, and security in both paper and electronic systems. They use various classification
systems to code and categorize patient information for insurance reimbursement purposes, for
databases and registries, and to maintain patients’ medical and treatment histories.
Postsecondary certificate and associate’s degree programs in health information technology
typically include courses in medical terminology, anatomy and physiology, health data
requirements and standards, classification and coding systems, healthcare reimbursement
methods, healthcare statistics, and computer systems. Applicants to health information
technology programs increase their chances of admission by taking high school courses in health,
computer science, math, and biology.
Health information technicians typically do the following:
Review patient records for timeliness, completeness, accuracy, and appropriateness of
data
Organize and maintain data for clinical databases and registries
Track patient outcomes for quality assessment
Use classification software to assign clinical codes for reimbursement and data analysis
Electronically record data for collection, storage, analysis, retrieval, and reporting
Protect patients’ health information for confidentiality, authorized access for treatment,
and data security
Employment of health information technicians is projected to grow 22 percent from 2012 to
2022, much faster than the average for all occupations. The demand for health services is
expected to increase as the population ages. An aging population will need more medical tests,
treatments, and procedures. This will mean more claims for reimbursement from insurance
companies. Additional records, coupled with widespread use of electronic health records (EHRs)
by all types of healthcare providers, could lead to an increased need for technicians to organize
and manage the associated information in all areas of the healthcare industry.
Cancer registrars are expected to continue to be in high demand. As the population ages, there
will likely be more types of special purpose registries because many illnesses are detected and
treated later in life.
DOER
Athletic Trainers
Athletic trainers specialize in preventing, diagnosing, and treating muscle and bone
injuries and illnesses. Exercise physiologists develop fitness and exercise programs that
help patients recover from chronic diseases and improve cardiovascular function, body
composition, and flexibility.
Athletic trainers and exercise physiologists need at least a bachelor’s degree from an accredited
college or university. Master’s degree programs are also common. Both degree programs have
classroom and clinical components, including science and healthrelated courses, such as
biology, anatomy, physiology, and nutrition.
The Commission on Accreditation of Athletic Training Education (CAATE) accredits athletic trainer programs, as well as postprofessional and residency athletic trainer programs.
The Committee on Accreditation for the Exercise Sciences accredits exercise physiology programs.
High school students interested in postsecondary athletic training or exercise physiology
programs should take courses in anatomy, physiology, and physics.
Athletic trainers (ATs) typically do the following:
Apply protective or injurypreventive devices such as tape, bandages, and braces
Recognize and evaluate injuries
Provide first aid or emergency care
Develop and carry out rehabilitation programs for injured athletes
Plan and implement comprehensive programs to prevent injury and illness among
athletes
Perform administrative tasks such as keeping records and writing reports on injuries
and treatment programs
Employment of athletic trainers is projected to grow 21 percent from 2012 to 2022, faster than
the average for all occupations. However, because it is a small occupation, the fast growth will
result in only about 4,900 new jobs over the 10year period. As people become more aware of
sportsrelated injuries at a young age, demand for athletic trainers is expected to increase, most
significantly in colleges, universities, and youth leagues.
Recent research reveals that the effects of concussions are particularly severe and long lasting in
child athletes. Although concussions are dangerous to athletes at any age, children’s brains are
still developing and are at risk for permanent complications. Parents and coaches are becoming
educated about these greater risks through community health efforts. Because athletic trainers are
usually onsite with athletes and are often the first responders when injuries occur, the demand for
trainers should continue to increase.
Additionally, advances in injury prevention and detection and more sophisticated treatments are
projected to increase the demand for athletic trainers. Growth in an increasingly active
middleaged and elderly population will likely lead to an increased incidence of athleticrelated
injuries, such as sprains. Sports programs at all ages and for all experience levels will continue to
create demand for athletic trainers.
Insurance and workers’ compensation costs have become a concern for many employers and
insurance companies, especially in areas where employees are often injured on the job. For
example, military bases hire athletic trainers to help train and rehabilitate injured military
personnel. These trainers also create programs aimed at keeping injury rates down. Depending
on the state, some insurance companies recognize athletic trainers as healthcare providers and
reimburse the cost of an athletic trainer’s services.
DENTAL LABORATORY TECHNICIANS
Dental laboratory technicians are responsible for creating full and partial dentures for individuals who are missing their teeth. Technicians also design bridges, crowns, caps, veneers, and other orthodontic splints and appliances to protect and straighten teeth.
Dental laboratory technicians can receive their education through a 2year program at a
technical college, vocational school or community college. These programs will confer either a
certificate or an associate's degree in dental laboratory technology. The Commission on Dental
Accreditation of the American Dental Association is responsible for accrediting dental
laboratory technology training programs. Some states require additional licensure or other
credentialing.
However, a formal education isn't required in all states. In some, prospective dental laboratory
technologists can get practical onthejob training and learn new procedures as they advance
through training.
Dental laboratory technicians use impressions, or molds, of a patient’s teeth to create crowns, bridges, dentures, and other dental appliances. They work closely with dentists, but have limited contact with patients.
Dental laboratory technicians work with small hand tools, such as files and polishers. They work
with many different materials to make prosthetic appliances, including wax, plastic, and
porcelain. In some cases, technicians use computer programs to create appliances or to get
impressions sent from a dentist’s office.
Dental laboratory technicians can specialize in one of six areas: orthodontic appliances, crowns
and bridges, complete dentures, partial dentures, implants, or ceramics. Technicians may have
different job titles, depending on their specialty. For example, technicians who make porcelain
and acrylic restorations, such as veneers and bridges, are called dental ceramists.
mployment of dental and ophthalmic laboratory technicians and medical appliance technicians is
projected to grow 7 percent from 2012 to 2022, slower than the average for all occupations.
As cosmetic prosthetics, such as veneers and crowns, become less expensive, there should be an
increase in demand for these appliances. Accidents and poor oral health, which can cause
damage and loss of teeth, will continue to create a need for dental laboratory technician services.
Dental technician services will be in demand, as dentists work to improve the aesthetics and
function of patients’ teeth.
On the other hand, baby boomers and their children are more likely to retain their teeth than
previous generations. This is due to increased visits to dentists, increased use of fluoride, and
more dental health education. These factors will likely lead to a decrease in the number of full
and partial dentures and other prosthetics used to replace missing teeth and will temper demand
for the technicians that make them.
OPHTHALMIC LABORATORY TECHNICIAN
Optical lab technicians, sometimes known as ophthalmic laboratory technicians, create contact
lenses and prescription eyeglasses.
mployers prefer to hire candidates with high school diplomas or GEDs, but postsecondary
education isn't required to become an ophthalmic lab technician. Many laboratories provide
onthejob training to new hires, and the training time varies by employer. During this period,
ophthalmic lab technicians learn how to make lenses by hand and with automated equipment.
The specifications submitted by ophthalmologists, optometrists and opticians are adhered to in
order to produce the final product.
Some community colleges and vocational schools offer ophthalmic lab technician certificates
for students interested in formal training. These programs provide a general education
background and teach subjects specific to making prescription eyewear, such as understanding
eye anatomy, analyzing prescriptions and creating lenses. An apprenticeship may be part of
some programs' curricula to give students handson experience. Certificates may be applied
towards associate's degrees in ophthalmic science and other related studies. Certification isn't
necessary for ophthalmic lab technicians, but it may increase advancement opportunities.
After receiving orders from optometrists and opticians, optical lab technicians cut polish and
grind lenses for prescription classes or create prescription contact lenses. In some cases, an
optical lab technician may create lenses for products like binoculars, microscopes, and
telescopes. This position relies on computer equipment and automated tools to make the lenses.
The final product is always examined by an optical lab technician before it is sent off to the
customer.
According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), employment for ophthalmic laboratory
technicians was expected to grow 12% between 2012 and 2022 (www.bls.gov). This rate is
consistent with the national average, and it's primarily due to the expected need of vision care for
the growing and aging population. Industries with the most ophthalmic laboratory technicians
employed include medical equipment and supplies manufacturers, personal care stores and
physician offices. Individuals with formal education should have the best prospects for their
career.
ORTHOTIST/PROSTHETIST
Orthotists and prosthetists, also called O&P professionals, design medical supportive devices and
measure and fit patients for them. These devices include artificial limbs (arms, hands, legs, and
feet), braces, and other medical or surgical devices.
All orthotists and prosthetists must complete a master’s degree in orthotics and prosthetics.
These programs include courses such as upper and lower extremity orthotics and prosthetics,
spinal orthotics, and plastics and other materials.
All graduate degree programs have a clinical component in which the student works under the
direction of an O&P professional. Most programs require at least 500 hours of clinical
experience, split equally between orthotics and prosthetics.
Master’s programs usually take 2 years to complete. Prospective students can have a bachelor’s
degree in any discipline if they have fulfilled prerequisite courses in science and mathematics;
requirements vary by program.
Orthotists and prosthetists typically do the following:
Evaluate and interview patients to determine their needs
Measure patients in order to design and fit medical devices
Design orthopedic and prosthetic devices based on physicians' prescriptions
Take a mold of the part of a patient’s body that will be fitted with a brace or artificial
limb
Select materials to be used for the orthotic or prosthetic device
Fit, test, and adjust devices on patients
Instruct patients in how to use and care for their devices
Repair or update prosthetic and orthotic devices
Document care in patients' records
Employment of orthotists and prosthetists is projected to grow 36 percent from 2012 to 2022,
much faster than the average for all occupations. However, because it is a small occupation, the
fast growth will result in only about 3,000 new jobs over the 10year period.
The large, aging babyboom population will create a need for orthotists and prosthetists, since
both diabetes and cardiovascular disease, which are the two leading causes of limb loss, are more
common among older people. Advances in technology may spur demand for prostheses that
allow for more natural movement.
RECREATIONAL THERAPIST
Recreational therapists plan, direct, and coordinate recreationbased treatment programs for
people with disabilities, injuries, or illnesses. Recreational therapists use a variety of modalities,
including arts and crafts, drama, music, dance, sports, games, and community reintegration field
trips to help maintain or improve a patient’s physical, social, and emotional wellbeing.
Most recreational therapists need a bachelor’s degree in recreational therapy or a related field.
Though less common, associate’s, master’s, and doctoral degrees are also available.
Recreational therapy programs include courses in assessment, human anatomy, medical and
psychiatric terminology, characteristics of illnesses and disabilities, and the use of assistive
devices and technology. Bachelor’s degree programs usually include an internship.
Recreational therapists typically do the following:
Assess patients' needs through observations, medical records, tests, and talking with
other healthcare professionals, patients’ families, and patients
Create treatment plans and programs that meet patients’ needs and interests
Plan and implement interventions to prevent harm to a patient
Engage patients in therapeutic activities, such as games and field trips
Help patients learn social skills needed to become or remain independent
Teach patients about ways to cope with anxiety or depression
Record and analyze a patient’s progress
Evaluate interventions for effectiveness
mployment of recreational therapists is projected to grow 13 percent from 2012 to 2022, about as
fast as the average for all occupations.
As the large babyboom generation ages, they will need recreational therapists to help treat
agerelated injuries and illnesses. Older persons are more likely to suffer from stroke,
Alzheimer’s disease, and mobilityrelated injuries that require recreational therapy. Continued
growth is expected in nursing care facilities, adult daycare programs, and other settings that care
for geriatric patients. Therapists will also be needed to help healthy seniors remain active in their
communities and maintain their independence later in life.
In addition, the number of people with chronic conditions such as diabetes and obesity is
growing. Recreational therapists will be needed to help patients maintain their mobility and to
teach patients about managing their conditions. Therapists will also be needed to plan and lead
programs designed to maintain overall wellness through participation in activities such as camps,
day trips, and sports.
Legislation requiring federally funded services for students with disabilities will continue to
shape the need for recreational therapists in education settings.
In addition, third party payers will continue to use therapists’ services as a way to cut costs in
patients’ recoveries from injuries or illnesses, moving treatment to outpatient settings rather than
more costly hospital settings.
DANCE THERAPIST
Dance therapists use movement to help clients improve emotional, mental and physical health.
According to the American Dance Therapy Association (www.adta.org), they are trained to help
others develop communication skills, reduce stress, boost selfesteem and overcome physical
disabilities through movement.
The American Dance Therapy Association (ADTA) recommends that aspiring dance therapists
possess a strong dance background in addition to a liberal arts degree. As undergraduates,
students can pursue degrees in psychology, dance, recreation therapy and other liberal arts or
human services fields.
After earning a bachelor's degree, students can enroll in an ADTAapproved master's degree
program in dance therapy. They take courses that may include counseling, body movement
assessment, psychotherapy and movement therapy. A program might also include a supervised
internship. There were six master's degree programs in the country that were approved by the
ADTA as of March 2014. Students who already hold a master's or doctoral degree in a field
related to human services can earn a master's degree in dance therapy by completing specific
dance therapy courses and training.
Dance therapists work in nursing homes, schools, hospitals, mental health facilities and
counseling centers. They use their specialized skills to work with both groups and individuals.
The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) reported that jobs for all types of recreational
therapists were expected to increase 13% from 20122022 .
MEDICAL ILLUSTRATOR/PHOTOGRAPHER
Medical photographers, who fall under the category of scientific photographers, record a variety
of medical data through the use of photography. This requires knowledge of scientific
procedures, photography techniques and how to properly use equipment. Medical photographers
must also maintain good handeye coordination to ensure clear photographs.
According to the BLS, scientific photographers typically need a degree, which may be in
photography or in an industryrelated field, such as biology or chemistry. Course preparation
includes learning to correctly operate photography equipment and becoming familiar with
photography techniques. Those interested in photography can enroll in courses at private trade
schools, vocational technical institutes, community colleges or universities.
A medical photographer uses her or his photography knowledge, along with medical content
knowledge, to perform onsite photography services required for surgical and clinical
procedures. Often, this includes using photography for reproducing radiography images,
creating photographs for reconstructive surgeries, producing educational slides and
documenting operating room procedures. Medical photographers rely on digital cameras and
computer software programs to edit their images. They may be required to edit client images
taken from preoperative and postoperative evaluations. Therefore, staying abreast of recent
software editing trends is important.
In the field of dermatology, medical photographers primarily deal with melanoma screening.
This includes mole mapping to aid in early melanoma recognition. Occasionally, medical
photographers also document vital information for sexual assault victims. This sensitive duty
requires medical photographers to obtain clear, accurate documentation. Some medical
photographers also conduct electrophoresis gel photography and image enhancing.
The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) expected slowerthanaverage 4% employment
growth for all types of photographers between 2012 and 2022 (www.bls.gov). In 2013, the BLS
reported an annual median salary of $29,280 for photographers, with those working in personal
care services earning significantly higher wages.
MUSIC THERAPIST
Music therapists use musical instruments and vocal improvisation to treat clients with physical
disabilities or mental illnesses.A music therapist aims to positively impact a person's entire
health holistically by reducing stress. Also, depending on the patient's illness or disability,
therapy might be used to ameliorate his or her cognitive skills (by improving memory, for
instance), heal physical pain, or reduce emotional trauma by getting him or her to express
feelings.
According to the American Music Therapy Association (AMTA) website, a 4year bachelor's
degree should comprise studies in music and music therapy, in addition to 1,200 hours of
clinical training including field experience occurring within classes. The AMTA suggests this
training should delve into psychopathology and human development, so courses in biological,
behavioral, and social science as well as psychology will be in the curriculum, rounded out
with general education studies. Once a prospective therapist graduates with a bachelor's degree,
he or she can complete the Certification Board for Music Therapists examination for a
credential.
Music therapists seek to establish an interaction a shared musical experience in the pursuit of therapeutic goals. These goals are determined by the therapist's understanding of the client's pathology and personal needs.
Music therapists support clients with a wide range of issues, including eating disorders, anxiety, behavioural and emotional difficulties, addiction and communication disorders. They also work with those who want to gain an insight into themselves and how they relate to others.
Also known as: Certified Recreational Therapist, Certified Therapeutic Recreation Specialist,
CTRS, Drama Therapist, Recreational Therapist, Therapeutic Recreation Specialist
The overall job outlook for Music Therapist careers has been negative since 2004. Vacancies for
this career have decreased by 9.63 percent nationwide in that time, with an average decline of
1.61 percent per year. Demand for Music Therapists is expected to go up, with an expected 5,870
new jobs filled by 2018. This represents an annual increase of 3.52 percent over the next few
years
TOUCHY_FEELY
KINESIOTHERAPIST
Kinesiotherapists are healthcare professionals who use holistic exercise to condition or
recondition geriatric, psychiatric, orthopedic, cardiovascular or pediatric patients.
A kinesiotherapist must complete a kinesiotherapy program that consists of 128 semester hours
over the course of 45 years. These programs cover topics like research and statistics, exercise
testing and measurement, anatomy, biomechanics and patient assessment. Upon graduation, a
student must pass an examination given by the Council on Professional Standards for
Kinesiotherapy's Board of Registration in order to become a registered kinesiotherapist.
These professionals are responsible for guiding their patients through exercise regimens
designed to increase functionality or decrease the effects of a disease, ailment or injury. They
utilize treatments like aquatic therapy, driver training and prosthetic/orthotic rehabilitation, and
they are responsible for recording and tracking development and progress in these areas. A
kinesiotherapist also motivates, educates and encourages his or her patients in order to help
them achieve their goals.
inesiotherapists work in a variety of healthcare settings, from private practices to hospitals or
sportsmedicine facilities. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the number
of exercise physiologists, which were grouped with kinesiotherapists, was predicted to rise at
an average pace from 20122022, specifically 9 percent over the decade.
MASSAGE THERAPIST
Massage therapists treat clients by using touch to manipulate the softtissues of the body. With
their touch, therapists relieve pain, help rehabilitate injuries, improve circulation, relieve stress,
increase relaxation, and aid in the general wellness of clients.
Educational standards and requirements for massage therapists vary greatly by state or other
locality. Education programs are typically found in private or public postsecondary institutions.
Most programs require at least 500 hours of study to complete; some programs require 1,000
hours or more.
A high school diploma or equivalent degree is usually required for admission. Massage therapy
programs generally include both classroom study and handson practice of massage techniques.
Programs cover subjects such as anatomy; physiology, which is the study of organs and tissues;
kinesiology, which is the study of motion and body mechanics; pathology, which is the study of
disease; business management; and ethics.
Massage therapists typically do the following:
Talk with clients about symptoms, medical history, and desired results
Evaluate clients to locate painful or tense areas of the body
Manipulate muscles or other soft tissues of the body
Provide clients with guidance on stretching, strengthening, overall relaxation, and how
to improve their posture
Document client’s condition and progress
Employment of massage therapists is projected to grow 23 percent from 2012 to 2022, much
faster than the average for all occupations. Continued growth in the demand for massage services
will lead to new openings for massage therapists.
As an increasing number of states adopt licensing requirements and standards for therapists, the
practice of massage is likely to be respected and accepted by more people as a way to treat pain
and to improve overall wellness. Similarly, as more healthcare providers understand the benefits
of massage, demand will increase as these services become part of treatment plans.
Massage also offers specific benefits to particular groups of people whose continued demand for
massage services will lead to overall growth for the occupation. For example, some sports teams
hire massage therapists to help give their athletes relief from pain and to rehabilitate clients with
injuries.
Demand for massage services will grow as the babyboom generation seeks these services as a
way to help maintain their health as they age. Older people in nursing homes or assistedliving
facilities also are finding benefits from massage, such as increased energy levels and reduced
health problems. Demand for massage therapy should grow among older age groups because
they increasingly are enjoying longer, more active lives.
In addition, the number of massage clinic franchises has increased in recent years. Many
franchised clinics offer more affordable massages than those provided at spas and resorts,
making massage services available to a wider range of customers.
However, demand for massage services may be limited by overall state of the economy. During
tough economic times, both the number of people who seek massage therapy and the frequency
of their massages may decline.
OCCUPATIONAL THERAPIST
Occupational therapists treat injured, ill, or disabled patients through the therapeutic use of
everyday activities. They help these patients develop, recover, and improve the skills needed
for daily living and working.
Most occupational therapists enter the occupation with a master’s degree in occupational therapy. In March 2013, there were 149 occupational therapy programs accredited by the Accreditation Council for Occupational Therapy Education, part of the American Occupational Therapy Association; 145 are master’s degree programs and the remaining 4 are doctoral degree programs.
Admission to graduate programs in occupational therapy generally requires a bachelor’s degree
and specific coursework, including biology and physiology. Many programs also require
applicants to have volunteered or worked in an occupational therapy setting.
Master’s programs generally take 2 to 3 years to complete; doctoral programs take about 3 years.
Some schools offer a dualdegree program in which the student earns a bachelor’s degree and a
master’s degree in 5 years. Parttime programs that offer courses on nights and weekends are
also available.
Occupational therapists typically do the following:
Observe patients doing tasks, ask them questions, and review their medical history
Evaluate a patient's condition and needs
Develop a treatment plan for patients, laying out the types of activities and specific
goals to be accomplished
Help people with various disabilities with different tasks, such as leading an autistic
child in play activities
Demonstrate exercises—for example, joint stretches for arthritis relief—that can help
relieve pain for people with chronic conditions
Evaluate a patient’s home or workplace and, based on the patient’s health needs,
identify potential improvements, such as labeling kitchen cabinets for an older person
with poor memory
Educate a patient’s family and employer about how to accommodate and care for the
patient
Recommend special equipment, such as wheelchairs and eating aids, and instruct
patients on how to use that equipment
Assess and record patients’ activities and progress for patient evaluations, for billing,
and for reporting to physicians and other healthcare providers
mployment of occupational therapists is projected to grow 29 percent from 2012 to 2022, much
faster than the average for all occupations. Occupational therapy will continue to be an important
part of treatment for people with various illnesses and disabilities, such as Alzheimer’s disease,
cerebral palsy, autism, or the loss of a limb.
The need for occupational therapists is expected to increase as the large babyboom generation
ages and people remain active later in life. Occupational therapists can help senior citizens
maintain their independence by recommending home modifications and strategies that make
daily activities easier. Therapists also play a large role in the treatment of many conditions and
ailments commonly associated with aging, such as arthritis and stroke. They will also be needed
in a variety of healthcare settings to act as part of a healthcare team in treating patients with
chronic conditions, such as diabetes. Patients will continue to seek noninvasive outpatient
treatment for longterm disabilities and illnesses, either in their homes or in residential care
environments.
In addition, medical advances now enable more patients with critical problems such as birth
defects or limb amputations to survive. These patients may need occupational therapy to perform
a variety of daily tasks.
Demand for occupational therapy services will also stem from patients with autism spectrum
disorder. As an increasing number of states require insurance companies to cover autismrelated
services, more therapists will be needed in schools to assist children with autism in improving
their social skills and accomplishing a variety of daily tasks.
Demand for occupational therapy services is related to the ability of patients to pay, either
directly or through health insurance. The number of individuals who have access to occupational
therapy services may increase because of federal health insurance reform. Both rehabilitation and
habilitation services are listed among the essential health benefits that insurers will need to cover
once reforms are implemented.
OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY ASSISTANT
Occupational therapy assistants and aides help patients develop, recover, and improve the skills
needed for daily living and working. Occupational therapy assistants are directly involved in
providing therapy to patients, while occupational therapy aides typically perform support
activities. Both assistants and aides work under the direction of occupational therapists.
eople interested in becoming an occupational therapy assistant should take high school courses in
biology and health. They can also increase their chances of getting into a community college or
technical school program by doing volunteer work in a healthcare setting, such as a nursing care
facility, an occupational therapist's office, or a physical therapist's office.
Occupational therapy assistants typically need an associate’s degree from an accredited program. Occupational therapy assistant programs are commonly found in community colleges and technical schools. In March 2013, there were 162 occupational therapy assistant programs
accredited by the Accreditation Council for Occupational Therapy Education, a branch of the American Occupational Therapy Association.
These programs generally require 2 years of fulltime study. They include classroom instruction
in subjects such as psychology, biology, and pediatric health. Occupational therapy assistants
also must complete at least 16 weeks of fieldwork as part of their education to gain handson
work experience.
Occupational therapy aides typically have a high school diploma or equivalent. They are trained
on the job under the supervision of more experienced assistants or aides. Training can last from
several weeks to a few months and covers a number of topics, including set up of therapy
equipment and infection control procedures, among others. Prior work experience in healthcare
as well as CPR and Basic Life Support (BLS) certifications may be helpful in getting a job.
Occupational therapy assistants typically do the following:
Help patients do therapeutic activities, such as stretches and other exercises
Lead children who have developmental disabilities in play activities that promote
coordination and socialization
Teach patients how to use special equipment; for example, showing a patient with
Parkinson’s disease how to use devices that make eating easier
Record patients’ progress, report to occupational therapists, and do other administrative
tasks
Employment of occupational therapy assistants is projected to grow 43 percent from 2012 to
2022, much faster than the average for all occupations.
Demand for occupational therapy is expected to rise significantly over the coming decade in
response to the health needs of the aging babyboom generation and a growing elderly
population. Older adults are more prone than younger people to conditions and ailments such as
arthritis and stroke. These conditions can affect the ability to perform a variety of everyday
activities. Occupational therapy assistants and aides will be needed to help occupational
therapists in caring for these people. Occupational therapy will also continue to be used for
treating children and young adults with developmental disabilities like autism.
Demand for occupational therapy assistants is also expected to stem from healthcare providers
employing more assistants to reduce the cost of occupational therapy services. After the therapist
has evaluated a patient and designed a treatment plan, the occupational therapy assistant can
provide many aspects of the treatment that the therapist prescribed.
Demand for occupational therapy services is related to the ability of patients to pay, either
directly or through health insurance. The number of individuals who have access to occupational
therapy services may increase because of federal health insurance reform. Both rehabilitation and
habilitation services are listed among the essential health benefits that insurers will need to cover
once reforms are implemented. Occupational therapy assistants and aides will be needed to help
therapists treat additional patients and to ensure that treatment facility operations run smoothly.
PHYSICAL THERAPIST
Physical therapists, sometimes called PTs, help injured or ill people improve their movement and
manage their pain. These therapists are often an important part of rehabilitation and treatment of
patients with chronic conditions or injuries.
In 2013, there were 218 programs for physical therapists accredited by the Commission on Accreditation in Physical Therapy Education, all of which offered a Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT) degree.
DPT programs typically last 3 years. Most programs require a bachelor’s degree for admission as well as specific prerequisites, such as anatomy, physiology, biology, chemistry, and physics. Most DPT programs require applicants to apply through the Physical Therapist Centralized Application Service (PTCAS).
Physical therapist programs often include courses in biomechanics, anatomy, physiology,
neuroscience, and pharmacology. Physical therapist students also complete clinical internships,
during which they gain supervised experience in areas such as acute care and orthopedic care.
Physical therapists may apply to and complete a clinical residency program after graduation.
Residencies typically last about 1 year and provide additional training and experience in
specialty areas of care. Therapists who have completed a residency program may choose to
specialize further by completing a fellowship in an advanced clinical area.
Physical therapists typically do the following:
Review patients’ medical history and any referrals or notes from doctors or surgeons
Diagnose patients’ dysfunctional movements by observing them stand or walk and by
listening to their concerns, among other methods
Set up a plan of care for patients, outlining the patient’s goals and the expected
outcome of the plan
Use exercises, stretching maneuvers, handson therapy, and equipment to ease patients’
pain, help them increase their mobility, prevent further pain or injury, and facilitate
health and wellness.
Evaluate a patient’s progress, modifying a plan of care and trying new treatments as
needed
Educate patients and their families about what to expect from and how best to cope
with the recovery process
Employment of physical therapists is projected to grow 36 percent from 2012 to 2022, much
faster than the average for all occupations.
Demand for physical therapy services will come from the aging baby boomers, who are staying
more active later in life than their counterparts of previous generations. Older persons are more
likely to experience heart attacks, strokes, and mobilityrelated injuries that require physical
therapy for rehabilitation.
In addition, the incidence of patients with chronic conditions, such as diabetes and obesity, is
growing. More physical therapists will be needed to help these patients maintain their mobility
and manage the effects of chronic conditions.
PHYSICAL THERAPIST ASSISTANT
Physical therapist assistants (sometimes called PTAs) and physical therapist aides work under
the direction and supervision of physical therapists. They help patients who are recovering from
injuries and illnesses regain movement and manage pain. Physical therapist assistants are
involved in the direct care of patients. Physical therapist aides often do tasks that are indirectly
related to patient care, such as cleaning and setting up the treatment area, moving patients, and
performing clerical duties.
Most states require physical therapist assistants to have an associate’s degree from an accredited physical therapist assistant program. In 2012 the Commission on Accreditation in Physical Therapy Education accredited 298 associate’s degree programs for physical therapist assistants.
Programs typically last about 2 years, and include both classroom study and clinical experience.
PTA programs usually include courses in algebra, English, anatomy, physiology, and
psychology. Assistants gain handson experience in treatment centers. They may also earn
certifications in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and other firstaid skills. Some programs
offer evening classes.
Physical therapist aides typically have a high school diploma or the equivalent. They usually
gain clinical experience through onthejob training that can last from about a week to a few
months. Employers may prefer to hire applicants with computer skills.
Some physical therapist assistants and aides continue their formal education to qualify for jobs in
administration, management, and education.
Physical therapist assistants typically do the following:
Observe patients before, during, and after therapy, noting their status and reporting to a
physical therapist
Help patients do specific exercises as part of the plan of care
Use a variety of techniques, such as massage and stretching, to treat patients
Use devices and equipment, such as walkers, to help patients
Educate a patient and family members about what to do after treatment
Employment of physical therapist assistants is projected to grow 41 percent from 2012 to 2022,
much faster than the average for all occupations. Employment of physical therapist aides is
projected to grow 40 percent from 2012 to 2022, much faster than the average for all
occupations.
Demand for physical therapy services is expected to increase in response to the health needs of
an aging population, particularly the large babyboom generation. This group is staying more
active later in life than previous generations. However, many baby boomers also are entering the
prime age for heart attacks and strokes, increasing the demand for cardiac and physical
rehabilitation. Older people are particularly vulnerable to a number of chronic and debilitating
conditions that require therapeutic services. These patients often need additional help in their
treatment, making the roles of physical therapist assistants and aides vital.
In addition, the incidence of chronic conditions such as diabetes and obesity is growing. More
physical therapist assistants and aides will be needed to help patients maintain their mobility and
manage the effects of such conditions.
LABORATORY TECHNICIANS
A laboratory technologist works in the field of science and medicine and assists doctors in
researching and treating infections and diseases. These technologists perform chemical, physical
and microbiological analyses of blood, tissue and fluid samples. Read further to learn about the
training requirements and the benefits of this profession.
To become a laboratory technologist, you are required to have a Bachelor of Science degree in a
field like biology or chemistry. Some of the classes you will be required to take include biology,
physics, organic chemistry, microbiology and laboratory science. You also need to be certified
with the American Medical Technologists, the National Credentialing Agency for Laboratory
Personnel or the American Society for Clinical Pathology. State licensure may also be required
and consist of observed laboratory practice and written skills examinations.
Laboratory technologists, also known as medical laboratory scientists, work in laboratories and
are responsible for discovering and detecting new treatments for diseases and infections.
Technologists examine and test different cells, body fluids, parasites, bacteria and other
microorganisms to see how they respond to different treatments. They use these test results to
help doctors, nurses and other health care professionals to make informed decisions regarding
diagnosis and treatment.
Laboratory technologists can find jobs in a variety of industries, including hospitals, government
agencies, health care, insurance companies and universities. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
(BLS), www.bls.gov, states that, in 2012, the median salary for laboratory technologists was
$57,580 per year. Job opportunities for laboratory technologists are expected to increase 14%
from 20122022, which is about as fast as the average occupation, due to an increased number of
aging individuals needing diagnostic testing, according to the BLS.
RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGIST
Radiologic technologists perform diagnostic imaging examinations, such as x rays, on patients.
MRI technologists operate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanners to create diagnostic
images.
There are postsecondary education programs in radiography and MRI that lead to graduate
certificates, associate’s degrees, or bachelor’s degrees. Associate’s degree programs are the most
common. Education programs typically include both classroom training and clinical training.
Coursework includes anatomy, pathology, patient care, radiation physics and protection, and
image evaluation.
The Joint Review Committee on Education in Radiologic Technology (JRCERT) accredits programs in radiography. Completing an accredited program is required for licensure in some states.
High school students who are interested in radiologic or MRI technology should take courses
that focus on science and math. Suggested courses include anatomy, biology, chemistry,
physiology, mathematics, and physics.
Radiologic and MRI technologists typically do the following:
Adjust and maintain imaging equipment
Precisely follow orders from physicians on what areas of the body to image Prepare patients for procedures, including taking a medical history and answering
questions about the procedure
Protect the patient by shielding exposed areas that do not need to be imaged
Position the patient and the equipment in order to get the correct image
Operate the computerized equipment to take the images
Work with physicians to evaluate the images and to determine whether additional
images need to be taken
Keep detailed patient records
Employment of radiologic technologists is projected to grow 21 percent from 2012 to 2022,
faster than the average for all occupations. Employment of MRI technologists is projected to
grow 24 percent from 2012 to 2022, much faster than the average for all occupations.
As the population grows older, there will be an increase in medical conditions, such as breaks
and fractures caused by osteoporosis, which can require imaging to diagnose them. Radiologic
and MRI technologists will be needed to maintain and use the diagnostic equipment. In addition,
federal health legislation will expand the number of patients who have access to health
insurance, increasing patient access to medical care.
Although hospitals will remain the main employer of radiologic and MRI technologists, a
number of new jobs will be in physicians' offices and in outpatient imaging centers. Employment
in these healthcare settings is expected to increase because of the shift toward outpatient care
whenever possible. Outpatient care is encouraged by thirdparty payers as a costsaving measure
and is made possible by technological advances, such as less expensive equipment, that allow for
more procedures to be done outside of hospitals.
PHYSICIAN ASSISTANTS
Physician assistants, also known as PAs, practice medicine on a team under the supervision of
physicians and surgeons. They are formally educated to examine patients, diagnose injuries and
illnesses, and provide treatment.
Most applicants to physician assistant education programs already have a bachelor’s degree and
some healthcarerelated work experience. While admissions requirements vary from program to
program, most programs require two to four years of undergraduate coursework with a focus in
science.
Many applicants already have experience as registered nurses or as EMTs and paramedics before they apply to a physician assistant program.
Physician assistant education programs usually take at least 2 years of fulltime study. In 2012, the Accreditation Review Commission on Education for the Physician Assistant, Inc. (ARCPA) accredited 170 education programs. Most of these accredited programs offer a master’s degree.
Physician assistant education includes classroom and laboratory instruction in subjects such as
pathology, human anatomy, physiology, clinical medicine, pharmacology, physical diagnosis,
and medical ethics. The programs also include hundreds of hours of supervised clinical training
in several areas, including family medicine, internal medicine, emergency medicine, and
pediatrics.
Physician assistants typically do the following:
Review patients’ medical histories
Conduct physical exams to check patients’ health
Order and interpret diagnostic tests, such as x rays or blood tests
Make diagnoses concerning a patient’s injury or illness
Give treatment, such as setting broken bones and immunizing patients
Educate and counsel patients and their families—for example, answering questions
about how to care for a child with asthma
Prescribe medicine when needed
Record a patient’s progress
Research the latest treatments to ensure the quality of patient care
Conduct or participate in outreach programs; talking to groups about managing
diseases and promoting wellness
Employment of physician assistants is projected to grow 38 percent from 2012 to 2022, much
faster than the average for all occupations.
Demand for healthcare services will increase because of the growing and aging population. More
people means more need for healthcare specialists, and as the large babyboom generation ages,
it will require more healthcare. This, coupled with an increase in several chronic diseases such as
diabetes, will drive the need for physician assistants to provide preventive care and treat those
who are sick.
Physician assistants, who can perform many of the same services as doctors, are expected to
have a larger role in giving routine care because they are more cost effective than physicians. As
more physicians retire or enter specialty areas of medicine, more physician assistants are
expected to take on the role of primary care provider. Furthermore, the number of individuals
who have access to primary care services will increase as a result of federal health insurance
reform.
The role of physician assistants is expected to expand as states continue to allow assistants to do
more procedures and as insurance companies expand their coverage of physician assistant
services.
DENTAL HYGIENIST
Dental hygienists clean teeth, examine patients for signs of oral diseases such as gingivitis, and
provide other preventative dental care. They also educate patients on ways to improve and
maintain good oral health.
Dental hygienists typically need an associate’s degree in dental hygiene. Bachelor's degrees in
dental hygiene are also available, but are less common. A bachelor's or master's degree is usually
required for research, teaching, or clinical practice in public or school health programs.
High school students interested in becoming dental hygienists should take courses in biology,
chemistry, and mathematics. Some dental hygiene programs also require applicants to have
completed at least 1 year of college. Specific entrance requirements vary by school.
Most schools offer laboratory, clinical, and classroom instruction. Hygienists study anatomy,
physiology, nutrition, radiography, and periodontology, which is the study of gum disease.
Dental hygienists typically do the following:
Remove tartar, stains, and plaque from teeth
Apply sealants and fluorides to help protect teeth
Take and develop dental x rays
Keep track of patient care and treatment plans
Teach patients oral hygiene techniques, such as how to brush and floss correctly
Dental hygienists use many types of tools to do their job. They clean and polish teeth with hand,
power, and ultrasonic tools. In some cases, they remove stains with an airpolishing device,
which sprays a combination of air, water, and baking soda. They polish teeth with a powered tool
that works like an automatic toothbrush. Hygienists use x ray machines to take pictures to check
for tooth or jaw problems.Dental hygienists help patients develop and maintain good oral health.
Employment of dental hygienists is projected to grow 33 percent from 2012 to 2022, much faster
than the average for all occupations. Ongoing research linking oral health and general health will
continue to spur the demand for preventative dental services, which are often provided by dental
hygienists.
As their practices expand, dentists will hire more hygienists to perform routine dental care,
allowing the dentist to see more patients. In addition, as the large babyboom population ages
and people keep more of their original teeth than previous generations did, the need to maintain
and treat these teeth will continue to drive demand for dental care.
Federal health legislation is expected to expand the number of patients who have access to health
insurance. People with new or expanded dental insurance coverage will be more likely to visit a
dentist than in the past. As a result, the demand for all dental services, including those performed
by hygienists, will increase.
DIETITIAN
Dietitians and nutritionists are experts in food and nutrition. They advise people on what to eat in
order to lead a healthy lifestyle or achieve a specific healthrelated goal.
Most dietitians and nutritionists have a bachelor’s degree in dietetics, foods and nutrition, food
service systems management, clinical nutrition, or a related area. Programs include courses in
nutrition, psychology, chemistry, and biology.
Dietitians and nutritionists typically do the following:
Assess patients’ and clients’ health needs and diet
Counsel patients on nutrition issues and healthy eating habits
Develop meal plans, taking both cost and clients’ preferences into account
Evaluate the effects of meal plans and change the plans as needed
Promote better nutrition by speaking to groups about diet, nutrition, and the
relationship between good eating habits and preventing or managing specific diseases
Keep up with the latest nutritional science research
Write reports to document patient progress
Dietitians and nutritionists evaluate the health of their clients. Based on their findings, dietitians
and nutritionists advise clients on which foods to eat—and those foods to avoid—to improve
their health.
Employment of dietitians and nutritionists is projected to grow 21 percent from 2012 to 2022,
faster than the average for all occupations. In recent years, interest in the role of food in
promoting health and wellness has increased, particularly as a part of preventative healthcare in
medical settings.
According to the Centers for Disease Control, more than onethird of U.S. adults are obese.
Many diseases, such as diabetes and kidney disease, are associated with obesity. The importance
of diet in preventing and treating illnesses is now well known. More dietitians and nutritionists
will be needed to provide care for people with these conditions.
As the babyboom generation grows older and looks for ways to stay healthy, there will be more
demand for dietetic services. An aging population also will increase the need for dietitians and
nutritionists in nursing homes and in home healthcare.
CARDIOLOGY TECHNOLOGIST
cardiovascular technologists and technicians, including vascular technologists, operate special
imaging equipment to create images or conduct tests. The images and test results that diagnostic
imaging workers produce help physicians assess and diagnose medical conditions. Some
technologists assist physicians and surgeons during surgical procedures.
Colleges and universities offer both associate’s and bachelor’s degree programs in sonography and in cardiovascular and vascular technology. Oneyear certificate programs also are available from colleges or in hospitals, although these are usually useful only to those who are already employed in related healthcare jobs, such as a radiation therapist. Employers typically prefer candidates with degrees or certificates from accredited institutes or hospital programs. Most programs also include a clinical component in which students earn credit while working under a more experienced technologist in a hospital, physician’s office, or imaging laboratory.
Sonography, cardiovascular, and vascular education programs usually include courses in anatomy, medical terminology, and applied sciences. Most sonography programs are divided into the specialized fields that correspond to the relevant certification exams, such as abdominal sonography or breast sonography. Cardiovascular and vascular programs include coursework in either invasive or noninvasive cardiovascular or vascular technology procedures.
High school students who are interested in diagnostic medical sonography, cardiovascular
technology, or vascular technology should take courses in anatomy, physiology, and
mathematics.
Cardiology technologists monitor patients’ heart rates and help physicians in diagnosing and
treating problems with patients’ hearts. They assist with cardiac catheterization, which involves
threading a catheter through a patient’s artery to the heart. Some cardiology technologists
prepare and monitor patients during openheart surgery and during the insertion of pacemakers
and stents. Technologists prepare patients for these procedures by shaving and cleansing the area
where the catheter will be inserted and administering topical anesthesia. During the procedure,
they monitor the patient’s blood pressure and heart rate.
Employment of cardiovascular technologists and technicians, including vascular technologists, is
projected to grow 30 percent from 2012 to 2022, much faster than the average for all
occupations.
As imaging technology evolves, medical facilities will use it to replace more invasive, costly
procedures. Technological advances and less expensive equipment now allow more procedures
to be done outside of hospitals. Thirdparty payers encourage the use of these noninvasive
measures over invasive ones.
Although hospitals remain the primary employer of diagnostic medical sonographers,
cardiovascular technologists and technicians, and vascular technologists, employment is
projected to grow more rapidly in physicians' offices and in medical and diagnostic laboratories.
Employment in these healthcare settings is projected to increase because of a shift toward
outpatient care whenever possible.
RADIOGRAPHER
Radiographers, also known as radiologic technologists, are certified technicians who capture
images of organs, bone, and tissue for patient diagnosis.
The most common degree completed by those seeking a career in radiography is a 2year
associate's degree in radiation science. Coursework will include topics such as anatomy, biology
and medical record keeping. Licensure laws vary by state, but most states require a board exam
to be passed before a radiography technician can be licensed to practice.
A radiographer, also called a radiography technician, works directly with patients as part of a
healthcare team to assist in diagnosing and treating a variety of ailments, from broken bones to
cancer. Radiographers take xrays and use radiation therapy to treat patients' cancerous tumors.
Other duties of the radiographer are to update patients' charts, maintain equipment in the
radiology lab, and follow closely all of the safety precautions necessary to the job.Radiology
technicians (RT) and technologists (RTL) are generally responsible for preparing and safely
positioning patients in order to get the most accurate images. Tasks for a radiology tech may
range from assisting a radiologist with advanced preparation and testing to administrative tasks,
such as organizing work schedules and maintaining patient records. An RTL may perform or
specialize in mammography, computed tomography, or magnetic resonance imaging. Depending
on the institution, RTs and RTLs may require oncall, evening, or weekend availability.
Job opportunities in healthcare continue to grow, and the field of radiography is no exception.
Radiologist technologists and technicians were to have a 28% increase in jobs from 2010 to
2020, based on data from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). While hospitals remain the
largest employers of radiography technicians, clinics, dentist's offices and diagnostic imaging
centers are also in need of qualified radiographers. The BLS reported the median annual income
for radiologic technologists at $54,620 in 2012.
DIETETIC ASSISTANT
Dietetic assistants are trained in nutrition and food sciences. Also known as a dietetic technician,
registered (DTR) or diet aide, a dietetic assistant screens and evaluates the diet of patients and
private clients. Dietetic technicians are wellness practitioners who develop nutritional plans to
promote health, treat illnesses or prevent disease.
Aspiring dietetic technicians who live in states that don't require licensure may not be required
to complete a specific educational experience. Those that do, however, will need to complete
an associate's or bachelor's degree program.
Associate's and bachelor's degree programs for dietetic technicians can combine knowledge of
the human body with nutrition science, wellness and health issues to teach students how to
counsel groups and individuals in healthy eating. These programs generally include courses in
human biology and anatomy, medical nutrition, chemistry and nutrition principles. Students
also learn sanitation and handling, food service management, purchasing and food preparation.
Other course requirements may include math, communications, psychology and business
courses that will serve dietetic technicians well in providing dietary recommendations and
guidance.
Dietetic technicians and other nutrition specialists may plan and prepare patient meals, order
food and supplies, provide direction nutritional therapy and document patient intake. They also
educate healthcare providers, community groups or students about nutrition through programs
and training sessions. They may develop, implement or recommend nutrition programs for
individuals and groups based on evaluations of dietary needs. Dietetic technicians may also
consult with other healthcare professionals regarding the dietary modifications or restrictions
that will best promote patient health and fit in with other treatment methods for conditions,
illnesses and diseases.
According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) in 2013, dietetic technicians earned an
annual median salary of $25,620. In 2012, the BLS predicted 18% employment growth through
2022 for dietetic technicians.
FOOD SERVICE TECHNICIAN
Food service technicians work for restaurants, hotels or institutions like hospitals and schools.
Job duties can vary but generally include food preparation, cleaning and/or sanitizing food
service equipment and work areas, menu planning, serving and cashiering.
Although the typical education requirement for food service technicians is a high school
diploma or the equivalent, some candidates choose to enroll in postsecondary food service
courses to increase their knowledge of the field. The following table highlights the main
qualifications that employers listed in job postings for food service technicians in December
2012:
Assists in food preparation as prescribed by the daily menu.
Prepares bowls of food and carries to classrooms and follows directions for serving
appropriate,
specified quantities to children and adults.
Washes dishes after all meals and stores them for next meal use.
Maintains the work area in a clean, safe, and sanitary condition.
Assists with cleaning of ranges, ovens, refrigerators, freezers, and other food service equipment
on a regular, periodic basis.
Stores food in firstin, firstout order on shelves in accordance with the local health and
sanitation requirements.
SURGICAL TECHNOLOGIST
Surgical technologists, also called operating room technicians, assist in surgical operations.
They prepare operating rooms, arrange equipment, and help doctors during surgeries.
urgical technologists typically need postsecondary education. Many community colleges and
vocational schools, as well as some universities and hospitals, have accredited programs in
surgical technology. Programs range in length from several months to 2 years, and they grant a
diploma, certificate, or associate’s degree upon completion. Admission typically requires a high
school diploma or GED.
Surgical technology education includes courses in anatomy, biology, medical terminology,
pharmacology, and other topics. Surgical technologists are trained in the care and safety of
patients, sterilization techniques, how to set up technical or robotic equipment, and preventing
and controlling infections. In addition to classroom study, students also work in supervised
clinical settings to gain handson experience.
In 2012, about 500 surgical technologist training programs were accredited by the Commission on Accreditation of Allied Health Education Programs (CAAHEP) and the Accrediting Bureau of Health Education Schools (ABHES).
First surgical assistants may complete a formal education program in surgical assisting. Others
may work as a surgical technologist and receive additional onthejob training before becoming a
first assistant.
Surgical technologists typically do the following:
Prepare operating rooms for surgery
Sterilize equipment and make sure that there are adequate supplies for surgery
Prepare patients for surgery, such as by washing and disinfecting incision sites
Help surgeons during surgery by passing them instruments and other sterile supplies
Count supplies such as sponges and instruments to maintain a sterile environment
Employment of surgical technologists is projected to grow 30 percent from 2012 to 2022, much
faster than the average for all occupations. Several factors will lead to demand for surgical
technologists.
Advances in medical technology have made surgery safer, and more operations are being done to
treat a variety of illnesses and injuries. The aging of the large babyboom generation also is
expected to increase the need for surgical technologists because older people usually require
more operations. Moreover, as these individuals age, they may be more willing than those in
previous generations to seek medical treatment to improve their quality of life. For example, an
individual may decide to have a knee replacement operation in order to maintain an active
lifestyle.
Hospitals will continue to employ surgical technologists to work in operating rooms because they are more costeffective than higherpaid registered nurses
SURGEONS ASSISTANT
Surgeon assistants are medical professionals who work closely with surgeons.
Training programs for surgical assistants take about one to two years to complete and often
result in a certificate or associate's degree. These programs generally require applicants to have
a degree or certificate in a healthcare field, certification as a health professional and
coursework in such topics as microbiology, anatomy and pathophysiology. Students with
bachelor's degrees but no prior healthcare experience or certifications can also find master's
degree or postbaccalaureate certificate programs in this field that prepare them for
credentialing exams.
These programs cover treatment methods, surgical procedures and patient evaluation. Students
learn how to handle tissue, make sutures and communicate with patients.
Job duties typically include retracting tissue and organs, ligating and cutting tissue, inserting
tubes, dissecting femoral arteries and resuscitating patients when necessary. These assistants
move patients, prepare equipment prior to surgery, remove casts and insert catheters while under
the direct supervision of surgeons. Surgeon assistants can work in a variety of surgical fields,
such as general surgery, cardiac surgery, plastic surgery or trauma surgery.
According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), employment for surgical technologists,
who perform similar surgical assisting duties, will grow a predicted 30% for the years
20122022. The BLS stated that surgical technologists earned $42,720 as a median yearly salary
in 2013.
MEDICAL TECHNOLOGIST
Medical laboratory technologists (commonly known as medical laboratory scientists) and
medical laboratory technicians collect samples and perform tests to analyze body fluids, tissue,
and other substances. Medical laboratory technologists perform complex medical laboratory
tests; medical laboratory technicians perform routine medical laboratory tests.
Universities and hospitals offer medical technology programs. An entrylevel job for
technologists usually requires a bachelor's degree in medical technology or life sciences.
A bachelor’s degree program in medical laboratory technology includes courses in chemistry,
biology, microbiology, mathematics, and statistics, as well as courses in clinical laboratory skills,
management, and education. This degree often is known as a medical laboratory scientist degree.
The courses may be offered through a hospitalbased program that students attend during their
senior year of college. College graduates who major in other sciences and meet a program’s
prerequisites, such as having completed required courses in biology and chemistry, also may
apply to a medical laboratory science program.
Medical laboratory technicians often complete an associate’s degree program in clinical
laboratory science. A limited number of 1year certificate programs are available from hospitals
for those who already have a degree in a related field, such as nursing. The Armed Forces and
vocational or technical schools also may offer certificate programs for medical laboratory
technicians. The technician coursework addresses the theoretical and practical aspects of each of
the major laboratory disciplines.
High school students who are interested in pursuing a career in the medical laboratory sciences
should take courses in chemistry, biology, and mathematics.
Medical laboratory technologists and technicians typically do the following:
Analyze body fluids, such as blood, urine, and tissue samples, and record normal or
abnormal findings
Study blood samples for use in transfusions by identifying the number of cells, the cell
morphology or the blood group, blood type, and compatibility with other blood types
Operate sophisticated laboratory equipment, such as microscopes and cell counters
Use automated equipment and computerized instruments capable of performing a
number of tests at the same time
Log data from medical tests and enter results into a patient’s medical record
Discuss results and findings of laboratory tests and procedures with physicians
Supervise or train medical laboratory technicians
Employment of medical laboratory technologists is projected to grow 14 percent from 2012 to
2022, about as fast as the average for all occupations. Employment of medical laboratory
technicians is projected to grow 30 percent from 2012 to 2022, much faster than the average for
all occupations.
An increase in the aging population will lead to a greater need to diagnose medical conditions,
such as cancer or type 2 diabetes, through laboratory procedures. Medical laboratory
technologists and technicians will be in demand, to use and maintain the equipment needed for
diagnosis and treatment.
Federal health legislation will increase the number of patients who have access to health
insurance, increasing patient access to medical care. As a result, demand for the services of
laboratory personnel will grow.
MEDICAL ASSISTANT
Medical assistants complete administrative and clinical tasks in the offices of physicians,
podiatrists, chiropractors, and other health practitioners. Their duties vary with the location,
specialty, and size of the practice.
High school students interested in a career as a medical assistant should take courses in biology,
chemistry, and anatomy.
Medical assistants typically graduate from postsecondary education programs, and employers
may prefer to hire assistants who have completed these programs. Programs for medical assisting
are available from community colleges, vocational schools, technical schools, and universities
and take about 1 year to complete. These programs usually lead to a certificate or diploma. Some
community and junior colleges offer 2year programs that lead to an associate’s degree. All
programs have classroom and laboratory portions that include lessons in anatomy and medical
terminology.
Some medical assistants have a high school diploma or equivalent and learn their duties on the
job.
There are no formal educational requirements for becoming a medical assistant in most states.
Some states require assistants to graduate from an accredited program, pass an exam, or both to
do advanced tasks, such as taking x rays and giving injections.
Medical assistants typically do the following:
Take and record patient history and personal information
Measure vital signs
Help the physician with patient examinations
Give patients injections as directed by the physician
Schedule patient appointments
Prepare blood for laboratory tests
mployment of medical assistants is projected to grow 29 percent from 2012 to 2022, much faster
than the average for all occupations. The growth of the aging babyboom population will
continue to spur demand for preventive medical services, which are often provided by
physicians. As their practices expand, physicians will hire more assistants to perform routine
administrative and clinical duties, allowing the physicians to see more patients.
An increasing number of group practices, clinics, and other healthcare facilities need support
workers, particularly medical assistants, to do both administrative and clinical duties. Medical
assistants work mostly in primary care, a steadily growing sector of the healthcare industry. In
addition, federal health legislation will expand the number of patients who have access to health
insurance, increasing patient access to medical care.
Additional demand also is expected because of new and changing tasks for medical assistants as
part of the medical team. As more and more physicians’ practices switch to electronic health
records (EHRs), medical assistants’ job responsibilities will continue to change. Assistants will
need to become familiar with EHR computer software, including maintaining EHR security and
analyzing electronic data, to improve healthcare information.
MEDICAL RECORDS TECHNICIAN
A medical records technician is responsible for ensuring that these records are assembled
properly and are accurate.medical records technology focuses on accurate transcription and
organization of patients' medical histories, symptoms and diagnoses, as well as categorization of
treatments and procedures for insurance billing.
To enter the medical records technology field, most people earn a certificate in medical
technology (MT), which takes three to six months, or a 2year associate degree in medical
technology or health information management (HIM); HIM programs must be accredited by the
Commission on Accreditation of Health Informatics and Information Management Education
(CAHIIM). Graduates of an accredited associate degree program are then qualified to take a
certification exam administered by the American Health Information Management Association
(AHIMA), www.ahima.org, to earn the Registered Health Information Technician (RHIT)
designation.
In some instances, a medical records technician may suggest improvements to an electronics
health records system. Also, if a patient's health record is deemed incomplete by a medical
records technician, the technician may consult with a physician or another health care
professional to acquire the missing information.
According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), a 22% increase in the employment of
medical records technicians is expected from 20122022. The BLS also reports that the average
annual salary of a medical records technician was $37,710 in May 2013.
MEDICAL RECORD ADMINISTRATOR
Medical records managers are responsible for maintaining and securing all written and electronic
medical records within a facility's medical records department or its equivalent. They also ensure
that information contained in the record is complete, accurate, and only available to authorized
personnel. Other duties include overseeing personnel for the entire department, which can
include medical record technicians (also known as health information technicians), medical
coding specialists, cancer registrar coders, medical secretaries, and file clerks. Medical records
managers also collect data for medical research and for calculating hospital occupancy rates.
To become a medical records manager, an individual must earn a fouryear bachelor's degree in
health information management through a university program accredited by the Commission on
the Accreditation for Health Informatics and Information Management Education (CAHIIM).
Accredited programs ensure that students are eligible to sit for the national certification exam to
receive the Registered Health Information Administrator (RHIA) credential. The RHIA exam is
administered by the American Health Information Management Association (AHIMA) and
covers such topics as medical ethics, medical law, statistics, medical record privacy procedures,
medical coding systems, medical record administration and pathophysiology. The 4hour exam
consists of 180 multiplechoice questions, which is scored on a passorfail basis
(www.ahima.org).
Medical records managers supervise, guide, motivate, and evaluate their employeesall while
implementing department policies. They also conduct job interviews, hire staff, and train new
personnel. Other ongoing tasks may include keeping abreast of any new computer technologies
or new regulations enacted by Medicare, Medicaid, and insurance companies. This information
is then delivered to all employees by email, written correspondence, or interdepartmental
meetings. Medical records managers also handle fiscal operations, such as bookkeeping, budget
planning, and authorizing expenditures for new equipment and supplies.
According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), medical and health services managers
earned median salaries of $90,940 a year in 2013. The employment of such managers is expected
to grow by as much as 23% between 2012 and 2022, per the BLS, which is notably faster than
the average for all occupations.
BLOOD BANK TECHNOLOGIST
A specialist in blood bank technology (SBB) works in a laboratory overseeing and performing
routine tests as well as advanced and specialized tests on blood samples. They work in hospitals,
labs, transfusion centers, research facilities, and community blood banks. They test for blood
group antigens, investigate abnormalities identifiable in the blood, take care of blood collection
and processing, draw and type blood, and perform pretransfusion screening.
To enter this career, you will need a bachelor’s degree. Ideally you should earn a degree in a
biological science, physical science, chemistry or math. When you finish your bachelor’s degree,
you will need to pursue SBB training and certification. These programs are generally oneyear
long, but there are also combined SBB masters programs. Most SBB programs require a
baccalaureate degree from an accredited program and a certification in medical technology.
In an SBB program you would learn about transfusion medicine and laboratory management.
Coursework will also cover immunology, collection and storage of blood, immune mechanisms,
donor processing, component therapy, transfusion and complications of transfusion, and
administration and data processing. Be sure any training program you apply for is accredited by
the American Association of Blood Banks (AABB) as well as the Commission on Accreditation
of Allied Health Education Programs (CAAHEP).
Specialists in blood bank technology demonstrate a superior level of technical proficiency and problemsolving ability in such areas as:
Testing for blood group antigens, compatibility and antibody identification Investigating abnormalities such as hemolytic diseases of the newborn, hemolytic
anemias and adverse reactions to transfusion Supporting physicians in transfusion therapy for patients with coagulopathies (diseases
affecting blood clotting), for example, or candidates for organ and cellular transplantation/therapy
Performing blood collection and processing, including selecting donors, collecting blood, typing blood and molecular testing
Performing viral marker testing to ensure patient safety Managing patient blood
According to information provided in 2014 on the website for the Commission on Accreditation
of Allied Health Education Programs, blood bank specialist salaries varied depending on the
region and the specialist's level of employment. Supervisors and managers, for example, were
listed as averaging $60,000 and $70,000, respectively. Bench techs were shown as earning
approximately $50,000 annually (www.caahep.org). Additionally, the U.S. Bureau of Labor
Statistics indicated that employment of phlebotomists was projected to rise 27% from
20122022, and these workers averaged $31,410 annually (www.bls.gov).
EXTRA CORPOREAL PERFUSION TECHNOLOGIST
A perfusionist operates extracorporeal circulation and autotransfusion equipment during any
medical situation where it is necessary to support or temporarily replace the patient’s circulatory
or respiratory function. The perfusionist is knowledgeable concerning the variety of equipment
available to perform extracorporeal circulation functions and is responsible, in consultation with
the physician, for selecting the appropriate equipment and techniques to be used.
The curriculum of a perfusionist's educational program balances clinical experience with
didactic training on cardiopulmonary bypass procedures. Students take advanced courses on
human anatomy and physiology. Programs may also include topics in management,
pharmacology, ethics and biostatistics. Training involves classroom settings and hospital
rotation.
In order to become certified as a clinical perfusionist, individuals must pass an examination
provided by the American Board of Cardiovascular Perfusion. Regular recertification may be
necessary to maintain the credential.
erfusionists conduct extracorporeal circulation and ensure the safe management of physiologic
functions by monitoring the necessary variables. Perfusion (extracorporeal circulation)
procedures involve specialized instrumentation and/or advanced lifesupport techniques and may
include a variety of related functions. The perfusionist provides consultation to the physician in
the selection of the appropriate equipment and techniques to be used during extracorporeal
circulation.
During cardiopulmonary bypass, the perfusionist may administer blood products, anesthetic
agents, or drugs through the extracorporeal circuit on prescription and/or appropriate protocol.
The perfusionist is responsible for the monitoring of blood gases and the adequate
anticoagulation of the patient, induction of hypothermia, hemodilution, and other duties, when
prescribed. Perfusionists may be administratively responsible for purchasing supplies and
equipment, as well as for personnel and departmental management. Final medical responsibility
for extracorporeal perfusion rests with the surgeon in charge.
According to the Mayo School of Health Sciences (MSHS), certified perfusionists earned a
median annual salary of $109,773 in 2012 (www.mayo.edu). The U.S. Bureau of Labor
Statistics reported that employment for technicians and technologists who specialize in
cardiovascular operations was expected to grow by 30% from 20122022, which is considered
faster than average (www.bls.gov). The increasing population of aging individuals in the United
States, coupled with an expansion in health insurance coverage, will likely drive the higher
demand for these healthcare services.