AfghanistanPublicPolicyResearchOrganization

LocalizationofNAP1325:A15-ProvinceStatusReport

June2016PolicyBrief

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AcknowledgementsTheproject“MonitoringWomen’sPeaceandSecurity”(MWPS)wasconceivedbyAfghanistanPublicPolicyResearchOrganization(APPRO),Cordaid,andEquality,Peace,andDemocracy(EPD)inresponsetoAfghanistan’scommitmenttoimplementtheUnitedNationsSecurityCouncilResolution1325onwomen’speaceandsecurity.MWPSisledbyCordaidandfundedbytheDutchMinistryofForeignAffairstomonitorandassistintheimplementationofAfghanistan’sNationalActionPlan(NAP1325).ThisAnnualSynthesisReportprovidesanupdateonMWPSactivitiesbyAPPROinconductingabaselineassessmentandtwoin-depthresearchpapers,CordaidindevisingandimplementingtheWomen,Peace,andSecurity(WPS)Barometer,andEPDinworkingwithlocalwomen’srightsorganizationsonadvocacyactivitiesatthelocallevelbasedonthefindingsfromtheBarometerandin-depthresearch.Theconsortiumpartnerswishtoexpresstheirsinceregratitudetoindividualsandorganizationsthatcontinuetooffertheirtimeandcommitmenttothisproject.Weareparticularlyindebtedtothemanymembersofcivilsocietyincludingschoolteachers,principals,doctors,midwives,securityofficials,elders,activists,andalltheindividualwomenwhosecollectiveactionwillbeinstrumentalinimplementingAfghanistan’sNAP1325.AbouttheResearchersTheAPPROresearchteamresponsibleforthisreportconsistsof(inalphabeticalorder):AhmadShaheerAnil,NafasgulKarimi,MohammadSabirKhyber,SaeedParto,ZahraQasemi,EhsanSaadat,ZarghonaSaifiandKhalidSiddiqi.SaeedPartoandKhalidSiddiqiauthored.NasimaOmari(Cordaid)andAbeSimons(EPD)reviewedandprovidedfeedbackonvariousdrafts.CoverPhoto:http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/gallery/2012/jan/16/afghanistan-improving-water-access-in-pictures#img-10APPROtakesfullresponsibilityforallomissionsanderrors.©2016.AfghanistanPublicPolicyResearchOrganization.Somerightsreserved.Thispublicationmaybestoredinaretrievalsystemortransmittedonlyfornon-commercialpurposesandwithwrittencredittoAPPROandlinkstoAPPRO’swebsiteatwww.appro.org.af.Anyotheruseofthispublicationrequirespriorwrittenpermissionwhichmaybeobtainedbywritingto:mail@appro.org.af.

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AboutAPPROAfghanistanPublicPolicyResearchOrganization(APPRO)isanindependentsocialresearchorganizationwithamandatetopromotesocialandpolicylearningtobenefitdevelopmentandreconstructioneffortsinAfghanistanandotherlessdevelopedcountriesthroughconductingsocialscientificresearch,monitoringandevaluation,andtrainingandmentoring.APPROisregisteredwiththeMinistryofEconomyinAfghanistanasanon-profitnon-governmentorganizationandheadquarteredinKabul,AfghanistanwithregionalofficesinBamyan(center),Mazar-eSharif(north),Herat(west),Kandahar(south),andJalalabad(east).APPROisalsoafoundingorganizationofAPPRO-Europe(ASBL),registeredinBelgium.APPROanditsindividualresearchershaveundertakenprojectsinCentralAsia,India,Pakistan,India,Africa,China,andTurkey.Formoreinformation,see:www.appro.org.afContact:mail@appro.org.afAboutEPDEqualityforPeaceandDemocracy(EPD)isanonprofit,non-governmentalorganizationfoundedtoempowerwomenandyouthatthecommunityandpolicylevelsinAfghanistan.EPDworkstobuildthecapacityofwomenandyouthinorderforthemtobethefrontfaceinpresentingtheirneedsindevelopment,peacebuildinganddemocraticprocessesofthecountry.EPDfurtheraimsatmassmobilizationofwomenandyouthtocontributetoovercomingthechallengesofinstabilitythatAfghanistanisfacing.EPDhasplatformsforwomenandyouthtocometogether,establishnetworks,buildtrustandconfidencetotransformAfghanistanintoademocraticcountry,freeofallformsofviolenceanddiscrimination.EPDhaspeaceandsecurity,goodgovernanceandhumanrightsasitsthreestrategicareas.Formoreinformation,see:http://www.epd-afg.orgContact:admin@epd-afg.orgAboutCordaidCordaid,basedintheNetherlands,hasafocusoninternationaldevelopmentandcollaborationinvulnerableregionsandareasofconflict.Itsmissionistobuildflourishingcommunitiesinfracturedsocieties.MonitoringthetransitioninAfghanistanispartofCordaid'sprogramonWomen'sLeadershipforPeaceandSecurity(WLPS).Thisprogramaimstoincreasethecapacityofwomen'snetworks,giveavoicetowomenatthelocallevelinprocessesofpeaceandsecurity,andpromotethewomen'sagendainnationalandglobalarenas.Formoreinformation,see:www.cordaid.orgContact:eltayeb.omer@cordaid.org

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ListofAbbreviationsAIHRC AfghanistanIndependentHumanRightsCommissionALP AfghanLocalPoliceANA AfghanNationalArmyANP AfghanNationalPoliceAPPRO AfghanistanPublicPolicyResearchOrganizationCDC CommunityDevelopmentCouncilCSHRN CivilSocietyandHumanRightsNetworkCSO CentralStatisticsOrganizationDDA DistrictDevelopmentAssemblyDoWA DepartmentofWomen'sAffairsDRC DanishRefugeeCouncilEPD EqualityforPeaceandDemocracyEVAW PresidentialDecreeforEliminationofViolenceAgainstWomenFRU FamilyResponseUnitICRC InternationalCommunityofRedCrossIDMC InternalDisplacementMonitoringCenterIEC IndependentElectionsCouncilMoLSAMD/DoLSAMD Ministry/DepartmentofLaborandSocialAffairs,MartyredandDisabledMoRR MinistryofRefugeesandRepatriationNRC NorwegianRefugeeCouncilPC ProvincialCouncilPPC ProvincialPeaceCouncilPWN ProvincialWomen'sNetworkSGBV SexualandGender-BasedViolenceUNHCR UnitedNationsHighCommissionerforRefugeesUNSCR1325 UnitedNationsSecurityCouncilResolution1325

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TableofContents

1.Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 6

2.Scope................................................................................................................................... 7

3.ApproachandMethodology ................................................................................................ 8

4.OrganizationofThisReport ................................................................................................. 9

5.OverviewofLocalConditionsforAfghanistan’sNAP1325 ................................................. 10Participation10Prevention 10Protection 11ReliefandRecovery 11

6.RegionalOverviews ........................................................................................................... 13CentralRegion:KabulandParwan 13

Participation ....................................................................................................................................... 13Prevention .......................................................................................................................................... 14Protection ........................................................................................................................................... 15ReliefandRecovery ............................................................................................................................ 16KabulProvinceStakeholderAnalysis .................................................................................................. 17ParwanProvinceStakeholderAnalysis............................................................................................... 18

ActionPlan:CentralRegion 19TrainingandAwarenessRaising ......................................................................................................... 20Advocacy............................................................................................................................................. 20

CentralHighlandsRegion:BamyanandDiakundi 22Participation ....................................................................................................................................... 22Prevention .......................................................................................................................................... 23Protection ........................................................................................................................................... 24ReliefandRecovery ............................................................................................................................ 25BamyanProvinceStakeholderAnalysis .............................................................................................. 26DaikundiProvinceStakeholderAnalysis............................................................................................. 27

ActionPlan:CentralHighlands 28TrainingandAwarenessRaising ......................................................................................................... 28Advocacy............................................................................................................................................. 29

EasternRegion:LaghmanandNangarhar 31Participation ....................................................................................................................................... 31Prevention .......................................................................................................................................... 32Protection ........................................................................................................................................... 33ReliefandRecovery ............................................................................................................................ 34LaghmanProvinceStakeholderAnalysis ............................................................................................ 35NangarharProvinceStakeholderAnalysis .......................................................................................... 36

ActionPlan:EasternRegion 37TrainingandAwarenessRaising ......................................................................................................... 37

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Advocacy............................................................................................................................................. 38WesternRegion:Herat 40

Participation ....................................................................................................................................... 40Prevention .......................................................................................................................................... 41Protection ........................................................................................................................................... 42ReliefandRecovery ............................................................................................................................ 42HeratProvinceStakeholderAnalysis .................................................................................................. 43

ActionPlan:WesternRegion44TrainingandAwarenessRaising ......................................................................................................... 44Advocacy............................................................................................................................................. 45

NorthernRegion:Badakhshan,Balkh,FaryabandKunduz 47Participation ....................................................................................................................................... 47Prevention .......................................................................................................................................... 49Protection ........................................................................................................................................... 50ReliefandRecovery ............................................................................................................................ 51BadakhshanProvinceStakeholderAnalysis ....................................................................................... 52BalkhProvinceStakeholderAnalysis .................................................................................................. 53FaryabProvinceStakeholderAnalysis ................................................................................................ 54KunduzProvinceStakeholderAnalysis ............................................................................................... 55

ActionPlan:NorthernRegion 56TrainingandAwarenessRaising ......................................................................................................... 56Advocacy............................................................................................................................................. 57

SouthernRegion:Helmand,Kandahar,Paktia,andUruzgan 59Participation ....................................................................................................................................... 59Prevention .......................................................................................................................................... 61Protection ........................................................................................................................................... 62ReliefandRecovery ............................................................................................................................ 62HelmandProvinceStakeholderAnalysis ............................................................................................ 63KandaharProvinceStakeholderAnalysis............................................................................................ 64PaktiaProvinceStakeholderAnalysis ................................................................................................. 65UruzganProvinceStakeholderAnalysis.............................................................................................. 66

ActionPlan:SouthernRegion 67TrainingandAwarenessRaising ......................................................................................................... 67Advocacy............................................................................................................................................. 68

7.Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 70Recommendations 72

Appendix1:SummaryofAfghanistan’sNAP1325(2015-2022) .............................................. 73

Appendix2:PWN-relatedActivities ....................................................................................... 77

Appendix3:TheBarometerProcess ...................................................................................... 83

Appendix4:ProxiesforUNSCR1325Pillars ........................................................................... 87

Appendix5:KeyInformantandFocusGroupDiscussionCodes.............................................. 90

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1.Introduction

TheUnitedNationsSecurityCouncilResolution1325(UNSCR1325),adoptedonOctober31,2000,isaimedataddressingthedisproportionateanduniqueimpactofarmedconflictonwomen.UNSCR1325wasfollowedbysixadditionalSecurityCouncilResolutionsinsubsequentyears,providingadditionalguidanceanddetailsonhowwomencanandshouldparticipateinallaspectsofconflictpreventionandresolutionandpeace.AllUnitedNations’memberstatesarecommittedtodevelopNationalActionPlansforimplementingUNSCR1325andthesubsequentresolutions.TheGovernmentofAfghanistanlauncheditsNAP1325inJulyof2015.Thedocumentcallsforthecreationofmechanismsthatenhancewomen’sparticipationinnegotiationsforpeace,politics,anddecision-makingatalllevels.NAP1325alsocallsformechanismstopreventviolenceagainstwomenandprotectwomenfrombeingsubjectedviolence.Specificemphasisisplacedonthesituationofwomenandtheirneedsinreliefandrecoveryefforts.1NAP1325isaimedatmeetingtwobroadobjectives,namelygenderbalancingandgendermainstreaming.Genderbalancingemphasizestheimportanceofequalrightsofmenandwomentoparticipateinpeaceandsecurityprocessesandleadership.Gendermainstreamingdrawsattentiontothefactthatrules,regulationsandpolicieshavedifferentimpactsmenandwomen,withwomenfaringworsethanmen.Betterunderstandingofrelationsandrolesofmenandwomeninsocietyandtheverydifferentimpactsofconflictandpoliciesonmenandwomencanenhancethequalityofpoliciesandpolicyoutcomes.2 The“MonitoringWomen,PeaceandSecurity”(MWPS)projectwasdesignedtocontributetoeffortsinmeetingAfghanistan’scommitmentstotheUNSCR1325withafocusatthecommunity,grassrootslevel.MWPSintendstocapturewomen’sperceptionsandunderstandingoftheirconditionsandplaceinpeaceandsecuritywithintheframeworkofAfghanistan’sNAP1325atthelocal/communitylevel.Assuch,theprojectworkscloselywithwomenandwomen’sorganizationsatthedistrictlevelineffortstopreventviolenceagainstwomen,fosterwomen'sparticipationinpoliticsandthepeaceprocess,protectwomenfromviolence,andensureathatspecificattentionispaidtowomen’sspecialneedsinreliefandrecoveryefforts.MWPShasspecificactivityareasfortakingstockofcurrentconditionsinthetargetprovinces,appliedresearchonthematicissues,mobilizationatthecommunitylevel,andadvocacyatthelocal,sub-national,national,andinternationallevels.APPROisresponsibleforresearchandresearchdisseminationcomponentsofMWPS,CordaidprovidestheleadinadaptingandimplementingtheWomen,Peace,andSecurity(WPS)BarometerandoutreachbasedonBarometerfindingsattheinternationallevel,andEPDandtheProvincialWomen’sNetworksinthetargetprovincesareresponsibleforworkingwithlocalwomenandwomen’srightsorganizationsonadvocacyactivitiesatthelocalandnationallevelsbasedonthefindingsfromtheBarometerandongoingin-depthresearch. 1Afghanistan’sNationalActionPlanonUNSCR1325ismadeavailablebyAfghanistan’sMinistryofForeignAffairsat:http://mfa.gov.af/Content/files/English%20NAP%206(1).pdf(12-20-2015)

2JongeOudraat,De,C.(2013)“UNSCR1325-ConundrumsandOpportunities”in‘InternationalInteractions’,39(4),614-621

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TheBarometerisdesignedforwomen’sempowermentandgenderequalityinconflict-affectedcontexts.Itbuildsaknowledgebaseonhowrelevantthematicareasintersectinadvancinggenderequalitygoalsinfragileandconflict-affectedstatesandrespondstowomen’sneedsbyofferingintegratedinterventions.TheBarometerhasthreeinterventionpathways:a)understandinglocalwomen’srealities;b)in-depthresearchonkeyissuesidentifiedbywomen;andc)advocacyforpolicychangebasedonevidence-basedrecommendations.Thesepathwaysarereinforcedbyspecificcapacitydevelopmentactivitiesforwomenandwomen’sorganizations.ThekeycharacteristicsoftheBarometerare:- Womenareinthelead.TheBarometerplaceswomeninAfghanistan,thatsuffermostacutelyfrom

fragility,attheheartofdefiningprioritiesforintervention,collectingdata,andmonitoringandevaluatingoutcomesandimpact.

- Itbuildscredibleevidenceonwomen’ssecurityinfragilecontexts,andonwhatworkstopromotewomen’sagencyanddecision-makingpower.

- Itconnectsallspheresofimpactnecessarytoachieverealchange.- Itcreatesanenablingenvironmentbytransforminggendernormsthroughtheinvolvementofmen

aspartnerstoachievegenderequality.- Itconnectsqualitativeandquantitativedata.Women’sperspectivesprovidethestoriesbehindthe

quantitativedata.3Thisreportprovidesanupdateontheconditionsofwomenvis-à-visNAP1325in15provinces,groupedundersixregionsandconsistingof38urbanandruraldistricts(seeScope,below).4Inadditiontotheupdate,thisreportsynthesizesthepertinentfindingsfromtwopapersbasedonresearchcarriedoutinearly2016,presentsastakeholderanalysisoftheactorsrelevantforMWPSandtheirknowledgeandunderstandingofUNSCR1325andNAP1325,andsuggestedactivitiesthatcouldbeundertakenatthelocallevelbyEPDandthePWNstoadvocateforwomen,peace,andsecurityandinsupportofAfghanistan’sNAP1325intheremainderof2016.ThisreportalsoprovidessummariesoftheactivitiestoFebruary2016byPWNs.(SeeAppendix2forfulldetailsoftheactivities).Intheremainderof2016,EPDandthePWNswillusetheinformationfromthisreportandsubsequentin-depthresearchinthe15targetprovincestoworkcloselywithwomenandwomen’sorganizationsinthetargetcommunitiestoimproveconditionsconsistentwithNAP1325’spillarsofParticipation,Protection,Prevention,andReliefandRecovery(SeeAppendix1forasummaryofNAP1325).

2.Scope

Thisreportisorganizedaroundsixregions(Figure1).Theseare:Central(KabulandParwan),CentralHighlands(BamyanandDaikundi),West(Herat),East(NangarharandLaghman),North(Badakhshan,Balkh,FaryabandKunduz),andSouth(Helmand,Kandahar,PaktiaandUruzgan).Eachregionalprofileincludesacomparisonoftheprovinceswithintheregion.Theinformationforeachregionincludesan

3BasedonabriefprovidedbyCordaid.SeeAppendix3foradditionaldetailsontheBarometer.4Thefirstassessmentwascarriedoutinthelastquarterof2015.Thereportisavailablefrom:http://appro.org.af/monitoring-women-peace-and-security-a-rapid-assessment/

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assessmentofthecurrentconditionsandidentifiesentrypointsforlocalactionandadvocacyonwomen’srightsconsistentwiththefourpillarsofNAP1325:Participation,Prevention,Protection,andReliefandRecovery.TheproxiesusedforthesefourpillarsaredescribedinAppendix4.Figure1:TargetProvinces

3.ApproachandMethodology

Thetoolsusedinthecollectionofprimarydataforthisreportwerekeyinformantinterviewsandfocusgroupdiscussionsinthe15provinces.Therewere77interviewswithkeyinformantsand30focusgroupsdiscussions.Twofocusgroupdiscussionswereheldineachprovince,onewithwomenworkingingovernmentpositionsandanotherwithwomenrepresentingcivilsociety.SeeAppendix5foralistofintervieweesandadescriptionofthecodingsystememployedinthisreport.SecondarysourcesofdatawereCentralStatisticsOffice(CSO),UnitedNationsHighCommissionerforRefugees(UNHCR),IndependentElectoralCommission(IEC),AfghanistanIndependentHumanRightsCommission(AIHRC),provincialdepartmentsofWomen’sAffairs,FamilyResponseUnits,andAfghanNationalPolice(ANP)inallprovinces.Thedatacollectiontookplaceduringthewinterseasonof2015-2016.Badweatheranddeterioratingsecurityconditionsconstrainedfieldworkanddatacollection.HelmandandUruzganwerepracticallyinaccessibleforresearchersduringtheendof2015duetoprotractedandexacerbatedconflict.ThefallofKunduzCityinlate2015andthesubsequentunrestthatfollowedafterthegovernment’srecapturingofthecitydelayedthedatacollectionprocess.

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Badakhshan,BamyanandespeciallyDaikundiwereinaccessibleforsometimeduetoheavysnowfallintheprovinces.Thisespeciallylimitedaccesstothosekeyinformantsandmembersofthefocusgrouptheresidedinrelativelyremoteareasoftheprovinces.

4.OrganizationofThisReport

Thenextsectionprovidesanoverviewandanalysisofthecurrentsituationofwomeninthe15provincesbyregion,basedonarapidassessmentcarriedoutinlate2015.5Moreup-to-datedatawerecollectedinJanuaryandFebruary2016.Section6providesregionaloverviewsbasedonthedatacollectedinearly2016.EachregionaloverviewcontainsprovincialstakeholderanalysesandconcludeswithalistofactivitiesforimprovingthegroundforimplementationofUNSCR1325andNAP1325.Section7concludeswithrecommendations.

5Forthefullreport,see:http://appro.org.af/monitoring-women-peace-and-security-a-rapid-assessment/

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5.OverviewofLocalConditionsforAfghanistan’sNAP1325

Participation

Participation(NAP1325):• Increaseeffectiveparticipationofwomeninthedecision-makingandexecutivelevelsofthecivilservice• Ensurewomen’sactiveandeffectiveparticipationinleadershippositionsofsecurityagencies• Ensurewomen’seffectiveparticipationinthepeaceprocess• Encouragewomen’smeaningfulparticipationinthedraftingofstrategiesandpoliciesonpeaceand

security• Strengthenwomen’sactiveparticipationinpolitics.

Source:NAP13256Women'sparticipationinpoliticsremainslimitedinallprovinces.Despitethesignificantchanges,includinglegislativereformssince2001toincreaseparticipation,BamyanistheonlyprovincewherethefemaleparticipationintheProvincialCouncilexceedsthe20percentquota.Thoughlackofsecurityandconflictarementionedasimpedingfactors,itissocietaltraditionalismandpatriarchythatimpedeswomen’saccesstopolitics.ThoughfemalemembersoftheProvincialPeaceCouncilsstatetohaveinsecuritylimitingtheirmobility,itisprimarilytheattitudeoftheirmalecolleaguesandfamilymembersthatlimittheirparticipationinmeetingsandgatherings.Women’sparticipationincivilserviceorinlabormarketingeneralisinmanyprovincesimpededbyconservatism.Mengenerallydonotappreciatewomenworkingwiththematthesameoffice,nordotheyfindtheirfemalefamilymembersworkingwithothermeneasilyacceptable.Inallprovinces,theintervieweesexpressedaneedformorefemalepoliceofficers.However,thecommunitygenerallyhasanegativeviewofwomenworkingforthepolice.This,combinedwithcomplaintsofharassmentontheworkplace,detersmanywomentojointhepoliceforce.

Prevention

− Prevention(NAP1325):• Preventviolenceagainstwomen.• Eliminatecultureofimpunityinviolenceagainstwomen.• Strengthentheroleofwomeninthesecuritysectorandjudicialstructures.• Effectgender-relatedreformsinthesecurityandjusticesectors.• Involvemenandboysinthefightagainstallformsofviolenceagainstwomen.• Increaseawarenessamongwomenoftheirrightsandtheirroleinpreventingviolenceandresolving

conflict.RecentdatafromAIHRCshowthattheextentviolenceagainstwomenincreasedin2015.Thenatureandtypesofviolencethatwomenaresubjectedtohasbecomemore“dreadful”or“frightening”.7Apart

6SeeAppendix4forasummaryofAfghanistan’sNAP1325.7Hamidi,R.(2016)“ALookattheCausesofViolenceAgainstWomen”,PublishedinTheDailyAfghanistanonMarch20th,2016.Availableat:http://dailyafghanistan.com/opinion_detail.php?post_id=135610(04-02-2016)

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frompovertyandunemployment,themaincausesofviolenceagainstwomenaresaidtobelackofpreventivemechanisms,suchasaccesstotheformaljudiciary,whichiscausedbyconservatismandpatriarchy.

Protection

Protection(NAP1325):• Protectwomenfromallformsofviolenceanddiscriminationthroughtheenforcement,monitoringand

amendmentofexistinglawsanddevelopmentofnewlawsandpolicies.• Promotewomen’shumanrightsgendermainstreamingoflaws,policies,andinstitutionalreforms.• Createanenablingenvironmentforwomentohaveaccesstojusticethroughwomen’seffective

participationinthejudiciary.• Protectwomenfromallformsofviolencethroughawarenessraisingandpublicoutreach.• Providehealth,psychological,andsocialservicesforwomensurvivorsofviolencethroughout

Afghanistan.• Effectspecialmeasurestoensurewomen’sprotectionfromsexualviolence.

Institutionsthatareinchargeofprotectingwomen,suchastheformaljudiciaryandthepolicearesaidtobecorruptandsystematicallydiscriminatorytowardwomen,treatingthemunfairlyandunequallyascomparedtomen.TheANPandFRUandmanygovernmentalorganizationslackknowledgeofEVAWlawandNAP1325.Addedtothat,deeplyingrainedsocialnormsdissuadewomenfromassertingtheirrights.Reportingabuseswouldtriggersocialstigmatizationandthelossofsocialoreconomicsafetynetsandcouldleadtoretaliationbyperpetrators.8ThoughmorecommoninSouthernregions,becauseoftheseimpediments,mostcasesofdomesticdisputesaresolvedthroughtheinvolvementofcommunityeldersinaninformaljudicialsetting.Thedecisionsmadebyinformalortribalcourtsaredescribedasunfairanddiscriminatorytowardwomen.

ReliefandRecovery

− ReliefandRecovery(NAP1325):• Providereliefandrecoveryservicesforwomenaffectedbyconflict,internaldisplacementandwomen

survivorsofviolence.• Increaseruralwomen’seconomicsecuritythroughincreasedemploymentopportunities.• Considerwomen’ssocialandeconomicneedsinthedesign,implementation,andevaluationofrelief

andrecoveryprograms.• ImplementthepolicyprovisionsofUNSCR1325fortheinternallydisplacedpersons(IDPs).

ThoughAfghanistan’sNAP1325promisesdifferenttypesofreliefandrecoveryprovisionstofemalevictimsofconflictand(sexual)violence,thedeliveryofmanyoftheprovisionsisyettohappen.Theexactnumberofwarwidowsinthecountryisnotknown,Afghanistanisassumedtohaveoneofthehighestpercentagesofwidowsanddisabledwomenintheworld.9ThoughthelawdoesrequiretheDoLSAMDinallprovincestoprovidewidowsofwarwithsomesalary,thereismuchcomplaintaboutthe8Seealso:USIP(2014)“Women’sAccesstoJusticeinAfghanistan”,PublishedonJuly17,2014.Avialableat:http://www.usip.org/publications/2014/07/17/womens-access-justice-in-afghanistan(04-02-2016)

9Abrahams,J.(2014)“TheWarWidowsofAfghanistan”,PublishedinProspectMagazineonJuly18,2014.Availableat:http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/blogs/jessica-abrahams/the-war-widows-of-afghanistan(02-27-2016)

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corruption,nepotismandqualityofservicedelivery.Inallprovinces,theintervieweesaddedthattheprovisionsaresometimesprovidedtothosewhodonothavetherighttoreceiveit,whilethosewhorightfullyclaimtheirbenefitsarenothelped.Kandaharistheonlymonitoredprovincewherewomen’saccesstohealthservicesissaidtobeimpededbytraditionalism.Inallotherprovinceslackofmedication,healthcentersandfemalehealthprofessionalsaresaidtolimitwomen’saccesstohealthcare.Afghanistanhasoneofthehighestnumbersofconflict-induceddisplacementsintheworld.10TheprotectionofIDPsisoutlinedbythecountry’sIDPpolicyandfallsunderthemandateoftheMinistryofRefugeesandRepatriation(MoRR).ThedatafromthefieldsuggeststhatinsufficientassistanceisprovidedbyMoRRtoprotecttheIDPswiththemostvulnerablebeingneglectedthemost.ItisprimarilyUNHCR,andafewotherinternationalorganizations,thataretheagenciesreferredtoastheentitiesthatprovidethemostassistance.Intermsofprotectionandpreventionprogrammingmuchmoreneedstobedoneintemporaryshelterstoaddressbasicfoodandshelterneedswhileeffortstoprovideeducationforchildrenandadults,vocationaltrainingforwomen,andhealthservicesforwomenneedtobeintensified.

ThesafehouseinKunduzhasnotreopenedsinceitsclosureafterthefalloftheprovincialcapitalintothehandsoftheAOG.WomenwhoneedarefugeinKunduzaretakentosafehousesinTakharandBalkhprovinces.Helmand,Kandahar,KunduzandPaktiaprovinceshaveneverhadasafehouseforwomenwhoselivesarebeingthreatened.Allprovincesgenerallylackreintegrationprogramsandfollow-upsforwomenresidinginsafehousesandprisons.11

10IDMC(2015)“Afghanistan’sIDPFiguresAnalaysis”hasestimatedthenumberofIDPsinAfghanistantobearoundonemillion,with48percentofthembeingwomen,bymid2016.Dataavailableat:http://www.internal-displacement.org/south-and-south-east-asia/afghanistan/figures-analysis(02-29-2016)

11ForadditionaldetailsseetheMWPSRapidAssessmentReport,availablefrom:http://appro.org.af/monitoring-women-peace-and-security-a-rapid-assessment/

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6.RegionalOverviews

Thissectionhighlightsthefindingsfromtheinterviewsandfocusgroupdiscussionsheldinthesixregionstoprovidespecificdetailsonthemosturgentneedsofwomen.ThefindingsaregroupedunderthefourmainpillarsofUNSCR1325:Participation,Prevention,Protection,andReliefandRecovery.

CentralRegion:KabulandParwan

Table1:DemographicProfileofCentralRegion Kabul ParwanPopulationDivision 48% 49%RepresentationinProvincialCouncil 20% 20%RepresentationinProvincialPeaceCouncil 33% 8%PercentageofPrisoners 2,4% 4,4%PercentageofIDPsinProvince 45% 44%Percentageofteachers 67% 15%PercentageofStudents 43% 38%NumberofWomeninANP 39 30

Sources:DataonIDPsareprovidedbyUNHCR/IDPTaskForcesdata(June2015),otherdataareretrievedfromCSO(2013/2014)

ParticipationThereisageneralconsensusamongtheintervieweesthatwomenarecapableofparticipatingandcontributingtopoliticaldecision-makingandtheformalpeaceprocess.12Despitetheoptimism,women’sparticipationinformalpeaceandpoliticalprocessinKabulandParwanremainslow(Figure2).Figure2:Women'sParticipationinPeaceandPoliticsinCentralProvinces

Reasonsforlackofwomen’sparticipationinpeaceinbothprovincesaresaidtobediscriminationandlackofanenablingenvironment.13InParwan,someintervieweesstatedthedeterioratingsecuritysituationasoneofthereasons,whileinKabulitwasthelackofanenablingenvironmentforwomento

12KI-F-Kab-5,KI-F-Par-1,KI-F-Par-2,KI-F-Kab-1,KI-M-Par-613KI-F-Kab-3,KI-F-Kab-3,KI-F-Kab-2,KI-M-Kab-2,KI-F-Par-1

9%7%

18%20%

KABUL PARWAN

FemalePPCMembership

FemalePCMembership

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enhancetheirskills,abilitiesandnetwork.14Inbothprovinceswomen’sroleinpeaceprocessisdescribedassymbolic.15Inbothprovinces,women’sparticipationininformalpeaceprocessesaresaidtobesignificant.However,informalpeaceprocessesaregenerallylimitedtomediationatfamilylevel.16WithtwofemalerepresentativesinNationalParliamentandthreewomeninParwan’sProvincialCouncil,peoplearegenerallypositiveaboutwomen’sparticipationinpolitics.17However,thereisabeliefthatwomen’sparticipationinpoliticsisstilllowandneedstoimprove.Themaincausesforlackofparticipationaresaidtobethedeterioratingsecuritysituationandtraditionalconservatism.18Women’sparticipationinthecivilserviceremainslimited,especiallyinParwan.While34PercentofallgovernmentemployeesinKabularefemale,inParwanamere13percentofcivilservantsarefemale.19Inbothcaseswomencomplainofdiscriminationintheworkplace.Inbothprovinces,discriminationinthelabormarketandattheworkplaceisseenasthemainimpedingfactorsinwomen’sparticipationincivilservice.20ThepercentageoffemaleANPpersonnelremainslowinbothprovinces.Thegeneralviewofwomen’sparticipationinANPremainslargelynegative.21Themainimpedingfactorforwomen’sparticipationinthepoliceforceissociety’snegativeviewofpolicewomen.22

PreventionThoughtherearedifferentstructuresthatoughttoprotectwomen,womeninKabulandParwanstillfacemuchviolenceanddiscrimination(Figure3).Figure3:AProfileofVAWandProtectiveStructures

Source:NumberofsafehousesandFRUsareprovidedbyDoWA,thenumberofcasesofVAW,casesofsuicideandthenumberofwomeninsafehousesareprovidedbytheAIHRC

14KI-M-Par-4,KI-F-Kab-5,KI-F-Par-1,KI-F-Par-2,KI-F-Kab-1,KI-M-Par-6,KI-M-Par-215KI-M-Par-6,FGD-F-Par-2,KI-F-Par-116KI-F-Kab-1,KI-M-Kab-4,FGD-F-Kab-117KI-M-Par-6,KI-F-Par-1,KI-M-Par-6,FGD-F-Par-218KI-M-Par-4,KI-M-Par-6,KI-F-Par-7,KI-M-Par-3,FGD-F-Par-2,19CentralStatisticsOrganization(2013/2014):“AfghanistanStatisticalYearbook2013-14”,Table3-4,page17.ThepercentageoffemalegovernmentemployeesinKabul,excludingthecontractors,is44percent.

20KI-F-Kab-3,KI-M-Par-6,KI-M-Par-4,KI-F-Par-7,KI-F-Kab-621KI-F-Par-5,KI-M-Par-6,KI-F-Par-1,KI-F-Kab-622FGD-F-Kab-1,KI-F-Kab-6,KI-M-Kab-2,KI-M-Kab-4,KI-F-Par-7,KI-F-Par-5,KI-M-Par-3,KI-M-Par-4

3

80

16

39

200

201

134

3020

1

NUMBEROFSAFEHOUSES NUMBEROFWOMENINSAFEHOUSES

NUMBEROFFAMILYRESPONSEUNITS

NUMBEROFFEMALEPOLICEOFFICERS

NUMBEROFCASESOFVAW NUMBEROFCASESOFSUICIDE

Kabul

Parwan

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WomeninKabulandParwanaresubjectedtodifferentkindsofviolence,mostcommononesbeingphysicalabuseandinjuries,verbalthreatsofphysicalviolence,denyingwomenalimony,forcedandunderagemarriagesandsomecasesofrape.23InParwan,thoughdecreasing,theintervieweescomplainedaboutexchangeofgirlsandthetraditionofbaddadanwherewomenareusedasretributiontosettlefeuds.24Thegreatestpartofviolenceagainstwomenisofdomesticnature,causedinpartbypoverty,unemployment,disrespectofwomen’srightsandlackofawareness,illiteracy,andtraditionalconservatism.25InformalmethodsofpreventingviolenceagainstwomenconsistprimarilyofadvocacyandawarenessraisingconductedbytheCSOsandonoccasionsbytheANPandDoWA.26Formaleffortstopreventviolenceagainstwomenhavenotbeensufficientlyfruitful.TheANPandFRUinParwanaresaidtobepowerlessandunabletocombatcorruptionandnepotismintheformaljusticesystem.27Thejudiciaryinbothprovincesisconsideredasbiasedandunfairtowardwomen.28NoneoftheintervieweeshavehaddirectdealingsintheirworkwithUNSCR1325ortherecentlylaunchedNationalActionPlanfortheimplementationofUNSCR1325(NAP1325).TheimplementationofEliminationofViolenceAgainstWomen(EVAW)law,however,doesseemtobemoreinstitutionalizedwithinANPandtheFRU.29

ProtectionAccordingtotheinterviewees,theformaljusticesystemshowssignificantshortcomingswhenitcomestoprotectingwomen.InParwan,lackofsecurityismentionedasanimpedingfactorforwomen’saccesstojustice.30Formaljudicialorgansaresaidtobecorruptandsystematicallydiscriminatorytowardwomen,treatingthemunfairlyandunequallyascomparedtomen.31ThoughmoreinParwanthanKabul,societyisnottolerantofwomenseekinghelpfromthepolice.32Therefore,manywomeninParwan,seekhelpfromtheDoWAinsteadoftheANPandFRU.33Becauseoftheseimpediments,mostcasesofdomesticdisputesaresolvedthroughtheinvolvementofcommunityeldersinaninformaljudicialsetting,whichismorecommonindistrictsthantheurbanareas.34TherearethreesafehousesinKabulandoneinParwan.Thesociety,especiallyinParwan,isnottolerantofwomenseekingshelterinsafehouses.35

23FGD-F-Kab-1,KI-F-Kab-6,KI-M-Kab-2,KI-M-Kab-4,KI-F-Par-7,KI-F-Par-5,KI-M-Par-3,KI-M-Par-424KI-M-Par-4,KI-F-Par-1,KI-F-Par-525KI-F-Par-5,KI-M-Par-6,KI-M-Par-2,KI-F-Par-7,KI-M-Par-3,KI-F-Kab-6,KI-M-Kab-4,KI-M-Kab-726KI-F-Par-1,FGD-F-Par-2,KI-F-Kab-1,KI-F-Kab-5,27FGD-F-Par-2,KI-F-Kab-3,KI-F-Kab-5,KI-F-Kab-6,KI-F-Par-1,KI-F-Par-2,KI-M-Par-3,KI-F-Par-728KI-F-Par-1,KI-F-Par-1,KI-F-Par-2,KI-M-Par-3,KI-F-Par-729KI-M-Par-4,KI-M-Kab-7,KI-F-Kab-130KI-F-Par-1,KI-M-Par-2,KI-F-Par-731FGD-F-Kab-1,KI-F-Kab-3,KI-F-Kab-5,KI-F-Kab-6,KI-M-Par-3,KI-F-Par-732KI-F-Par-1,KI-F-Par-5,FGD-F-Par-233KI-F-Par-1,KI-F-Par-5,FGD-F-Par-234FGD-F-Par-2,KI-M-Par-6,KI-M-Par-3,KI-F-Par-7,KI-F-Kab-1,KI-M-Kab-7

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Accordingtointerviewees,womenarebestprotectedthroughmoreawarenessamongmenandwomenaswellastheformalandinformaljudicialinstitutions,includingthepoliceandothergovernmentalorganizations.36

ReliefandRecoverySomesourcesestimatethenumberofwidowsinKabulandsurroundingstobebetween500,000-700,000women.37Thesewidowsreceivepracticallynofinancialorotherformsofaid.InKabultheintervieweescomplainedoflackofresourcesandnepotismwithintheformalinstitutionsinchargeofaiddisbursementtowidows.38InParwan,thesmallsalaryofthosewhoreceiveassistanceissubjecttoadeductionbyofficialswhoapprovethedisbursementofthesalaries.39Disabledwomenreceiveamonthlysalaryofaround5,000AfghanisfromtheMinistryortheDepartmentofLabor,SocialAffairs,Martyrs,andtheDisabled(MoLSAMD).40However,theleveloffinancialassistancedependsonthetypeofdisabilityandthefactthatthedisabilityhastohavebeencausedbywar.41ThetypeandqualityofaidandservicesprovidedtotheIDPsbythegovernmentislimited.42MostIDPsinParwanstaywiththeirrelativesandthoseresidinginIDPcampsrelyprimarilyonaidfromINGOs.NospecialprovisionsaremadetofemaleIDPsinKabulandParwan.43ThereisonesafehouseinParwan.Theconditionsatthesafehousearesaidtobeimproving,however.44WomenatthesafehouseinParwanareprovidedwithsomebasicvocationalskills.45SimilarconditionsexistforthesafehousesinKabul.ThemainshortcomingofthesafehousesinKabulandParwanisthelackofreintegrationmechanismsandbasicprovisions.46Thecommunitydisapprovesofwomenwhoseekshelterinsafehouseswhilethosewhoseekshelterareill-preparedforsustainingthemselvesaftertheyarereleasedfromthesafehouses.47Conditionsinwomen’sprisonsremainpoorbutaresaidtobeimproving.48Womenareprovidedwithbasicvocationaltrainingsandhaveaccesstomedicalservicesandsportsfacilities.49InParwan,the

35FGD-F-Par-1,KI-F-Kab-6,KI-F-Kab-7,KI-M-Kab-236KI-F-Kab-3,KI-M-Par-2,KI-F-Par-7,KI-M-Par-3,FGD-F-Par-237IRINNews(2008):“TheBleakProspectsforCountry’sEstimated1.5MillionWidows”,PublishedbyIRINonJanuary30th,2008.URL:www.irinnews.org/report/76492/afghanistan-bleak-prospects-country%E2%80%99s-estimated-15-million-widows38KI-F-Kab-1,KI-M-Par-9,KI-M-Par-3,KI-M-Kab-2,KI-F-Kab-5,FGD-F-Par-239KI-M-Par-6,KI-M-Par-9,KI-M-Par-3,FGD-F-Par-240KI-F-MoL-Kab41KI-F-MoL-Kab42KI-M-Par-9,KI-F-Kab-3,KI-M-Kab-2,KI-M-Kab-743KI-M-Par-9,KI-F-Kab-3,KI-M-Kab-2,KI-M-Kab-744KI-F-Par-1,KI-M-Par-6,FGD-F-Par-245FGD-F-Par-2,KI-F-Par-1,KI-M-Par-646KI-F-Kab-3,KI-F-Par-447KI-M-Par-6,KI-F-Kab-3,KI-M-Kab-2,KI-M-Kab-748KI-F-Kab-6,FGD-F-Kab-149KI-F-Kab-6,KI-F-Par1,KI-M-Par-6

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intervieweesstatedthattheinmatesresideinsleepingcontainersanddonothaveayard.50Inbothprovinces,thecommunityisunwelcomingofwomenwithprisonrecords.51Toensurewomen’ssafetyafterprison,theDepartmentsofWomen’sAffairsinbothprovincesmonitorstheintegrationprocessofformerfemaleinmates.52Women’saccesstohealthinbothprovincesisimpededbycongestion,longwaitinglines,corruptionandnepotism.53Therearemanycomplaintsabouttheattitudeofdoctorsandhealthprofessionalstowardwomen.54Medicationprovidedtothepatientsisoflowqualityandinsufficient.55Traditionalconservatismdemandsthatwomenbetreatedbyfemaledoctorsthoughthisdoesnotdetermanywomenfromseekingmedicalhelpfrommaledoctorswheninneed.56Women’saccesstoeducationinbothprovincesisimpededbythedeterioratingsecuritysituationandpersistenttraditionalconservatism.57Mostfamiliesdonotwanttheirdaughterstocontinuegoingtoschoolaftergrade9.58

KabulProvinceStakeholderAnalysis• ProvincialWomen’sNetwork(PWN)Kabul:MembersofthePWNinBagramidistrictofKabulstatedtohavelimitedtonoknowledgeofUNSCR1325.Theonesthatdidclaimtohavesomeawarenessofitstatedtohavegainedthatknowledgethroughthemedia.However,despitenotknowingthecontentsofthedocument,theydoconductworkthatconcernswomenpeaceandsecurityandacknowledgetheimportancewomen’sparticipationasprescribedbyUNSCR1325

• MinistryofWomen’sAffairsKabul:TheintervieweesfromtheMoWAinKabulstatedtohavefullknowledgeofUNSCR1325andtoparticipateintrainings,workshopsandadvocacyactivitiesintheprovince.

• DepartmentofLabor,SocialAffairs,MartyredandDisabled:IntervieweesfromMoLSAMDinKabulstatedtohaveknowledgeofUNSCR1325andtohavegainedthatknowledgethroughtrainings,workshopsandself-study.

• AfghanNationalPolice(ANP)Kabul:TheANPinBagramidistrictofKabulprovincestatedtohavenoknowledgeofUNSCR1325andtheirmainguidelineforprotectionofwomen’srighthasbeentheEVAWLaw.

• FamilyResponseUnit(FRU)Kabul:TheFRUinKabulstatedtohavenoknowledgeofUNSCR1325andtohaveEVAWlawasthemainguidelineforprotectionofwomen’sright.

• AfghanistanIndependentHumanRightsCommission(AIHRC):IntervieweesfromAIHRCinKabulstatedtohavefullknowledgeofUNSCR1325.

• CivilSocietyandHumanRightsNetwork(CSHRN):IntervieweesfromCSHRNinKabulstatedtohaveknowledgeonUNSCR1325andtoparticipateinactivitiesandgatheringsintendedtoenhancethelevelofawarenessontheResolutionamongtheCSOsofAfghanistan.

• Women’sSolidarityforJustice(WSFJ):WSFJ(VictimsNetwork)workswiththevictimsofwarin

50KI-F-Par-1,KI-M-Par-451KI-F-Kab-6,KI-M-Par-6,KI-M-Par-2,KI-F-Par-7,KI-F-Par-5,KI-M-Par-352KI-F-Kab-6,KI-M-Kab-2,KI-M-Kab-4,FGD-F-Kab-153KI-F-Par-7,KI-M-Par-2,KI-M-Par-4,KI-F-Kab-5,KI-F-Kab-3,FGD-F-Par-254KI-M-Par-6,KI-F-Kab-5,KI-F-Kab-3,KI-M-Kab-755FGD-F-Kab-1,KI-F-Kab-3,KI-M-Kab-2,KI-M-Kab-756KI-M-Par-957KI-F-Kab-1,KI-F-Kab-6,KI-M-Par-6,KI-M-Par-2,KI-F-Par-7,KI-F-Par-5,KI-M-Par-358FGD-F-Par-2

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Afghanistan.TheVictimsNetworkwasestablishedtohelpandraisethevoicesoftheVictimsoftheconflictinAfghanistanbyprovidingthempsychotherapyservices,awarenessraisingworkshops,sharingthestoriesandexperiencesofthevictimsthroughprintandelectronicmedia,documentationofwarcrimesandcrimesagainsthumanity.TheVictimsNetworkforthefirsttimeinthehistoryofAfghanistanestablishedVictimsShuras(Councils)inKabul.59IntervieweesfromWSFJshowedfullawarenessofUNSCR1325andstatedtoengageinadvocacyandotheractivitiestoenhanceawarenessontheresolution.

Influence/AwarenessMatrixofKabulProvinceKnowledgeonUNSCR1325

HighLow

• DoWA• DoLSAMD

• AIHRC

• ANP• FRU

InfluenceonPolicy-making

High

Low• CSHRN• WSFJ • PWN

ParwanProvinceStakeholderAnalysis• Parwan’sProvincialWomen’sNetwork(PWN):MembersofthePWNinParwanhavedifferentdegreesofknowledgeaboutUNSCR1325.BesidesbeingactiveatthePWNs,allPWNmemberswereengagedinotheractivitiesrelatedtowomen’speaceandsecuritysuchasparticipatinginseminars,meetingsandotherformalandinformalgatheringsonpeaceandsecurity,throughwhichtheygainedknowledgeofUNSCR1325.Thoughmuchvalueisassignedtotheimportanceofwomen’sparticipationinpeaceandpolitics,intervieweespointedtoanumberoffundamentalimpedingfactorssuchastraditionalconservatism,butalsolackofcooperationandsupportbythegovernment.

• DepartmentofWomen’sAffairsParwan:TheintervieweesfromtheDoWAinParwanstatedtohaveknowledgeofUNSCR1325anditscontents.ItwasalsostatedthatemployeesofDoWAhaveneverreceivedanytrainingsionUNSCR1325fromanyexternalorganizationandthemainsourceoftheirknowledgeoftheResolutionwassaidtobetrainingswithintheDepartment.ItwasalsostatedthatthefactthatwomeninAfghanistanhavetherighttoelecttheirrepresentativesandbeelectedasarepresentativedoesimplysomedegreeofimplementationoftheresolution.TheDOWAinParwan

59AllinformationonWSFJisretrievedfrom“ViolenceisnotOurCulture”(2015),availableat:http://www.violenceisnotourculture.org/partners-foundation-solidarity-justice(09/10/2015)

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statedtheireffortsinimplementingUNSCR1325inParwanisimpededbylackoffinancialresourcesandtheirlackofcapacityinthelegaldepartment.

• DepartmentofLabor,SocialAffairs,MartyredandDisabled:IntervieweesfromDoLSAMDinParwanstatedtohavebeenprovidedwithadocumentputtogetherbytheDepartmentofJusticeandAIHRCinwhichthecontentsofUNSCR1325havebeendetailedandexplained.However,studyingthedocumentwasnotmandatory.NoothertrainingsandworkshopsonUNSCR1325anditsimplementationinAfghanistanwerementioned.

• AfghanNationalPolice(ANP)Parwan:TheANPstatedtohavenoknowledgeofUNSCR1325andtheirmainguidelineforprotectionofwomen’srighthasbeentheEVAWLaw.

Influence/AwarenessMatrixofParwanProvinceKnowledgeonUNSCR1325

HighLow

• DoWA• DoLSAMD

• FRU

• ANP

InfluenceonPolicy-making

High

Low

• AWSDC• WfWI • PWN

• FamilyResponseUnit(FRU)Parwan:TheFRUstatedtohavenoknowledgeofUNSCR1325andtheirmainguidelineforprotectionofwomen’srighthasbeentheEVAWLaw.

• AfghanWomen’sSkillsDevelopmentCenter(AWSDC):AWSDCisoneofthetwoselectedCSOsanditfocusesontheneedsofAfghanwomen,includingwidowsandthedisabledorchronicallyill,andorphanchildren.ThegoalsofAWSDCaretoreducethesufferingofAfghanwomenandchildrenthroughpromotionofpeaceandinitiationofrehabilitationanddevelopmentorientedprojectsreachingthemostvulnerablepopulationsintheremoteandurbanareasofAfghanistan.CurrentlyitisfunctioningthroughacentralofficeinKabul,Afghanistan.Ithasimplementedanumberofemergency,reliefanddevelopmentprojectsinvolvingvocationalskillstraining,literacy,Englishandcomputerclasses,andprovidingfacilitiesforinformativeworkshops,resources,networkingandcollaborationwithotherorganizations.60IntervieweesfromAWSDCstatedtobeawareofUNSCR1325andshowedknowledgeofitscontent.Theirmainsourceofinformationonthesubjectwasaone-monthtraininginDecember2014providedtothembyTawanmandi.

60AllinformationonAWDCisretrievedfromWomenLivingUnderMuslimLaw(2015),availableat:http://www.wluml.org/contact/wrrc/content/afghan-women’s-skills-development-centre-awsdc(09/10/2015)

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• WomenforWomenInternational(WfWI):SimilartoAWSDCemployees,intervieweesfromWfWIshowedawarenessofUNSCR1325anditsimplementationinAfghanistanwhichwasprovidedtothemthroughinternaltrainingsandworkshops.

ActionPlan:CentralRegion

TrainingandAwarenessRaisingInbothprovincesin,thoughmoresoinParwanthaninKabul,muchattentionneedstobepaidtoenhancewomen’sparticipationinallaspectsofpeaceandsecurity,decision-makingandleadership,andthelabormarket.Basedonthefindingsfromthedata,thereisaneedforawarenesstrainingsandcapacitybuildingactivitiesformenandwomenwhoareactiveinpeace,politicsandcivilserviceinbothprovinces.Thetrainingsandactivitiesoughttotackletwochallengessimultaneously.First,tocombatdiscriminationagainstwomenandhelpcreateanenablingenvironmentinwhichwomencanfreelyparticipateandbelistenedto.Second,tohelpprofessionallyactivewomengaintheskillsandcapacitytoparticipateandengagewithmenmoreeffectively.Thetrainingsthattargetmenoughttobemorefocusedonawarenessraisingonprinciplesofgenderequalityandfemaleparticipation.Thetrainingsthattargetwomenoughttocontaintheawarenessraisingaswellascapacity-buildingcomponents.UNSCR1325aswellasNAP1325needtobeanessentialelementofthetrainingsprovidedtobothmenandwomen.Enhancingwomen’sparticipationinANP(AlsoconfidenceofthefemaleANPpersonnel)andensuringsafeoperationofwomenwithinthesecurityforcesisapriority.Rigorousawarenesscampaignsareneededtochangepeople’sperceptionsofwomenworkinginthepolice.Thedatashowsmoreawarenesstobethemosteffectivemeasuretoreduceviolenceagainstwomen.ThePWNsinKabulandParwanoughttoengagewomen,butespeciallyprominentmen,suchasthereligiousleadersandcommunityelders,inawarenessraisingprojectsandtrainings.ThestakeholderanalysisshowsthattheFRUsandANPlackin-depthunderstandingofUNSCR1325andinsomeinstanceseventheEVAWLaw.MoreinParwanthaninKabul,theANPandFRUneedmoretrainingandunderstandingofEVAW-LawaswellasNAP1325.TheuseofinformaljusticeisacommonpracticethroughoutAfghanistanandthedatashowthatKabulandmoresoParwan,arenoexceptions.Theproceduresoftheinformalcourtsareunprofessionalandtheverdictsareusuallydescribedasunjustandskewedinfavorofmen.Theelderspresidingoverinformalcourtsneedrigoroustrainingsinfamilylaw,legalprocedureswithmoreemphasisonwomen’srights.

AdvocacyStructuralfactors,suchaspatriarchy,partlycausedbytraditionalism,butalsoahistoryofconflictneedtobetackledthroughrigorousadvocacyprogramsatalllevelsofsocietyandgovernment.TheProvincialWomen’sNetworksinKabulandParwanneedtoengagegovernmental,non-governmentalandcivilsocietyorganizationsatadistrict,provincialandnationalleveltoeliminatediscriminationagainstwomenandgirlsinlabormarket.

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ProvincialCouncilsandHigh-andProvincial-PeaceCommitteesaswellasgovernmentalorganizationsneedtosetupspecialprovisionstoensurepresenceandactiveroleofwomeninagenda-settinganddecisionmaking.Alldecisionsmadebythecouncilsandcommitteesandpoliciesdevelopedbythegovernmentneedtohaveagender-mainstreamingperspectiveintheirdevelopmentandimplementationactivities.Thiswillincreaseopportunitiesforwomen’sparticipationindecision-makingandleadershippositions.Principlesofgender-balancing,asprescribedbyUNSCR1325,needtobeinstitutionalizedwithinallgovernmentalandnon-governmentalinstitutions.Rigorouscampaigningisneededtoenhancewomen’sparticipationwithinthehigherranksoftheANP.Thesecampaignoughttobedirectedtowardtheresponsiblegovernmentalentitiesaswellasthecommunity,wherefemalepoliceofficersarestigmatized.Campaignforinclusionofwomen’srightsissuesandeliminationofviolenceagainstwomentobeincludedinpost-prayerreligioussermonsinmosques.Advocateforcommunityelderstobemoreinvolvedineffortstopreventviolenceagainstwomen.Theadvocacyactivitiesoughttobedirectedtowardmosques,communityelders,butalsotheMinistriesandDepartmentsofWomen’sAffairsandHajjandReligiousAffairstoworkcloselytoincludeissuesregardingwomen’srightsinFridayprayersermons.Formaljudiciaryshouldbethemaindeterrentforviolatorsofwomen’srights.However,inbothprovinces,theformaljudiciaryisdescribedascorruptanddiscriminatorytowardwomen.Effectiveadvocacy,directedtowardtheMinistriesandDepartmentsofJustandInterioraswellastheAttorneyGeneral’sOffice,isneededtoenhancethequalityofjusticeprovidedbytheformaljudiciary.Thefocusoftheadvocacyandcampaigningoughttobeeliminatingdiscriminationofwomenandgirlsinneedofjusticeaswellasreducingthedegreeofcorruption,ofwhichwomenarethemainvictims.ThequalityandscopeofreliefandrecoveryservicesdeliveredtowomeninAfghanistancomesignificantlyshortandneedtoimprove.AdvocacyactivitiesshouldbedirectedtowardtheMoLSAMDandDoLSAMDstoenhancethequalityofserviceandprovisionsdeliverytowomenwhoarewidowedordisabled.Thefocusofthecampaignsshouldbeeliminatingcorruptionandnepotismaswellasenhancingtheextentandthescopeofservicesandprovisionsprovided.MinistriesanddepartmentsofWomen’sAffairs,JusticeandInterioraswellastheAttorneyGeneral’sofficeshouldbetargetedandapproachedforenhancingthereintegrationmechanismsandservicestowomenwhoresideinsafehousesandfemaleinmates.Advocacyactivitiesneedtobedirectedtowardtheministriesanddepartmentsofhealth,educationandwomen’saffairs,toincreasethenumberoffemaledoctorsinallprovinces.MoresoindistrictsofParwanthaninKabul,awarenesscampaignsneedtotakeplacetochangepeople’sperceptionofgirlsattendinghighereducation.Theseadvocacyandawarenessraisingcampaignsoughttotargettheministriesanddepartmentsofeducation,aswellascommunityelders.

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CentralHighlandsRegion:BamyanandDiakundi

Table2:DemographicProfileofCentralRegion Bamyan DaikundiPopulationDivision 49% 49%RepresentationinProvincialCouncil 22% 33%RepresentationinProvincialPeaceCouncil 15% 11%PercentageofPrisoners 4,1% 11%PercentageofIDPsinProvince 50% 40%Percentageofteachers 23% 37%PercentageofStudents 45% 45%NumberofWomeninANP 52-54 28

Sources:DataonIDPsareprovidedbyUNHCR/IDPTaskForcesdata(June2015),otherdataareretrievedfromCSO(2013/2014)

ParticipationWomeninBamyanandDaikundiaregenerallybelievedtobeabletoparticipateandcontributetopeaceprocessinbothprovinces.Bamyanistheonlymonitoredprovincewherewomen’srepresentationattheprovincialcouncilexceedsthe20percentquota(Figure4).Figure4:Women'sParticipationinPeaceandPoliticsinCentralHighlandsRegion

Daikundihasafemalegovernor,whichhasinspiredmanywomentoengageandparticipateinpoliticsandleadership.61InBamyan,theintervieweesbelievedthatwomen’sparticipationhasincreasedaftertheelections,becausetheelectoraldebatesandcampaigninghascontributedtowomen’slevelofawareness.62Despitetheoptimism,theintervieweesbelievedthatthereisroomforimprovement,becausewomenarenotlistenedtothesamewaythatmenareandwomenmissnumbers.63Inbothprovinces,women’sparticipationininformalpeaceprocessesaresaidtobesignificant.However,informalpeaceprocessesaregenerallylimitedtomediationatfamilylevel.64

61FGD-F-Dai-1,KI-M-Dai-3,KI-M-Dai-2,KI-F-Dai-6,KI-F-Dai-1,KI-M-Dai-662KI-F-Bam-1,KI-F-Bam-7,KI-F-Bam-263KI-F-Bam-7,KI-F-Bam-1,FGD-F-Bam-164KI-F-Bam-7,KI-F-Bam-1,FGD-F-Bam-1

11%14%

22%

33%

BAMYAN DAIKUNDI

FemalePPCMembership

FemalePCMembership

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With29percentinDaikundiand17percentinBamyan,women’sparticipationincivilserviceinbothprovincesremainslimited.65ThereasonsforlackofparticipationinDaikundiaresaidtobelackofanenablingenvironmentandsomedegreeofdiscriminationandpatriarchywithinthecivilservice.66InBamyan,whereparticipationislower,thecausesaresaidtobediscrimination,traditionalconservatismandpoliticalandtribalaffiliationandnepotism.67Despitecomplaintsofdiscrimination,womenstatedtonothavewitnessedharassmentofgirlsandwomenincivilservice.68ThepercentageoffemaleANPpersonnelremainslowinbothprovinces.Thegeneralviewofwomen’sparticipationinANPremainslargelynegative.69Themainimpedingfactorforwomen’sparticipationinthepoliceforceissociety’snegativeviewofpolicewomenaswellasgenderdiscriminationwithinthepoliceforce.70

PreventionThoughtherearedifferentstructuresthatoughttoprotectwomen,womeninCentralHighlandsstillfacemanychallengesintheireffortstocombatviolenceanddiscrimination(Figure5).Figure5:AProfileofVAWandProtectiveStructures

Source:NumberofsafehousesandFRUsareprovidedbyDoWA,thenumberofcasesofVAW,casesofsuicideandthenumberofwomeninsafehousesareprovidedbytheAIHRCWomeninCentralHighlandsaresubjectedtodifferentkindsofviolence,mostcommononesbeingforcedandunderagemarriages,physicalabuse,verbalthreatsofphysicalviolenceanddenyingwomenaccesstoeducation.71NeitherinBamyan,norinDaikundi,didwomencomplainofbaddadanorexchangeofgirls.Almostallviolenceagainstwomenhappensinthedomesticsphere,causedinprimarilybylackofawareness,illiteracy,povertyandunemployment.72

65CSO(2014/2015)66KI-M-Dai-4,KI-F-Dai-1,FGD-F-Dai-167KI-F-Bam-3,KI-F-Bam-1,KI-F-Bam-5,KI-M-Bam-2,FGD-F-Bam-168KI-F-Bam-5,KI-F-Bam-7,KI-M-Bam-6,FGD-F-Bam-169KI-F-Bam-6,FGD-F-Bam-1,KI-F-Dai-7,KI-F-Dai-670KI-F-Dai-7,KI-F-Dai-6,FGD-F-Dai-1,KI-F-Bam-6,FGD-F-Bam-1,71KI-F-Bam-5,KI-F-Bam-3,FGD-F-Bam-1,KI-F-Dai-1,KI-F-Dai-6,KI-M-Dai-472KI-F-Dai-5,KI-F-Dai-6,KI-F-Bam-1

17

1

54

23

01

84

28

71

1

NUMBEROFSAFEHOUSES NUMBEROFWOMENINSAFEHOUSES

NUMBEROFFAMILYRESPONSEUNITS

NUMBEROFFEMALEPOLICEOFFICERS

NUMBEROFCASESOFVAW NUMBEROFCASESOFSUICIDE

Bamyan

Daikundi

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InDaikundi,theintervieweesstatedtonotbeawareofanyorganizationsorgovernmenthavingtakenanyspecialmeasurestopreventviolenceagainstwomen.73InBamyanhowever,theintervieweesdescribedawarenessraisingstrategiesasthemainpreventivemeasure.74Twointervieweesproposedforawareness-raisingtobeapartoftheprimaryandsecondaryeducationintheprovince.75Inbothprovincestheintervieweescomplainedabouttheformalinstitutionsnotdoingenoughtopreventviolenceagainstwomen.76InBamyan,ithasbeenstatedthatviolatorsofwomen’srightsarerarelydetainedandbroughttojustice.77InDaikundi,thoughtheimplementationofthelawiscommended,theescapeofviolatorsofwomen’srightsfromdetentionshasledtopeoplequestioningtheANP’scapacityinthatregion.78NoneoftheintervieweeshavehaddirectdealingsintheirworkwithUNSCR1325ortherecentlylaunchedNationalActionPlanfortheimplementationofUNSCR1325(NAP1325).TheimplementationofEliminationofViolenceAgainstWomen(EVAW)law,however,doesseemtobemoreinstitutionalizedwithinANPandtheFRU.79

ProtectionWomen’saccesstoformaljusticeintheBamyanandDaikundiisdescribedaslimited.80InBamyanthepolicearesaidtonottakewomen’scasesseriouslyandtherearecomplaintsofcorruptionanddiscriminationwithintheformaljudiciary.81InDaikundipeoplearegenerallymoresatisfiedwiththeattitudeofthepoliceandthejudiciary.82However,manypeopleinDaikundiliveinremoteareasandtherearecomplaintsaboutlackofaccessforthosepeople.83ThemainreasonsforlackofaccesstoformaljusticeinBamyan,apartfromadysfunctionaljudiciary,aresaidtobeilliteracyandlackofawarenessamongwomenoftheirrights.84InDaikundi,itistheremotenessoftheregioncombinedwithpovertyandlackofresourcesfortransportation.85Womenoccasionallyseekhelpfromthecommunityelderstosettledomesticdisputes.ThoughthepracticeofinformaljusticeinBamyanandDaikundiislesscommonthaninothermonitoredprovinces.86TheintervieweesinBamyanandDaikundi,contrarytootherprovinces,statedtofindthedecisionsofthecommunityeldersrelativelyjust.87

73KI-F-Dai-6,KI-M-Dai-2,KI-M-Dai-4,KI-M-Dai-374KI-F-Bam-3,KI-F-Bam-475KI-F-Bam-5,KI-M-Bam-276KI-F-Dai-5,FGD-F-Dai-1,KI-M-Dai-4,KI-F-Bam-3,FGD-F-Bam-177KI-F-Bam-3,FGD-F-Bam-178KI-M-Dai-2,KI-F-Dai-1,KI-F-Dai-7,KI-M-Dai-379KI-M-Dai-4,FGD-F-Dai-1,KI-F-Bam-7,KI-F-Bam-180KI-F-Dai-1,KI-M-Dai-3,KI-M-Dai-2,KI-F-Dai-6,KI-F-Bam-3,FGD-F-Bam-181KI-F-Bam-3,KI-F-Bam-1,KI-F-Bam-4,FGD-F-Bam-182KI-M-Dai-483FGD-F-Dai-1,KI-M-Dai-2,KI-F-Dai-684KI-F-Bam-5,KI-M-Bam-185FGD-F-Dai-1,KI-M-Dai-2,KI-F-Dai-686KI-M-Bam-2,KI-F-Bam-1,KI-F-Bam-6,KI-F-Bam-3,FGD-F-Bam-1,KI-M-Dai-4,KI-F-Dai-1,KI-F-Dai-787KI-M-Bam-2,KI-F-Bam-3,,KI-M-Dai-4,KI-F-Dai-1

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BamyanandDaikundieachhaveonesafehouse,whichisaccessibletowomenwhoselivesarebeingthreatened.88Therearenocomplaintsabouttheaccessibilityofthesafehouses.Theintervieweesinbothprovincesstatedthatthebestwaytoprotectwomenfromviolenceandabuseistoenhancethelevelofawarenessamongthepopulationandstrengthenthecapacityandqualityoftheformaljudiciary.89

ReliefandRecoveryProvisionstowidowsinBamyanandDaikundiarelimited.InBamyantheintervieweesstatedtonotknowofanyprovisionstowidows,exceptamonthlyallowanceof5,000Afghanistowidowsofwar,whichisnotalwaysdeliveredtothosewhodeserveit.90InDaikundi,theintervieweesstatedthatthetransferofprovisionstowidowsofwarisdonethroughbankaccounts,butbecauseofcorruptionandnepotism,muchaidisbeinggiventowomenwhoarenotwidows.91Womenwhohavebeendisabledbywarhavetherighttosimilarprovisions,theheightofwhichdependsontheirextentofdisabilities.However,thedisbursementofthefundsisimpededbynepotismandcorruption.92TheintervieweesinDaikundistatedtonothavelargenumbersofIDPsintheirprovince,noraretheyawareofanyIDPcamps.93InBamyanhowever,theintervieweesstatedthattheIDPsintheirprovincehavenotreceivedanyaidfromthegovernmentandmentionedUNHCRtobethemainagencyhelpingtheIDPs.94BamyanandDaikundieachhaveonesafehouse.Theconditionsatthesafehousearesaidtobeimproving.95Womeninbothprovincesareprovidedaccesstohealthcentersandreceivebasicliteracytrainingsanddifferentkindsoftailoringcourses.96Bamyanhasacommitteeinchargeofsafereturnofwomenandgirlsfromsafehousestotheircommunities,whichconsistsofmediationandmonitoringofwomen’sconditionsafterreturningtotheirhouses.97Theconditionsinprisonsinbothprovincesaresaidtobepoor.98Thecommunityisgenerallyharshintheiropinionsofwomenwhohavebeeninprison.99FemaleinmatesinDaikundiaresaidtolackaccesstohealthservicesandtheroomsaredescribedasovercrowded.100InBamyan,thoughtheydohavesomeaccesstohealth,therehabilitationandreintegrationmechanismsneedimprovementastheylackteachersandfacilities.10188KI-M-Dai-4,KI-M-Dai-3,KI-M-Dai-2,KI-F-Bam-3,KI-F-Bam-4,KI-F-Bam-589KI-F-Bam-5,KI-M-Bam-2,KI-M-Dai-4,KI-F-Dai-690KI-M-Bam-2,KI-F-Bam-3,KI-F-Bam-591KI-M-Dai-4,KI-F-Dai-1,KI-F-Dai-692KI-F-Bam-7,KI-F-Bam-5,FGD-F-Bam-193KI-M-Dai-2,KI-M-Dai-3,KI-F-Dai-6,KI-F-Dai-794KI-F-Bam-1,KI-F-Bam-3,KI-F-Bam-595KI-F-Bam-5,KI-F-Bam-1,KI-F-Bam-4,KI-F-Bam-7,KI-M-Dai-4,KI-F-Dai-1,FGD-F-Dai-196KI-F-Bam-4,KI-F-Bam-7,KI-M-Dai-4,KI-F-Dai-1,FGD-F-Dai-197KI-F-Bam-5,KI-F-Bam-798KI-M-Bam-2,KI-F-Bam-7,KI-F-Bam-1,FGD-F-Bam-1,KI-F-Bam-5,KI-KI-F-Dai-7,KI-F-Dai-5,KI-F-Dai-799KI-F-Bam-3,KI-F-Bam-7,KI-F-Bam-1,KI-F-Bam-6,KI-M-Bam-2,KI-F-Bam-4,FGD-F-Bam-1,100KI-KI-F-Dai-7,KI-F-Dai-5,KI-F-Dai-7101KI-M-Bam-2,KI-F-Bam-7,KI-F-Bam-5,FGD-F-Bam-1

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Women’saccesstohealthandeducationinBamyanissaidtobegood.Thereareclinicsinalldistrictsandmanyvillages,whichhasledtoalmostallwomengivingbirthinhealthcenters.102Despitetheaccess,therearesomecomplaintsaboutlackofmedicationandpersonnel.103InDaikundi,accesstohealthandeducationisonlylimitedtothosewomenwholiveincentralareas.Lackofmedicalpersonnel,longdistancesandlackofmeansoftransportationmakeshealthcenterspracticallyinaccessibletowomeninvillagesandremotedistricts.104

BamyanProvinceStakeholderAnalysis• Bamyan’sProvincialWomen’sNetwork(PWN):KnowledgeofUNSCR1325amongthePWNmembersofBamyanisrelativelyhighasmostmembersshowedsomedegreeofawarenessofthecontentandintentionsofresolution.SomemembersstatedtohavereceivedtrainingsonUNSCRfromAfghanistan’sCivilSocietyandHumanRightNetwork(CSHRN)andshowedclearlymoreknowledgeofthesubjectthanothers.

• DepartmentofWomen’sAffairs:TheintervieweesfromtheDoWAshowedknowledgeofUNSCR1325andtheimportanceandmechanismsofitsimplementation.

• DepartmentofLabor,SocialAffairs,MartyredandDisabled:IntervieweesfromDoLSAMDstatedtohavenoknowledgeofUNSCR1325,norhavetheyeverhadanytrainingsonthedocumentanditscontents.

Influence/AwarenessMatrixofBamyanProvinceKnowledgeonUNSCR1325

HighLow

• DoWA • DoLSAMD

• AIHRC• AWN • FRU

InfluenceonPolicy-making

High

Low• PWN

102KI-F-Bam-5,KI-F-Bam-6,KI-F-Bam-7,KI-F-Bam-3,KI-F-Bam-4,FGD-F-Bam-1103KI-F-Bam-5,KI-F-Bam-6104FGD-F-Dai-1,KI-M-Dai-2,KI-M-Dai-3

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• FamilyResponseUnity(FRU):TheFRUinBamyanstatedtohavehadworkshopsonUNSCR1325providedtothembyAWN,butthattheirmainguidelineforprotectionofwomen’srighthasbeentheEVAWLaw.

• AfghanistanIndependentHumanRightsCommission(AIHRC):IntervieweesfromAIHRCinBamyanshowedfullknowledgeofUNSCR1325.TheyhavebeenreceivingtrainingsorworkshopsonUNSCR1325forthepastthreeyears.

• AfghanWomen’sNetwork(AWN):TheAfghanWomen’sNetworkisanon-partisan,non-profitnetworkofwomenandwomen’sNGOsworkingtoempowerAfghanwomenandensuretheirequalparticipationinAfghansociety.ThemembersoftheNetworkalsorecognizethevalueandroleofchildrenasthefutureofAfghanistanand,assuch,regardtheempowermentandprotectionofchildrenasfundamentaltotheirwork.TheNetworkseekstoenhancetheeffectivenessofitsmembersbyfosteringpartnershipsandcollaborationbetweenmembers,undertakingadvocacyandlobbying,andbuildingtheirindividualcapacities.Besidethis,theothercorekeyobjectiveoftheAWNistoraisethevoiceofwomentoempowerthemtotacklefortheirrightsandtotakeactivepartintheoverallarenasoftheirlife.105TheintervieweefromAWNshowedknowledgeofUNSCR1325andstatedtohaveparticipatedinanumberofadvocacyactivitiesonthesubjectbetween2009and2010.

• CivilSocietyAssembly(SCA):IntervieweefromCSAshowedfullawarenessofUNSCR1325andstatedtogiveextensiveworkshopsandtrainingsontheResolutiontomanygovernmentalandnon-governmentalorganizations.

DaikundiProvinceStakeholderAnalysis• DepartmentofWomen’sAffairsDaikundi:TheintervieweesfromtheDoWAinDaikundistatedtohaveknowledgeofUNSCR1325anditscontents.ItwasalsostatedthatemployeesofDoWAhavereceivedtrainingsfromtheMinistryofForeignAffairsandOfficeforPeaceandDemocracyinBamyanprovince.

• DepartmentofLabor,SocialAffairs,MartyredandDisabled:IntervieweesfromDoLSAMDinDaikundistatedtohavenoknowledgeofUNSCR1325.

• AfghanNationalPolice(ANP)Daikundi:TheANPstatedtohavenoknowledgeofUNSCR1325andtheirmainguidelineforprotectionofwomen’srighthasbeentheEVAWLaw.

• FamilyResponseUnit(FRU)Daikundi:TheFRUstatedtohavenoknowledgeofUNSCR1325andtheirmainguidelineforprotectionofwomen’srighthasbeentheEVAWLaw.

• AfghanistanIndependentHumanRightsCommission(AIHRC):IntervieweesfromAIHRCshowedsignificantknowledgeofUNSCR1325andstatedtheimplementationoftheResolutiontobeapartoftheirwork.

• CivilSocietyandHumanRightsNetwork(CSHRN):IntervieweesfromCSHRNinDaikundishowedsomedegreeofawarenessonUNSCR1325.However,theextentoftheirknowledgewaslimitedtotheResolutionbeingaboutwomenintimesofconflict.NofurtherdetailsaboutthecontentofUNSCR1325couldbeprovided.

• PayamDevelopmentandEducationInstitution(PDEI):PDEIworkstoenhancethelevelofeducationamongthepopulationinDaikundi.TheirmainaimistoenhancethecapacityofotherCSOsinDaikundiandincreasedknowledgeofUNSCR1325isapartofthetrainingsthattheygivetotheCSOs.Therefore,theintervieweesfromPDEIshowedsignificantknowledgeofUNSCR1325anditsimplementationinAfghanistan.

105InformationonAWNisretrievedfromAWN(2015),availableat:http://www.awn-af.net/cms/more/176(09/13/2015)

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Influence/AwarenessMatrixofDaikundiProvinceKnowledgeonUNSCR1325

HighLow

• DoWA • DoLSAMD

• AIHRC• AWN • FRU

InfluenceonPolicy-making

High

Low• PWN

ActionPlan:CentralHighlands

TrainingandAwarenessRaisingFindingsfromthefieldshowthatthe2015PresidentialandProvincialCouncilElectionsinBamyanhavecreatedamomentumandenhancedfemaleparticipationinpolitics.Thismomentumoughttobesustainedthroughmorepoliticallyorientedactivities,awarenesstrainingsandworkshops.InBamyanandDaikundi,awarenesstrainingsandcapacitybuildingactivitiesformenandwomenwhoareactiveinpeace,politicsandcivilservicecanbeveryeffective.Theseactivitiesshouldfocusonteachingwomenhowtobemoreeffectiveadvocatesoftheircausewithinthepoliticalarena.Additionalawarenesstrainingsandworkshopsareneededtocombatdiscriminationwithinthelabormarket,especiallythecivilserviceandthesecurityforcesandcreateanenablingenvironmentforwomenwhoarealreadyactivewithinthesesectorstopromotetohigherranksandparticipateindecision-making.Thetrainingsthattargetmenoughttobemorefocusedonawarenessraisingonprinciplesofgenderequalityandfemaleparticipation.UNSCR1325aswellasNAP1325needtobeanessentialelementofthetrainingsprovidedtobothmenandwomen.Enhancingwomen’sparticipationinANPandensuringsafeoperationofwomenwithinthesecurityforcesisapriority.Rigorousawarenesscampaignsareneededtochangepeople’sperceptionsofwomenworkinginthepolice.Thedatashowsawareness,especiallyamongmen,tobethemosteffectivemeasuretoreduceviolence,mostofwhichisdomesticandfamilial,againstwomen.ThePWNsinCentralHighlands,especially

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Daikundi,oughttoengageinextensiveawarenesscampaignsaimedtoreducedomesticviolenceagainstwomen.Keyactorstodirectcampaignstowardandhaveaspartnersinadvocacyandawarenessraisingareprominentmensuchasthereligiousleaders,communityelders,meninthehigherranksofthegovernmentandsecurityforces(ANPandANA).ThestakeholderanalysisshowsthattheFRUsandANPlackin-depthunderstandingofUNSCR1325andinsomeinstanceseventheEVAWLaw.MoreinDaikundithaninKabul,theANPandFRUneedmoretrainingandunderstandingofEVAW-LawaswellasNAP1325.ThoughtheuseofinformaljusticeinBamyanandDaikundiisnotascommonasotherprovinces,itstillhappens.Theproceduresoftheinformalcourtsareunprofessionalandtheverdictsareusuallydescribedasunjustandskewedinfavorofmen.Theelderspresidingoverinformalcourtsneedrigoroustrainingsinfamilylaw,legalprocedureswithmoreemphasisonwomen’srights.Intensiveawarenesscampaignsareneededtochangepeople’sperceptionsoffemaleinmateandex-inmates.Communityandreligiouseldersaswellasprominentwomenshouldbeimportantalliesinchangingpeople’sperceptions.

AdvocacyStructuralfactors,partlycausedbytraditionalismandexacerbatedbyahistoryofconflictneedtobetackledthroughrigorousadvocacyprogramsatalllevelsofsocietyandgovernment.ThepresenceofafemalegovernorinDaikundihasshowntobeasourceofinspirationformanywomenwhoaspireacareerinpoliticsanddecision-makingintheprovince.Suchrolemodelsneedtoengageextensivelyatacommunity-levelwiththeaimofenhancingfemaleparticipation.Thisalsorequiresengagementofmenandcampaigningandadvocatingforasocietywheremenencouragewomentoactivelyparticipateinpoliticsandconflictresolution.InbothBamyanandDaikundi,campaigningisneededtoincreasethenumberofwomenworkingforANP,especiallywithinitshigherranks.Thesecampaignoughttobedirectedtowardtheresponsiblegovernmentalentitiesaswellasthecommunity,wherefemalepoliceofficersarestigmatized.Campaignforinclusionofwomen’srightsissuesandeliminationofviolenceagainstwomentobeincludedinpost-prayerreligioussermonsinmosques.Advocateforcommunityelderstobemoreinvolvedineffortstopreventviolenceagainstwomen.Theadvocacyactivitiesoughttobedirectedtowardmosques,communityelders,butalsotheMinistriesandDepartmentsofWomen’sAffairsandHajjandReligiousAffairstoworkcloselytoincludeissuesregardingwomen’srightsinFridayprayersermons.Formaljudiciaryshouldbethemaindeterrentforviolatorsofwomen’srights.However,inbothprovinces,theformaljudiciaryisdescribedasinaccessible.InBamyan,campaignsshouldbedirectedtowardtheANPtoensurethatwomen’scasesaretakenseriouslyandhandledaccordingly.InDaikundi,campaignsshouldfocusonmakingtheformaljudiciary,especiallythepolice,moreaccessibletowomenresidingtheremotedistrictsoftheprovince.Effectiveadvocacy,directedtowardtheMinistriesandDepartmentsofJustandInterioraswellastheAttorneyGeneral’sOffice,isneededtoenhancethequalityofjusticeprovidedbytheformaljudiciary.

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Thefocusoftheadvocacyandcampaigningoughttobeeliminatingdiscriminationofwomenandgirlsinneedofjusticeaswellasreducingthedegreeofcorruption,ofwhichwomenarethemainvictims.ThequalityandscopeofreliefandrecoveryservicesdeliveredtowomeninAfghanistancomesignificantlyshortandneedtoimprove.AdvocacyactivitiesshouldbedirectedtowardtheMoLSAMDandDoLSAMDstoenhancethequalityofserviceandprovisionsdeliverytowomenwhoarewidowedordisabled.Thefocusofthecampaignsshouldbeeliminatingcorruptionandnepotismaswellasenhancingtheextentandthescopeofservicesandprovisionsprovided.MinistriesanddepartmentsofWomen’sAffairs,JusticeandInterioraswellastheAttorneyGeneral’sofficeneedtoensurethatwomenresidinginprisonsinBamyanandDaikundihavebetteraccesstohealthandeducationservicesaswellasimprovedstandardofliving.Thementionedinstitutionsneedtoensurethattherearegoodreintegrationmechanismsforthoseleavingthesafehousesandprisons.Intensiveawarenesscampaignsareneededtochangepeople’sperceptionsoffemaleinmateandex-inmates.Communityandreligiouseldersaswellasprominentwomenshouldbeimportantalliesinchangingpeople’sperceptions.Advocacyactivitiesneedtobedirectedtowardtheministriesanddepartmentsofhealth,educationandwomen’saffairs,toincreasethenumberoffemaledoctorsinallprovinces.MoresoindistrictsofDaikundithaninBamyan,awarenesscampaignsneedtotakeplacetochangepeople’sperceptionofgirlsattendinghighereducation.Theseadvocacyandawarenessraisingcampaignsoughttotargettheministriesanddepartmentsofeducation,aswellascommunityelders.

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EasternRegion:LaghmanandNangarhar

Table3:DemographicProfileofEasternRegion Laghman NangarharPopulationDivision 49% 49%RepresentationinProvincialCouncil 22% 21%RepresentationinProvincialPeaceCouncil 8% 8,0%PercentageofPrisoners 1,1% 1,1%PercentageofIDPsinProvince 48% 49%Percentageofteachers 7% 11%PercentageofStudents 46% 40%NumberofWomeninANP 9 50

Sources:DataonIDPsareprovidedbyUNHCR/IDPTaskForcesdata(June2015),otherdataareretrievedfromCSO(2013/2014)

ParticipationWomen’sparticipationinformalpeaceprocessineasternRegions,especiallyLaghman,islimited(Figure1).TherearenowomeninPPCinLaghman,becausetheheadofDepartmentofWomen’sAffairsintheprovince,whowasamemberofthePPChasfledtheprovince.106ThoughthePPCinNangarhardoeshavetwofemalemembers,theyarenotbeinglistenedtoandtheirroleisdescribedassymbolic.107Themainreasonsforlackofwomen’sparticipationinpeacearesaidtobelackofsecurity,conservatismandlackofanenvironmentwherewomenarelistenedto.108Inbothprovinces,womenaresaidtoparticipatemoreintheinformalpeaceprocess.However,informalpeaceprocessesaregenerallylimitedtomediationatfamilylevel.109Figure6:Women'sParticipationinPeaceandPoliticsinEasternRegion

106KI-M-Lagh-6,KI-M-Lagh-2,KI-F-Lagh-1,KI-F-Lagh-5,KI-F-Lagh-4107KI-F-Nan-1,KI-F-Nan-5,KI-M-Nan-3108KI-M-Lagh-2,KI-F-Lagh-4,KI-F-Lagh-5,KI-F-Lagh-7,KI-F-Nan-4,KI-M-Nan-2109KI-F-Nan-1,KI-F-Nan-5,KI-F-Nan-6,KI-F-Lagh-3,KI-M-Lagh-6

0%

8%

22%21%

LAGHMAN NANGARHAR

FemalePPCMembership

FemalePCMembership

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Women’sparticipationinpoliticsinbothprovincesislimited.Apartfrominsecurityandlackofawareness,traditionalismissaidtobeadeterrentforwomen’sparticipationinpoliticsaswell.110Meninbothprovincesgenerallydonotappreciatewomenbeinginpublicandengaginginpoliticaldebates.111Laghmanisamongtheprovinceswiththelowestfemalerepresentationinthecivilserviceinthecountry,withsixpercent.112InNangarhar,theheadsforthedepartmentsofWomen’sAffairs,Health,Education,AdministrativeReform,andAIHRCarefemale.113Despiteholdingleadershippositions,womenarestillsignificantlyunderrepresentedincivilserviceintheprovinceat10percent.Thekeyfactorforlackofwomen’sparticipationissaidtobetraditionalconservatism,whereworkingwomenareconsideredadisgraceforthemeninthefamily.114ComplaintsaboutdiscriminationinthelabormarketandwithinthecivilservicewerelimitedtoNangarharprovince.115ThepercentageoffemaleANPpersonnelinEasternRegion,especiallyinLaghman,remainslow.OftheninefemalepoliceofficersinLaghman,threearesaidtobeworkingindetentioncenters,whilesixareemployedattheANPheadquarters.116Allfemalepoliceofficersworkintheprovincialcapitalandnoneinthedistricts.117Themainimpedingfactorforlackoffemaleparticipationinsecurityforcesissaidtobelackofthesociety’stolerance.118InLaghman,lackofsecurityandlackoffacilitiesforfemalepoliceofficerswerealsomentionedasimpedances.119

PreventionDespitethedifferentstructuresforprotectingwomen,womeninLaghmanandNangarharcontinuetofacenumerouschallengesintermsofviolenceanddiscrimination(Figure2).Figure7:AProfileofVAWandProtectiveStructures

Source:NumberofsafehousesandFRUsareprovidedbyDoWA,thenumberofcasesofVAW,casesofsuicideandthenumberofwomeninsafehousesareprovidedbytheAIHRC110KI-F-Lagh-1,FGD-F-Lagh-1,KI-F-Nan-4111KI-F-Lagh-1,FGD-F-Lagh-1,KI-F-Nan-4112CSO(2014/2015)113KI-M-Nan-6,KI-M-Nan-2,KI-F-Nan-5,KI-M-Nan-3114KI-F-Lagh-1,KI-F-Lagh-3,KI-M-Lagh-6115KI-F-KI-M-Nan-2,KI-M-Nan-3,KI-F-Nan-5,KI-F-Nan-4,FGD-F-Nan-1116KI-F-Lagh-7,FGD-F-Lagh-1117KI-F-Lagh-7,FGD-F-Lagh-1118KI-F-Nan-1,KI-F-Nan-5,KI-M-Nan-7,FGD-F-Nan-1119KI-F-Lagh-7,FGD-F-Lagh-1

0 0 2

9

0 01

20

6

50

65

0

NUMBEROFSAFEHOUSES NUMBEROFWOMENINSAFEHOUSES

NUMBEROFFAMILYRESPONSEUNITS

NUMBEROFFEMALEPOLICEOFFICERS

NUMBEROFCASESOFVAW

NUMBEROFCASESOFSUICIDE

Laghman

Nangarhar

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WomeninLaghmanandNangarhararesubjectedtodifferentkindsofviolence.Physical,verbalandmentalabuse,forcedandunderagemarriagesanddenyingaccesstoeducationandlabormarketaredescribedasthemostcommontypesofviolenceinbothprovinces.120InLaghman,multipleintervieweescomplainedofBadDadan,whichissaidtobespecificto-andcommonin-AlishangandAlinegardistricts.121Thegreatestpartofviolenceagainstwomenisofdomesticnature,causedinpartbypoverty,unemployment,drugaddictionamongmen,illiteracy,andtraditionalconservatism.122TheintervieweesinLaghmanrecommendedanumberofstrategiesthatcouldpreventviolenceagainstwomen:

Theexistinglawsneedtobeimplemented,securityneedstoimprove,effortsshouldbecenteredaroundpreventingviolenceagainstwomen,thesourcesandcausesofviolenceagainstwomenneedtobeidentifiedandeliminated.Theseissuesshouldbeaccompaniedbyawarenessraisingstrategies.Districtattorneys,whoarespecificallyinchargeofviolenceagainstwomenshouldbeappointedandtheappealcourtthatisactiveinLaghmanandNangarharneedtobestrengthened.Thereisaneedformoredefenseattorneysandwomen’srightsshouldbeincorporatedinthecurriculaatschools.123

Formaleffortstopreventviolenceagainstwomenhavenotbeensufficientlyfruitful.IntraditionalsocietiesofNangarharandespeciallyLaghman,womenwhoseekhelpoutsidethefamilyarenottoleratedbytheirfamiliesandsurroundings.124ThejudiciaryinNangarharisconsideredasbiasedandunfairtowardwomenandwomen’scomplaintsareeithernotregisteredatallortakenseriouslybythepolice.125NoneoftheintervieweeshavehaddirectdealingsintheirworkwithUNSCR1325ortherecentlylaunchedNationalActionPlanfortheimplementationofUNSCR1325(NAP1325).

ProtectionFormaljudiciaryinLaghmanandNangarhardoeshasnotbeenthesalvationforwomen.InLaghman,thetraditionalsocietyandpovertyaswellaslackofawarenessamongwomenandlackofjudicialinstitutionsaresaidtobethemainreasonswhywomencannotaccessformaljudiciary.126InNangarhar,theintervieweesstatedthattheformaljudiciaryisweakwhenitcomestodealingwithpowerfulindividualssuchaswarlords,whichgivesthemthefreehandtogetawaywithanykindofcrime,evenmurder,againstwomen.127Animportantimpedancetowomen’saccesstojusticeinNangarharistraditionalism.128

120FGD-F-Lagh-1,KI-F-Lagh-5,KI-F-Lagh-4,KI-M-Lagh-2,KI-F-Nan-6,KI-F-Nan-5,KI-F-Nan-3,KI-M-Nan-2121KI-F-Lagh-1,KI-M-Lagh-1,FGD-F-Lagh-1122KI-F-Lagh-4,KI-F-Lagh-5,KI-F-Lagh-1,KI-F-Lagh-7,KI-M-Lagh-2,KI-M-Lagh-6,KI-F-Nan-6,KI-F-Nan-3123KI-F-Lagh-4,similarviewsconfirmedby:KI-F-Lagh-5,KI-F-Lagh-1,KI-F-Lagh-7,KI-M-Lagh-2,KI-M-Lagh-6124KI-F-Lagh-1,KI-F-Lagh-7,KI-M-Lagh-2,KI-F-Nan-1,FGD-F-Nan-1125KI-F-Nan-4126KI-F-Lagh-1,KI-F-Lagh-7,KI-M-Lagh-2127KI-F-Nan-4128KI-F-Nan-1,KI-F-Nan-4,FGD-F-Nan-1

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Duetothementionedimpedingfactors,especiallytraditionalconservatism,mostwomeninLaghmanandNangarharresorttoinformaljustice,wherearbitrationisdonebycommunityelders.129Theproceedingsandverdictsofinformalcourtshavebeencriticizedanddescribedasoftenunfair.130TherearenosafehousesinLaghmanandwomen’swhoselivesarebeingthreatenedorarebeingsubjectedtoextremeviolencearekeptatasafehouseinJalalabad.131InNangarhar,thereisasafehouseforwomenwhoselivesarebeingthreatened.VictimsaregrantedshelterinthesafehousesuponapprovalfromDoWA,AIHRC,WAWandAIBA.132

ReliefandRecoveryInLaghmantheintervieweescomplainedofcorruptionwithintheformalinstitutionsinchargeofaiddisbursementtowidowsofwar.133InNangarhar,theDoWAstatedDoLSAMDtohave1,000registeredwidowsandwomenwithdisabilitieswhoareprovidedwithasalaryandsomerepatriationtrainings.134Otherintervieweeshowever,statedthatnoprovisionsaregiventowomenwhoarewidowsordisabled.135InLaghman,womenwithdisabilitiesaresaidtoreceiveprostheticsfromtheDepartmentofHealthandnon-governmentalorganizationsaresaidtohavetakenstepstohelpreintegratedisabledwomenintothelabormarket.136MostIDPsinprovincialcapitalofLaghmanarefromAlishangandAlinegardistrictsoftheprovince.137Accordingtotheintervieweesinbothprovinces,thegovernmenthasnotprovidedanyspecialtoanygroupswithintheIDPcommunity.138Thelimitedresources,suchastentsandemergencyaid,thattheIDPsintheprovincehavereceivedhavebeendeliveredtothembyUNHCRandNRC.MostIDPsinbothprovincesresidewithfamiliesandrelativesinsteadofIDPcamps.139TherearenosafehousesinLaghman.InNangarhar,theconditionsinsidethesafehousesaregenerallydescribedasgood.140WomenaresaidtohavepropernutritionandreceivesomevocationaltrainingsaswellasKoranlessons.141However,nospecialreintegrationmechanismshavebeenmentioned.Femaleinmatesinbothprovincesaresaidtoresideingoodconditions,withaccesstohealthservices,propernutritionandTV.142Asreintegrationmechanism,womeninprisonsareprovidedwithliteracy

129KI-F-Nan-4,KI-F-Nan-1,KI-M-Nan-2,KI-F-Lagh-7,KI-M-Lagh-6,KI-M-Lagh-2,FGD-F-Lagh-1130KI-F-Lagh-1,KI-F-Lagh-4,KI-M-Lagh-8131KI-M-Lagh-6,KI-M-Lagh-2,KI-F-Lagh-1,KI-F-Lagh-7,FGD-F-Lagh-1132KI-F-Nan-1,FGD-F-Nan-1133KI-M-Lagh-6,KI-M-Lagh-2,KI-F-Lagh-7,KI-F-Lagh-5,KI-F-Lagh-4,FGD-F-Lagh-1134KI-F-Nan-6135KI-F-Nan-5,KI-M-Nan-3,KI-M-Nan-7136KI-F-Lagh-3,KI-M-Lagh-8137FGD-F-Lagh-1,KI-M-Lagh-8,KI-F-Lagh-7,KI-F-Lagh-1138FGD-F-Lagh-1,KI-M-Lagh-8,KI-F-Lagh-7,KI-F-Lagh-1139KI-F-Lagh-1,KI-F-Lagh-3,KI-F-Lagh-7,KI-F-Nan-1140KI-F-Nan-1,KI-F-Nan-5,KI-F-Nan-6,KI-M-Nan-7,FGD-F-Nan-1141KI-F-Nan-1,KI-F-Nan-5,KI-F-Nan-6,KI-M-Nan-7,FGD-F-Nan-1142KI-F-Nan-1,KI-F-Nan-5,KI-M-Nan-7,FGD-F-Nan-1,FGD-F-Lagh-1,KI-F-Lagh-2,KI-M-Lagh-4

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coursesaswellastrainingsintailoringandothervocationalskills.143However,mostwomenresideinprisonswiththeirchildren.Thechildreninprisonshaveverylimitedmobilityandaccesstoeducation.144InLaghman,womenlivinginurbanorcentralareashavemoreaccesstohealththanthoselivinginruralareas.145Thoughtherearehealthcenters,buttheprimeimpedanceforwomen’saccesstohealthinruralareasissaidtobelackofawareness.146InNangarhar,womenincentralaswellasruralareashavemoreaccesstohealthandtheattitudeofthehealthpersonnelisdescribedasprofessional.147Themaincomplaintaboutaccesstohealthinbothprovincesisthelackofhighqualitymedication.148AccesstoeducationforwomeninLaghmanandNangarharislimitedbytraditionalismandlackofsecurity.149GirlsinAlishangandAlinegardistrictsofLaghmanprovincehavelimitedaccesstoprimary-andpracticallynoaccesstohigher-educationbecauseofinsecurity.150SimilarcaseshavebeenmentionedindistrictsofNangarharprovince,thoughthemajorlimitingfactorthereissaidtobetraditionalism.151

LaghmanProvinceStakeholderAnalysis• DepartmentofWomen’sAffairsPaktia:TheintervieweesfromtheDoWAinLaghmanshowedknowledgeofUNSCR1325andstatedthattrainingsontheissuehavebeenprovidedtothembyAWRC.

• DepartmentofLabor,SocialAffairs,MartyredandDisabled:IntervieweesfromDoLSAMDinLaghmanhadnoknowledgeofUNSCR1325.

• AfghanNationalPolice(ANP):TheANPinLaghmanstatedtohavenoknowledgeofUNSCR1325andtheirmainguidelineforprotectionofwomen’srighthasbeentheEVAWLaw.

• YouthHealthandDevelopmentOrganization(YHDO):YHDOprimaryfocusistoofferarangeofservicestoAfghanyouthandothermarginalizedgroupsinthewidersociety.YHDOaimstoimprovelivingconditionsandpromotehealthylifestyleamongyoungpeople.TheintervieweefromYHDOstatedtohavenoknowledgeofUNSCR1325andtonothavereceivedanytrainingsontheissue.

• AfghanWomen’sNetwork(AWN):IntervieweesfromAWNLaghmanstatedtohavenoknowledgeofUNSCR1325andnottohavereceivedanytrainingonthematter.

143KI-F-Nan-1,KI-F-Nan-5,KI-M-Nan-7,FGD-F-Nan-1,FGD-F-Lagh-1,KI-F-Lagh-2,KI-M-Lagh-4144KI-F-Lagh-3,KI-M-Lagh-1145FGD-F-Lagh-1,KI-F-Lagh-7,KI-M-Lagh-6,KI-M-Lagh-2146KI-F-Lagh-4147KI-F-Nan-4,KI-F-Nan-6,KI-M-Nan-7,FGD-F-Nan-1148FGD-F-Lagh-1,KI-M-Lagh-8,KI-M-Nan-3149KI-F-Nan-1,KI-F-Nan-5,KI-M-Nan-3,KI-F-Lagh-5,FGD-F-Lagh-5150FGD-F-Lagh-1,KI-M-Lagh-6151KI-F-Nan-1,KI-F-Nan-5,KI-M-Nan-3

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Influence/AwarenessMatrixofLaghmanProvinceKnowledgeonUNSCR1325

HighLow

• DoWA • DoLSAMD

• AWN

• ANP

InfluenceonPolicy-making

High

Low • YHDO

NangarharProvinceStakeholderAnalysis• ProvincialWomen’sNetwork(PWN)Nangarhar:MembersofthePWNinNangarharstatedtohavealmostnoknowledgeofUNSCR1325.Norhavetheyhadanytrainingsorworkshopsontheissue.

• DepartmentofWomen’sAffairsNangarhar:TheintervieweesfromtheDoWAinNangarharstatedtohavenoknowledgeofUNSCR1325.

• DepartmentofLabor,SocialAffairs,MartyredandDisabled:IntervieweesfromDoLSAMDinNangarharstatedtohavenoknowledgeofUNSCR1325.

• AfghanNationalPolice(ANP)Nangarhar:TheANPinKamaaswellasBehsooddistrictsofNangarharstatedtohavenoknowledgeofUNSCR1325andtheirmainguidelineforprotectionofwomen’srighthasbeentheEVAWLaw.

• FamilyResponseUnit(FRU)Nangarhar:TheFRUinNangarharstatedtohavenoknowledgeofUNSCR1325andtheirmainguidelineforprotectionofwomen’srighthasbeentheEVAWLaw.

• AfghanistanIndependentHumanRightsCommission(AIHRC):IntervieweefromAIHRCinshowedsomeknowledgeofUNSCR1325,butitwasmainlyachievedthroughself-study.

• WomenforAfghanWomen(WAW):WAWisagrassroots,humanrightsorganizationaimedtosecureandprotecttherightsofdisenfranchisedAfghanwomenandgirlsinAfghanistanandNewYork.Particularlytherighttodevelopindividualpotential,self-determination,andrepresentationinpolitical,social,culturalandeconomicarenas.152IntervieweefromWAWstatedtonothaveanyknowledgeofUNSCR1325.ItwashowevermentionedthattheAfghanNAP1325isnotbeingimplementedbecauseoflackofcapacityofthegovernment

• AfghanWomen’sEducationalCenter(AWEC):AWECaimsto“Establishinganenvironmentfreeofviolenceanddiscrimination,enablingwomenandchildrentoaccesstheirhumanrightswithinthe

152AllinformationonWAWisretrievedfrom“WomenforAfghanWomen”(2015),availableat:http://www.womenforafghanwomen.org(09/11/2015)

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country,basedonconceptsofcivilsocietydemocracy,justiceandgenderequity.”153TheintervieweefromAWECstatedtohavenoknowledgeofUNSCR1325.

Influence/AwarenessMatrixofNangarharProvinceKnowledgeonUNSCR1325

HighLow

• DoWA• DoLSAMD

• AIHRC

• ANP

InfluenceonPolicy-making

High

Low

• AIBA• JFAO• PWN

ActionPlan:EasternRegion

TrainingandAwarenessRaisingWomen’sparticipationatalllevelsofthesocietyinEasternProvinces,especiallyLaghman,isrelativelylow.Whenprovisionsprovidedtoemployeesoractivistsarescarce,womensuffermorethanmen.Thesocietyandmorespecificallythecommunitiesintheseprovinces,whichgenerallyaresensitivetoissuesconcerningwomen,needtailor-madestrategiestoenhancewomen’sparticipationinpeace,politics,civilserviceanddecision-makingandleadership.Men,whoareactiveinpeace,politicsandcivilserviceinallfourprovincesneedtrainingsonprinciplesofgender-mainstreamingandgender-equality.Thetrainingsandactivitiesoughttocreateanenablingenvironmentinwhichwomencanparticipateandbelistenedtoandalsohelpprofessionallyactivewomengaintheskillsandcapacitytoparticipateandengagewithmenmoreeffectively.Thetrainingsthattargetmenoughttobemorefocusedonawarenessraisingonprinciplesofgenderequalityandfemaleparticipation.Thetrainingsthattargetwomenoughttocontaintheawarenessraisingaswellascapacity-buildingcomponents.EVAWLaw,UNSCR1325aswellasNAP1325needtobeanessentialelementofthetrainingsprovidedtobothmenandwomen.

153InformationonAWECisretrievedfrom“PaxPopuli:ThePeaceofthePeople”(2015),availableat:http://www.paxpopuli.org/voices-for-peace/afghan-womens-educational-center-awec/#sthash.yzX0zS54.dpbs(09/11/2015)

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Enhancingwomen’sparticipationinANPandensuringsafeoperationofwomenwithinthesecurityforcesisapriority.Rigorousawarenesscampaignsareneededtochangepeople’sperceptionsofwomenworkinginthepolice.ThedatashowthatwomeninEasternProvincesaresubjectedtoallkindsofviolence,someofwhichapprovedbytheinformalortribalcourts.Theproceduresoftheinformalcourtsareunprofessionalandtheverdictsareusuallydescribedasunjustandskewedinfavorofmen.Awarenesshasgenerallybeenconsideredtobethemosteffectivemeasuretoreduceviolenceagainstwomen.Communityandreligiousleaders,especiallythosepresidingoverinformalcourtsneedrigoroustrainingsontheimplicationsofviolenceagainstwomen,aswellastheprinciplesofEVAW-andfamilylaw.ThestakeholderanalysisshowsthattheFRUsandANPlackin-depthunderstandingofUNSCR1325andinsomeinstanceseventheEVAWLaw.MoreinParwanthaninKabul,theANPandFRUneedmoretrainingandunderstandingofEVAW-LawaswellasNAP1325.

AdvocacyAlleffortsshouldbemadetoensurethatthereisfemalerepresentationattheProvincialCouncilinLaghman.ThisrequiresclosecooperationfromtheANPandALPintheprovincetoensurethesafetyandsecurityoffemalePCmembersaswellascollaborationwithlocalcommunityandreligiousleaderstoenhanceawarenessamongthecommunitymembers.ProvincialCouncilsandProvincialPeaceCommitteesaswellasgovernmentalorganizationsneedtosetupspecialprovisionstoensurepresenceandactiveroleofwomeninagenda-settinganddecisionmaking.TheProvincialWomen’sNetworksinLaghmanandNangarharneedtoengagereligiousleadersandgovernmental,non-governmentalandcivilsocietyorganizationsatadistrict,provincialandnationalleveltoeliminatediscriminationagainstwomenandgirlsandinstitutionalizesomesortofgenderjusticeinthefoursouthernprovinces.AlldecisionsmadebytheProvincialCouncilsandPeaceCommitteesandpoliciesdevelopedbythegovernmentneedtohaveagender-mainstreamingperspectiveintheirdevelopmentandimplementationactivities.Principlesofgender-balancing,asprescribedbyUNSCR1325,needtobeinstitutionalizedwithinallgovernmentalandnon-governmentalinstitutions.WomenworkingforthepoliceinEasternprovinceslacknumbersandholdthelowestpossibleranks,withoutanyprospectsofapromotion.Rigorouscampaigningisneededtoenhancewomen’sparticipationANP.ThisespeciallyappliestohavingwomeninhigherranksoftheANP.Thesecampaignoughttobedirectedtowardtheresponsiblegovernmentalentitiesaswellasthesociety,wherefemalepoliceofficersarestigmatized.ProvincialWomen’sNetworksinLaghmanandNangarharprovincesneedtopartner-upwiththereligiousleadersandcommunityeldersandadvocateagainstviolenceagainstwomen.TheadvocacyactivitiesalsooughttobedirectedtowardtheMinistriesandDepartmentsofWomen’sAffairsandHajjandReligiousAffairstoworkcloselytoincludeissuesregardingwomen’srightsinFridayprayersermons.FormaljudiciaryinLaghmanandNangarharismoreadeterrentforwomenseekingjusticethantheviolatorsofwomen’srights.Itisdescribedasinstitutionswherepracticesofnepotism,corruptionand

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genderdiscriminationarecommon.Effectiveadvocacy,directedtowardtheMinistriesandDepartmentsofJusticeandInterioraswellastheAttorneyGeneral’sOffice,isneededtoenhancethequalityofjusticeprovidedbytheformaljudiciary.Thefocusoftheadvocacyandcampaigningought,inthefirstplace,tobeonenhancingwomen’saccesstothepoliceandempoweringtheFRUstobemoreeffectiveand,secondly,eliminatingdiscriminationofwomenandgirlsinneedofjusticeaswellasreducingthedegreeofcorruption,ofwhichwomenarethemainvictims.Thequalityandscopeofreliefandrecoveryservicesdeliveredtowomenneedtoimprove.AdvocacyactivitiesshouldbedirectedtowardtheMoLSAMDandDoLSAMDstoenhancethequalityofserviceandprovisionsdeliverytowomenwhoarewidowedordisabled.Thefocusofthecampaignsshouldbeeliminatingcorruptionandnepotismaswellasenhancingtheextentandthescopeofservicesandprovisionsprovided.ThoughmoreinLaghman,thereisaneedforwell-equippedsafehousesinbothprovinces.AdvocacyactivitiesforenhancedconditionsforwomeninsafehousesandprisonsneedtobedirectedtowardtheministriesanddepartmentsofJustice,Interiorandwomen’saffairsaswellastheAttorney’sOffice.MinistriesanddepartmentsofWomen’sAffairs,JusticeandInterioraswellastheAttorneyGeneral’sofficeshouldbetargetedandapproachedforenhancingthereintegrationmechanismsandservicestowomenwhoresideinsafehousesandfemaleinmates.Advocacyactivitiesneedtobedirectedtowardthecommunitiestoacceptwomen’sneedsforhealthandeducationalservicesaswellastowardtheministriesanddepartmentsofhealth,educationandwomen’saffairs,toincreasethenumberoffemaledoctorsandfemaleteachersinallprovincesanddistricts.

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WesternRegion:Herat

Table4:DemographicProfileofHeratProvince Male FemalePopulationDivision 51% 49%RepresentationinProvincialCouncil 79% 21%RepresentationinProvincialPeaceCouncil 90% 10%PercentageofPrisoners 95% 5%PercentageofIDPsinProvince 51% 49%Percentageofteachers 51% 49%PercentageofStudents 51% 49%NumberofWomeninANP Classified 170

Sources:DataonIDPsareprovidedbyUNHCR/IDPTaskForcesdata(June2015),otherdataareretrievedfromCSO(2013/2014)

ParticipationAllintervieweesinHeratexpressedtheirconfidenceinwomen’sabilitytoparticipatein-andcontributeto-thepoliticaldecision-makingandpeaceprocess.Despitetheoptimism,women’sparticipationislimitedwithfemalemembershipof(Provincial)PeaceCouncilsbeingdescribedassymbolic.154Threeoutof29membersoftheProvincialPeaceCouncilandfouroutof19membersoftheProvincialCouncilarewomen.155ThelackoffemaleparticipationinpeaceandpoliticsisattributedtotheAOG’sunwillingnesstotalktowomen,traditionalconservatism,lackofsecurityandthelackofanenablingenvironment.156With40percent,Herathasoneofthehighestpercentageoffemaleparticipationincivilservice.157However,theintervieweesstatedthatwomenincivilservice,onlyfilladministrativepositionsanddonotparticipateatadecision-makinglevel.158Therearecomplaintsofdiscriminationintheworkplace,wheremenperceivewomentobelesscapable.Theconservativenatureofthesociety,especiallyinruralareas,impedewomen’sparticipationincivilserviceandlabormarketingeneral.159Thoughwomen’sparticipationinANPissaidtohaveimproved,thereisinsufficientnumberoffemaleANPpersonnelinHerat.160Themainimpedingfactorforwomen’sparticipationinANParesaidtobetraditionalconservatismanddiscriminationandviolencewithinthepoliceforce,wherewomenarenotpromotedandnotgivenanyauthority.161

154KI-F-Her-5,FGD-F-Her-1155Pajhwak(2014)andIEC(2014)156KI-F-Her-4,KI-M-Her-3,KI-F-Her-6,KI-F-Her-7,KI-M-Her-2,FGD-F-Her-1157CSO(2014/2015)158KI-F-Her-7,KI-F-Her-4,KI-M-Her-2,KI-M-Her-2159FGD-F-Her-1,KI-F-Her-6,KI-F-Her-5160FGD-F-Her-1,KI-F-Her-7,KI-M-Her-2,KI-F-Her-6161KI-F-Her-5,KI-F-Her-4,KI-F-Her-1,KI-M-Her-3,FGD-F-Her-1

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PreventionThoughtherearedifferentstructuresthatoughttoprotectwomen,womeninHeratstillfacemanychallengesincombatingviolenceanddiscrimination(Figure6).WomeninHerataresubjectedtodifferentkindsofviolence,mostcommononesbeingphysicalabuseandinjuries,verbalthreatsofphysicalviolence,forcedandunderagemarriages,exchangeofgirlsanddenyingwomenalimony.162Someintervieweesalsomentionedcuttingofwomen’sbodypartsandself-immolation,whichhastraditionallybeencommoninHerat,astypesofviolenceagainstwomeninHerat.163Oneoftheintervieweesstatedtohavewitnessedincidentsofbaddadan,whichareuncommoninHerat.164Figure8:AProfileofVAWandProtectiveStructures

Source:NumberofsafehousesandFRUsareprovidedbyDoWA,thenumberofcasesofVAW,casesofsuicideandthenumberofwomeninsafehousesareprovidedbytheAIHRCManyintervieweesdescribedawarenessraisingthroughmediaandreligiousleadersasthemosteffectiveinstrumentinpreventingviolenceagainstwomen.165Proposedmeasuresforpreventionofviolenceconsistofimplementationoftheexistinglawsandemancipatorymeasures,wherewomenhavemoreemploymentopportunities,allowingthemtocontributetotheeconomyatamacro-andamicrolevel.166Formaleffortstopreventviolenceagainstwomenarenotveryeffective,especiallyinruralareas,wherethesocietiesaregenerallymoretraditional,withlittlegovernmentpresence.167Theformaljudicialandgovernmentalorganizationsaresaidtonotfunctionideallyandtherearesomecomplaintsofcorruption.168

162KI-F-Her-5,KI-F-Her-1,KI-F-Her-4,KI-F-Her-6,FGD-F-Her-1163KI-F-Her-7,KI-F-Her-5164KI-F-Her-7,Baddadanisthepracticeofusinggirlsandwomenasretributionincasesofconflictbetweentribesorfamilies

165KI-F-Her-7,KI-F-Her-1,KI-F-Her-3,KI-F-Her-4,FGD-F-Her-1166KI-M-Her-2,KI-F-Her-4,KI-M-Her-3,FGD-F-Her-1167KI-F-Her-5,KI-M-Her-3,FGD-F-Her-1168KI-F-Her-7,KI-F-Her-1,KI-M-Her-2,KI-M-Her-3

2

25

170

35

1

NUMBEROFSAFEHOUSES NUMBEROFFAMILYRESPONSEUNITS

NUMBEROFFEMALEPOLICEOFFICERS

NUMBEROFCASESOFVAW NUMBEROFCASESOFSUICIDE

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TheintervieweesstatednottodealdirectlywithUNSCR1325,therecentlylaunchedNationalActionPlan,oritsimplementation.TheimplementationofEVAWlaw,however,ismoreinstitutionalized,andthepolicegenerallyoperateswithintheguidelinesoutlinedintheEVAWLaw.169

ProtectionAccesstoformaljudiciaryforwomeninHeratremainslimited.Womenlivinginurbanareasandhavingawarenessabouttheirrights,havesomeaccesstotheformaljudiciaryinHerat.170Forthoselivinginruralareas,theformaljudiciaryisdescribedaspracticallynon-existent.171Themainimpedingfactorforwomen’saccesstojusticearesaidtobelackofawareness,discriminationbythejudiciaryandthepoliceandtraditionalism.172Becauseoflackofaccesstoformaljudiciaryinruralareas,womenandfamiliesusuallyresorttoservicesprovidedbycommunityeldersininformaljudicialsettings.Theinformalcourtsaredescribedasbeingsolelypresidedbymenanddiscriminatory,unfairandunjusttowardwomen:

Theyneverlistentowomenortakewomen’swordsinconsideration.Noneoftheirdecisionsaretakeninfavoroffemalevictims.Theyareallmenandhavedonotknowmuchaboutconditionsofwomen.Theirattitudeisviolentandthereisnoonewhocandefendthewoman.173

WomenwhofacethreatsofviolenceinHeratcanaccesssafehouses.Theconditionsinthesesafehousesaredescribedaswomen-friendlyandwomencanstaythereforaslongastheyfeelitissafeforthemtoleaveand/orhaveanalternativesaferesidence.174

ReliefandRecoveryTherearenospecialprovisionsorpoliciesregardingdivorceesanddisabledwomenofHerat.ProvisionsprovidedtowidowsarelimitedtothosewhohavelosttheirhusbandsinbattleasamemberoftheANA.175Theattitudeofgovernmentemployeestowardwarwidowscollectingtheirbenefitsisdescribedasuncooperativeandtherearecomplaintsofcorruption.176TheIDPsresidinginHeratareprovidedwithtentsandsomelandforagriculture,thoughnospecialprovisionsormeasuresarementionedtofemaleIDPsintheprovince.177LackofsecurityandmistrustbetweenthehostcommunitiesandtheIDPshavelimitedtheinteractionbetweentheIDPsandthehostcommunities.178

169KI-F-Her-6,KI-F-Her-7,KI-M-Her-2,FGD-F-Her-1170KI-F-Her-4,KI-F-Her-5171KI-F-Her-4,KI-F-Her-5172KI-F-Her-3,KI-F-Her-7,KI-F-Her-4,KI-F-Her-5,FGD-F-Her-1173KI-F-Her-1,KI-F-Her-4,KI-F-Her-5,KI-F-Her-6,FGD-F-Her-1174KI-F-Her-1,KI-F-Her-3,KI-F-Her-5,KI-F-Her-7,KI-M-Her-3175KI-F-Her-1,KI-F-Her-7176KI-F-F-Her-4,KI-M-Her-2177KI-F-Her-1,KI-M-Her-1,FGD-F-Her-1178KI-F-Her-5,KI-F-Her-7,KI-M-Her-3,FGD-F-Her-1

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TheconditionsinsidethesafehousesinHerataresaidtohaveimproved.179AIHRCissaidtomonitorthesafehousesregularlyandwomengetbasicvocationaltrainingsandattentionispaidtotheirdietandclothing.180However,duetotraditionalism,manyinHeratareagainsttheexistenceofsafehouses.181Thegeneralconditionsofwomen’sprisoninHeratisdescribedasbelowstandardandinneedofimprovement.182Womenusedtohaveaprisonoftheirown,whichwasnewlybuiltbytheforeignforcesintheprovince,butduetoriseincriminalityandnumbersofmaleinmates,thatprisonisnowbeingusedformenandwomenaredetainedinanoldprisonwheretheconditionsarebad.183Inmatesaresaidtonothaveproperaccesstotheirlawyersandtheirdietandclothingneedimprovement.184However,femaleinmatesdogetsomebasicvocationaltrainingstobecomebeauticiansandtailors.185Womeninthecitiesgenerallyhavemoreaccesstohealthservicesthanthoselivinginruralareas.186Thesingleimpedingfactorforwomen’saccesstohealthissaidtobelackoffemaledoctors.187Thesocietyisgenerallyacceptantofwomenseekingmedicalhelp.188Girls’andwomen’saccesstoeducationinHerathasimprovedsignificantlyoverthelastnumberofyears.189However,traditionalismremainsthemainimpedingfactor,especiallyinruralareaswheregirlsarenotallowedtogotoschoolaftergrade9.190Thenumberofliteracycoursesinruralareasissaidtohaveincreasedalongwiththenumberofattendees.191

HeratProvinceStakeholderAnalysis• Herat’sProvincialWomen’sNetwork(PWN):MembersofthePWNinHeratstatedtohavesomeknowledgeofUNSCR1325.However,theirextentofknowledgeaboutthecontentoftheResolutionseemedlimited.SomestatedtohavebeenhearingabouttheResolution,butnotknowexactlywhatitisabout.TheyhavealsoexpressedtheneedtoknowmoreaboutUNSCR1325andstatedtonothavehadanytrainingsontheissue.

• DepartmentofWomen’sAffairsHerat:TheintervieweesfromtheDoWAinHerathadnoknowledgeofUNSCR1325norhavetheyreceivedanytrainingsonthesubject.

• DepartmentofLabor,SocialAffairs,MartyredandDisabled:IntervieweesfromDoLSAMDinHeratstatedtohavelimitedtonoknowledgeofUNSCR1325.

• AfghanNationalPolice(ANP)Herat:TheheadsofANPinInjilandGuzaradistrictsofHeratprovincestatedtohavenoknowledgeofUNSCR1325.

• FamilyResponseUnit(FRU)Herat:TheFRUinHeratstatedtohavesomeknowledgeofUNSCR1325,whichtheyhaveobtainedontheirownwithoutanyformaltrainingsandworkshops.

179KI-F-Her-1,KI-F-Her-4,KI-F-Her-6,KI-F-Her-7,FGD-F-Her-1180KI-F-Her-1,KI-F-Her-4,KI-F-Her-6,KI-F-Her-7,FGD-F-Her-1181KI-F-Her-5182KI-F-Her-4,KI-F-Her-6,KI-F-Her-5,KI-M-Her-2,KI-M-Her-3183KI-F-Her-5,KI-F-Her-6184KI-F-Her-5185KI-M-Her-2,KI-M-Her-3186KI-F-Her-1,KI-M-Her-2,KI-M-Her-3187KI-F-Her-4188KI-F-Her-5,KI-M-Her-2,KI-M-Her-3189KI-F-Her-5,KI-F-Her-6190KI-M-Her-3191KI-F-Her-1,KI-M-Her-2,FGD-F-Her-1

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• WASAAfghanistan(WASA):IntervieweesfromWASAinHeratstatedtohavenoknowledgeofUNSCR1325andnottohavereceivedanytrainingonthematter.

• PeaceTrainingandResearchOrganization(PTRO):PTROisanAfghanNGObasedinKabul.Itworksonpeace,conflictandjusticeissues,andprovidestraininginpeacebuildingandgoodgovernance.Italsoconductsresearchfornationalandinternationalgovernmentalorganizations,NGOsandnationalbodies,toinformpolicyandprovideadeeperunderstandingoftherelevantissues.TheintervieweesfromPTROindicateddidpossesknowledgeofUNSCR1325.However,theydidsaytonothavereceivedanytrainingontheissue.

Influence/AwarenessMatrixofHeratProvinceKnowledgeonUNSCR1325

HighLow

• DoLSAMD • DoWA

• FRU • ANP

InfluenceonPolicy-making

High

Low • PTRO• WASA

Afghanistan• PWN

ActionPlan:WesternRegion

TrainingandAwarenessRaisingFindingsfromthefieldshowthatwomen’sparticipationinpeaceandpoliticsinHeratisimpededbyinsecurity,lackofanenablingenvironmentandtraditionalism,wheremalecommunityeldersdonotappreciatewomenoperatinginpublic.Awarenesstrainingsandcapacitybuildingactivitiesformenandwomenwhoareactiveinpeace,politicsandcivilservicecanbeeffective.Theseactivitiesshouldfocusonteachingwomenhowtobemoreeffectiveadvocatesoftheircausewithinthepoliticalarenaaswellasteachingmalemembersofthecommunityandcivilserviceandpoliticsabouttheimportanceoffemaleparticipationinpublicaffairs.AwarenesstrainingsareneededinHerattocombatdiscriminationwithinthecivilserviceandthesecurityforcesandcreateanenablingenvironmentforwomenwhoarealreadyactivewithinthesesectorstopromotetohigherranksandparticipateindecision-making.Thetrainingsneedtotargetmenasmuchastheytargetwomenandshouldbemorefocusedonawarenessraisingonprinciplesof

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genderequalityandfemaleparticipation.UNSCR1325aswellasNAP1325needtobeanessentialelementofthetrainingsprovidedtobothmenandwomen.Enhancingwomen’sparticipationinANPandensuringsafeoperationofwomenwithinthesecurityforcesisapriority.Rigorousawarenesscampaignsareneededtochangepeople’sperceptionsofwomenworkinginthepolice.ThePWN,especiallyinruralareasofHerat,needstoengageinextensiveawarenesscampaignsaimedtoreducedomesticviolenceagainstwomen.Keyactorstodirectcampaignstowardandhaveaspartnersinadvocacyandawarenessraisingareprominentmensuchasthereligiousleaders,communityelders,meninthehigherranksofthegovernmentandsecurityforces(ANPandANA).ThestakeholderanalysisshowsthattheFRUsandANPlackin-depthunderstandingofUNSCR1325andinsomeinstanceseventheEVAWLaw.MoreinDaikundithaninKabul,theANPandFRUneedmoretrainingandunderstandingofEVAW-LawaswellasNAP1325.Theverdictsoftheinformalcourtsaredescribedasunjustandbiasedtowardmen.Theelderspresidingoverinformalcourtsneedrigoroustrainingsinfamilylaw,legalprocedureswithmoreemphasisonwomen’srights.

AdvocacyStructuralfactors,partlycausedbytraditionalismandexacerbatedbyahistoryofconflictneedtobetackledthroughrigorousadvocacyprogramsatalllevelsofsocietyandgovernment.InHerat,especiallytheruralareas,campaigningisneededtoincreasethenumberofwomenworkingforANP,especiallywithinitshigherranks.Thesecampaignoughttobedirectedtowardtheresponsiblegovernmentalentitiesaswellasthesociety,wherefemalepoliceofficersarestigmatized.Campaignforinclusionofwomen’srightsissuesandeliminationofviolenceagainstwomentobeincludedinpost-prayerreligioussermonsinmosques.Advocateforcommunityelderstobemoreinvolvedineffortstopreventviolenceagainstwomen.Theadvocacyactivitiesoughttobedirectedtowardmosques,communityelders,butalsotheMinistriesandDepartmentsofWomen’sAffairsandHajjandReligiousAffairstoworkcloselytoincludeissuesregardingwomen’srightsinFridayprayersermons.InHerat,theformaljudiciaryisdescribedasinaccessible.CampaignsshouldbedirectedtowardtheANPtoensurethatwomen’scasesaretakenseriouslyandhandledaccordingly.Effectiveadvocacy,directedtowardtheMinistriesandDepartmentsofJustandInterioraswellastheAttorneyGeneral’sOffice,isneededtoenhancethequalityofjusticeprovidedbytheformaljudiciary.Thefocusoftheadvocacyandcampaigningoughttobeeliminatingdiscriminationofwomenandgirlsinneedofjusticeaswellasreducingthedegreeofcorruption,ofwhichwomenarethemainvictims.ThequalityandscopeofreliefandrecoveryservicesdeliveredtowomeninAfghanistancomesignificantlyshortandneedtoimprove.AdvocacyactivitiesshouldbedirectedtowardtheMoLSAMDandDoLSAMDstoenhancethequalityofserviceandprovisionsdeliverytowomenwhoarewidowedor

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disabled.Thefocusofthecampaignsshouldbeeliminatingcorruptionandnepotismaswellasenhancingtheextentandthescopeofservicesandprovisionsprovided.FemaleinmatesinHerathavebeentransferredtoanoldfacility,wheretheconditionsaredescribedasdire,whiletheirnew,moresuitablefacilityhasbeengiventomaleinmates.MinistriesanddepartmentsofWomen’sAffairs,JusticeandInterioraswellastheAttorneyGeneral’sofficeneedtoensurethatwomenresidinginprisonshavebetteraccesstohealthandeducationservicesaswellasimprovedstandardofliving.Thementionedinstitutionsneedtoensurethattherearegoodreintegrationmechanismsforthoseleavingthesafehousesandprisons.Advocacyactivitiesneedtobedirectedtowardtheministriesanddepartmentsofhealth,educationandwomen’saffairs,toincreasethenumberoffemaledoctorsinHerat,thisespeciallyappliestoruralareasoftheprovince.

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NorthernRegion:Badakhshan,Balkh,FaryabandKunduz

Table5:DemographicProfileofCentralRegion Badakhshan Balkh Faryab KunduzPopulationDivision 49% 49% 50% 49%RepresentationinProvincialCouncil 20% 21% 33% 20%RepresentationinProvincialPeaceCouncil 8% 10% 9% 6,7%PercentageofPrisoners 4% 7,4% 2% 4%PercentageofIDPsinProvince 50% 51% 49% 50%Percentageofteachers 31% 54% 37% 28%PercentageofStudents 46% 46% 29% 39%NumberofWomeninANP 27 122 40 44

Sources:DataonIDPsareprovidedbyUNHCR/IDPTaskForcesdata(June2015),otherdataareretrievedfromCSO(2013/2014)

ParticipationThereisageneralconsensusamongtheintervieweesthatwomenarecapableofparticipatingandcontributingtotheformalaswellasinformalpeaceprocess.Despitetheoptimism,women’sparticipationinformalpeaceandpoliticalprocessininallfourprovincesremainslow(Figure7).Figure9:Women'sParticipationinPeaceandPoliticsinNorthernProvinces

Reasonsforlackofwomen’sparticipationinNorthernRegionsisprimarilyconservatismandpatriarchy.192Femalerepresentativeslacknumbers,malePPCmembersdonotlistentothemandtheAOGisunwillingtotalktothemdirectly,whichlimitswomen’scontributionsignificantly.Faryabwastheonlyprovincewheretheintervieweesspecificallymentionedadecliningroleforwomeninpeaceduetodeterioratingsecuritysituationandheightenedconservatism.193

192KI-F-Bad-1,KI-F-Bad-4,KI-F-Bad-9,KI-M-Bad-2,KI-M-Bad-2,KI-M-Bal-2,KI-M-Bal-4,KI-M-Bal-6,KI-F-Bal-5,KI-F-Far-1,KI-F-Far-3,KI-F-Kun-1,KI-F-Kun-2,KI-M-Kun-1,KI-M-Kun-4193KI-F-Far-1,KI-F-Far-3

7%

13% 13%

7%

25%

21%

25% 25%

BADAKHSHAN BALKH FARYAB KUNDUZ

FemalePPCMembership

FemalePCMembership

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Inallprovinces,peoplegenerallyfindwomen’scontributionintheinformalpeaceprocesstobemoresignificant.194Atacommunityorfamiliallevel,women’swordsaregenerallytakenmoreseriouslyandwomenaremoreinvolvedintheirchildren’supbringing.InBadakhshan,womenstatedthatwiththreewomenfromtheprovinceintheParliamentandtheSenate,theyfeelwell-representedatanationallevel.195Ataprovinciallevelhowever,theycomplainedthatwomen’sparticipationisimpededbyconservatismanddiscrimination.196Similarstatementsweremadebyintervieweesfromotherprovinces,wherewomen’sparticipationinpoliticsisdescribedasverylimited.197Women’sparticipationinthecivilserviceinNorthernprovincesishighestinBalkhandlowestinKunduz(Figure8).Despitethehighparticipation,theintervieweesinBalkhcomplainedofunequaltreatmentofwomen.198InBadakhshan,theintervieweesstatedthatwomenarenotlistenedtoandnocapacity-buildingeffortshavebeendirectedtowardwomen.199InKunduz,themainimpedingfactorwassaidtobemen’sattitudetowardswomenworkingandtheirfearofwomentakingovermen’spositions.200Inallprovinces,therewerecomplaintsofdiscriminationofwomenincivilservice.201Innoneoftheprovincesdidwomencomplainofharassmentatworkplace.Figure10:Women'sParticipationinCivilServiceinNorthernRegion

Source:CSO(2014/2015)Inallprovinces,thenumberofwomenwithinANPremainslow(Table4).Themainimpedingfactorforwomen’sparticipationwithinthepoliceforceinallprovincesissaidtobethesociety’sattitudetoward

194KI-M-Bad-2,KI-M-Bal-2,KI-F-Far-3,KI-F-Kun-1,KI-F-Kun-2195KI-F-Bad-1,KI-F-Bad-5,KI-F-Bad-6,KI-F-Bad-9,KI-M-Bad-2,KI-M-Bad-3,KI-M-Bad-7,KI-M-Bad-8196FGD-F-Bad-1,KI-F-Bad-1,KI-F-Bad-5,KI-F-Bad-6,KI-F-Bad-9,197FGD-F-Bal-1,KI-F-Far-2,KI-F-Far-4,KI-F-Kun-1,KI-M-Kun-4198FGD-F-Bal-1,KI-F-Bal-1199KI-M-Bad-3,KI-F-Bad-4,FGD-F-Bad-1,KI-M-Bad-2,KI-M-Bad-7,KI-M-Bad-7200FGD-F-Kun-1,KI-F-Kun-2201KI-F-Bad-4,FGD-F-Bad-1,FGD-F-Bal-1,KI-F-Bal-1,KI-F-Far-3,KI-F-Far-5,FGD-F-Kun-2

29%

43%

26%

17%

BADAKHSHAN BALKH FARYAB KUNDUZ

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policewomen.202ThoughinFaryabandKunduz,theintervieweesstatedtohavewitnessedsomeimprovementsinsociety’sattitude.203Inallprovinces,theintervieweesstatedthatwomenwithinthepoliceforcearesubjectedtodiscrimination.Badakhshanistheonlyprovincewhereintervieweesspecificallymentionedharassmentoffemalepoliceofficersbytheirmalecolleagues.204

PreventionThoughtherearedifferentstructuresthatoughttoprotectwomen,womeninNorthernprovincesstillfacemanychallengesandshortcomingsintheireffortstocombatviolenceanddiscrimination(Figure2).Figure11:AProfileofVAWandProtectiveStructures

Source:NumberofsafehousesandFRUsareprovidedbyDoWA,thenumberofcasesofVAW,casesofsuicideandthenumberofwomeninsafehousesareprovidedbytheAIHRCThemostcommontypesofviolencethattheintervieweesinallprovincescomplainedaboutwerephysical,verbalandpsychologicalabuseofwomenandforcedandunderagemarriagesleadingtoescapingfromhomes.205EconomicviolencesuchasdenyingalimonyarespecificallymentionedinBadakhshanandKunduz.206Themaincausesofviolenceagainstwomenaresaidtobelackofawarenessandpoverty.207NomethodsofpreventingVAWhavebeenmentioned.However,theintervieweesinallprovincesstatedthatmoreawareness-raisingandcapacity-buildingactivitiesaswellasbetterimplementationofthelawwoulddecreasetheextentofviolenceagainstwomensignificantly.208InBadakhshan,theintervieweesspecificallymentionedthatmarriagesshouldbedoneincourtsandtherightsofthe

202FGD-F-Bad-1,KI-F-Bad-5,KI-F-Bad-9,KI-M-Bal-4,KI-M-Bal-6,KI-F-Far-4,KI-F-Far-2,FGD-F-Kun-1203KI-F-Far-2,KI-F-Far-4,KI-M-Kun-5,KI-M-Kun-3,KI-M-Kun-2204FGD-F-Bad-1,KI-F-Bad-5,KI-F-Bad-9205KI-F-Bad-4,KI-F-Bad-5,KI-F-Bad-9,KI-F-Bal-1,KI-M-Bal-7,FGD-F-Bal-1,KI-F-Far-1,KI-F-Far-2,KI-F-Far-4,KI-F-Kun-1,KI-F-Kun-2206FGD-F-Bad-1,KI-F-Bad-6,KI-M-Bad-2,KI-F-Kun-2,KI-M-Kun-1207KI-F-Bad-5,KI-F-Bad-9,KI-F-Bal-1,KI-M-Bal-7,FGD-F-Bal-1,KI-F-Far-1,KI-F-Far-2,KI-F-Far-4,KI-F-Kun-1,KI-F-Kun-2208KI-M-Bad-2,KI-M-Bad-3,KI-M-Bad-7,KI-F-Bad-4,KI-F-Bad-6,KI-F-Bad-7,KI-M-Bal-1,KI-M-Bal-4,KI-F-Bal-1,KI-F-Far-1,KI-F-Far-2,KI-F-Far-3,KI-F-Far-7,KI-F-Kun-2,FGD-F-Kun-1

1

192

4330

82

1

27

6

114

230

8210 5

25

86

40 0 1

60

30

0

NUMBEROFSAFEHOUSES NUMBEROFWOMENINSAFEHOUSES

NUMBEROFFAMILYRESPONSEUNITS

NUMBEROFFEMALEPOLICEOFFICERS

NUMBEROFCASESOFVAW

NUMBEROFCASESOFSUICIDE

Badakhshan

Balkh

Faryab

Kunduz

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womanshouldberecordinginthemarriagecertificate.209Theregistrationwouldgivewomenleveragetocombatviolenceaswellasensurethatnounderagemarriagestakeplace.InBadakhshan,theintervieweesbelievedthatwomendidhaveaccesstothepoliceandthattheviolatorsofwomen’srightsarepunishedmoreoftenthannot.210InKunduzhowever,thedeterioratingsecuritysituationsince2014haslimitedwomen’smobility,whichincludeslimitationstowomen’saccesstojustice.211InFaryabandKunduz,theintervieweesmentionedcorruptionandlackofimplementationofexistinglawsasdeterrencetowomenseekinghelpfromtheformaljudiciary.212Inallprovinces,theintervieweesfoundthepolicetobegenerallyawareofEVAWlaw.However,thereisabeliefthatmoretrainingonthelawcouldbeuseful.213

ProtectionAccordingtotheinterviewees,theformaljusticesystemshowssignificantshortcomingswhenitcomestoprotectingwomen.InBadakhshan,FaryabandKunduztheintervieweesstatedthatwomenindistrictshavepracticallynoaccesstotheformaljudiciaryduetolackofservicesatalocallevelandlackoflogisticalmeanstoreachthecenter.214InBalkh,FaryabandKunduztheintervieweesstateddiscriminationandbadattitudeoftheformaljudiciarytowardwomenasthemaindeterrentforwomenappealingtoformaljustice.215Inallprovinces,theintervieweesstatedthatwomengenerallylackawarenesstoapproachjudicialinstitutionsandwouldnotbeabletoappealtotheformaljudiciarywithoutanyassistancefromthelocalCSOs.216Theuseofinformaljustice,especiallyfortheresolutionofdomesticcases,ismorecommonandaccessible.Inallprovinces,theuseofinformaljusticeissaidtobemorecommonindistrictsandruralareas,wheresocietiesaremoretraditionalandformaljudiciarylessaccessible.InBadakhshanandBalkh,theintervieweesstatedthatpeoplegenerallyabidebythedecisionsmadebytheeldersandifthereisnoconsensus,thentheyseekhelpfromtheformaljudiciary.217InFaryab,theintervieweesattributedthepopularityofinformalcourtstotheformaljudiciary’sincompetenceandlackofdelivery.218InKunduz,theintervieweesstatedthattheuseofinformaljusticeismorecommoninareaswheretheAOGhastheupperhand,makingithardfortheformaljudiciarytooperate.219

209KI-F-Bad-1,KI-F-Bad-4,KI-F-Bad-6,KI-F-Bad-7,KI-M-Bad-2,KI-M-Bad-3,KI-M-Bad-7210KI-F-Bad-1,KI-F-Bad-2,KI-F-Bad-6,KI-F-Bad-9,FGD-F-Bad-1,KI-M-Bad-2,KI-M-Bad-3,KI-M-Bad-7,KI-M-Bad-8211KI-F-Kun-2,KI-F-Kun-2,FGD-F-Kun-1,KI-M-Kun-4212KI-F-Far-1,KI-F-Far-3,KI-F-Kun-1,KI-M-Kun-2,KI-M-Kun-3,KI-M-Kun-5213KI-F-Bad-4,FGD-F-Bad-1,FGD-F-Bal-1,KI-F-Bal-1,KI-F-Far-3,KI-F-Far-5,FGD-F-Kun-2214KI-F-Bad-1,KI-F-Bad-4,KI-F-Bad-6,KI-M-Bad-8,FGD-F-Far-1,KI-F-Far-1,KI-F-Far-2,KI-F-Far-3,KI-F-Kun-2,FGD-F-Kun-1,KI-M-Kun-2,KI-M-Kun-5215KI-F-Bal-1,FGD-F-Bal-1,KI-M-Bal-3,KI-M-Bal-4,KI-M-Bal-6,FGD-F-Far-1,KI-F-Far-1,KI-F-Far-2,KI-F-Far-3,KI-F-Kun-2,FGD-F-Kun-1,KI-M-Kun-2,KI-M-Kun-5216KI-F-Bad-1,KI-F-Bad-4,KI-F-Bad-6,KI-M-Bad-8,FGD-F-Far-1,KI-F-Far-1,KI-F-Kun-2,FGD-F-Kun-1217KI-F-Bad-1,KI-F-Bad-5,FGD-F-Bal-1,KI-M-Bal-3218KI-F-Far-1,KI-F-Far-3219KI-F-Kun-2,FGD-F-Kun-2,KI-M-Kun-2,KI-M-Kun-5

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Badakhshan,BalkhandFaryabeachhaveonesafehousefortheentireprovince.ThesafehouseinKunduzcloseddownafterthefallofthecityanditsresidentshavebeenmovedtoeitherTakharorKabulprovinces.220Atthetimeofwriting,thesafehouseinKunduzhasnotreopened.

ReliefandRecoveryTherearenospecialprovisionsforwidowsingeneralinanyofthefourprovinces.ThoughthelawdoesrequiretheDoLSAMDinallprovincestoprovidewidowsofwarwithsomesalary,thereismuchcomplaintaboutthecorruption,nepotismandqualityofservicedelivery.Inallprovinces,theintervieweesaddedthattheprovisionsaresometimesprovidedtothosewhodonothavetherighttoreceiveit,whilethosewhorightfullyclaimtheirbenefitsarenothelped.221Disabledwomenoughttoreceiveamonthlysalaryfromthegovernmentaswell.Thelevelofthebenefitsandprovisionsdependontheextentofthedisability.However,justastheprovisionsprovidedtothewidowsofwar,thedeliveryoftheserviceissubjectedtocorruptionandfraud,leadingtomanynotreceivingtheirbenefits.222OfthefourprovincesmonitoredintheNorth,Kunduzhaswitnessedthehighestnumberofconflict-induceddisplacement,causedbytheAOGstake-overoftheprovincialcapitalinlateSeptember/earlyOctober2015.NobenefitsorprovisionsespeciallyassignedforfemaleIDPshavebeenmentioned.TheintervieweesstatedthattheIDPsgenerallyresidewithrelatives.223ThoseresidinginIDPcampsreceivesomeaidfromUNHCRandWFP,whichisnotenoughasmostofthemdonotevenhaveaccesstodrinkingwater.224WomenresidinginthesafehouseinBadakhshanandFaryabaresaidtohaveaccesstohealthservicesaswellasreceivingtailoring,weavingandliteracyclasses.225InBalkh,inadditiontovocationalandliteracytrainings,thesafehousehasakindergartenwherechildrenstayduringthedayandspendthenightswiththeirmothers.226Thesociety’sattitudetowardwomenresidinginsafehousesisgenerallynegative,whichdetersmanywomenfromseekingrefugeinthesafehouses.227Nomentionwasmadeoffollow-upproceduresensuringwomen’ssafetyaftertheirdeparturefromsafehouses.InBadakhshan,asareintegrationmechanism,femaleinmatesaretaughtcarpetweaving,inadditiontotailoringandliteracytrainings.228Thegeneralconditionsinwomen’sprisoninFaryabandKunduzaresaidtobegoodaswell.229InBalkh,therewerecomplaintsabouttheconditionsoffemaleinmates.Therearenovocationalorliteracytrainingsprovidedandthequalityoffoodandresidencearesaidtobebelowstandard.230

220KI-F-Kun-2,KI-F-Kun-1221KI-M-Bad-2,KI-M-Bad-3,FGD-F-Bad-1,KI-F-Bad-6,KI-F-Bal-5,KI-M-Bal-3,KI-M-Bal-4,KI-F-Far-1,KI-F-Far-3,FGD-F-Kun-1,KI-M-Kun-2222KI-M-Bad-2,KI-M-Bad-3,KI-F-Bad-6,KI-M-Bal-3,KI-M-Bal-4,KI-F-Far-1,KI-F-Far-3,FGD-F-Kun-1,KI-M-Kun-2223KI-M-Kun-2224KI-M-Kun-2,KI-M-Kun-3,KI-M-Kun-4,KI-M-Kun-5,FGD-F-Kun-2,KI-F-Kun-2225KI-F-Bad-1,KI-F-Bad-5,KI-F-Bad-6,KI-F-Bad-9,KI-M-Bad-2226FGD-F-Bal-1,KI-F-Bal-1,KI-M-Bal-6,KI-M-Bal-7227FGD-F-Bal-1,KI-F-Bal-1,KI-M-Bal-6,KI-M-Bal-7228KI-F-Bad-1,KI-F-Bad-6,KI-F-Bad-9,FGD-F-Bad-1229KI-F-Far-5,KI-F-Far-7,KI-F-Far-6,KI-M-Kun-2,KI-M-Kun-3,KI-M-Kun-4,KI-F-Kun-2230KI-F-Bal-5,KI-M-Bal-4,KI-M-Bal-7

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Inallprovinces,womenstatedtohavelimitedaccesstohealthservices.Womenlivingindistrictshaveahardertimeaccessinghealthcenters.ThisisespeciallyachallengeinBadakhshanbecauseoftheremotenessoftheterrain.231InAllprovinceswomencomplainedoflackofqualitymedicationandbadattitudeofhealthprofessionals.232InBadakhshan,womenandgirlslivinginWardujandYamagandistrictshavelimitedaccesstoeducationbecauseofdeterioratingsecuritysituation.233InBalkh,theintervieweesstatedthatlackoffundingbydonorshasledtofewerliteracycoursesindistricts.234InFaryab,womenandgirlsindistrictsaresaidtolackaccesstoeducationindistrictsduetodistancestoschoolandtraditionalism.235InKunduz,themainimpedingfactortogirls’educationisdeterioratingsecurityandAOGs’oppositiontogirlsgoingtoschool.236

BadakhshanProvinceStakeholderAnalysis• DepartmentofWomen’sAffairs:TheintervieweesfromtheDoWAshowedin-depthknowledgeofUNSCR1325,itshistoryandimportanceandstatedtohavehadaninternaltrainingontheResolution.

• DepartmentofLabor,SocialAffairs,MartyredandDisabled:IntervieweesfromDoLSAMDinshowedsomeknowledgeofUNSCR1325andstatedtohavehadtrainingsontheissuefromaCSOthatworkedonlegalissues.

• AfghanNationalPolice(ANP):TheANPinBadakhshanstatedtohavenoknowledgeofUNSCR1325andtheirmainguidelineforprotectionofwomen’srighthasbeentheEVAWLaw.

• FamilyResponseUnity(FRU):TheFRUinBadakhshanstatedtohavenoknowledgeofUNSCR1325andtheirmainguidelineforprotectionofwomen’srighthasbeentheEVAWLaw.

• AfghanistanIndependentHumanRightsCommission(AIHRC):IntervieweesfromAIHRCinBadakhshanshowedfullknowledgeofUNSCR1325.TheyhavehadnospecifictrainingsorworkshopsonUNSCR1325,however,theresolutiondoesconstituteapartofmostofthetrainingsandworkshopsthattheyreceiveondifferentissues.

• WomenforWomenInternational(WfWI):WfWIhasbeenactiveinAfghanistansince2002withtheaimtoenhancewomen’sempowermentbyprovidingthemwithopportunitiesandtheskillstobefinanciallyindependent.Similarly,theempowermentprogramalsoworksoneliminatingviolenceagainstwomenandenhancingwomen’saccesstoformaljudiciary.TheWfWIhasdevelopedprogramstoengagemeninwomen’sempowermentbyimprovingtheirknowledgeabouthealth,social,andeconomicissuesthatnegativelyaffectwomen.237IntervieweesfromWfWIstatedtonotbeawareofUNSCR1325anditscontents.

• JusticeforAllOrganization(JFAO):JusticeforAllOrganization(JFAO)workstostrengthentheruleoflawandexpandaccesstojusticeforindigentwomeninAfghanistan.JFAOalsotrainswomenabouttheirconstitutionalandsocialrights,preparingthemforleadershiproleswithinAfghanistan’slegalandpoliticalsectors.IntervieweesfromJFAOinBadakhshanstatedtohavenoknowledgeonUNSCR1325.

231KI-F-Bad-1,KI-F-Bad-5,FGD-F-Bad-1,KI-M-Bad-2232KI-F-Bad-5,FGD-F-Bad-1,KI-M-Bad-2,KI-M-Bal-6,KI-F-Far-3,FGD-F-Kun-2,KI-F-Kun-2233KI-F-Bad-1,KI-F-Bad-6,KI-M-Bad-8234KI-F-Bal-5,KI-M-Bal-4235KI-F-Far-1,KI-F-Far-3,KI-F-Far-4236KI-M-Kun-1,KI-M-Kun-2,KI-M-Kun-4237AllinformationonWfWIisretrievedfromWomenforWomenInternational(2015),availableat:http://www.womenforwomen.org/what-we-do/countries/afghanistan(09/10/2015)

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Influence/AwarenessMatrixofBadakhshanProvinceKnowledgeonUNSCR1325

HighLow

• DoWA• DoLSAMD

• AIHRC • ANP• FRU

InfluenceonPolicy-making

High

Low

• WfWI• JFAO

BalkhProvinceStakeholderAnalysis• DepartmentofWomen’sAffairsBalkh:TheintervieweefromtheDoWAinBalkhshowedfullawarenessofUNSCR1325,itscontentsandgoals.

• DepartmentofLabor,SocialAffairs,MartyredandDisabled:IntervieweesfromDoLSAMDinBalkhstatedtohavenoknowledgeofUNSCR1325.

• FamilyResponseUnit(FRU)Faryab:TheFRUinBalkhstatedtohavenoknowledgeofUNSCR1325andtheirmainguidelineforprotectionofwomen’srighthasbeentheEVAWLaw.

• AfghanistanIndependentHumanRightsCommission(AIHRC):IntervieweefromAIHRCinBalkhshowedfullawarenessofUNSCR1325andstatedtoprovideworkshopsandtrainingsofothergovernmentalandnon-governmentalorganizationsintheprovince.

• CivilSocietyandHumanRightsNetwork(CSHRN):TheCivilSocietyandHumanRightsNetwork(CSHRN)aimstocontributetoasocietybasedondemocracyandtheruleoflawinaccordancewithhumanrights,whereallpeopleareawareoftheirrightsandabletoclaimthemthroughtheruleoflaw.CSHRNconsistsof58Afghanorganizationswhichareactiveinthepromotionofhumanrights.Thepurposeofthisworkistoincreasetheknowledgeandunderstandingofmemberandpartnerorganizationsinalldifferentfieldsofhumanrights.238IntervieweefromCSHRNinBalkhstatedandshowedtohavefullawarenessofUNSCR1325anditsimplicationsforAfghanistan.

• WelfareCenterforWomenandYouth(WCWY):IntervieweefromWCWYstatedtohavenoknowledgeofUNSCR1325

238AllinformationonCSHRNisretrievedfromInsightonConflict(2014),availableat:http://www.insightonconflict.org/conflicts/afghanistan/peacebuilding-organisations/cshrn/(09/10/2015)

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Influence/AwarenessMatrixofBalkhProvinceKnowledgeonUNSCR1325

HighLow

• DoWA • DoLSAMD

• AIHRC • FRU

InfluenceonPolicy-making

High

Low

• CSHRN • WfWI• WCWY

FaryabProvinceStakeholderAnalysis• DepartmentofWomen’sAffairsFaryab:TheintervieweesfromtheDoWAinFaryabstatedtohavenoknowledgeofUNSCR1325.

• ProvincialWomen’sNetwork(PWN)Faryab:MembersofthePWNinFaryabstatedtohavenoknowledgeofUNSCR1325.However,despitenotknowingthecontentsofthedocument,theydoconductworkthatconcernswomenpeaceandsecurityandacknowledgetheimportancewomen’sparticipationasprescribedbyUNSCR1325.

• DepartmentofLabor,SocialAffairs,MartyredandDisabled:IntervieweesfromDoLSAMDinFaryabstatedtohavenoknowledgeofUNSCR1325.

• AfghanNationalPolice(ANP):TheANPinFaryabstatedtohavenoknowledgeofUNSCR1325andtheirmainguidelineforprotectionofwomen’srighthasbeentheEVAWLaw.

• FamilyResponseUnit(FRU)Faryab:TheFRUinFaryabstatedtohavenoknowledgeofUNSCR1325andtheirmainguidelineforprotectionofwomen’srighthasbeentheEVAWLaw.

• AfghanistanIndependentHumanRightsCommission(AIHRC):IntervieweesfromAIHRCinFaryabstatedtohavenoknowledgeofUNSCR1325.

• CulturalTrainingforWomenandYouth(CTWY):IntervieweesfromCTWYinBamyanstatedtohavenoknowledgeonUNSCR1325

• CultureIntellectualsandCivilSociety(CICS):IntervieweefromCICSIstatedtohavenoknowledgeofUNSCR1325

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Influence/AwarenessMatrixofFaryabProvinceKnowledgeonUNSCR1325

HighLow

• DoWA• DoLSAMD

• AIHRC• ANP• FRU

InfluenceonPolicy-making

High

Low

• CISC• CTWY• PWN

KunduzProvinceStakeholderAnalysis• ProvincialWomen’sNetwork(PWN)Kunduz:ThePWNmembersofKunduzstatedtohavesomeknowledgeofUNSCR1325andstatedittobeaboutwomenbeingaffecteddifferentlybyconflictthanmenandtheneedforawomen’sinvolvementinpost-conflictreconstruction.Theystatedtohavegainedtheirknowledgeontheissuethroughathree-dayworkshopprovidedtothembyCIDA.

• DepartmentofWomen’sAffairsKunduz:TheintervieweefromtheDoWAstatedtohavenoawarenessonUNSCR1325.

• DepartmentofLabor,SocialAffairs,MartyredandDisabled:IntervieweesfromDoLSAMDinKunduzshowednoknowledgeofUNSCR1325.

• AfghanNationalPolice(ANP)Kunduz:TheheadofANPinAliabaddistrictofKunduzprovincestatedtohavenoknowledgeofUNSCR1325andtheirmainguidelineforprotectionofwomen’srighthasbeentheEVAWLaw.

• FamilyResponseUnit(FRU)Kunduz:TheFRUinKunduzdemonstratedsomeknowledgeofUNSCR1325andstatedtohavehadnotrainingsontheissue.ToFRU,EVAWlawisconsideredtobethemainguidelineforprotectionofwomen’sright.

• AfghanistanIndependentHumanRightsCommission(AIHRC):IntervieweefromAIHRCshowedfullawarenessofUNSCR1325andstatedtohaveobtainedthatknowledgethroughinternalworkshopsandtrainingsprovidedbytheAIHRCtoitsemployees.

• PeaceTrainingandResearchOrganization(PTRO):IntervieweesfromPTROinKunduzstatedtohavenoknowledgeonUNSCR1325.

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Influence/AwarenessMatrixofKunduzProvinceKnowledgeonUNSCR1325

HighLow

• DoWA• DoLSAMD

• AIHRC• PWN

• FRU • ANP

InfluenceonPolicy-making

High

Low • PTRO

ActionPlan:NorthernRegion

TrainingandAwarenessRaisingFindingsfromthefieldshowthatinallfouroftheNorthernProvinces,maledominance,suchasmenbeinginthemajorityandnotlisteningtowomen’svoices,hasbeenthemainimpedingfactorforwomen’sparticipationinallfacetsoflife.Inallprovinces,awarenesstrainingsandcapacitybuildingactivitiesoughttobegivendirectedtomenandwomenwhoareactiveinpeace,politicsandcivilservice.Theseactivitiesshouldfocusonteachingmentheimportanceofgender-mainstreamingandgender-balancingandwomenhowtobemoreeffectiveadvocatesoftheircausewithinthepoliticalarena.Additionalawarenesstrainingsandworkshopsareneededtocombatdiscriminationwithinthelabormarket,especiallythecivilserviceandthesecurityforcesandcreateanenablingenvironmentforwomenwhoarealreadyactivewithinthesesectorstopromotetohigherranksandparticipateindecision-making.Thetrainingsthattargetmenoughttobemorefocusedonawarenessraisingonprinciplesofgenderequalityandfemaleparticipation.UNSCR1325aswellasNAP1325needtobeanessentialelementofthetrainingsprovidedtobothmenandwomen.Enhancingwomen’sparticipationinANPandensuringtheirsafeoperationisapriority.Rigorousawarenesscampaignsareneededtochangepeople’sperceptionsofwomenworkinginthepolice.

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Thedatashowsawarenesstobethemosteffectivemeasuretoreduceviolenceagainstwomen.ThePWNsinNorthernProvincesshouldengageinextensiveawarenesscampaignsaimedtoreducedomesticviolenceagainstwomen.Keyactorstodirectcampaignstowardandhaveaspartnersinadvocacyandawarenessraisingareprominentmensuchasthereligiousleaders,communityelders,meninthehigherranksofthegovernmentandsecurityforces(ANPandANA).ThestakeholderanalysisshowsthattheFRUsandANPlackin-depthunderstandingofUNSCR1325andinsomeinstanceseventheEVAWLaw.MoreinDaikundithaninKabul,theANPandFRUneedmoretrainingandunderstandingofEVAW-LawaswellasNAP1325.TheuseofinformaljusticeisacommonpracticethroughoutAfghanistanandthedatashowthatKabulandmoresoParwan,arenoexceptions.Theproceduresoftheinformalcourtsareunprofessionalandtheverdictsarebiasedinfavorofmen.Theelderspresidingoverinformalcourtsneedrigoroustrainingsinfamilylaw,legalprocedureswithmoreemphasisonwomen’srights.

AdvocacyInFaryabandBadakhshan,advocacycampaigns,directedtowardtheDepartmentsofDefense,InteriorandJusticetoensurethesafetyandsecurityofwomenparticipatingincurrentaffairs.Structuralfactors,suchaspatriarchy,partlycausedbytraditionalism,butalsoahistoryofconflictneedtobetackledthroughrigorousadvocacyprogramsatalllevelsofsocietyandgovernment.TheProvincialWomen’sNetworksinKabulandParwanneedtoengagegovernmental,non-governmentalandcivilsocietyorganizationsatadistrict,provincialandnationalleveltoeliminatediscriminationagainstwomenandgirlsinlabormarket.ProvincialCouncilsandProvincialPeaceCommitteesaswellasgovernmentalorganizationsneedtosetupspecialprovisionstoensurepresenceandactiveroleofwomeninagenda-settinganddecisionmaking.Alldecisionsmadebythecouncilsandcommitteesandpoliciesdevelopedbythegovernmentneedtohaveagender-mainstreamingperspectiveintheirdevelopmentandimplementationactivities.Thiswillincreaseopportunitiesforwomen’sparticipationindecision-makingandleadershippositions.Principlesofgender-balancing,asprescribedbyUNSCR1325,needtobeinstitutionalizedwithinallgovernmentalandnon-governmentalinstitutions.Rigorouscampaigningisneededtoenhancewomen’sparticipationwithinthehigherranksoftheANP.Thesecampaignoughttobedirectedtowardtheresponsiblegovernmentalentitiesaswellasthesociety,wherefemalepoliceofficersarestigmatized.Campaignforinclusionofwomen’srightsissuesandeliminationofviolenceagainstwomentobeincludedinpost-prayerreligioussermonsinmosques.Advocateforcommunityelderstobemoreinvolvedineffortstopreventviolenceagainstwomen.Theadvocacyactivitiesoughttobedirectedtowardmosques,communityelders,butalsotheMinistriesandDepartmentsofWomen’sAffairsandHajjandReligiousAffairstoworkcloselytoincludeissuesregardingwomen’srightsinFridayprayersermons.Formaljudiciaryshouldbethemaindeterrentforviolatorsofwomen’srights.Effectiveadvocacy,directedtowardtheMinistriesandDepartmentsofJustandInterioraswellastheAttorneyGeneral’sOffice,isneededtoenhancethequalityofjusticeprovidedbytheformaljudiciary.Thefocusofthe

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advocacyandcampaigningoughttobeeliminatingdiscriminationofwomenandgirlsinneedofjusticeaswellasreducingthedegreeofcorruption,ofwhichwomenarethemainvictims.AdvocacyactivitiesshouldbedirectedtowardtheDoLSAMDstoenhancethequalityofserviceandprovisionsdeliverytowomenwhoarewidowedordisabled.ThisisespeciallythecaseinKunduz,wherethefalloftheprovincialcapitalintothehandsoftheAOGhasledtomuchdestructionoftheexistinginfrastructure.Thefocusofthecampaignsshouldbeeliminatingcorruptionandnepotismaswellasenhancingtheextentandthescopeofservicesandprovisionsprovided.MoreeffortneedstobeputintoreopeningthesafehouseinKunduz,whichhasbeenclosedforanumberofmonthsnow.MinistriesanddepartmentsofWomen’sAffairs,JusticeandInterioraswellastheAttorneyGeneral’sofficeshouldbetargetedandapproachedforenhancingthereintegrationmechanismsandservicestowomenwhoresideinsafehousesandfemaleinmates.ThisisespeciallythecaseinBalkh,wheretheconditionsofwomen’sprisonsaresaidtobedireandinneedofimprovement.

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SouthernRegion:Helmand,Kandahar,Paktia,andUruzgan

Table6:DemographicprofileoftheCentralRegions Helmand Kandahar Paktia UruzganPopulationDivision 49% 49% 49% 49%RepresentationinProvincialCouncil 21% 21% 20% 22%RepresentationinProvincialPeaceCouncil 14% 10% 7% 1PercentageofPrisoners 1,5% 0,6% 1% 0%PercentageofIDPsinProvince 50% 50% 50% 49%Percentageofteachers 18% 16% 5% 5%PercentageofStudents 24% 29% 30% 15%NumberofWomeninANP 35 119 20-25 22

Sources:DataonIDPsareprovidedbyUNHCR/IDPTaskForcesdata(June2015),otherdataareretrievedfromCSO(2013/2014)

ParticipationWomen’sparticipationinformalpeaceandpoliticalprocessinallfourprovincesremainslow(Figure7).Figure12:Women'sParticipationinPeaceandPoliticsinSouthernRegion

AllintervieweesinHelmandstatedthatwomenintheirprovincedonotparticipateinpeace,beitformalorinformal.Themainreasonsforlackofparticipationaretraditionalism,lackofsecurityandgovernmentnotcreatinganenablingenvironmentforwomentoparticipate.239InKandahar,womenmostlycontributetopeacethroughinformalmeansbyresolvingconflictsatacommunitylevel.240InPaktia,womenaresaidtowanttocontributetopeacethroughformalmeans,butaredeterredbyadministrativestructuresandlackofanenablingenvironment.241InUruzgan,viewsonwomen’sparticipationinformalpeaceisdivided.Thegeneralperceptionisthatwomenareactiveanddo

239FGD-F-Hel-1,KI-F-Hel-1,KI-F-Hel-4,KI-F-Hel-5,KI-F-Hel-6,KI-M-Hel-2,KI-M-Hel-3240FGD-F-Kan-1,KI-F-Kan-1,KI-F-Kan-6241FGD-F-Pak-1,KI-F-Pak-6,KI-M-Pak-2

11% 11%

6%6%

20%21%

20%

22%

HEMAND KANDAHAR PAKTIA URUZGAN

FemalePPCMembership

FemalePCMembership

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participate,butlackofdevelopmentandlowliteracyrateshascreatedasocietywherewomen’sparticipationinpeaceisnotprioritized.242Women’sparticipationinpoliticsinHelmandissaidtobeimpededbylackofsecurity,butmostlynepotismandpatriarchy,wheremendonottoleratewomenattheworkplace.243InKandaharandPaktia,mostcomplaintsconcerntraditionalismandpatriarchy,wherewomenwhodomanagetoparticipateinpoliticsarenotgiventimetospeakandnotlistenedto.244InUruzgan,badsecuritysituationanddiscriminationatworkplacehavelimitedwomen’sparticipationinpoliticssignificantly.245Women’sparticipationinthecivilserviceinthefourSouthernprovinces,especiallyinPaktiaandUruzgan,isamongthelowestinAfghanistan(Figure11).InPaktia,womenwhoworkforthegovernmentaresaidtobesubjectedtodiscriminationandharassment.246InUruzgan,apartfromharassmentanddiscrimination,lackoffacilitiesingovernmentalorganizationsisdescribedasdeterringwomenfromworkingforthegovernment.247InHelmandandKandahar,mostcomplaintsconcernedpatriarchy,wherewomenarenottakenseriouslyorlistenedto.248Figure13:Women'sParticipationinCivilServiceinSouthernRegion

Source:CSO(2014/2015)InthefourSouthernprovinces,womenworkingforthepolicefaceseverechallenges:

TherearesomewomenworkingforthepoliceinHelmand(…)thepeopleoftheprovincedonotlikewomenworkinginmilitaryfunctions.Themaincauseofthisislackofawarenessandeducation(…)Also,sofar,fivefemalepoliceofficershavebeenkilled,sobadsecurityisalsoareasonwhywomendonotwanttoworkforthepolice…249

242KI-F-Uru-5,KI-F-Uru-6,KI-M-Uru-2,KI-M-Uru-7243FGD-F-Hel-1,KI-F-Hel-4,KI-F-Hel-5,KI-M-Hel-7244FGD-F-Kan-1,KI-F-Kan-1,KI-F-Kan-5,KI-F-Kan-6,KI-M-Kan-4,FGD-F-Pak-1,KI-F-Pak-5,KI-M-Pak-2245FGD-F-Uru-1,KI-F-Uru-5,KI-F-Uruz-6,KI-M-Uru-2,KI-M-Uru-3,KI-M-Uru-4,Ki-M-Uru-7246KI-M-Pak-2,FGD-F-Pak-1,KI-F-Pak-2247FGD-F-Uru-1,KI-F-Uru-5248FGD-F-Hel-1,KI-F-Hel-6,KI-M-Hel-2,FGD-F-Kan-1,KI-F-Kan-1249FGD-F-Hel-1,KI-F-Hel-1,KI-F-Hel-4,KI-F-Hel-6,KI-M-Hel-2,KI-M-Hel-2

14%13%

4% 4%

HELMAND KANDAHAR PAKTIA URUZGAN

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Themainchallengesaresaidtobelackofsecurityandthesociety’slackofrespecttowardwomenwhojointhepoliceforce.250

PreventionThoughtherearedifferentstructuresthatoughttoprotectwomen,womeninSouthernprovincesfacesevereshortcomingsinfacilitiesavailabletothemintheireffortstocombatviolenceanddiscrimination(Figure12).Figure14:AProfileofVAWandProtectiveStructures

Source:NumberofsafehousesandFRUsareprovidedbyDoWA,thenumberofcasesofVAW,casesofsuicideandthenumberofwomeninsafehousesareprovidedbytheAIHRCThemostcommontypesofviolencethatwomeninSouthernprovincesaresubjectedtoareeconomic,physical,verbalandpsychologicalabuseandforcedandunderagemarriages.251However,whatmakesSouthernprovinces,exceptKandahar,differentfromotherprovincesishowcommonthetraditionofBadDadan,wherewomenareusedasretributiontosettlefeudsbetweentribes,is.InHelmand,PaktiaandUruzgan,badismentionedasacommontypeofviolence.252Themaincausesofviolenceagainstwomenaresaidtobelackofawarenessandpoverty.253Innoneofthefourprovincescouldtheintervieweesidentifystructuresandmechanismsthatactivelytrytopreventviolenceagainstwomen.Theformalinstitutions,whicharethemaindeterrents,suchasthejudiciaryandthepolicearesaidtolackcapacityandawarenessofEVAWlawtopunishviolatorsof

250FGD-F-Kan-1,KI-F-Kan-5,KI-M-Kan-2,KI-M-Kan-4,KI-M-Kan-7,KI-F-Pak-3,KI-M-Pak-7,KI-M-Uru-7,KI-M-Uru-2,KI-M-Uru-3

251KI-F-Hel-1,KI-F-Hel-4,KI-F-Hel-5,KI-F-Hel-6,KI-F-Kan-1,KI-F-Kan-6,KI-M-Kan-2,KI-M-Kan-7,FGD-F-Pak-1,KI-M-Pak-2FGD-F-Uru-1,KI-F-Uru-1,KI-F-Uru-5,KI-F-Uru-6

252FGD-F-Hel-1,KI-F-Hel-1,KI-F-Hel-4,KI-F-Hel-5,KI-F-Hel-6,FGD-F-Pak-1,KI-M-Pak-2FGD-F-Uru-1,KI-F-Uru-1,KI-F-Uru-5,KI-F-Uru-6

253KI-F-Hel-1,KI-F-Hel-4,KI-F-Hel-5,KI-F-Hel-6,KI-F-Kan-1,KI-F-Kan-6,KI-M-Kan-2,KI-M-Kan-7,FGD-F-Pak-1,KI-M-Pak-2FGD-F-Uru-1,KI-F-Uru-1,KI-F-Uru-5,KI-F-Uru-6

0 0 1

35

69

00 0 1

119

183

00 0 1

22

3 01 1 1

22

52

0

NUMBEROFSAFEHOUSES NUMBEROFWOMENINSAFEHOUSES

NUMBEROFFAMILYRESPONSEUNITS

NUMBEROFFEMALEPOLICEOFFICERS

NUMBEROFCASESOFVAW

NUMBEROFCASESOFSUICIDE

Helmand

Kandahar

Pakva

Uruzgan

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women’srights.254Inallprovinces,theintervieweesrecommendedawarenesstrainingsformenandwomenaswellasreligiousleaderstobeaneffectivemethodtopreventviolenceagainstwomen.255InHelmandtheintervieweesFRUstobetheonlyunitwithintheANPtohaveknowledgeofEVAWlaw.256InKandaharandPaktia,thepolicelackknowledgeofEVAWlawandnottoactuponit.257InUruzgan,thepolicearesaidtohavesomeknowledgeoftheEVAWlaw,butchoosenottoactuponit.258

ProtectionThefourSouthernprovinceshavemuchincommonwithregardstowomen’saccesstojusticeandthejudiciary’sabilitytoprotectwomen.Inallprovinces,theintervieweesstatedthatwomenwhoseekhelpfromtheformaljudiciaryarenottoleratedbytheirfamiliesandtribes.259Helmand,PaktiaandUruzgan,corruptionwasmentionedasamajordeterrentforwomenseekingjustice.260Lackoffemaleemployeeswithintheformaljudiciaryisalsosaidtoobstructwomen’saccesstojusticesignificantly.261Inallprovincestheintervieweesstatedthatwomengenerallylackawarenessandliteracy,whichmakesitpracticallyimpossibleforthemtoseekjustice.262TheuseofinformaljudiciaryinSouthernprovincesismorecommonthanotherregionsinthecountry.

Everyfamily,tribeorgroupsofspecificreligiousdenominationaresaidtohaveaninformalcourtoftheirown.263Inallprovinces,theintervieweesstatedthatthedecisionsandverdictsoftheinformalcourtsareunjustandinformedandthosepresidingoverinformalcourtsaresaidtolacklegalorreligiousknowledgetofulfilltheirduties.264Uruzganistheonlyprovincewherewomenwhoselivesarebeingthreatenedcanseekrefugeinasafehouse.However,thesafehousethereisnotanofficialsafehousebutonethatisfoundedbytheprovincialpolicechiefuponhispersonalinsistence.265

ReliefandRecoveryNospecialprovisionsareprovidedtowidowsanddisabledwomeninanyofthefourprovinces.Thoughthelawdoesrequirethegovernmenttoprovidewidowsofwarwithsomesalary,corruptionandlackofcapacitywithinthegovernmentalorganizationslimitsthecapacitytodelivertherequiredprovisionstothosewhohavetherighttoearnthem.Inallprovinces,theintervieweesstatedthatNGOsaretheonly

254FGD-F-Hel-1,KI-M-Hel-2,FGD-F-Kan-1,KI-F-Kan-6,FGD-F-Pak-1,KI-F-Pak-4,KI-M-Pak-2,FGD-F-Uru-1,KI-F-Uru-5,KI-F-Uru-6,KI-M-Uru-4

255FGD-F-Hel-1,KI-F-Hel-4,KI-F-Hel-6,FGD-F-Kan-1,KI-F-Kan-1,KI-F-Kan-6,FGD-F-Pak-1,KI-F-Pak-5,FGD-F-Uru-1256FGD-F-Hel-1,KI-M-Hel-2257FGD-F-Kan-1,KI-F-Kan-6,FGD-F-Pak-1,KI-F-Pak-4,KI-M-Pak-2258FGD-F-Uru-1,KI-F-Uru-5,KI-F-Uru-6,KI-M-Uru-4259FGD-F-Hel-1,KI-M-Hel-1,KI-M-Hel-3,FGD-F-Kan-1,KI-F-Kan-1,KI-M-Kan-4,KI-M-Kan-7,FGD-F-Pak-1,KI-F-Pak-5,FGD-F-Uru-1,KI-M-Uru-2,KI-M-Uru-4,KI-M-Uru-7

260FGD-F-Hel-1,KI-M-Hel-1,KI-M-Hel-3,FGD-F-Pak-1,KI-F-Pak-5,FGD-F-Uru-1,KI-M-Uru-2,KI-M-Uru-4,KI-M-Uru-7261KI-M-Hel-1,KI-M-Hel-3,FGD-F-Kan-1,KI-F-Kan-1,KI-M-Kan-4,FGD-F-Pak-1,KI-F-Pak-5262FGD-F-Hel-1,KI-M-Hel-1,KI-M-Hel-3,FGD-F-Kan-1,KI-F-Kan-1,KI-M-Kan-4,KI-M-Kan-7,FGD-F-Pak-1,KI-F-Pak-5,FGD-F-Uru-1,KI-M-Uru-2,KI-M-Uru-4,KI-M-Uru-7

263KI-F-Hel-4,KI-F-Hel-3,KI-M-Hel-7,FGD-F-Hel-1264KI-M-Hel-2,KI-F-Hel-5,KI-F-Kan-6,KI-F-Kan-5,KI-M-Kan-2,KI-M-Pak-3,KI-M-Pak-7,KI-F-Uru-1,KI-F-Uru-5265FGD-F-Uru-1,KI-F-Uru-6,KI-M-Uru-1

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unitsthatprovidesomeassistancetowidowsanddisabled,buttheprovisionsaresaidtobebelowtheminimumrequirements.266Helmandhaswitnessedelevatedlevelsofconflictinmanyofitsdistrictsinrecentmonths.Thishasledtohighnumbersofconflict-inducedIDPsbetweendistricts.DespitethesurgeinIDPnumbers,theintervieweesstatedthatnoprovisionsarebeingprovidedtoIDPsintheirprovince.267FemaleIDPswho,togetherwithchildren,areamongthemostvulnerableofIDPsarelefttothemercyoftheirmalerelativesforshelterandfood.268InKandahar,PaktiaandUruzgan,theintervieweesstatedtheonlysourceofassistancetoIDPstobeanumberofINGOsandthatthereisaneedformore.269UruzganistheonlyprovinceamongtheSouthernprovincesthathasasafehouse.Theconditionsinthesafehousearedescribedasbelowminimumandnoreintegrationmechanismsaresaidtobepresent.270Thereisnowomen’sprisoninUruzganandconvictedwomenaretakentoprisonsinneighboringprovinces.271InHelmand,KandaharandPaktia,theconditionsofprisonsaredescribedasbad.Femaleinmatesaresaidtohavenoaccesstoeducationandhealthservices,whichmakestheirreintegrationchallenging.272InHelmand,thoughwomeninthecenterdohaveaccesstohealthandeducationservices,thedeterioratingsecuritysituationhaslimitedtheiraccesstosignificantly.273Kandaharistheonlyprovincewheretheintervieweesstatedthatwomen’slackofaccesstohealthbutalsoeducationiscausedbytheirfamiliesnotallowingthemtovisithealthcenters.274InPaktiaandUruzgan,theintervieweesstatedthatwomendohaveaccesstohealth,butexpressedaneedformorefacilitiesandhumanresources,suchasfemaleteachersanddoctorsandbettermedication.275

HelmandProvinceStakeholderAnalysis• DepartmentofWomen’sAffairs:TheintervieweefromtheDoWAhadnoknowledgeofUNSCR1325andstatedittobethefirsttimethatshehashearditsname.

• DepartmentofLabor,SocialAffairs,MartyredandDisabled:IntervieweesfromDoLSAMDstatedtohavesomeknowledgeofUNSCR1325becausetheyhaveparticipatedinaworkshopgiveninKandaharprovince.

• FamilyResponseUnity(FRU):TheFRUinHelmandstatedtohavenoknowledgeUNSCR1325andhowitisrelatedtowomen.NorhavetheemployeesoftheFRUeverparticipatedorbeeninvitedtoaworkshoportrainingregardingUNSCR1325.

266FGD-F-Hel-1,KI-F-Hel-4,KI-F-Hel-5,KI-F-Hel-6,FGD-F-Kan-1,KI-F-Kan-1,KI-M-Kan-7,FGD-F-Pak-1,KI-M-Pak-1,FGD-F-Uru-1,KI-F-Uru-1,KI-F-Uru-5,KI-F-Uru-6

267FGD-F-Hel-1,KI-F-Hel-4,KI-F-Hel-5,KI-M-Hel-7268KI-M-Hel-7,FGD-F-Hel-1,KI-F-Hel-4,KI-F-Hel-5269FGD-F-KAn-1,KI-F-Kan-1,FGD-F-Pak-1,KI-F-Pak-5,KI-M-Pak-2,KI-F-Uru-1,KI-F-Uru-5270FGD-F-Uru-1,KI-F-Uru-1,KI-F-Uru-5,KI-M-Uru-7271FGD-F-Uru-1,KI-F-Uru-6,KI-M-Uru-3272FGD-F-Hel-1,KI-F-Hel-4,KI-F-Hel-6,KI-M-Hel-2,KI-F-Kan-1,KI-F-Kan-6,FGD-F-Kan-1,FGD-F-Pak-1,KI-F-Pak-5,KI-F-Pak-4

273FGD-F-Hel-1,KI-F-Hel-6,KI-M-Hel-2,KI-M-Hel7274KI-F-Kan-5,KI-F-Kan-6,KI-F-Kan-1,FGD-F-Kan-1275FGD-F-Pak-1,KI-F-Pak-4,KI-F-Pak-5,KI-M-Pak-2,KI-M-Pak-3,KI-M-Pak-6,KI-M-Pak-7,FGD-F-Uru-1,KI-F-Uru-1,KI-F-Uru-6,KI-M-Uru-3

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• AfghanistanIndependentHumanRightsCommission(AIHRC):IntervieweesfromAIHRCinHelmandshowedfullknowledgeofUNSCR1325.

• AfghanistanIndependentBarAssociation(AIBA):ThereislittleornoknowledgeofUNSCR1325orNAP1325withinAIBA,despitethemandatetoimproveaccesstofairtrials,increaseconfidenceinthelegalprofessionamongthepublic,improvecooperationbetweenstakeholdersinthejusticesector,promotenewgenerationsofdedicatedlegalprofessionals,andfightagainstadministrativecorruption.276

• WazirMohammadAkbarKhanAssociation(WMAKO):IntervieweefromWMAKOstatedtohaveheardabouttheresolutioninthemedia,buttohavenoknowledgeofitscontents.

Influence/AwarenessMatrixofHelmandProvinceKnowledgeonUNSCR1325

HighLow

• DoLSAMD • DoWA

• AIHRC) • FRU

InfluenceonPolicy-making

High

Low

• WMAKO

KandaharProvinceStakeholderAnalysis• ProvincialWomen’sNetwork(PWN)Kandahar:MembersofthePWNKandaharstatedtohavenoknowledgeofUNSCR1325.However,despitenotknowingthecontentsofthedocument,theyareawareofissuesthatconcernwomen’speaceandsecurityandacknowledgetheimportancewomen’sparticipationasprescribedbyUNSCR1325.

• DepartmentofWomen’sAffairsKandahar:TheintervieweesfromtheDoWAshowedawarenessofUNSCR1325andstatedtohavereceivedtrainingsfromAIHRCintheprovince.

• DepartmentofLabor,SocialAffairs,MartyredandDisabled:IntervieweesfromDoLSAMDinKandaharstatedtohavenoknowledgeofUNSCR1325.

• AfghanNationalPolice(ANP)Kandahar:TheANPinKandaharstatedtohavenoknowledgeofUNSCR1325andtheirmainguidelineforprotectionofwomen’srighthasbeentheEVAWLaw.

• FamilyResponseUnit(FRU):TheFRUinKandaharstatedtohavenoknowledgeofUNSCR1325andtheirmainguidelineforprotectionofwomen’srighthasbeentheEVAWLaw.

276AllinformationonAIBAisretrievedfromInsightonConflict(2015),availableat:http://www.aiba.af/english/index.php?rcv_main=about%20us.html(09/10/2015)

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• AfghanistanIndependentBarAssociation(AIBA):IntervieweesfromAIBAinKandaharstatedtohavenoknowledgeonUNSCR1325

• JusticeforAllOrganization(JFAO):IntervieweesfromJFAOinKandaharstatedtohavenoknowledgeonUNSCR1325.

Influence/AwarenessMatrixofKandaharProvinceKnowledgeonUNSCR1325

HighLow

• DoWA • DoLSAMD

• ANP

• FRU

InfluenceonPolicy-making

High

Low

• AIBA• JFAO• PWN

PaktiaProvinceStakeholderAnalysisDepartmentofWomen’sAffairsPaktia:TheintervieweesfromtheDoWAinPaktiashowedsomeknowledgeofUNSCR1325butstatedtohavenotreceivedanytrainingonthesubject.DepartmentofLabor,SocialAffairs,MartyredandDisabled:IntervieweesfromDoLSAMDinPaktiastatedtohavenoknowledgeofUNSCR1325.AfghanNationalPolice(ANP)Paktia:TheANPinPaktiastatedtohavenoknowledgeofUNSCR1325andtheirmainguidelineforprotectionofwomen’srighthasbeentheEVAWLaw.FamilyResponseUnit(FRU)Paktia:TheFRUinPaktiastatedtohavenoknowledgeofUNSCR1325andtheirmainguidelineforprotectionofwomen’srighthasbeentheEVAWLaw.AfghanistanIndependentHumanRightsCommission(AIHRC):IntervieweesfromAIHRCinPaktiashowedfullknowledgeofUNSCR1325andstatedtohaveparticipatedinthelauncheventofAfghanistan’sNAP1325inJuneof2015.AfghanWomen’sNetwork(AWN):IntervieweesfromAWNPaktiastatedtohavenoknowledgeofUNSCR1325andnottohavereceivedanytrainingsonthematter.SheenChamanOrganization,AhmadabadYouthSociety,MirzakaYouthCouncil:AllCSOsinterviewedinPaktiastatednottoknowaboutUNSCR1325andnottohavehadanytrainingsontheissueaswell.

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Influence/AwarenessMatrixofPaktiaProvinceKnowledgeonUNSCR1325

HighLow

• DoWA• DoLSAMD

• AIHRC

• AWN• ANP• FRU

InfluenceonPolicy-making

High

Low

• SheenChamanOrganization

• AhmadabadYouthSociety

• MirzakaYouthCouncil

UruzganProvinceStakeholderAnalysis• DepartmentofWomen’sAffairsUruzgan:TheintervieweesfromtheDoWAinUruzganstatedtohavenoknowledgeofUNSCR1325.

• DepartmentofLabor,SocialAffairs,MartyredandDisabled:IntervieweesfromDoLSAMDinUruzganstatedtohavenoknowledgeofUNSCR1325.

• AfghanNationalPolice(ANP)Uruzgan:TheANPinUruzganstatedtohavenoknowledgeofUNSCR1325andtheirmainguidelineforprotectionofwomen’srighthasbeentheEVAWLaw.

• AfghanistanIndependentHumanRightsCommission(AIHRC):IntervieweesfromAIHRCinUruzganstatedtohavenoknowledgeofUNSCR1325.

• AfghanistanIndependentBarAssociation(AIBA):IntervieweesfromAIBAinUruzganstatedtohavenoknowledgeonUNSCR1325

• JusticeforAllOrganization(JFAO):JusticeforAllOrganization(JFAO)workstostrengthentheruleoflawandexpandaccesstojusticeforindigentwomeninAfghanistan.JFAOalsotrainswomenabouttheirconstitutionalandsocialrights,preparingthemforleadershiproleswithinAfghanistan’slegalandpoliticalsectors.IntervieweesfromJFAOinUruzganstatedtohavenoknowledgeonUNSCR1325.

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Influence/AwarenessMatrixofUruzganProvinceKnowledgeonUNSCR1325

HighLow

• DoWA• DoLSAMD

• AIHRC

• ANP

InfluenceonPolicy-making

High

Low • AIBA• JFAO

ActionPlan:SouthernRegion

TrainingandAwarenessRaisingWomen’sparticipationatalllevelsofthesocietyinSouthernProvincesislowerthanotherregionsmonitoredinthisreport.Whenprovisionsprovidedtoemployeesoractivistsarescarce,womensuffermore.Thesocietyandmorespecificallythecommunitiesintheseprovincesneedtargetedandtailor-madestrategiestoenhancewomen’sparticipationinpeace,politics,civilserviceanddecision-makingandleadership.Men,whoareactiveinpeace,politicsandcivilserviceinallfourprovincesneedtrainingsonprinciplesofgender-mainstreamingandgender-equality.Thetrainingsandactivitiesoughttocombatdiscriminationagainstwomenandhelpcreateanenablingenvironmentinwhichwomencanfreelyparticipateandbelistenedtoandalsohelpprofessionallyactivewomengaintheskillsandcapacitytoparticipateandengagewithmenmoreeffectively.Thetrainingsthattargetmenoughttobemorefocusedonawarenessraisingonprinciplesofgenderequalityandfemaleparticipation.Thetrainingsthattargetwomenoughttocontaintheawarenessraisingaswellascapacity-buildingcomponents.EVAWLaw,UNSCR1325aswellasNAP1325needtobeanessentialelementofthetrainingsprovidedtobothmenandwomen.

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Enhancingwomen’sparticipationinANPandensuringsafeoperationofwomenwithinthesecurityforcesisapriority.Rigorousawarenesscampaignsareneededtochangepeople’sperceptionsofwomenworkinginthepolice.Thedatashowthatthoughallkindsofviolenceagainstwomenoccur,womeninSouthernProvincesaremoresubjectedtoBaddadanbythroughinformalortribalcourtsthanwomeninotherprovinces.Theproceduresoftheinformalcourtsareunprofessionalandtheverdictsareusuallydescribedasunjustandskewedinfavorofmen.Awarenesshasgenerallybeenconsideredtobethemosteffectivemeasuretoreduceviolenceagainstwomen.Communityandreligiousleaders,especiallythosepresidingoverinformalcourtsneedrigoroustrainingsontheimplicationsofbaddadan,aswellastheprinciplesofEVAW-andfamilylaw.ThestakeholderanalysisshowsthattheFRUsandANPlackin-depthunderstandingofUNSCR1325andinsomeinstanceseventheEVAWLaw.MoreinParwanthaninKabul,theANPandFRUneedmoretrainingandunderstandingofEVAW-LawaswellasNAP1325.

AdvocacyPatriarchy,partlycausedbytraditionalism,butalsoahistoryofconflictismoredominantinSouthernprovincesthananyothermonitoredregion.TheProvincialWomen’sNetworksinthesefourprovincesneedtoengagereligiousleadersandgovernmental,non-governmentalandcivilsocietyorganizationsatadistrict,provincialandnationalleveltoeliminatediscriminationagainstwomenandgirlsandinstitutionalizesomesortofgenderjusticeinthefoursouthernprovinces.ProvincialCouncilsandProvincialPeaceCommitteesaswellasgovernmentalorganizationsneedtosetupspecialprovisionstoensurepresenceandactiveroleofwomeninagenda-settinganddecisionmaking.Alldecisionsmadebythecouncilsandcommitteesandpoliciesdevelopedbythegovernmentneedtohaveagender-mainstreamingperspectiveintheirdevelopmentandimplementationactivities.Thiswillincreaseopportunitiesforwomen’sparticipationindecision-makingandleadershippositions.Principlesofgender-balancing,asprescribedbyUNSCR1325,needtobeinstitutionalizedwithinallgovernmentalandnon-governmentalinstitutions.WomenworkingforthepoliceinSouthernprovinceslacknumbersandholdthelowestpossibleranks,withoutanyprospectsofapromotion.Rigorouscampaigningisneededtoenhancewomen’sparticipationANP.ThisespeciallyappliestohavingwomeninhigherranksoftheANP.Thesecampaignoughttobedirectedtowardtheresponsiblegovernmentalentitiesaswellasthesociety,wherefemalepoliceofficersarestigmatized.Women’srightsactivistsinthesefourprovincesneedtopartner-upwiththereligiousleadersandcommunityeldersandadvocateagainstviolenceagainstwomen,especiallythetraditionofBaddadan.TheadvocacyactivitiesalsooughttobedirectedtowardtheMinistriesandDepartmentsofWomen’sAffairsandHajjandReligiousAffairstoworkcloselytoincludeissuesregardingwomen’srightsinFridayprayersermons.Formaljudiciaryismoreadeterrentforwomenseekingjusticethantheviolatorsofwomen’srights.Inallprovinces,theformaljudiciaryisdescribedasinstitutionswherepracticesofnepotismandcorruptionarecommonandwherewomenarediscriminatedagainst.Effectiveadvocacy,directedtowardtheMinistriesandDepartmentsofJusticeandInterioraswellastheAttorneyGeneral’sOffice,is

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neededtoenhancethequalityofjusticeprovidedbytheformaljudiciary.Thefocusoftheadvocacyandcampaigningought,inthefirstplace,tobeonenhancingwomen’saccesstothepoliceandempoweringtheFRUstobemoreeffectiveand,secondly,eliminatingdiscriminationofwomenandgirlsinneedofjusticeaswellasreducingthedegreeofcorruption,ofwhichwomenarethemainvictims.Thequalityandscopeofreliefandrecoveryservicesdeliveredtowomenneedtoimprove.AdvocacyactivitiesshouldbedirectedtowardtheMoLSAMDandDoLSAMDstoenhancethequalityofserviceandprovisionsdeliverytowomenwhoarewidowedordisabled.Thefocusofthecampaignsshouldbeeliminatingcorruptionandnepotismaswellasenhancingtheextentandthescopeofservicesandprovisionsprovided.Uruzganistheonlysouthernprovincewithasafehouse,whichlackfacilitiesandisnotofficiallyacknowledgedorregisteredwithformalauthorities.Thereisaneedforwell-equippedsafehousesinallfourprovinces.Therearenowomen’sprisonsinUruzganandthelivingconditionsforfemaleinmatesinotherprovincesneedtoimprove.AdvocacyactivitiesforenhancedconditionsforwomeninsafehousesandprisonsneedtobedirectedtowardtheministriesanddepartmentsofJustice,Interiorandwomen’saffairsaswellastheAttorney’sOffice.MinistriesanddepartmentsofWomen’sAffairs,JusticeandInterioraswellastheAttorneyGeneral’sofficeshouldbetargetedandapproachedforenhancingthereintegrationmechanismsandservicestowomenwhoresideinsafehousesandfemaleinmates.Advocacyactivitiesneedtobedirectedtowardthecommunitiestoacceptwomen’sneedsforhealthandeducationalservicesaswellastowardtheministriesanddepartmentsofhealth,educationandwomen’saffairs,toincreasethenumberoffemaledoctorsandfemaleteachersinallprovincesanddistricts.

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7.Conclusion

The“MonitoringWomen,PeaceandSecurity”(MWPS)projectwasdesignedtocontributetoeffortsinmeetingAfghanistan’scommitmentstotheUNSCR1325.Assuch,theprojectisexpectedtocontributetoeffortstoreduceviolenceagainstwomen,fosterwomen'sparticipationinpolitics,andsupporttheirroleinthepeaceprocess.Theprojecthasspecificactivityareasfortakingstockofcurrentconditionsinthetargetprovinces,appliedresearchonthematicissues,mobilizationatthecommunitylevel,andadvocacyatthelocal,sub-national,national,andinternationallevels.Women'sparticipationinpoliticsremainslimitedinallprovinces.Thoughlackofsecurityandconflictarepointedtoaskeyimpedingfactors,socialconservatismandpatriarchyaretheunderlyingfactorsthatconstrainwomen’saccesstopolitics.Similarly,thoughfemalemembersoftheProvincialPeaceCouncilsstatetohaveinsecuritylimitingtheirmobility,itistheattitudeoftheirmalecolleaguesandfamilymembersthatlimittheirparticipationinmeetingsandgatherings.Violenceagainstwomenhasincreasedin2015.Apartfrompovertyandunemployment,themaincausesofviolenceagainstwomenaresaidtobelackofpreventivemechanisms,suchasaccesstotheformaljustice,whichiscausedbyconservatismandpatriarchy.Institutionschargedwithprotectingwomen,suchastheformaljudiciaryandthepolice,aresaidtobecorruptandsystematicallydiscriminatorytowardwomen,treatingthemunfairlyandunequallyascomparedtomen.ANPandFRUandmanygovernmentalorganizationslackknowledgeofEVAWlawandNAP1325.Womenwhoreportviolenceagainstthemrunthelikelyriskofsocialstigmatization,lossofsocialoreconomicsafetynets,andcouldretaliationbyperpetrators.ThoughmorecommoninSouthernregions,becauseoftheseimpediments,mostcasesofdomesticdisputesaresolvedthroughtheinvolvementofcommunityeldersinaninformaljudicialsetting.Thedecisionsmadebyinformalortribalcourtsaredescribedasunfairanddiscriminatorytowardwomen.ThoughAfghanistan’sNAP1325promisessomereliefandrecoveryprovisionstofemalevictimsofconflictand(sexual)violence,thedeliveryofmanyoftheprovisionsisyettohappen.ThoughthelawdoesrequiretheDoLSAMDinallprovincestoprovidewidowsofwarwithsomesalary,thereismuchcomplaintaboutthecorruption,nepotismandqualityofservicedelivery.Inallprovinces,theintervieweesaddedthattheprovisionsaresometimesprovidedtothosewhodonothavetherighttoreceiveit,whilethosewhorightfullyclaimtheirbenefitsarenothelped.Kandaharistheonlymonitoredprovincewherewomen’saccesstohealthservicesissaidtobeimpededbytraditionalism.Inallotherprovinceslackofmedication,healthcentersandfemalehealthprofessionalsaresaidtolimitwomen’saccesstohealthcare.TheprotectionofIDPsisoutlinedbythecountry’sIDPpolicyandfallsunderthemandateoftheMinistryofRefugeesandRepatriation(MoRR).ThedatafromthefieldsuggeststhatinsufficientassistanceisprovidedbyMoRRtoprotecttheIDPswiththemostvulnerablebeingneglectedthemost.Itisprimarily

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UNHCR,andafewotherinternationalorganizations,thataretheagenciesreferredtoastheentitiesthatprovidethemostassistance.Intermsofprotectionandpreventionprogrammingmuchmoreneedstobedoneintemporaryshelterstoaddressbasicfoodandshelterneedswhileeffortstoprovideeducationforchildrenandadults,vocationaltrainingforwomen,andhealthservicesforwomenneedtobeintensified.TherelevantexternalstakeholdersforthisprojectineachprovinceareidentifiedtobetheMoWA,MoLSAMD,ANP/FRU,AIHRCandtworelevantcivilsocietyorganizations.AnanalysisofrelevantexternalstakeholdersinmonitoredprovincesshowthatalmostallofthemlackoperationalandknowledgeandunderstandingofUNSCR1325andespeciallytheNAP1325.IthasbeenrecommendedthatallthesestakeholdersneedtrainingsandworkshopsonUNSCR1325,NAP1325andtheEVAWlawaswellastheimportanceofgendermainstreamingandgenderbalancingasprescribedbyUNSCR1325.Therecommendedactivities,aimedtoenhancetheimplementationofUNSCR1325andNAP1325consistofadvocacyandawarenesstrainingsandworkshopsdirectedtowardthecivilserviceandmenandwomenactiveinpeacetalks,politicsandthesecurityforcesaswellasmaleandfemalecommunityandreligiousleaders.Thetrainingsandactivitiesoughttocombatdiscriminationagainstwomenandhelpcreateanenablingenvironmentinwhichwomencanfreelyparticipateandbelistenedtoandalsohelpprofessionallyactivewomengaintheskillsandcapacitytoparticipateandengagewithmenmoreeffectively.Thetrainingsthattargetmenoughttobemorefocusedonawarenessraisingonprinciplesofgenderequalityandfemaleparticipation.Thetrainingsthattargetwomenoughttocontaintheawarenessraisingaswellascapacity-buildingcomponents.EVAWLaw,UNSCR1325aswellasNAP1325needtobeanessentialelementofthetrainingsprovidedtobothmenandwomen.Theotherpartoftherecommendationsareadvocacyactivitiesdirectedtowardthegovernmentaimedtoprotectwomenfromviolenceandpreventviolenceagainstwomenaswellasenhancetheprovisionsofreliefandrecoveryprovidedtowomeninneed.Theseprovisionsalsoincludereintegrationmechanismsforwomenresidinginsheltersandprisonsaswellasprovisionsprovidedtowomenwhoarewidowedanddisabled.

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Recommendations

1. Inallprovinces,engageincapacity-buildingactivitiestohelpwomenactiveinpoliticsgaintherequiredskillsneededforactivepoliticalparticipation.

2. Throughadvocacyandactiveengagementofprominentwomen,keepthemomentumcausedbytheelectionsinBamyantoenhanceandenablewomentoparticipatemoreinpolitics.

3. InDaikundi,bycampaigningformorefemaleparticipationatthedecision-makinglevel,createanenablingenvironmentwithinthecivilserviceforwomentoparticipateandinfluencedecision-making

4. Enhancewomen’sparticipationinformalpeacebyengagingmenandadvocatingformorefemaleHPC/PPCmembership.

5. Empowerwomenandenhanceawarenessamongmentocombatdiscriminationwithincivilservice.

6. Campaigningformorefemaleparticipationatthedecision-makinglevelinallprovinces,especiallyinParwan,Uruzgan,Helmand,Kandahar.

7. Combatdiscriminationandabusewithinthepoliceforcetoenhancewomen’sparticipationinANP.

8. Increasethenumberoffemalepoliceofficers,bychangingpeople’sperceptionsoffemalepolice9. Tolimittheextentandtypesofviolenceagainstwomen,moreawarenessisneededonviolence

againstwomenformenandwomen.10. Moreawarenessonwomen’srightsandEVAWlawtomenandwomenaswellastheANPand

FRUs.11. Setupstructuresthatcouldpreventviolenceagainstwomenbeforeithappens.12. Enhancethequalityoftheformaljudiciary,whichisthemaindeterrenceforthoseviolating

women’srights.13. Inallprovinces,especiallyintheSouthernones,enhancethequalityofinformaljudiciaryand

teachthosepresidingoverinformalcourtsonhumanandwomen’srights14. Campaignforbetterdeliveryofprovisionsforwidowsanddisabledwomen.15. Setupstructuresthatareinchargeofreintegrationandsafetyofwomenwholeavesafehouses

and/orprisons16. Enhancethequalityoftrainingsandworkshopsgiventofemaleinmatesinordertohelpthem

reintegrateaftertheirrelease17. Increaseawarenessontheimportanceofeducationforgirls.18. Increasethenumberoffemaledoctorsbymakingmedicalschoolmoreaccessibletowomen.19. ThesafehouseinKunduzneedstobereopened.20. Improvelivingconditionsandenhancereintegrationmechanismsforwomenresidinginprison

women’sprisoninBalkhandSouthernprovinces.21. EnhanceawarenessagainstBadDadaninallprovinces,especiallyHelmand,PaktiaandUruzgan22. Includereligiousinstitutionsandreligiousleadersineffortstocombatviolenceagainstwomen23. Increasethenumberofeffectivewomenintheformaljudiciary,especiallyintheSouthern

provinces24. ThereisaneedfornewandbetterequippedsafehousesinHelmand,Kandahar,Paktiaand

Uruzgan25. Inallprovinces,engageincapacity-buildingactivitiestohelpwomenactiveinpoliticsgainthe

requiredskillsneededforactivepoliticalparticipation

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Appendix1:SummaryofAfghanistan’sNAP1325(2015-2022)

ToimplementUNSCR1325,theGovernmentofAfghanistanhasdevelopedthisNationalActionPlantoachievethefollowing:

- ParticipationofwomeninthedecisionmakingandexecutivelevelsoftheCivilService,SecurityandPeaceandReintegration;

- Women’sactiveparticipationinnationalandprovincialelections;- Women’saccesstoeffective,activeandaccountablejusticesystem;- Healthandpsychosocialsupportforsurvivorsofsexualanddomesticviolencethroughout

Afghanistan;- Protectionofwomenfromalltypesofviolenceanddiscrimination;- Provisionoffinancialresourcesforactivitiesrelatedtowomeninemergency;- ImplementationofIDPspolicyprovisionsrelatedtoUNSCR1325;- Putanendtoimpunityforviolenceagainstwomen(VAW)andrelatedcrimes;- EngageboysandmeninfightingViolenceAgainstWomen;- Supportandprovidecapacitybuildingforcivilsociety(particularlywomen’sorganizations)on

UNSCR1325andwomen,peace,andsecurity;- Increaseeconomicsecurityforvulnerablewomenthroughincreasedemployment

opportunities;- Increaseaccesstoeducationandhighereducationforgirlsandwomen,particularlyforthe

internallydisplacedpersonsandreturnees;Duetomorethan3decadesofwar,thefollowingmajorareasrequirefocusedattention:

- Womenarevulnerabletosexualviolence,including:rape,sexualharassment,trafficking,forcedprostitution,andforcedmarriages

- Inremoteareas,womenlackaccesstojustices- Asaresultofthearmedconflictandthemarginalizationofwomeninsocietyatlarge,women

lackproperaccesstohealthcareservices,education,andemploymentopportunities.- Asaresult,illiteracyandunemploymentratesarehighestamongwomen,andAfghanistan

suffersfromasignificantmaternalmortalityrate.Internallydisplacedwomenandwomenlivinginconflict-affectedcommunitiesareparticularlyvulnerabletoinsecurity.

ConstitutionalProvisionsAccordingtoArticle22oftheAfghanConstitution,“[a]nykindofdiscriminationanddistinctionbetweencitizensofAfghanistanshallbeforbidden.ThecitizensofAfghanistan,manandwoman,haveequalrightsanddutiesbeforethelaw.”ThisArticleisthefoundationforincorporatingprinciplesofgenderequalityandnon-discriminationingovernmentpoliciesandinitiatives.Women’srighttovoteandrepresentationintheNationalAssemblyisenshrinedinthe1964Constitution.Theserightswerestrengthenedin2004withthenewConstitutionthatsetthe26percentquotaofseatsforwomenintheLowerHouse(WolesiJirga)and17percentintheUpperHouse(MeshranoJirga).Followingthe2010elections,Afghanwomenrepresented27.7%oftheWolesiJirga.ArticlesNo43,44,53,and54oftheAfghanConstitutionarticulateprovisionsoneducation,healthcare,welfare,andemploymentservicesforwomen.Thesearticlesensurewomen’saccesstoeducation,healthcare,andemploymentinAfghanistan,whicharepre-conditionsfortheirmeaningfulpoliticalparticipationaswellasanimportantcomponentofthereliefandrecovery.

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LegalProvisionsThelawsofAfghanistanguaranteetheprotectionofwomen’srightandfreedom.Thegovernmentislegallyboundtoprotectwomenagainstviolence.In2009theEliminationofViolenceagainstWomen(EVAW)Lawwasadopted,whichlists22offencesincludingforcedmarriageandrape.Inanattempttostrengthenthelegalprovisionsandstructurestoeliminateviolenceagainstwomenandincreasewomen’sparticipation,thegovernmenthastakenthefollowingsignificantsteps:

- AdoptionoftheEVAWLaw- AmendmentofsomeoftheprovisionsintheCivilServantsLawtopromotewomen’srights- DevelopmentoftheFamilyLaw- Developmentofprocedurestopreventdiscrimination- DevelopmentofShelterRegulations,and- PresidentialDecreeNo45(Paragraph32)onEliminationofViolenceagainstWomen.

NAP1325PillarsParticipation:

• Increaseeffectiveparticipationofwomeninthedecision-makingandexecutivelevelsofthecivilservice

• Ensurewomen’sactiveandeffectiveparticipationinleadershippositionsofsecurityagencies• Ensurewomen’seffectiveparticipationinthepeaceprocess• Encouragewomen’smeaningfulparticipationinthedraftingofstrategiesandpoliciesonpeace

andsecurity• Strengthenwomen’sactiveparticipationinpolitics

Protections:

• Protectwomenfromallformsofviolenceanddiscriminationthroughtheenforcement,monitoringandamendmentofexistinglawsanddevelopmentofnewlawsandpolicies.

• Promotewomen’shumanrightsgendermainstreamingoflaws,policies,andinstitutionalreforms.

• Createanenablingenvironmentforwomentohaveaccesstojusticethroughwomen’seffectiveparticipationinthejudiciary.

• Protectwomenfromallformsofviolencethroughawarenessraisingandpublicoutreach.• Providehealth,psychological,andsocialservicesforwomensurvivorsofviolencethroughout

Afghanistan.• Effectspecialmeasurestoensurewomen’sprotectionfromsexualviolence.

− − Prevention:

• Preventviolenceagainstwomen.• Eliminatecultureofimpunityinviolenceagainstwomen.• Strengthentheroleofwomeninthesecuritysectorandjudicialstructures.• Effectgender-relatedreformsinthesecurityandjusticesectors.• Involvemenandboysinthefightagainstallformsofviolenceagainstwomen.• Increaseawarenessamongwomenoftheirrightsandtheirroleinpreventingviolenceand

resolvingconflict.− − ReliefandRecovery:

• Providereliefandrecoveryservicesforwomenaffectedbyconflict,internaldisplacementand

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womensurvivorsofviolence.• Increaseruralwomen’seconomicsecuritythroughincreasedemploymentopportunities.• Considerwomen’ssocialandeconomicneedsinthedesign,implementation,andevaluationof

reliefandrecoveryprograms.• ImplementthepolicyprovisionsofUNSCR1325fortheinternallydisplacedpersons(IDPs).

ImplementationTheimplementationoccursintwophasesoffouryearseach:2015-2018and2018-2022.Theimplementingagencieshavebeendividedintotwocategorieslead(governmental)andsupport(civilsociety).ReportingandAccountabilityAllleadandsupportingimplementingagencieswillberesponsibleforreportingontheirassignedactivitiesonanannualbasistotheDHRWIA-MoFA.TheDHRWIAwillcompilethereportsandsubmitthemtotheSteeringCommitteeforapproval.Afterapprovingthereport,theSteeringCommitteewillsubmitthefinalreporttothePresidentOffice,theNationalAssemblyandtheinternationalcommunity.Theannualreportingwilladdress:theextentofactivitiesimplemented,financingallocated,disbursedandspent,progressmade,challengesencountered,andsuggestionstoimprovetheimplementation.1–SteeringCommittee:TheSteeringCommitteewasestablishedonApril14,2012,underPresidentialOrderNo434,andisanoverarchingbodytoadviseanddirecttheNAPdevelopmentprocess.TheSteeringCommitteeiscomprisedofrelevantgovernmentagenciesaswellasarepresentativefromcivilsociety.FollowingtheadoptionoftheNAP,theSteeringCommitteewillcontinuetohaveacentralroleintheimplementation,monitoringandevaluationoftheNAP.SteeringCommitteeMembersInstitution NAPRole1. MinisterofForeignAffairs ChairpersonMember2. DeputyMinister(Policy)ofMoD Member3. DeputyMinister(Security)oftheMoIA Member4. DeputyMinisterofPublicHealth(HealthcareServices) Member5. DeputyMinister(AdminandFinance)ofMoRR Member6. DeputyMinister(TechnicalandPolicy)ofMoWA Member7. SeniorAdvisorofMoJ Member8. DirectorofDHRWIAofMoFA Member9. DeputyDirectorofNDS Member10. Women’sRightsCommissioneroftheAIHRC Member11. RepresentativeofCivilSociety Member12. DirectorofInternationalRelationsoftheOfficeofAdministrativeAffairsand

SecretariatofMinisters’CouncilMember

2–TechnicalWorkingGroup:InordertoensureeffectiveimplementationandreportingoftheNAP,theannualreportsaswellasthemidtermreviewandfinalreviewwillbepublishedonMoFA’swebsite.MonitoringandEvaluationAMonitoringandEvaluation(M&E)Planisdesigned,whichincludesannual,mid-term(aftertwoyears)andfinalreviewinthefourthyear.TheM&EPlanincludestrackingandmonitoringoffinancingforthe

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NAPtoensuretransparentandeffectiveimplementation,forwhichtheSteeringCommitteeisresponsible.TheGIRoArecognizestheimportantroleofcivilsocietyasanindependentoversightbodyforthesuccessfulimplementationoftheNAP.

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Appendix2:PWN-relatedActivities

CentralRegionKabul:• ThePWNmeetinginKabulwasheldon27thJuly2015with30members.Duringthemeetingthe

provincialcoordinatorbriefedmembersaboutUNHCR1325,andpotentialstrategiesformonitoringviolenceagainstwomeninthecommunity.

• Atafollow-upmeetingon22ndAug2015,themembersdiscussedissuesfacingwomenintheircommunity.Therewasagreementtotrytoestablishliteracyandsewingworkshopsforlocalwomen,tohelpachievefinancialindependence.

• AfollowupontheJulymeetingonUN1325andviolenceagainstwomenwasheldon18thNovember.TheKabulmembersformedanadvocacygroupwithanactionplan,designedtofollowuponincidentsofgender-basedandincreasewomen’saccesstojustice.

• On18thDecember,themembersmettoapplytheprinciplesofUN1325tolocalissuesandtoidentifyongoingtheconcernsofwomeninthecommunity.

• Membersmeton17thJanuary2016toidentifyfactorsaffectingwomen’saccesstojusticelocally,alongwiththecorrespondingstrategies:promotingawarenessamongwomenabouttheirfundamentalrights,increasingthenumberoffemalestaffinthejudicialsystemandcampaigningforthefairimplementationofthelaw.

• On5thFeb2016,45womenand33mengatheredtoattendthescreeningofdocumentary“SixDays”inKabul.

Parwan:• PWNofficeestablishedon4th-8thDecember2015• On18thJan2015,thedocumentary“SixDays”wasscreenedfor70participantsinBagramiandthe

centreofParwanprovince.70participantsattendedthescreening,consistingof38femaleand32maleparticipants.

• ThePaktiaPWNmeton20thJanuary2016tooutlinethedriverslimitingaccesstojusticeforwomen,notablythelackof:awareness,ruleoflaw,femalelegalstaffandfinancialindependence.

CentralHighlandsBamyan:• On27thJuly2015,aPWNmeetingwasconductedinBamyanprovince.Thetrainingwasattendedby

30members,withthepurposeofsettingupanM&Emechanismtocharttheincidenceofgender-basedviolencewithintheprovinceandtrackthesuccessofgovernmentaleffortstoempowerwomen.

• On12thAugust2015,ameetingwasheldtostrengthenthecapacityofthenetwork.Themembersconfirmedthattheiradvocacyeffortsonjusticeforwomenhadalreadybegun,winningjusticeforawomenwhohadbeenbeatenbyherbrother-in-lawbysuccessfullyreferringthecasetotheHRC.

• Followingupontheirworkongender-basedviolence,themembersmeton23rdNovembertodrawupanactionplanandtoformanadvocacygrouptobringjusticetovictimsofVAW.

• Meetingon15thDecember,applyingprinciplesofUN1325toissuesaffectingwomenwithinthecommunity.

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• Membersmeton12thJanuary2016toidentifyfactorsaffectingwomen’saccesstojusticelocally,alongwiththecorrespondingstrategies:promotingawarenessamongwomenabouttheirfundamentalrights,increasingthenumberoffemalestaffinthejudicialsystemandcampaigningforthefairimplementationofthelaw.

• Thedocumentary“SixDays”wasscreenedon18th,19thand20thJanuary2015for75participantsinSheybar,YakawlangandcentreofBamyanprovince.Theparticipantscomprisedof4maleand71femalecivilsocietyactivists,communityelders,governmentalauthoritiesandstudents.InSheybar,atotalof15participantsattendedthescreening,whereasinYakawlangandthecentreofBamyan,30participantswerepresent.Thefeedbackfromtheparticipantswasoverwhelminglypositive.Attendeesappearedtorecognizethatthepublicisnotawareoftheirrights,whichcanthereforebeviolatedonaregularbasisfarmoreeasily.Followingthescreening,anumberoftheactivistsstatedthattheynowhadamuchbetterunderstandingoftheimportanceofawarenessraisingasastrategyforchange.

Daikundi:• PWNofficewasestablishedon2nd-11thDecember2015.• Membersmeton18thJanuary2016toidentifyfactorsaffectingwomen’saccesstojusticelocally,

alongwiththecorrespondingstrategies:promotingawarenessamongwomenabouttheirfundamentalrights,increasingthenumberoffemalestaffinthejudicialsystemandcampaigningforthefairimplementationofthelaw.

• InDiakundi,thedocumentary“SixDays”wasshownto75participantsinShahristanandcentreoftheprovinceon20thand21stJanuaryrespectively.Theaudiencewascomprisedof13menand62womenacrossbothlocalities.

WesternRegionHerat:• APWNmeetingwasheldon20thJuly2015with30members.TheparticipantslearntaboutUNSCR

1325,challengesfacingwomeninHeratandtheneedtomonitorsuchthreatssoastoadvocateforwomen’srightsmoreeffectively.

• Thenextsession,on18thAugust2015,involvedanevaluativeassessmentundertakenbyPWNHQ.Theyalsosharedtheirmainproblemswiththerepresentativesofthecentraloffice,notablythelackoffacilitiesandthreatstowomenwhocamefromdistricts.

• Followingupontheissueofviolenceidentifiedinthepreviousmeeting,on21stNovembermembersdrewupanactionplanandformedanadvocacygrouptobringperpetratorsofgender-basedviolenceinthecommunitytojustice.

• InameetingonDecember17,2015,membersdiscussedthelocalprevalenceofviolenceagainstwomen,alongwithitslinktoself-immolationwhichremainsmostcommoninHerat.Thememberspledgedtoraiseawarenessaboutgender-basedviolencebeforethenextmeeting,inefforttoreducecasesofsuicide.

• Membersmeton17thJanuary2016toidentifyfactorsaffectingwomen’saccesstojusticelocally,alongwiththecorrespondingstrategies:promotingawarenessamongwomenabouttheirfundamentalrights,increasingthenumberoffemalestaffinthejudicialsystemandcampaigningforthefairimplementationofthelaw.

• InHerat,thescreeningofdocumentary“SixDays”wasconductedovertwo-daysfor75peopleinthecentreandinEnjildistrict.40maleand35femaleparticipantsattendedtheevent.

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NorthernRegionFaryab:• DuringthePWNmeetinginFaryabon26thJuly2015,30memberslearntaboutUNSCR1325andthe

needtoadvocateformonitoringtheexpirydateofmedicines.• Afollow-upmeetingwasheldon25thAug2015,toplananadvocacyplantobeimplementedbefore

thenextmeeting.• On27thOctober,membersconfirmedthattheyhadreceivedreportsofgender-basedviolence

againstwomenintheircommunity,whichtheyhadreferredtotheDepartmentofWomen’sAffairs(DoWA).

• On22ndNovember,followingthediscussionaboutviolenceagainstwomen,theparticipantsformedanadvocacygrouptofollow-uponsuchcaseswithinthecommunity.

• Meetingon15thDecember,applyingprinciplesofUN1325toissuesaffectingwomenwithinthecommunity.

• Membersmeton12thJanuary2016toidentifyfactorsaffectingwomen’saccesstojusticelocally,alongwiththecorrespondingstrategies:promotingawarenessamongwomenabouttheirfundamentalrights,increasingthenumberoffemalestaffinthejudicialsystemandcampaigningforthefairimplementationofthelaw.

• On17th,18thand19thJanuary2015,thedocumentary“SixDays”wasscreenedfor75maleandfemaleparticipantsofFaryab.Theparticipantsweremadeupof25maleand50femalemembers.

Kunduz:• On28thJuly2015,thePWNmeetingwasconductedinKunduzprovincewith30membersin

attendance.Theparticipantsdiscussedthenegativeimpactsofinsecurityonwomen’seducationaswellassocialengagementintheprovince.Theyoutlinedaplantoadvocateforgirl’seducationatthelocalandprovincialleveloverupcomingmonths.

• Inafollow-upmeetingon29thAug2015,themembersreportedthattheyhadvisitedschoolstohearabouttheconcernsofthestudents.Theyheardcomplaintsaboutalackoftransparencyinexaminations,includingthemanipulationoftestresultsbyteachers.Onthisbasis,themembersmetwiththeheadofthelocalDepartmentofHigherEducation,whoagreedtoappointaboardtomonitortheexaminationprocessintheaforementionedschools.Besidesthis,women’semploymentinthepolicesectorwasidentifiedasanotherkeyissuetofocusoninfuture.

• On28thNovember,thememberslearntaboutUN1325andhowsecuritycanimpactdisproportionatelyonwomen.Theparticipantsformedadvocacygroupsamongthemtofollowthecasesofviolenceagainstwomenintheirrespectivecommunities.

• OfficedamagedbyTalibanattackfollowingNovembermeeting;reestablishedbyEPDbetweenDecember23-27.

• On18thJanuary2016,theKunduzPWNmettooutlinefactorsaffectingaccesstojusticeamongwomen.Theyidentifiedthefollowingcorrespondingtargetareas:promotingawarenessamongwomenabouttheirfundamentalrights,increasingthenumberoffemalestaffinthejudicialsystemandensuringthatthelawisimplementedincasesofVAW.

• On19thand20thJanuary,thedocumentary“SixDayswasscreenedfor24participantsinKhanAbaddistrictand30participantsincentreofKunduzprovince.Thescreeningswereattendedby4maleand50femaleparticipants.

Balkh:• PWNofficeestablishedon7th-11thOctober2015

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• On30thNovember,theBalkhmemberslearntaboutUN1325andhowinsecuritycanhaveadisproportionateeffectonwomen.Theparticipantsoutlinedanactionplanandagreedtoadvocateforjusticeregardinglocalcasesofgender-basedviolence.

• Inameetingwith29memberson16thDecember,thosepresentagreedtofocusontheproblemofstreetharassment.MemberspledgedtomeetwiththeDepartmentofHajjandReligiousAffairsbeforethenextmeetingwithviewtoundertakingadvocacy.Additionallocalissuesidentifiedwere:childmarriage,illiteracy,thepooreducationsystem(includinginadequatebooksinschools)andtheincreasingrateofviolenceagainstwomen.

• Membersmeton18thJanuary2016toidentifyfactorsaffectingwomen’saccesstojusticelocally,alongwiththecorrespondingstrategies:promotingawarenessamongwomenabouttheirfundamentalrights,increasingthenumberoffemalestaffinthejudicialsystemandcampaigningforthefairimplementationofthelaw.

• Thedocumentary“SixDays”wasscreenedinBalkhduringFebruary4-7,2016.Seventypeopleattended,consistingof30femaleand40maleparticipants.Thescreeningwasorganizedover3daysfor3differentdistrictsofBalkh:Karte-NoorKhuda,KhulmandDawlatAbad.

Badakhshan:• PWNofficeestablishedon16th-25thNovember2015• Membersmeton17thJanuary2016toidentifyfactorsaffectingwomen’saccesstojusticelocally,

alongwiththecorrespondingstrategies:promotingawarenessamongwomenabouttheirfundamentalrights,increasingthenumberoffemalestaffinthejudicialsystemandcampaigningforthefairimplementationofthelaw.

• Thedocumentary“SixDays”wasscreenedfor75participantsinBadakhshanon18thand24thJanuaryinUrgoandthecentreoftheprovincerespectively.33maleand42femaleparticipantsattendedthescreening.

SouthernRegionHelmand:• PWNofficeestablished27thOct-30thNov2015• Membersmeton19thJanuary2016toidentifyfactorsaffectingwomen’saccesstojusticelocally,

alongwiththecorrespondingstrategies:promotingawarenessamongwomenabouttheirfundamentalrights,increasingthenumberoffemalestaffinthejudicialsystemandcampaigningforthefairimplementationofthelaw.

• Thedocumentaryscreening“SixDays”wasconductedonJanuary18,20,and21,2016inthecentre,Nad-e-AliandGrishkdistrictsofHelmand.Seventyfiveparticipants,20malesand55females,attendedthescreening.

Kandahar:• DuringthePWNmeetingconductedinQandaharon25thJuly2015,30participantsattended.Those

presentdiscussedcriticalproblemslocalwomenface,includingmonitoringviolenceagainstwomenandfamilydisputes,amongotherprevalentissuesintheprovince.

• Inafollow-upmeetingon3rdAugust,membersconfirmedtheyhadsuccessfullymediatedbetweenabrideandhermother-in-law,whoagreedtoreconcileheirrelationshiponcetheyhaddiscussedtheIslamicnatureofwomen’srightswiththePWN.Besidesthis,themembersagreedoneducationandliteracyasanotherkeyissue,pledgingtoarrangeameetingwiththeDirectorateofEducationbeforethenextmeeting.

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• On29thOctober,thegrouplearntaboutUN1325andthedisproportionateeffectsofinsecurityonwomen.Themembersreflectedonlocalexamples,includingthefactthatsomemothersstoptheirdaughtersgoingtoschooloutoffearofviolence.

• Thegroupreconvenedon15thNovember,andformedanadvocacygroupdesignedtofollowuponcasesofviolenceagainstwomenwithinthecommunityinaccordancewithanorganizedactivityplan.

• Themembersmeton12thDecembertofollowupontheiradvocacyefforts,andtoidentifychallengesfacingwomenlocally.

• On14thJanuary,30membersmettoidentifythekeychallengespreventingaccesstojusticeamongwomen.Thegroupagreedupondiscriminationthroughculturalnorms,lackofknowledgeoflegalrightsandgovernmental/judicialcorruptionasthreekeyareastobefocusedoninfuture.

• InQandahar,thescreeningofthedocumentary“Sixdays”wasshownto75participantsinthecentreandArghandabdistrict.On19thJan2016,thescreeningwasconductedinArghandabdistrictwith20femaleparticipants,whileon24thJan,55femaleparticipantsattendedtheviewinginthecentre.

Uruzgan:• PWNofficeestablished5th–12thNovember2015• Membersmeton17thJanuary2016toidentifyfactorsaffectingwomen’saccesstojusticelocally,

alongwiththecorrespondingstrategies:promotingawarenessamongwomenabouttheirfundamentalrights,increasingthenumberoffemalestaffinthejudicialsystemandcampaigningforthefairimplementationofthelaw.

• Thedocumentarymovie“SixDays”wasscreenedfor75femaleparticipants(60fromthecentre,and15fromthedistricts)on20thJan2016.Itisworthmentioningthatduetoinsecurityintheregion,itwasdifficultfortheprovincialcoordinatorstoconductthescreeninginthedistricts,suchthatthecentrewasthemainfocalpointonthisoccasion.

Paktia:• PWNofficeestablished31stOctober–4thNovember2015• ThePaktiaPWNmeton17thJanuary2016tooutlinethedriverslimitingaccesstojusticeforwomen,

notablythelackof:awareness,ruleoflaw,femalelegalstaffandfinancialindependence.• Thedocumentary“SixDays”wasscreenedfor75participantson18th-19thJaninthecentre,Mirzaka

andAhmadAba.24maleand51femaleparticipantsattendedthescreening.EasternRegionNangarhar• ThePWNmeetingwasheldinNangarharon25thJuly2015,with30members.Theparticipants

discussedUNHCR1325,thechallengesaffectingwomen’seducationandhealth,andthepoorqualityofservicedeliveryinclinicsandhospitals.Theparticipantsagreedtofollowupontheissueswithrelevantgovernmentauthoritiesinordertoaddresstheproblem.

• Afollow-upmeetingon2ndAugust2015confirmedthatmembershadmetwithstudentsandteachersatprivateuniversitiestoidentifytheirconcerns.Topicsraisedincludedtheexpenseoftuitionfeesandthequalityofteaching.Membersbroughttheseconcernstoprincipalsandadministrators,successfullynegotiated5scholarshipsalongwithdiscountsofbetween10-50%forstudentsreferredbythePWN.

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• Thecohortmeton16thNovembertofollowuponthethemeofgender-basedviolenceandUN1325.Themembersformedanadvocacyplan,tobringjusticetoperpetratorsofviolenceagainstwomenwithinthecommunityinlinewithaclearactivityplan.

• On12thDecember,membersagreeduponthefollowingkeyconcerns:thepoorprovisionofserviceinthePublicHospitalofNangarhar,thedamageoflocalschoolscausedbyarecentearthquake,familydisputesandviolenceagainstwomen(VAW).Theyformedthreeworkinggroupstoconfronttheseissues:aneducationcommittee,healthcommitteeandpeaceandadvocacycommittee.Eachteamagreeduponrolesandfollow-upsamongtheirmembers,withthepeaceandadvocacycommitteetaskedwithcommunicatingwiththeProvincialHPCandCSOstoseektheirsupportinhandlingcasesofVAW.

• On11thJanuary2016,30membersmettosharecasesillustratinglackofawarenessandfearastwokeyfactorskeepingwomenfromaccessingtheformaljusticesector.

• Duringthedocumentaryof“SixDays”wasscreenedinNangarharbetweenFebruary4andFebruary7,2016.Seventyfiveparticipantsattended,50femalesand25males.Thescreeningwasheldseparatelyformaleandfemaleparticipants.

Laghman:• PWNofficeestablished23rd-27thOctober2015• On13thJanuary2016,theLaghmanbranchofthePWNmettodecideonfocusareas.Thehigh

illiteracyrateamongwomenwasidentifiedasamajorproblem,asaresultofwhichwomenfailtoaccessjusticeprovisions.Therewasagreementontheneedforrights-basededucation,uponwhichmembersplantoconductadvocacy.

• InLaghman,thedocumentary“SixDays”wasscreenedfor75participantsover19th-21stJan2015,inQarghayi,Alishing,andthecentreofLaghmanprovince.

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Appendix3:TheBarometerProcess

Cordaid’sBarometerhasthreeinterventionpathways:a)understandinglocalwomen’srealities;b)in-depthresearchonkey-issuesidentifiedbywomen;andc)advocacyforpolicychangesbasedonevidence-basedrecommendations.Thesepathwaysarereinforcedbyspecificcapacitydevelopmentactivitiesforwomenandwomen’sorganizations.a)Understandinglocalwomen’srealitiesTheBarometerofWomen’sSecurityisaninnovativeapproachthatengagesvulnerablewomeninidentifyingandcommunicatingtheirneeds,andempowersthemtoengagewithrelevantstakeholderstodesignandimplementsolutions.Moreover,it’satool,adatabasewithreal-timeindicatorsformulatedbywomenthatmonitorandreporttheirneedsandtrackprogress.TheBarometeristhereforebothastrategytoempowerwomen,andalsoamonitoringtool.Ontheonehand,itbuildsvoice,agency,anddecisionmakingpoweramongwomen,whileitalsobuildsanevidencebaseofwomen’spracticalsecurityneeds.TheBarometerofWomen’sSecurityprovideslegitimacytotheproject.Therealitiesandvoicesofwomen-theoutcomesofthebarometer-areusedtoidentifyareasthatrequirefurtherin-depthresearchandanalysis,andareintegratedintoactivitiesatlocal,nationalandinternationallevelstogeneratepolicychange,improvedrepresentationandgreateraccountabilityforthesecurityofwomenandtheircommunities.ApproachTheBarometerisaholisticapproachofwomen’sempowermentandgenderequalityinconflictaffectedcontexts.Itbuildsaknowledgebaseonhowrelevantthematicareasintersectinadvancinggenderequalitygoalsinfragileandconflictaffectedstatesandrespondstowomen’sneedsbyofferingintegratedinterventions.Somekeycharacteristic:- Womenareinthelead.TheBarometerplaceswomeninAfghanistan,thatsuffermostacutelyfrom

fragility,attheheartofdefiningprioritiesforintervention,collectingdata,andmonitoringandevaluatingoutcomesandimpact.

- Itbuildscredibleevidenceonwomen’ssecurityinfragilecontexts,andonwhatworkstopromotewomen’sagencyanddecision-makingpower.

- Itconnectsallspheresofimpactnecessarytoachieverealchange.- Itcreatesanenablingenvironmentbytransforminggendernormsthroughtheinvolvementofmen

aspartnerstoachievegenderequality.- Itconnectsqualitativeandquantitativedata.Women’sperspectivesprovidethestoriesbehindthe

quantitativedata.

b)In-depthResearchAstrongevidencebaseisessentialforinformedadvocacy,andtoincreaseourunderstandingofthefactorsimpacting-positivelyornegatively-onthesecuritysituationofwomen.MWPS’partnersidentifiedtheneedtostrengthen,andadapttheresearchcomponentoftheproposedproject.Theprojectfocusesonresearchingissuesemergingfromthebarometeraroundwomen,peaceandsecurityasameanstodevelopevidence-basedadvocacytoolsforthePWNmembersandtomobilisesupportatnationallevel.Thiscontributestoincreasedawarenessamongkeygovernmentstakeholders,thedonorcommunity,andcivilsocietyoftheneeds,interestsandperspectivesofwomenwithregardstopeaceandsecurity,andtherootcausesofrelatedproblems.Thisallowstheformulationofconcrete

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recommendationsonhowtoe.g.reduceviolenceagainstwomen.Theresearchisconductedinfifteenprovinces.Based,onthistheannualsynthesisreportsreflectonchangesandtrendsinthesecuritysituationforwomeninAfghanistan.c)AdvocacyforpolicychangesTheprojectstrengthenstheinfluenceoflocalpeople-especiallywomenandwomen’sgroups-inpoliticalprocessesinAfghanistanasapre-conditionforinclusivepolicies,socialjusticeanddemocraticgovernance.Theprojectappliesacomprehensiveadvocacyapproachthatconnectscommunity-ledadvocacyinitiativeswithadvocacyattheprovincial,nationalandinternationallevel.WiththemobilizationandmonitoringactivitiesconductedthroughtheBarometer,theprojectensuresthatadvocacyaimedatinstigatingbehavioralandpolicychangesareinformedbywomen’sperspectives,interestsandneedsontheground.Thisenhancesthelegitimacyoftheproject’sadvocacyworkandbridgesthegapbetweendecision-makersandthewomenaffectedbyinsecurityandviolence.Thelobbyandadvocacycomponentofthisprojectfocusesonlocalandnationallevels.Grassrootsadvocacyiscrucialaspublicsupportisnecessarytoadvocateforchangeatthepolicy-makinglevelandthatlocalcommunitiesthemselvesraiseawarenessabouttheissues,challengesandopportunitiesandmobilizepeoplefordemandingchange.Theprojectensurestheoveralladvocacyiscommunity-ledandinformstheproject’snationaladvocacystrategy.Inturn,thislinkswiththeinternationallobbyactivitiesorganizedbyCordaid.d)Capacitydevelopmentofwomen’sorganizationsCapacitydevelopmentisanindispensableelementofwomenempowermentandmobilization,aslocalcommunitieswillreceivetherequiredtrainingandsupportinorderforthemtobeintheforefrontofeffectingbehavioralandpolicychangesbasedonaneedsassessmentamongPWNmembers.2)Overallstructureofthebarometer:Seetheproject’sactivityplanaswell

1. Preparationstage2. Toolandprocessdesign3. Datacollection4. Datamanagementandanalysis5. Datautilization(local,stateandinternationallevels)6. Feedbackloops7. Planningongoingmonitoringandscaling-up

3)Abriefdescriptionoftherelevantbarometeractivitiesyouhavedonei.e.whatwerethefirststepsofsettingupbarometerandwhathasbeendone:PleasealsorefertotheMPWSprogressreportsubmittedtoRNEFollowingtheproject’sinceptionphase,themethodologyforcollectingandupdatinginformationgeneratedthroughthebarometerapproachhasbeendeveloped.Theexperiencesofpilotingtheapproachinseveralcountrieshasbeenreviewedtodevelopamatrixthatincludedadetailedquestionnairecoveringthedifferentdimensionsofwomen’ssecurityconcerns.Thematrixalsoincludesaclearsetofrelatedindicatorsthatwillallowdatatobecomparedbetweenregions,andtodistiltrendsovertime.TheseindicatorsarealignedwiththeUNSCR1325indicators.

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Theapproachhasbeencarefullyreviewedtorequirelesstimewhilenotjeopardizingthelocaldynamicsoftrustbuildingandjointlyanalyzingfindingswiththeinterviewees.Animportantaddedvalue-andadditionalchallenge-inAfghanistanisthatitisundertakeninfifteenprovincessimultaneously.Duringthepilotinitiativesinthedifferentcountries,itcouldtakeuptoayeartostartproducingbarometerreportswhereonewell-establishedlocalpartnerwouldworkwithinoneprovince.Oncetheremainingeightprovincialwomen’snetworkshadbeenestablished,thePWNinKunduzwasre-establishedaftertheprovincewasoverrunbytheTaliban,anintroductiontothebarometerprocesswaspresentedtoallprovincialcoordinatorsduringtheirfirstmeetinginKabul.Subsequently,aworkshopwasconductedforthirtywomenselectedfromPWNsfromallfifteenprovincesinMarch.ThefirststepinthebarometerapproachistocreateacommongroundforagreedactionplanningthroughconductinganadaptedFutureSearch.Theparticipantsfromtheprovincesweretrainedinfacilitatingthebarometerprocessesintheirlocalities.TheyreflectedonthedraftquestionnairethathadbeendesignedandtranslatedintoDaritoensurethatitalignedwithlocalrealities.FeedbackfromthewomenhasbeenincorporatedandfinalversionsofthequestionnairewillbesharedwiththePWNtobeusedbythewomentocollectdata.Acomprehensivestep-by-stepguidetoimplementthedifferentactivitieswithinthebarometerprocesshasbeendiscussed.Thisdocumentwillbeupdated,translatedandmadeavailabletothePWNs.Duringthetraining,participantsdraftedprovincialactionplansweredraftedtoguidethedatacollection,and-analysisinthecomingperiod.ThiswillallowforthegenerationofthebarometerreportbytheendofJune.Inaddition,thewomenusedtheopportunityoftheirpresenceintheworkshopwheretheywererepresentingalargeportionofthecountrytoreflectoncurrentfactorsaffectingwomen’ssecurityinAfghanistanatthecurrentmoment.Themind-mappingexercisehighlightedthreekeyfactorsthatwillformthebasistodevelopresearchquestions.MWPSwillconductresearchandpresentedrelatedcase-studiesinordertobetterunderstandthesefactorsandtheirrootcauses.4)Whatarethefutureactivities,specifictobarometer.Whatmattershereisthatwereportondeliverables*).Whatdoyouexpecttogetoutofthebarometerwithinthecomingthreemonths,sixmonths,etc.?*)Notethattheannualsynthesisreportisfocusingonreflectingonperformancetowardsjointlearning.Reportingonagreedupondeliverablesisdonethroughregularprojectreportingtothedonor.AlsorefertotheupdatedactivityplansharedwithRNETheupcomingactivitiesplannedforthisreportingperiod:- UpdatingthequestionnairesandsharingthetranslatedversionswiththePWNmemberstrained.- Supportingtheprocessofdatacollectionand,-analysis.- InMay,MWPSwillscheduleameetingtoarticulatetheuseofthebarometertonewpotentiallocal,

national,andinternationalusers- NeedsassessmentofPWNmemberswillbeincorporatedwithinregularmonitoringactivitiesbyall

threepartners.Acapacityassessmenttoolforlobbyandadvocacywillbeshared.- DevelopingtheBarometerreportbytheendofJune2016.

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Ingeneral,theprojectwillrealizethefollowingoutputsunderthefirstpathwayofunderstandinglocalwomen’srealities(referalsotheprojectproposalforfurtherdetails):1. Theevidencebaseofwomen’ssecurityanddevelopmentisstrengthened.Womenaremobilized

andengagedinanassessmentofwomen’ssecurityanddevelopmentneedsandpriorities.Contextappropriatedatacollectionapproachesaredesignedtocapturewomen’sinputs.Womenaretrainedasdatacollectors,conductfieldsurveys,interviews,shareexperiencesinfocusgroupsandcommunitymeetings,andanalyzetheinformationthemselvestoidentifytrends.Feedbackonfindingsisensuredthroughmulti-stakeholderprocessesandcommunityradio.

2. Anetworkofempoweredwomenleaderswhodemonstrateincreasedsocialcapitalandstrengtheneddecision-makingpowerathomeandinthecommunityisformed.

3. Integratedinterventionstowardsmoreequitabledecisionmakingpower,security,developmentandeconomicoutcomesaredeveloped,implemented,andtested.Inadditiontoidentifyingproblems,theBarometerprocessallowswomentocomeupwithsolutionsthattheycanachieveindividuallyandcollectively,jointlywithmenintheircommunities,andthroughinvolvementofdifferentstakeholders.

4. Thebarometerisup-scaledtoanationalinstrumentboostingthesustainabilityoftheinterventionsandtheresultsexpectedtoberealizedbasedontheadvocacyinitiatives.Inclosecollaborationwithgovernment,scopeforadoptingthebarometerapproachwillbeexploredandpromoted.

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Appendix4:ProxiesforUNSCR1325Pillars

ParticipationResolution1325callsforincreasedparticipationofwomenatalllevelsofdecision-making,includinginnational,regional,andinternationalinstitutions;inmechanismsfortheprevention,managementandresolutionofconflict;inpeacenegotiations;inpeaceoperations,assoldiers,police,andcivilians;andasSpecialRepresentativesoftheU.N.Secretary-General.Indicators:

1. Extenttowhichwomenareactivelyinvolvedinpoliticaldecision-makingprocess2. Extenttowhichwomenareactivelyinvolvedinformalpeaceprocesses3. Extenttowhichformalandinformalpeaceagreementsaffectwomenandgirls4. ExtenttowhichwomenarerepresentedinANSFbasedonprofessionalrole,rankandnumber5. Extenttowhichwomenparticipateincivilservice

SamplequestionsforthisIndicator:

a) Howandtowhatextentarewomeninvolvedinpoliticaldecision-making?b) Howandtowhatextentarewomeninvolvedinformalpeaceprocess?c) Howcanwomen’sparticipationinpeaceandpoliticsbeenhanced?d) Howdoformalandinformalpeaceagreementsaffectwomen’slives?e) Howarewomenwhoareinvolvedinpeaceand/orpoliticstreatedbytheircolleaguesand

thesociety?f) DowomenwhoworkforANSFfacespecificgenderbasedchallenges?g) Whatisthenumber/percentageoffemalegovernmentemployees(quantitative)?

PreventionResolution1325callsforimprovinginterventionstrategiesinthepreventionofviolenceagainstwomen,includingbyprosecutingthoseresponsibleforviolationsofinternationallaw;strengtheningwomen’srightsundernationallaw;andsupportinglocalwomen’speaceinitiativesandconflictresolutionprocesses.Indicators:

1. Typesandnatureofviolenceagainstwomen2. Extenttowhichviolationofwomen’srightsarereported,referredandinvestigated3. ExtenttowhichtheANSFaddresscasesofviolenceagainst4. Extenttowhichviolatorsofwomen’srightsandprosecuted5. ExtenttowhichEVAWandtheNAP1325areputimplementation

SamplequestionsforthisIndicator:

a) Whatarethemostcommontypesofviolencethatwomenaresubjectedto?b) WhatformalandinformaleffortsdoANP/FRU/CSO/DoWAyoumaketoprotectwomen

fromVAW?Focusofprevention?c) Dowomenwhoseekjusticefacespecificgenderbasedchallenges?d) Whatimprovementscanbemadetobetterprosecutethosewhoviolatewomen’srights?e) HowareEVAWandNAP1325areputtoimplementation?

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ProtectionResolution1325callsspecificallyfortheprotectionofwomenandgirlsfromsexualandgender-basedviolence,includinginemergencyandhumanitariansituations,suchasinrefugeecamps.Indicators:

1. Extenttowhichwomenareprotectedfromsexualandgender-basedviolencethroughformaljusticesystem

2. Extenttowhichwomenareprotectedfromsexualandgender-basedviolencethroughinformaljusticesystem

3. Extenttowhichfemalevictimsofsexualandgender-basedviolenceareprovidedwithalternatives(safehouses,etc.)

4. Genderperspectiveinsocial/economicplanning(reflectedinbudgetsatthedistrictlevel)SamplequestionsforthisIndicator:

a) Howcanyourorganizationbetterprotectwomenfromsexualandgender-basedviolence?b) Whatarethesocial/traditionalbarriersforvictimsofsexualandgender-basedviolencein

accesstojustice?c) Arewomenprotectedbytheinformaljusticesystem?How?d) Howisgenderperspectiveincludedinhumanitarianprogramplanning?e) Dowomenhaveaccesstoshelters?Whathappenstothemaftertheyleavetheshelters?f) Dowomenwhoseekjusticefacespecificgenderbasedchallenges?

ReliefandRecoveryTheReliefandRecoveryPillaroftheWomen,PeaceandSecurityagendafocusesonensuringthatreliefneedsspecifictowomenandgirlsaremetandthatspecialattentionispaidtothemostvulnerable,includingdisplacedwomenandgirls,survivorsofgenderbasedviolence,andthosewithdisabilities.Italsocallsforeffortstosupportwomen'sactivitiesasagentsinreliefandrecoveryefforts,includingprovidingwomenwithequalaccesstolivelihoodsactivities.277Indicators:

1. Extenttowhichgenderperspectiveisincludedinhumanitarianprogramplanning2. ExtenttowhichCSOshaveaccesstocapacityandresourcestoaddressagenderperspective3. Theextentofformalprovisionsprovidedtowomenwidowedanddisabledasaresultofconflict4. Theextentofinformalprovisions(atacommunitylevel)providedtowomenwidowedand

disabledasaresultofconflict5. Extenttowhichthespecificneedsofinternallydisplacedwomenaretakenintoaccountand

acteduponbygovernmentanddevelopmentactors6. Extenttowhichwomenhaveaccesstohealthandeducationservices7. Existenceandpracticeofrehabilitationmeasuresforwomenreleasedfromsafehouses8. Existenceandpracticeofrehabilitationmeasuresforwomenreleasedfromprisons

SamplequestionsforthisIndicator:

a) Whatcapacitiesdoyouhavetoaddressagenderperspective?b) Howisgenderperspectiveincludedinhumanitarianprogramplanning?

277http://www.peacewomen.org/e-news/article/women-peace-security-panel-series-wps-panel-series-relief-and-recovery-pillar

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c) Whataretheworkingconditionsoffemalegovernmentemployeesandhowcanitbeimproved?

d) Howdoyoustimulatewomen’semploymentandentrepreneurship?e) Dowomenhaveaccesstoshelters?Whathappenstothemaftertheyleavetheshelters?f) Howarefemaleinmatestreatedinprison?Whathappenstothemwhentheyleavethe

prison?g) Whatprovisionsaretherebythegovernment,CSOs,donorsorNGOsforInternally

DisplacedWomen?h) Whataretherehabilitationmeasuresforwomenoutofprisonsandsafehouses?i) Whatprovisionsaretherebythegovernment,CSOs,donorsorNGOsforwidows?j) Dowomenhaveaccesstohealthandeducationservices?Whatarethebarriers?

QuantitativeDatafromSecondarySources:

1. ThenumberofwomeninProvincialCouncils(AvailableonIEC)2. TheNumberofwomeninProvincialPeaceCouncils3. Numberoffemaleinmates(AlsoavailableinCSOyearbooks)4. Numberofwomeninshelters(AskANP,FRUand/orCSOs)5. WomeninCivilService(AvailableinCSOyearbooks)

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Appendix5:KeyInformantandFocusGroupDiscussionCodes

AllProvincesInterviewtype TotalNumber TotalKeyInformantInterviews 77 77(15Semi-governmental)FocusGroupDiscussions 30 30(15non-governmental)Total 107Descriptionofcodes:Eachcodeconsistsoffourunitsofinformation,thetablebelowshowsthetypesoftheinterviewandintervieweeaswellastheprovinceinwhichtheinterviewhastakenplace.Theaffiliationoftheintervieweesisdescribedinaseparatetable.Unitwithinthecode DescriptionoftheabbreviationKI KeyInformantIntervieweeFGD FocusGroupDiscussionF/M FemaleorMaleintervieweeBad/Bal/Bam/Dai/Her/Kab/Kan/Kun/Lagh,Nan/Par/Uru

Thefirstthreelettersofthenameofthevisitedprovince

Number Thefourthunitindicatestheaffiliationoftheinterviewee,whichcanbefoundinaseparatetable

AffiliationoftheintervieweesNumber AffiliationoftheInterviewee1 AfghanistanIndependentHumanRightsOrganization(AIHRC)2 DepartmentofJustice(DoJ)3 DepartmentofEducation(DoE)4 DepartmentofPublicHealth(DoH)5 FocusGroupwithDepartmentofWomen’sAffairs(DoWA)6 ProvincialCouncilMember(PC)7 ProvincialPeaceCouncilMember(PPC)8 FamilyResponseUnit/AfghanNationalPolice9 DepartmentofWorkandSocialAffairs,MartyredandDisabled(DoLSAMD)