November 2014 | Vol. 3 | Issue 7 | Price ` 20

National Press Day Issue

ASns¨mXp¡ens\Xntc Cu \hw_À

Stray thoughts on the future of independent journalism in India and the world•Journalism, Fair Pay and the Public Interest

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\hw_À 2014 $ ]pkvXIw 3 $ e¡w 7 $ hne ` 20

FUntämdnbð 04

Lighthouse 22Ashok R Chandran

ap³t]]dóhÀ 30]n. kpPm-X³

{^w hÀ½mPn, hn¯v eu 38 sI.Fð.taml\hÀ½

Students’ Corner 40J. V. Vil’anilam

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Bookshelf 46 \yqkv s\äv 47C.]n.jmPpZo³

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14 Fw.hn. Ima v̄ Fkv.lcnIrjvW³

24 AZriysNt¦m-ep-ambnkn.-]n. sI. Fw. amXyp

36 The Little Magazine Culture in West Bengal Shoma A. Chatterji

06 Stray thoughts on the future of independent journalism in India and the world Paranjoy Guha Thakurta

10 Journalism, Fair Pay and the Public Interest Sukumar Muralidharan

16 ASns¨mXp¡ens\Xntc Cu \hw_À C.]n.jmPpZo³

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\-h-w-_À ]-X-n-\-m-d-n-\-v c-mP-y-w t-Zi-o-b ]-{-X-Z-n-\-w B-N-c-n-¡-p-I-b-m-W-v. 1956 C-u Z-nh-k-w \-m-j-\ {-]-k-v I-u¬-k-n c-q-]-hÂ-¡-c-n-¨-X-n-

s-â D-t-±-i-y-e-£-y-§Ä D-bÀ-¯-n-¸-n-S-n-¡-p-¶-X-n-\-mW-v C-u Z-n-\-w ]-{-X-Z-n-\-a-m-b-n B-N-c-n-¡-p-¶X-v. I-u¬-k-n-e-n-s-â B-h-i-y-{-]-I-mc-w k-w-Ø-m-\-kÀ-¡-m-d-p-If-p-w ]{-XZ-n-\-m-Nc-W-w \S¯-m-d-pï-v. F-h-n-s-S-s-b-¦-ne-p-w H-c-p t-b-m-Kt-a-m s-k-a-n-\-mt-d-m \-S-¯-p¶X-m-W-v X-p-SÀ-¶-p-h-c-p-¶ c-oX-n.

C-u hÀj-s-¯ ]{-XZ-n-\-m-N-c-W-¯-ns-â h-nj-b-w "s-]-m-X-p-I-m-c-y-§-f-n k-p-X-m-c-y-Xþ ]-{-X-§-f-p-s-S ]-¦-v' F-¶-X-m-W-v. t-I-c-f {-]-k-v A-¡-m-Z-a-n-b-ne-p-w ]{-XZ-n-\-m-N-c-W-w C-u h-n-j-b-¯-n \-S-¡-p¶-pï-v.

c-ï-v I-m-c-y§Ä C-u k-µÀ-`-¯-n NÀ-¨ s-N-¿-s-¸-t-S-ï-X-p-ï-v F-¶-v t-X-m-¶-p-¶-p. {-]-k-v I-u¬-k-n F-¶ Ø-m]-\-w C¯-c-w I-m-c-y-§-f-n h-l-n-¨-p-s-I-m-ï-n-c-n-¡-p-¶ ]-¦-v F-{-X-t-¯-m-f-w ^-e-{-]-Z-a-m-W-v F-¶-X-mW-v A-X-n H-¶-v. Z-n-\-m-N-c-W-¯-n-s-â k-t-µ-i-w P-\-§-f-n F-¯-n-¡-p-¶-X-n-\-v I-g-n-b-p-¶-pt-ï-m F-¶-X-p-w B-i-¦-b-p-f-h-m-¡-p-¶-pï-v. C-´-y-s-b-m-«-m-s-I ]-{-X-a-m-[-y-a-§-f-p-a-m-b-n _-Ô-s-¸-«-v {-]-hÀ-¯-n-¡-p-¶-, ]-{-X-k-z-m-X-{-´-y-w D-bÀ-¯-n-¸-n-S-n-¡-p-¶-, a-m-[-y-a-{-]-hÀ-¯-I-c-p-s-Sb-p-w s-]-m-X-p k-a-q-l-¯-n-s-â-b-p-w G-s-d Ø-m-]-\-§f-p-w k-w-L-S-\-If-p-w Dï-v. A-h-b-p-a-m-b-n F-s-´-¦-n-e-p-w c-o-X-n-b-n t-NÀ-¶-p-\-nÂ-¡-m\-p-w ]-{-X-k-z-m-X-{-´-y-s-¯ \-½-ps-S P-\-m-[-n-]-X-y-{-]-{-I-n-b-b-p-s-S A-\-n-h-m-c-y-L-S-I-a-m-b-n D-bÀ-¯-n-¸-n-S-n-¡-m\-p-w {-]-k-v I-u¬-k-n A-[-n-]À-¡-v I-g-n-t-b-ï-X-mW-v. H-u-t-Z-y-mK-n-I k-z-`-m-hh-p-w D-¯-c-h-m-Z-s-¸-« a-m-[-y-a-L-S-I-§-f-p-s-S ]-¦-m-f-n-¯h-p-w B-[-n-I-m-c-n-I-Xb-p-w D-Å Ø-m-]-\-a-m-W-v F-¶-v t-_-m-[-y-s-¸-S-p-¯-n-b-n-«-p-t-]-me-p-w C¯c-w Ø-m-]-\-§-s-fb-p-w {-]-Ø-m-\-§-s-fb-p-w C-u b-X-v-\-¯-n I-q-«-p-t-NÀ-¡-m³ I-u¬-k-n {-i-a-n-¡-p-¶--nÃ. H-c-p {-]-t-X-y-I-b-n-\-w "P-p-U-o-j-y _-y-q-t-d-m-{-I-k-n' B-b-n ]-e-t-¸-mg-p-w {-]-k-v I-u¬-k-n a-m-d-p-I-b-m-W-v F-¶-v I-c-p-X-m³ I-q-S-p-X s-X-f-n-h-p-IÄ B-h-i-y-a-nÃ. F-´-p-s-I-m-ï-mW-v C-u Z-n-\-m-Nc-W-w kÀ-¡-mÀ N-S-§-p-a-m-{-X-a-m-b-n ]-c-n-a-n-X-s-¸-S-p-¶X-v-, F-´-p-s-I-m-ï-m-W-v A-X-v P-\-§-f-n F-¯-m-¯X-v F-¶-X-n\-p-w t-h-s-d A-t-\-zj-W-w B-h-i-y-a-nÃ.

{-]-k-v I-u¬-k-n F-¶ Ø-m]-\-w Xs-¶ C-u I-m-e-L-«-¯-n-s-\-m-¸-w h-f-c-m-s-X-, A-X-p-c-q-]-hÂ-¡-c-n-¨ 1966t-e-m A-X-v ]-p-\À-P-\-n-¨ 1977t-e-m C-¸-mg-p-w \-nÂ-¡-p-I-b-m-W-v F-¶- Z-p-c-h-Ø-b-n-t-e-¡-v I-qS-n C-u Z-n-\-m-N-c-W-¯-n-s-e a-mµ-y-w h-n-c N-q-ï-p-I-b-mW-v. {-]-k-v I-u¬-k-n a-md-n-b a-m[-y-a A-´-c-o£¯-n \-n-¶-v I-m-X-§Ä AI-s-e \-nÂ-¡-p-I-b-mW-v. A-X-n-t-¸-mg-p-w {-]-k-v I-u¬-k-n-e-mW-v-, C-t-¸-mg-p-w B-N-c-n-¡-p¶-X-v {-]-k-v s-U BW-v. a-oU-n-b I-u¬-k-n-t-e-m a-o-U-n-b s-Ut-b-m B-b-n-«-nÃ. ]{-X-w F¶-X-v a-m-{-X-a-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p a-m-[-y-a-w-, {-]-k-v I-u¬-k-n P-·h-p-w ]-pÀ-P-·h-p-w F-S-p-¯ I-m-e-¯-v. C-¶-v C-´-y-b-n a-p-J-y-a-m-[-y-a-w ]-{-X-aà F¶-X-v ]-{-X-{-]-hÀ-¯-IÀ-t-]-me-p-w t-hï-{-X K-u-c-h-t-¯-m-s-S A-w-K-o-I-c-n-¨-n-«-nÃ. 2014 B-b-t-¸-m-t-g-¡-v C-´-y-b-n ]-X-n-\-©-p-t-I-m-S-n h-o-S-p-I-f-n s-S-e-n-h-n-j³ h-mÀ-¯ F-¯-p-¶-p-ï-v. \-n-c-£-c-n-t-e¡-p-w C-¶-v h-mÀ-¯-s-b-¯-p¶-X-v s-S-e-n-h-n-j³ h-g-n-b-mW-v. C-X-n-t-\-¡-mÄ hf-s-c ]-n-¶-n \-nÂ-¡-p-¶-p ]-{-X§Ä. h-fÀ-¨ \-n-e-¨-n-«-nà F-¶-v B-i-z-k-n-¡-m-s-a-¶-p-a-m-{-X-w. a-m-[-y-a-w F-¶--m N-m-\- F-¶-m-b-n-«-p-ï-v C-t-¸-mÄ-, N-m-\-e-p-I-f-p-w CâÀ-s-\-ä-p-w Bb-n-c-n¡-p-w \-m-s-f a-m-[-ya-w. I-m-e-w-t-]-m-b-X-d-n-b-ms-X-, {-]-k-v I-u¬-k-n ]-{-X-§Ä-¡-v t-h-ï-n a-m-{-X-a-p-Å H-c-p \-n-j-v-{-]-t-b-mP\ k-w-h-n-[-m-

FUntämdnbð

--tZio-b ]-{X-Zn-\-¯nð D¯-cw In-«m¯ Nn-e tNm-Zy§Ä

EditorN. P. Rajendran

Editorial BoardK. C. RajagopalChief Sub Editor, Malayala Manorama, KollamE. P. ShajuddeenChief News Editor, Mangalam, KottayamN. RajeshNews Editor, Madhyamam, KozhikodeP. SujathanT. R. MadhukumarEditor In Charge, Deshabhimani Weekly, KozhikodeC. N. MohananManager, Deshabhimani, Kochi

Editorial AssistantP. Salil

Design & LayoutPraveen Ophelia

Printer & PublisherV. R. Ajith Kumar

Marketing In ChargeShainus Markose

Address'Media'Kerala Press Academy Kakkanad, Kochi - 682 030Phone: 0484 2422275E-Mail: media.kpa@gmail.comWebsite: www.pressacademy.org

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\-a-m-b-n H-X-p-§-n-¡-q-S-p¶-p. H-c-p I-m-c-y-¯-ne-p-w A-[-n-I-m-c-a-nÃ-, s-]-m-X-p-k-a-q-l-h-p-a-m-t-b-m-, a-m-[-y-a-k-a-q-l-h-p-a-m-b-n-t-¸-m-e-pt-a-m H-c-p _-Ô-h-p-a-nÃ. kÀ-¡-m-d-p-I-t-f-m-S-v F-s-´-¦-n-e-p-w B-h-i-y-s-¸-S-p¶-X-v \-n-j-v-{-]-t-b-m-P-\-a-m-W-v F-¶-v t-_-m[-y-w h-¶-X-p-s-I-m-ï-mh-W-w I-u¬-k-n-e-n-\-v I-p-ä-¡-m-s-c i-n-£-n-¡-m-\-pÅ A-[-n-I-m-c-w t-h-W-s-a-t-¶-m C-e-t-{-Î-m-W-n-I-v a-m-[-y-a-s-¯-¡-q-S-n A-X-n-s-â A-[-n-I-m-c-]-c-n-[-n-b-n s-]-S-p-¯-W-s-at-¶-m B-h-i-y-s-¸S-p-I I-q-S-n s-N-¿-p-¶-nà {-]-k-v I-u¬-k-n C-t-¸-mÄ.

C-s-X-m-s-¡-b-m-s-W-¦-n-e-p-w-, s-]-m-X-p-k-a-q-l-w NÀ-¨ s-N-t-¿-ï H-c-p k-p-{-][-m-\ h-njb-w X-s-¶-b-mW-v C-u hÀj-s-¯ ]-{-XZ-n-\ NÀ-¨-m-h-n-j-b--w. s-]-m-X-p-I-m-c-y-§-f-n k-p-X-mc-y-X P-\-m-[-n-]-X-y-h-y-h-Ø P-\-§Ä-¡-v \Â-I-p¶ h-m-K-v-Z-m-\-a-m-W-v. hf-s-c ^-e-{-]-Za-m-b H-c-p h-n-h-c-m-h-I-m-i-\-nb-a-w \-S-¸-m-¡-n-b c-m-P-y-a-m-b-n-«-p-I-q-S-n C-´-y C-t-¸-mg-p-w C-X-p-t-\-S-n-b-n-«-nÃ. H-t-«s-d a-m-[-y-a-§f-p-w a-m-[-y-a-{-]-hÀ-¯-I-c-p-w `-c-W-k-w-h-n-[-m-\-¯-n-s-â D-Å-d-I-f-n-t-e-¡-v s-h-f-n-¨-s-a-¯-n-¡-p-¶ d-n-t-¸-mÀ-«-p-IÄ {-]-k-n-²-s-¸-S-p-¯-p-¶-pï-v. NÀ-¨-m-h-nj-b-w NÀ-¨ s-N-b-v-X-p-X-s-¶ P-\-§Ä \-n-K-a-\-§-f-n-s-e-¯s-«. {-]-k-v I-u¬-k-n NÀ-¨ s-N-¿-m-\-n-S-b-nÃ-m-¯ H-c-p I-mc-y-w a-m{-X-w k-q-N-n-¸-n-¡s-«. kÀ-¡-mÀ H-m-^-o-k-p-If-p-w kÀ-¡-mÀ k-l-m-b-t-¯-m-s-S {-]-hÀ-¯-n-¡-p-¶ Ø-m-]-\-§f-p-w h-n-h-c-m-h-I-m-i-¯-n-s-â ]-c-n-[-n-b-n h-c-p-¶-p-ï-v. A-X-nÂ-\-n-¶-v ]-p-d-¯-p-I-S-¡-m³ FÃ-m-hc-p-w {-i-a-n-¡-p-¶-p-, \-nb-a-w \-S-¸-m-¡-m³ _-m-[-y-X-s-¸-«-hÀX-s-¶ \-n-b-a-¯-n-s-â ]-p-d-¯-p-I-S-¡-m³ {-i-a-n-¡-p¶-p X-p-S§-n-b s-s-h-c-p-²-y-§Ä \-n-e \-nÂ-¡-p-¶-p. AX-p-w NÀ-¨ s-N-¿-p-¶-nÃ. ]t-£-, P-\-m-[-n-]-X-y-¯-n-s-â \-s-«Ã-p-If-m-b c-ï-v k-w-h-n-[-m-\§Ä-, c-ï-v Ø-m-]-\-§Ä F-{-X-t-¯-m-f-w k-p-X-m-c-y-a-m-W-v F-¶ H-c-p t-N-m-Z-y-s-a-¦-ne-p-w a-p-t-¶-m-«-p-s-h-¡-m-X-n-c-n-¡-p¶-X-v k-p-X-mc-y-X F-¶ B-ZÀ-i-s-¯¯-s-¶ A-h-t-l-f-n-¡-e-m-b-n-c-n-¡-p-w. P-\-m-[-n-]-X-y-h-y-h-Ø-b-p-s-S \-s-«Ã-m-W-v c-m-j-v{-S-o-b-]-mÀ-«-nIÄ. P-\-m-[-n-]-X-y-¯-n-s-â s-\-S-p-w-X-q-W-m-W-v a-m-[-y-a§Ä. c-m-j-v{-S-o-b-]-mÀ-«-n-IÄ k-p-X-m-c-y-X-s-¡-X-n-s-c b-p-²-{-]-J-y-m]-\-w \-S-¯-n-¡-g-nª-p. A-hÀ A-s-X-m-c-n-¡e-p-w A-w-K-o-I-c-n-¡-m³ t-]-m-I-p-¶-nÃ. t-^-mÀ-¯-v F-t-Ì-ä-v F-s-¶-m-s-¡ ]-d-b-p--s-a-¦-ne-p-w k-p-X-m-c-yX-s-b a-m-[-y-a-§Ä ]Ã-p-w \-Jh-p-w D-]-t-b-m-K-n-s-¨-X-nÀ-¡-p-w-, X-IÀ-¡-p-w. a-t-ä-s-X-m-c-p k-z-I-m-c-y-h-y-h-k-m-b-s-¯b-p-w t-]-m-s-e-s-b-m-c-p h-y-h-k-m-b-w a-m-{-X-a-m-W-v a-m-[-y-a-§Ä F-¶-v ]-d-b-p-¶-hÀ a-m-[-y-a-§Ä-¡-v A-I¯-p-w ]-p-d-¯-p-a-p-ï-v. kÀ-¡-mÀ H-m-^-o-k-p-IÄ t-]-m-s-e A-s-Ã-¦-n-e-p-w -]-c-n-a-n-Xa-m-b t-X-mX-ne-p-Å k-p-X-m-c-y-X-s-b-¦-n-e-p-w c-m-j-v{-S-o-b-]-mÀ-«-n-IÄ¡-p-w a-m-[-y-a-§Ä¡-p-w _-m-[-I-a-m-t-¡-ï-X-t-Ã? D-¯-c-a-n-s-Ã-¦-ne-p-w ic-n-, \-m-a-nX-v NÀ-¨ s-N-b-v-X-v X-p-S-§-p-I-s-b-¦-ne-p-w s-N-t-¿-ï I-m-e-a-m-b-nt-Ã?

tIcf {]kv A¡mZan `cW kanXnsshkv sNbÀam³: sI.kn.cmPtKm]mð(aebmfat\mca)FIvknIyq«ohv t_mÀUv: Fw. Fkv. chn (amt\Pn§vUbdÎÀ,tIcfIuapZn),F³.cmtPjv (\yqkvFUnäÀ,am[yaw,tImgnt¡mSv),UbdÎÀ(]»nIvdntej³kv),sk{I«dn (^n\m³kvUn¸mÀ«vsaâv),sk{I«dn (P\dðAUvan\nt{Ìj³) P\dð Iu¬knð: Sn.BÀ.a[pIpamÀ(FUnäÀC³NmÀPv,tZim`nam\nhmcnI,tImgnt¡mSv),C.]n.jmPp±o³(No^v\yqkvFUnäÀ,awKfw,tIm«bw),Fw.]n.kqcyZmkv(No^vk_vFUnäÀ,amXr`qan,tImgnt¡mSv),Fkv._nPp(No^vtImÀUnt\än§vFUnäÀ,Gjyms\äv\yqkv,Xncph\´]pcw),kn.F³.taml\³(amt\PÀ,tZim`nam\n,sIm¨n),_nPphÀ¤okv(amt\Pn§vFUnäÀ,awKfw),]n.]n.k®n(amt\Pn§vUbdÎÀ,Zo]nI),sI.Fw.tdmbv(ko\nbÀtPWenÌv),It¡mS³apl½Zv, hn.F.kenw(sdknUâvamt\PÀ,am[yaw,FdWmIpfw),sP.Fkv.CµpIpamÀ(FIvknIyq«ohvFUnäÀ,PbvlnµvSnhn), hn.cmPtKm]mð(ap³sU]yq«nFUnäÀ,amXr`qan,tImgnt¡mSv),]n.kpPmX³,t__namXyp(amt\Pn§vUbdÎÀ&sshkvsNbÀam³,Poh³Snhn),sNdpIck®neqt¡mkv(kvs]jðIdkvt]mïâv,tIcfiÐw) sk{I«dn: F³.Fkv.A\nðIpamÀAknÌâ v sk{I«dn: F³. ]n. kt´mjv

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Stray thoughts on the future of independent journalism in India and the world

Journalism has to necessarily re-invent itself in this day and age of the worldwide web.

Across the world and in India, traditional forms and practices of journalism are undergoing

significant changes. Whereas the need for investigative reportage and expression of views that run contrary to those espoused by ruling elites are as important as ever, the shrinking of spaces for journalism that challenge and confront those who are in positions of power and authority do not portend well for the future of democracy and the ability of the mass media to play the role of the proverbial “fourth estate”. Journalism has to necessarily re-invent itself in this day and age of the worldwide web.

In the recent past, especially over the last six years, that is, since the Great Recession in the West kicked in from 2008 and the economic slowdown became apparent in the East, two important developments have simultaneously taken place that have had a major impact on the working of the mass media. These developments have disrupted business models of organisations engaged in gathering and disseminating news. How?

First, the inevitable and inexorable consequence of an unfavourable economic situation is that corporate entities as well as government bodies tend to cut back, or slow down the increase in, expenditures on advertising and marketing services. This, in turn, has a negative impact on the fortunes of traditional media organizations that have been accustomed to receiving the bulk of their earnings

Paranjoy Guha Thakurta

(often more than 90 per cent) from advertisers and sponsors. It is, therefore, not surprising that among the first major global media organisations that went under after the recession was the satellite radio services provider Worldspace that had a subscription-based revenue model that sought to marginalise advertisers.

The second phenomenon is the exponential rise in the use of the internet as a medium of mass communication as well as personalised communication. The circulation and readership of newspapers in developed countries, as well as the listenership of radio programmes, had been declining or stagnating even before use of the internet started growing over the last two decades or thereabouts, thanks considerably to the growth of television. In developing countries like India, however, all media of mass communication -- print, radio, television, internet and mobile telephony -- have expanded during this period because of relatively narrow audience bases and low literacy levels.

For example, the circulation of newspapers and magazines in this country had been growing steadily until recently. Although the census data indicates that the literacy rate (defined as the ability to read and write one’s name) grew by an average of over 9 per cent between 2001 and 2011, roughly one out of four Indians is still officially illiterate. As this proportion decreases, the first documents that

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those who become literate read after their textbooks are newspapers which are also inexpensive. As for radio, the number of FM (frequency modulation) radio stations and community radio stations in the country are expected to quadruple in the next few years.

However, developing countries such as India with comparatively low internet penetration among the population (roughly one-fifth at present) will not be able to buck international trends in media consumption for too long. In other words, the writing on the wall seems clear: as more mobile handsets become internet enabled and as more laptops are used in the country, the internet will become increasingly important as an aggregator and disseminator of factual information and opinions considered newsworthy. For users, the web will

become their daily newspaper, periodical, library of books, radio station, television channel, post office (and much more).

In this rapidly-evolving media scenario, what happens to journalism as we have known it over the decades? With the rapid spread of the internet will come not just the growth in the distribution of propaganda and pornography but a proliferation of rumour, gossip and unverified information -- misinformation (through ignorance or laziness) as well as disinformation (or information that is known to be false but deliberately placed in the public domain). The importance of checkers and gatekeepers of facts, especially information that is fast-flowing and time-bound, will necessarily grow. After all, discerning readers, listeners and viewers

In this rapidly-evolving media scenario, what happens to journalism as we have known it over the decades? With the rapid spread of the internet will come not just the growth in the distribution of propaganda and pornography but a proliferation of rumour, gossip and unverified information -- misinformation (through ignorance or laziness) as well as disinformation (or information that is known to be false but deliberately placed in the public domain). The importance of checkers and gatekeepers of facts, especially information that is fast-flowing and time-bound, will necessarily grow. After all, discerning readers, listeners and viewers will always want information that is factually correct, reliably sourced and authentic, together with views from credible experts (even if these are highly opinionated and/or biased).

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will always want information that is factually correct, reliably sourced and authentic, together with views from credible experts (even if these are highly opinionated and/or biased).

Despite the apparent proliferation of the mass media in India and the existence of numerous publications, radio stations, television channels and internet websites, a few players exercise dominance over specific market segments. In other words, India’s media markets are often oligopolistic in character. The absence of restrictions on cross-media ownership implies that particular companies or conglomerates dominate markets both vertically (that is, across different media such as print, radio, television and the internet) as well as horizontally (namely, in particular geographical regions). Political parties and persons with political affiliation own and/or control increasing sections of the media in

India.The promoters of media groups have

traditionally held other business interests and continue to do so, often using their media interests to further these, and there are also instances of promoters who have used the profits from their media operations to diversify into other unrelated businesses. The growing corporatization of the Indian media is manifest in the manner in which large industrial conglomerates are acquiring direct and indirect interest in media groups. There is also a growing convergence between creators/producers of media content and those who distribute/disseminate the content.

The growing concentration of ownership in oligopolistic markets has led to loss of heterogeneity and plurality. The emergence of cartels and oligarchies could be a sign of an increasingly

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globalised but homogenized communication landscape, despite the growth of internet technology bringing about a semblance of democratization by allowing for more user-generated content by “pro-sumers” (producer-consumers).While the growth of the internet has led to a collapse of geo-spatial boundaries and lower levels of gate-keeping in checking information flows, the perceived increase in diversity of opinion has been simultaneously accompanied by a squeeze in the incomes/revenues and profits of number of traditional media operations in television and print.

Given the huge corporate pressures on the media in India and the changing character of ownership, there is bound to be pressures on journalists to be selective in putting out (and not just highlighting) facts. Moreover, with the bottom-lines of the balance sheets of media companies getting squeezed, the urge to cut corners and indulge in “paid news” (which essentially is the masquerading of advertisements as information that is supposed to be independent, unbiased and objective) is bound to grow. As in all walks of life in India, corruption in the media is a reality. The problem is that corruption in the media has gone beyond individual bribery and become institutionalised, especially during the run-up to elections when paid news undermines democracy by seeking to contaminate the purity of the vote.

It is not as if investigative reporting will die altogether, in India and elsewhere. But to undertake reporting which exposes corruption in high places, especially corruption in the ranks of the business community which provides advertising support to the media, will not be easy. Since quality reporting requires time and money, owners of media organisations will find enough reasons to scrimp and scrounge. Thus, funding for in-depth, long-form, investigative journalism will have to come from a variety of different sources, including from philanthropic organizations, civil society groups, international and multilateral bodies, and perhaps even, government-supported agencies that wish to unearth the truth, unravel complexities, bring about greater transparency in public life and hold accountable those who abuse or misuse their discretionary powers.

How soon will today’s journalism regain its past glory, and to recall the oft-quoted words of American writer Finley Peter Dunne (1867-1936), “comfort the afflicted and afflict the comfortable”? Perhaps not in a hurry. But the media, for its own sake, must regain these independent and autonomous spaces and move them from “alternative” areas to the “mainstream”. All of which is easier said than done. But the struggle has to go on, relentlessly, in the interests of the public at large. We are today living in a hyper-commercial, highly-mediated world. Nevertheless, some of the tricks of today’s spin-doctors were anticipated long ago.

To end this article, here is a quote from another English writer who spent much of his later life in the United States, Aldous Huxley (1894-1963), author of the 1932 novel Brave New World, who was deeply concerned that humans would become subjugated by the sophisticated use of the mass media. This is what he wrote in 1958:

“By means of ever more effective methods of mind-manipulation, the democracies will change their nature; the quaint old forms – elections, parliaments, Supreme Courts and all the rest – will remain. The underlying substance will be a new kind of non-violent totalitarianism. All the traditional names, all the hallowed slogans will remain exactly what they were in the good old days. Democracy and freedom will be the theme of every broadcast and editorial. Meanwhile, the ruling oligarchy and its highly trained elite of soldiers, policemen, thought-manufacturers and mind-manipulators will quietly run the show as they see fit.”

The role of independent, investigative media has not diminished in importance in today’s India. It remains relevant as always.

The writer is an independent educator, journalist, author and documentary film-maker. E-Mail: paranjoy@gmail.com

Aldous Huxley

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Journalism, Fair Pay and the Public Interest

Growing wage and job insecurity within journalism was among the factors the PCI sub-committee identified behind the “paid news” abuse. Job uncertainties it concluded, led to journalism becoming prey to the often unreasonable demands of commercial and advertisement departments.

Sukumar Muralidharan

In February 2014, the Supreme Court of India ruled on a number of petitions brought by the print

media industry, finessing a three year long enterprise whose outcome did little to offset the money spent by the newspaper lobby in retaining some of the country’s most expensive legal luminaries.

First in the newspaper industry’s wish list was a judicial ruling holding a 1955 enactment to protect employees’ wages and working conditions, violative of constitutional provisions on equality, free speech and the freedom of commerce. As part of a mandate conferred by the impugned act, the Government had in 2007, appointed two statutory boards to propose fair wages and working conditions for journalists and other industry employees. In line with two reports submitted by the boards in 2010, the Government had in November 2011 through the Ministry of Labour, notified statutory scales of wages for newspaper industry employees. Only those who were well protected in other ways were exempt from the sweep of the wage boards’ attentions.

The relevant enactment, the Working Journalists’ and Other Newspaper Employees’ (Conditions of Service and Miscellaneous Provisions) Act (hereafter, WJA), was passed in 1955 and then amended significantly in 1973. Aside from the constitutional

challenge the petitioners also advanced the argument that the passage of years had rendered the law redundant. Further pleas were made about violation of fair procedure and conflict of interest, allegations about the denial of a fair hearing and an unseemly anxiety to appease one side to the bargain. What should have been a tripartite bargain involving employers, workers and the government had in the industry’s perception, become effectively a process of the government representatives and journalists’ trade unions making common cause in enforcing a deal that would seriously damage its financial prospects.

The newspaper lobby’s suspicions on procedure arose in part from the fact that the Labour Ministry which administers the wage boards, had nominated its principal official – of the rank of secretary – to be a member of the wage boards soon after his retirement. He filled a place under the quota reserved for persons putatively “independent” of all parties engaged in the tripartite process. This was consistent with a long record of civil servants seeking evergreen career pastures by appointing themselves to secure post-retirement billets. Yet an issue that merits serious engagement in terms of administrative ethics has become so much standard practice that the Supreme Court hesitated to take a

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firm stand. It relied instead upon a judgment from 1973, which held that a lack of independence in official conduct had to be established with material evidence, not just inferred on the basis of the concerned individual’s past service.

Moving on, the Supreme Court in a judgment authored by then Chief Justice P. Sathasivam, called out as a sharp piece of effrontery, the accusation that all sides to the bargain had not been afforded a fair hearing. The factual record showed that the wage boards had early in their life, sent out inquiries to a large sample of newspapers enterprises, inviting opinions on procedure. Relevant financial information was sought in an obvious effort to avoid a pitfall that had brought earlier wage board processes to grief: the alleged failure to consider the newspaper industry’s capacity to pay. As noted in the Supreme Court judgment, “a detailed questionnaire was in fact issued .. (and) this questionnaire was commented upon ..(and).. corrected”. Newspaper enterprises that responded “also received replies”.

When challenged with these facts on record, the newspaper industry “attempted to make a feeble argument that the said questionnaire was issued by the secretariat and not by the wage boards”. This was an alibi verging on the frivolous, “fit to be

rejected” in the opinion of the court.The Supreme Court noted that “several attempts

were made by the wage boards to get the relevant information from the employers”. Many among the petitioners though, “had not given financial data”. They had also “abstained from .. proceedings”. Records showed that the questionnaire seeking financial information over a nine year period had been sent to an exhaustive number of establishments as listed in the directory of the apex industry body, the Indian Newspaper Society (INS). There was then “regular follow up with the employers .. and (a) series of letters .. issued to collect financial information”. Responses remained patchy and sporadic and in July 2010, the wage boards issued a “summons” to “around one hundred and forty stakeholders” giving them one final chance “to submit the information within fifteen days”. In all, as the Supreme Court observed, no fewer than five extensions of deadline were granted for all stakeholders to submit information that in their judgment would have been relevant.

Obduracy in parting with information had once before brought the newspaper industry rich dividends. In 1958, the Supreme Court had struck down the award of the first wage board for journalists, on grounds that it had disregarded the

A rally by Newspaper Employees demanding notification of Wage Board Recommendations

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industry’s capacity to pay. It had declined at the same time, to entertain the larger demand: that the WJA enacted just three years prior, be declared a constitutional violation. The mood of the bench in 2014 was very different. The limited responses received from the newspaper industry were in the opinion of the court, adequately representative and afforded a sound basis for the wage boards to arrive at fair determinations. There was also little substance in the industry’s plea that it had not been given sufficient time to deliberate on the findings of the wage boards. No case existed to allow the petitioners “to take advantage of their own wrong and impugn the recommendations of the wage boards as not being based on their data when they eluded to submit the said data in the first place”.

For the rest, the Supreme Court in 2014 reaffirmed a number of its findings from close to six decades before, when it had first been called upon to decide on the constitutionality of a law protecting journalists’ rights. The plea that there was an infringement of the fundamental right to free speech was absurd since that was no part of the intent of the law; and neither did the newspaper industry owners have a monopoly on that right. Nor could it be argued that legislation to regulate wages and working conditions in any industrial sector was

violative of fundamental right to engage in trade and commerce.

Obviously, not very much had changed in the Supreme Court’s understanding of the substantive foundations of free speech and other fundamental rights. Neither unfortunately, had the obduracy of the newspaper industry to resist a fair bargain with personnel engaged in its news gathering enterprise. The newspaper industry reacted with predictable querulousness, denouncing the Supreme Court ruling as a potential threat to freedom of speech and information. Yet, as several observers commented, the boot clearly was on the other foot.

It has been observed in recent years that rampant commercialism in the news industry had reached its apotheosis in content that was directly paid for. Journalism as a cause won an important moral victory in 2008 when growing public worries over “cash for coverage”—or the “paid news” abuse -- led to an inquiry by the Press Council of India (PCI). The report was ready by early 2009 but in its final stages, the sub-committee that had carried out extensive investigations, encountered a deadlock within the full quorum of the PCI. Newspaper industry representatives organised their substantial clout within the body to stymie any possibility of the report being adopted by consensus. A single copy of the report with all its carefully assembled evidence

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was then consigned to the library of the PCI, while newspaper industry representatives proceeded to strip it of all its main conclusions in preparation for publication.

What finally emerged as the official PCI report was a bland and anodyne thirteen pages which stripped out all the main findings and recommendations and reduced the sub-committee’s draft to a sixth of its original size. It was censorship after a fashion, but of little substantive benefit to its principal authors since the main findings of the sub-committee had already been widely disseminated and discussed over the alternative media. In October 2011, a petition filed under the Right to Information Act led to the PCI posting the entire report of the sub-committee on its website.

Growing wage and job insecurity within journalism was among the factors the PCI sub-committee identified behind the “paid news” abuse. Job uncertainties it concluded, led to journalism becoming prey to the often unreasonable demands of commercial and advertisement departments.

The inquiry also recommended that punitive powers under election law should be deployed against political figures found to be engaged in “paid news”. On the other side, it proposed that the search and sanction powers available under the income tax law be utilised against media houses that received undue and unaccounted financial favour for doctored news content.

In May 2013, a Standing Committee of Parliament completed its own inquiries into the problem of corruption in the news industry and took note of multiple submissions that held responsible the decline of journalistic independence. Insecurity induced by short-term contracts which had almost entirely replaced tenured appointments in the industry, put journalists in a position of vulnerability, unable to resist demands from commercial and advertising departments. Added to this were the disparities within the journalistic cadre between those at the top with proximity to the ownership structures and those condemned to toil away as news industry drones.

Clearly, there is a growing consensus on fair pay for journalism being an essential ingredient of a news and editorial ecology that has a measure of integrity. The most recent wage board awards constitute an opportunity to make this principle a part of the news industry’s functioning. If the opportunity is missed, the consequence could well be an irretrievable loss of public faith in the news media.

Writer is a print journalist and media freedom campaigner. He was South Asia programme coordinator for the IFJ for six-and-a-half years. E-Mail: sukumar.md@gmail.com

The Supreme Court noted that “several attempts were made by the wage boards to get the relevant information from the employers”. Many among the petitioners though, “had not given financial data”. They had also “abstained from .. proceedings”. Records showed that the questionnaire seeking financial information over a nine year period had been sent to an exhaustive number of establishments as listed in the directory of the apex industry body, the Indian Newspaper Society (INS). There was then “regular follow up with the employers .. and (a) series of letters .. issued to collect financial information”. Responses remained patchy and sporadic and in July 2010, the wage boards issued a “summons” to “around one hundred and forty stakeholders” giving them one final chance “to submit the information within fifteen days”. In all, as the Supreme Court observed, no fewer than five extensions of deadline were granted for all stakeholders to submit information that in their judgment would have been relevant.

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A\ÀlÀ¡-v A\-mhi-ya-mb-n ]et-¸-mg-p-w N-mÀ¯-n s-¡-mS-p¡-p¶X-p s-I-mï-mI-m-w-, -"I-me¯-ns-\-m

¸-w \S¶b-mÄ-'-, "Nc-n{-X k-m£-n-' Fs-¶-ms-¡b-pÅ {-]t-b-mK§Ä a-m[-yat-e-mI-¯-v ¢-ot-j Bb-n a-md-n¡g-nª I-mea-mW-nX-v. ]t-£ C-u h-nt-ijW§Ä A£c-mÀY¯-n  CW§-p¶ AX-pe-y h-yà-nX-za-mb-nc-p¶-p Ht-Î-m_À H³]X-n\-v A´c-n¨ F-w.h-n. I-ma¯-v. C´-y³ ]{-Xt-e-mI s-¯ Nc-n{-Xh-pa-mb-n _Ô-n¸-n¨-nc-p¶ I®-nXs-¶b-mW-v At-±-l-¯-ns-â acWt-¯-ms-S s-I-mg-nª-p t-]-mI-p¶X-v. {-_-n«³ C´-yb-v¡-v A[-nI-mc-w s-s-Ia-md-nb NS§-v d-nt-¸-mÀ«-v s-Nb-vXhc-n Aht-ij-n¨ Ht-cs-b-mc-mÄ Bb-nc-p¶-p FU-näd-p-w F-g-p¯-pI-mc\-p-w a-m[-ya ]T\¯-ns-e K-pc-p t-{-ij-vT\-pa-mb F-w.h-n. I-ma¯-v.

a-m[-ya {-]hÀ¯Ic-p-w h-nZ-y-mÀY-nIf-p-w ]t-£-, At-±l s-¯ H-mÀ¡-p¶X-v s-X-mg-ne-ns-â {-]-mYa-nI ]-mT§Ä ]d ª-p X¶-nc-p¶ h-yà-n F¶ \-neb-ne-mI-p-w. a-m[-ya {-]hÀ¯\-w F¶ ]-pX-nbt-e-mI¯-v F¯-p¶ s-Nd-p¸¡-mÀ¡-v At-±l-w Fg-pX-nb -"{-]^j\ t-PWe-nk-w-' F¶ ]-pk-vXI-w \ÂI-nb Bi-z-mkh-p-w Bßh-ni-z-mkh-p-w he-pX-mb-nc-p¶-p. kcfh-p-w ef-nXh-pa-mb `-mjb-n t-hW-w h-mb\¡-mt-c-mS-v Bibh-n\-nab-w \S¯-m³ F¶ ]-mT-w I-ma¯-v ]T-n¸-n¨X-v Xs-â ]-pk-vXI§f-ne-qs-Sb-p-w aä-p cN\If-ne-qs-Sb-pa-mb-nc-p¶-p.

DU-p¸-nb-ns-e I-mUs-_«-ph-n 1921 s-k]-vä-w_À Gg-n\-v Bb-nc-p¶-p a-m[h-v h-n«Â I-ma¯-ns-â P\\-w. \t-¶ s-Nd-nb {-]-mb-w a-pX ]-pk-vXI§f-mb-nc-p¶-p I-q«-pI-mÀ. A`-n`-mjI\-p-w X-me-q¡-v t-_-mÀU-v A[-y£\-pa-mb-nc-p¶ ]-nX-mh-n\-p he-nb {-KÙ t-iJc-w Dï-mb-nc-p¶-p. Ah-ns-S \-n¶-mb-nc-p¶-p ]c¶ h-mb\b-ps-S X-pS¡-w. aW-n¸-m kÀhIe-mi-meb-ps-S k-vI-qÄ H-m^-v Ia-y-qW-nt-¡j³k-v UbdÎd-mb-n P-oh-nX k-mb-mÓ-w N-neh-n« I-me¯-p-w ]-pk-vXI§t-f-mS-pÅ {-`a-w At-±l¯-ns-â i-oeh-p-w

Fw.hn. Ima¯vFkv.lcnIrjvW³

A-\p-kv-acWw

B[-p\-nI a-m[-ya{-]hÀ¯\¯-ns-â i-oe§s-f \-ni-nXa-mb-n h-naÀi-n¡-pt-¼-mg-p-w ]-pX-paIs-f DÄs-¡-mÅ-p¶ Hc-p he-nb a\k-v At-±l¯-n\-pï-mb-nc-p¶-p. ]gb s-XÃ-m-w als-¯¶-p h-mg-v¯-pIb-p-w ]-pX-pas-b¶-m hg-n]-ng¨ t-]-ms-¡¶-p a-p{-ZbS-n¡-pIb-p-w s-N¿-p¶ B-w s-NbÀ at-\-m`-mha-mb-nc-p¶-nà I-ma¯-n\-v. -""]-pX-nb Xea-pd ]-p¯³ Bib§Ä a-pt-¶-m«-phb-v¡«-, \a-p¡-v Ah \-nc´c-w NÀ¨ s-N¿-m-w; s-Xä-p-w ic-nb-p-w h-neb-nc-p¯-m-w-'' \hX-nb-ps-S t-hfb-n I-ma¯-v ]dª h-m¡-pIf-mW-v.

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Z-n\Nc-yb-ps-a-ms-¡b-mb-n. ]-pk-vXI t-e-mIs-¯ b-m{-Xb-v¡-nSb-n X-m³ F¯s-¸« CS§f-mb-mW-v a-m[-yac-wKs-¯ Ic-nbd-ns-\ I-ma¯-v h-nt-ij-n¸-n¨-nc-p¶X-v.

a-wKe-m]-ps-¯ At-e-mj-yk-v t-I-mfP-n \-n¶-p _-nFk-vk-n s-Ia-nk-v{-S-n h-nPb-n¨-v a-p-ws-s-_b-n s-Ia-nÌ-mb-n A©-v hÀ-j-w t-P-me-n s-Nb-vX t-ija-mW-v F-w.h-n. I-ma¯-v ]{-X{-]-hÀ¯\c-wKt-¯¡-p hc-p¶X-v. 1946- Fk-v. kZ-m\µ-ns-â {-^-o{-]k-v t-PWe-n Bb-nc-p¶-p X-pS¡-w.

k¬t-U s-s-S-wk-v H-m^-v C´-yb-ps-S FU-näÀ-, b-pFk-ne-p-w b-qt-d-m¸-ne-p-w s-s-S-wk-v H-m^-v C´-yb-ps-S t-eJI³-, CÃk-vt-{-SäU-v h-o¡-ve-n H-m^-v C´-yb-ps-S FU-näÀ-, ]-nS-ns-Fb-ps-S b-pF³ t-eJI³-, {-^-o {-]k-v t-PW FU-näÀ C³ N-mÀP-v-, `-m-cX-v t-P-y-mX-n FU-näÀ... ]{-X {-]hÀ¯\¯-ns-â D¶X-nIÄ s-Xf-nb-p¶ Ic-nbÀ {-K-m^-v. {-]k-mÀ `-mcX-nb-ps-S s-NbÀa-m\-mb-p-w {-]hÀ¯-n¨-p. c-mP-y-w ]Z-va`-qj³ \ÂI-n BZc-n¨ At-±l¯-n\-v a-wKe-m]-pc-w kÀhIe-mi-me t-U-mÎt-dä-v k½-m\-n¨-n«-pï-v.

C´-yb-v¡-p-w Ct-´-m\-oj-yb-v¡-p-w k-z-mX{-´-y-w e`-n¨ Ahkc§Ä-, a-ml-mß-mK-mÔ-n h[t-¡k-ns-â h-nN-mcWb-p-w h-n[-nb-p-w-, h-n.s-I. I-rj-vWt-at-\-ms-â h-nJ-y-mXa-mb b-pF³ {-]k-wK-w F¶-n§s-\ Nc-n{-X¯-ns-e {-it-²ba-mb k-w`h§Ä I-ma¯-v d-nt-¸-mÀ«-v s-Nb-vX-p. t-e-mI t-\X-m¡f-pa-mb-n A`-na-pJ-w \S¯-n. cï-m-w t-e-mIb-p²-m\´c-w c-mã§Ä hfc-p¶X-p-w Xfc-p¶X-p-w t-\c-n Iï-p.

b-pFk-v a\-pj-y-mhI-mi {-]hÀ¯I³ a-mÀ«-n³ e-qYÀ I-n§-pa-mb-n A`-n-a-pJ-w \S¯-nb BZ-y C´-y¡-mc\-mb-n. At-X¡-pd-n¨-v I-ma¯-v ckIca-mb h-nhcW-w Fg-pX-n. [-mc-mf-w t-N-mZ-y§f-pa-mb-mW-v At-±l-w I-n§-ns-\ I-mW-m³ t-]-mbX-v. ]t-£ a-n¡hb-p-w t-N-mZ-nt-¡ï-n h¶-nÃ. I-mcW-w C´-y-s-b¡-pd-n¨-p-w K-mÔ-nP-ns-b¡-pd-n¨-p-w k-z-m-X{-´-ykacs-¯ I-pd-n¨-p-w A{-Xt-bs-d t-N-mZ-y§Ä a-mÀ«-n³ e-qYÀ I-n§-n\-v X-nc-ns-I t-N-mZ-n¡-m³ Dï-mb-nc-p¶-p-!

Nc-n{-X-w-, P-ohNc-n{-X-w-, c-m{-ã-ob-w-, ]{-X{-]hÀ¯\-w X-pS§-nb t-aJeIf-n \-m¸X-ne[-nI-w ]-pk-vXI§Ä F-w.h-n. I-ma¯-v Fg-pX-nb-n«-pï-v. Z-v ]g-vk-y-p H-m^-v FI-vke³k-v-, F d-nt-¸-mÀ«À Aä-v e-mÀP-v-, K-mÔ-n: F k-v]-nc-n¨-z t-PW-n-, H-m¬ a-oU-nb s-]-mf-nä-nI-vk-v B³U-v e-nät-d¨À-, \t-c{-µt-a-mZ-n: Z-n BÀ¡-ns-SI-vä-v H-m^-v F t-a-mt-U¬ k-vt-ää-v F¶-nhs-b-ms-¡ B I-q«¯-n s-]S-p¶-p.

B[-p\-nI a-m[-ya{-]hÀ¯\¯-ns-â i-oe§s-f \-ni-nXa-mb-n h-naÀi-n¡-pt-¼-mg-p-w ]-pX-paIs-f DÄs-¡-mÅ-p ¶ Hc-p he-nb a\k-v At-±l¯-n\-pï-mb-nc-p¶-p. ]gb s-XÃ-m-w als-¯¶-p h-mg-v¯-pIb-p-w ]-pX-pas-b¶-m hg-n]-ng¨ t-]-ms-¡¶-p a-p{-ZbS-n¡-pIb-p-w s-N¿-p¶ B-w s-NbÀ at-\-m`-mha-mb-nc-p¶-nà I-ma¯-n\-v. -""]-pX-nb Xea-pd ]-p¯³ Bib§Ä a-pt-¶-m«-phb-v¡«-, \a-p¡-v Ah \-nc´c-w NÀ¨ s-N¿-m-w; s-Xä-p-w ic-nb-p-w h-neb-nc-p¯-m-w-'' \hX-nb-ps-S t-hfb-n I-ma¯-v ]dª h-m¡-pIf-mW-v.

h-mÀ¯IÄ s-hd-p-w Ad-nb-n¸-pIf-mIc-ps-X¶-p-w k-ma-ql-nI {-]X-n_²X s-hS-nª-v t-Ihe-w ]Wa-pï-m ¡-m\-pÅ s-X-mg-nt-e-m k-wc-w`t-a-m Bb-n a-m[-ya {-]hÀ¯ \-w a-mdc-pX-v F¶-p-w At-±l-w B{-Kl-n¨-nc-p¶-p. t-Ihe h-nhc-w a-m{-X-w ka-qls-¯ Ad-nb-n¡-p¶Xà a-m[-ya§f-ps-S D¯ch-mZ-n¯-w. {-i²-m]-qÀh-w s-Xä-p-w ic-nb-p-w t-hÀX-nc-n¨-p I-m«-n ka-ql¯-n\-p h-nZ-y-m`-y-mk-w \ÂI-pIb-mW-v t-hïX-v. h-mÀ¯IÄ Dï-mI-p¶X-ns-â ]-n¶-ns-e I-mcW§Ä At-\-zj-n¡-p¶ a-m[-ya k-wk-vI-mc-w hcWs-a¶-v I-ma¯-v B{-Kl-n¨-p. a-m[-ya c-wKs-¯ h-nt-Zi

\-nt-£]s-¯ iàa-mb-n FX-nÀ¡-p¶ \e]-mS-mb-nc-p¶-p At-±l¯-n\-v.

N-ne N-n´IÄ h-nh-mZa-pï-m¡-pIb-p-w s-Nb-vX-p. `cWLS\ h-n`-mh\-w s-N¿-p¶ \-y-q\]£-mhI-mi k-wc£W¯-n\-v FX-nc-mb-nc-p¶-p I-ma¯-v. P\§s-fÃ-m-w X-pe-ys-c¶-p `cWLS\ h-yàa-m¡-pt-¼-mÄ \-y-q\]£§Ä¡-v {-]t-X-yI AhI-mis-a¶ Bib-w Xs-¶ s-Xä-ms-W¶-v I-ma¯-v h-mZ-n¨-p. \-y-q\]£-w-, `-qc-n]£-w F¶-n§s-\b-pÅ h-n`P\-w c-mP-y¯-ns-â s-I«-pd¸-n\-p t-Z-mja-ms-W¶-p-w ]Ic-w at-XXcX-z-w i-oea-m¡W-w F¶-pa-mb-nc-p¶-p At-±l¯-ns-â h-mZ-w.

t-_-m-ws-_ b-qW-nb³ H-m^-v t-PWe-nÌ-vk-v {-]k-nU³d-v F¶ \-neb-n a-m[-ya {-]hÀ¯Ic-ps-S t-{-SU-v b-qW-nb³ c-wK¯-p-w kP-oha-mb-nc-p¶-p F-w.h-n. I-ma¯-v. H-mÄ C´-y-m s-I-m¦-nW-n `-mj-m ]c-nj¯-v s-NbÀa-m\-mb-p-w {-]hÀ¯-n¨-p.

aebmf at\mcabnð No^v k_v FUnädmWv teJI³.

teJIsâ Cþsabvð: sreeharikris@gmail.com

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ASns¨mXp¡ens\Xntc Cu \hw_ÀC.]n.jmPpZo³

km[-mcW s-I-me]-mXI§Ä Iï-m s-R«-p¶ c-mP-yt-a-m ka-qlt-a-m Aà s-aI-vk-nt-¡-m. s-s-{-I-w

Ah-ns-S he-nb k-w`ht-abÃ. ab¡-pac-p¶-p a-m^-nbIf-ps-S k-wL«\§Ä-, X«-ns-¡-mï-p t-]-mIe-pIÄ-, d-m©e-pIÄ-, s-I-me]-mXI§Ä F¶-nh \-nX-y k-w`h§Ä.

F¶-mÂ-, C¡g-nª HI-vt-S-m_d-n Hc-p s-I-me]-mXI h-mÀ¯ Iï-v s-aI-vk-nt-¡-mb-p-w s-R«-n. ac-nb d-p_-nt-b-m F¶ Hc-p t-U-mI-vSd-ps-S acW h-mÀ¯b-mb-nc-p¶-p AX-v. ac-nb-m d-p_-nt-b-ms-b A[-nI-w t-]À Ad-nb-pa-mb-nc-p¶-nÃ. F¶-mÂ-, S-z-näd-n @Miut3 F¶ l-m³U-n D]t-b-mK-n¨-p h-mÀ¯IÄ t-]-mk-vä-v s-N¿-p¶ Hc-p AP-vR-mX d-nt-¸-mÀ«s-d [-mc-mf-w t-]À Ad-nb-pa-mb-nc-p¶-p. s-aI-vk-nt-¡-mb-ns-e AX-nÀ¯-n \Kca-mb s-db-vt-\-mkb-n \-n¶-mb-nc-p¶-p C-u A¡-uï-n h-mÀ¯IÄ h¶-ps-I-mï-nc-p¶X-v. AX-ns-e h-mÀ¯If-mhs-« a-pJ-y[-mc-ma-m[-ya§Ä {-]k-n²-oIc-n¡-m³ `bs-¸S-p¶hb-p-w. \Kc¯-ns-e a-m^-nbIs-f ]ä-nb-mb-nc-p¶-p CX-ns-e h-mÀ¯IÄ FÃ-m-w. a-pJ-y[-mc-m a-m[-ya§f-n Chs-b-m¶-p-w k-vY-m\-w ]-nS-n¡-mX-nc-p¶X-n\-m h-mÀ¯IÄ ¡-v t-hï-n P\§Ä Gs-d B{-ib-n¨X-v S-z-näd-ns-\ Bb-nc-p ¶-p. s-^e-n\ F¶ IÅt-¸c-ne-mb-nc-p¶-p @Miut3 h-mÀ¯ IÄ \ÂI-ns-¡-mï-nc-p¶X-v.

HI-vt-S-m_À 16þ\-v Ahc-ps-S S-z-näÀ A¡-uï-n Hc-p kt-µi-w {-]X-y£s-¸«-p. AX-v C§s-\b-mb-nc-p¶-p: I-q«-p I-ms-c-, _Ô-p¡s-f-, Fs-â bY-mÀY t-]c-v ac-nb s-U s-d-mk-mc-nt-b-m ^-y-ps-hs-âk-v d-p_-nt-b-m F¶-mW-v. R-m³ Hc-p t-U-mI-vSd-mW-v. C¶-v Fs-â P-oh-nX-w Ahk-m\-n¨-p.

kt-µi¯-n\-v H¸-w Ahc-ps-S a-rXt-Zl¯-ns-â t-^-mt-«-m b-p-w Dï-mb-nc-p¶-p. a-m^-nb-m k-wL§Ä Ahs-c Is-ï ¯-n s-I-mes-Nb-vX-n«-v Ahc-ps-S S-z-näÀ A¡-uï-ne-qs-S t-e-mIs-¯ h-nhc-w Ad-nb-n¨-p. a-m^-nbIf-ps-S A{-Ia§Ä d-nt-¸-mÀ«-v s-N¿-m³ D]t-b-mK-n¨-nc-p¶ #reynosafollow F¶ l-mj-vS-mK-v D]t-b-mK-n¨-mb-nc-p¶-p Ahc-ps-S s-I-me]-mXI-nI Ä C-u kt-µih-p-w S-z-näd-ne-n«X-v.

S-z-näd-n Hc-p e£¯-ne[-nIh-p-w t-^k-v_-p¡-n A©-p e£t-¯-mfh-p-w t-^-mt-f-mhÀa-mc-pÅ ht-e-mÀ t-]-mÀ Xa-ue-n

-Ignª ]¯p hÀj¯n\pÅn temIsa¼mSpambn 713 ]{X{]hÀ¯IÀ sImÃs¸«n«psï¶mWv GItZi IW¡v. A{Ia§fpw AgnaXnIfpw ]pd¯p sImïphcm³ {iaw \S¯nb am[ya{]hÀ¯IcmWv CXn CcIfmbhscÃmw. CX\pkcn¨v HcmgvN icmicn Hcp ]{X{]hÀ¯I³ h[n¡s¸Sp¶p. CXn 90 iXam\w tIkpIfnepw thïhn[w At\z jWw \S¶n«nÃ. ChscÃmw, Cc« \oXntISnsâ CcIfmbncp¶p. {Inan\epIfpsSbpw ZuXyw \nÀhln¡m¯ \oXnhyhkvYbpsSbpw CcIÄ.

]-mk-v F¶ k-nä-nk¬ t-PWe-nk-w {-]k-vY-m\¯-ns-â AU-va-n\-nk-vt-{-SäÀa-mc-n Hc-mf-mb-nc-p¶-p ac-nb. a-m^-nb-m k-wL§f-ns-e A-wK§f-ps-S t-]c-p s-hf-ns-¸S-p¯-pIb-p-w I-mW-mX-mh-pIb-p-w X«-ns-¡-mï-p t-]-mIs-¸S-pIb-p-w s-N¿-p ¶hc-ps-S t-]c-ph-nhc§Ä {-]k-n²s-¸S-p¯-pIb-p-w s-N¿-pI b-mb-nc-p¶-p C-u {-]k-vY-m\¯-ns-â {-][-m\ ]c-n]-mS-n. Ch-nS-p s-¯ a-m[-ya§f-n C-u h-nhc§Ä hc-mt-db-nÃb-nc-p¶-p. I-mcW-w K-pï-mt-¸S-n Xs-¶. a-m[-yak-vY-m]\§f-n Hc-p aS-nb-p-w I-qS-ms-X IS¶-p s-N¶-v F´-p d-nt-¸-mÀ«-v s-N¿W-w-, F´-p d-nt-¸-mÀ«-v s-N¿c-pX-v F¶-v D¯ch-nS-p¶X-mW-v s-aI-vk-nt-¡-mb-ns-e ]e \Kc§f-ns-eb-p-w a-m^-nbIf-ps-S c-oX-n. C§s-\ H-m^-ok-pIf-ns-e¯-pt-¼-mÄ K-pïIf-ps-S s-s-Ib-n N-ne t-^-mt-«-mIÄ Dï-mh-p-w. ]{-X-m[-n]·-mc-ps-S b-p-w d-nt-¸-mÀ«Àa-mc-ps-Sb-p-w h-oS-pIf-ps-Sb-p-w I-pS-p-w_-m-wK§ f-ps-Sb-p-w t-^-mt-«-mIf-mWh. AX-pIï-m ]-ns-¶ X§s-f A\-pkc-n¡-m³ a-m[-ya{-]hÀ¯IÀ \-nÀ_Ô-nXc-mI-ps-a¶-v K-pïIÄ¡d-nb-m-w.

C-u `-ojW-ns-b hIhb-v¡-ms-Xb-mW-v ht-e-mÀ t-]-mÀ Xa-ue-n]-mk-ns-â A¡-uï-pIf-n h-mÀ¯IÄ {-]X-y£ s-¸«-ps-I-mï-nc-p¶X-v. CX-ns-â ]-n¶-ne-pÅhc-ps-S t-]c-ph-nh c§Ä ]-pd¯-ph-nS-p¶hÀ¡-v Bd-pe£-w s-]t-k-m k½-m\-w \ÂI-ps-a¶-v a-m^-nb k-wL§Ä {-]J-y-m]-n¡-p¶-nS-w hs-c s-b¯-n Ahc-ps-S {-]hÀ¯\§Ä. Hä-ps-I-mS-p¯-nt-«-m Ft-´-m-, ac-nbb-p-w a-m^-nbb-ps-S Ccb-mb-n. s-aI-vk-nt-¡-mb-n  s-Xf-nb-n¡s-¸S-m¯ At-\I-w s-I-me]XI§f-ps-S I-q« ¯-nt-e¡-v as-ä-m¶-p I-qS-n. Ahc-ps-S a-rXt-Zl-w t-]-me-p-w CX-phs-c Iï-p I-n«-nb-n«-nÃ.

kt-µih-mlIs-\ s-I-mÃc-pX-v F¶-mW-p ]ï-p a-pXt-e DÅ N-n´. a\-pj-yI-pe-w k-ma-ql-nIa-mb-n ]-pt-c-mKX-n t-\S-p ¶X-n\-v Gs-d a-p³]-v-, P\-mb¯ `cW§Ä `-qc-n]£-w k-vYe§f-ne-p-w \-nb{-´Wt-as-äS-p¡-p-w a-p³]-v t-]-me-p-w kt-µih-mlI·-mÀ k-pc£-nXc-mb-nc-p¶-p. F{-X A\-nj-vS Ica-mb h-mÀ¯IÄ t-]-me-p-w AhÀ¡-v Hc-p c-mP-y¯-p \-n¶-v as-ä-m¶-nt-e¡-v P-oh\-n `ba-nÃ-ms-X F¯-n¡-m³ k-m[-n¨-p. F¶-mÂ-, B[-p\-nI t-e-mI¯-v kt-µih-mlI

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ASns¨mXp¡ens\Xntc Cu \hw_À

·-mÀ k-pc£-nXcÃ. AhÀ B{-Ia-n¡s-¸S-p¶-p-, k-z´-w c-mP-y¯-p t-]-me-p-w. AX-oh `-mK-yh-m·-mÀ a-m{-X-w P-oht-\-m s-S c£s-¸S-p¶-p. F¶-mÂ-, B{-Ia-n¡-p¶ht-c-m? Ahc-n \s-Ã-mc-p ]¦-p-w ]-nS-n¡s-¸S-ms-X t-]-mI-p¶-p. ]-nS-nb-ne-mI-p¶ hÀ t-]-me-p-w i-n£-n¡s-¸S-ms-X c£s-¸S-p¶-p.

a-m[-ya {-]hÀ¯IÀ¡-v CX-ne-p-w A]-mbIca-mb Hc-p I-me-w a-p³]-pï-mb-n«-nÃ. B{-Ia-n¡s-¸S-pIb-p-w s-I-mÃs-¸S-p Ib-p-w XS¦e-ne-m¡s-¸S-pIb-p-w s-N¿-p¶ a-m[-ya{-]hÀ¯I c-ps-S F®-w Z-n\-w{-]X-n I-qS-nhc-nIb-mW-v. a-m^-nbIÄ-, Dt-Z-y-mKk-vYÀ-, kÀ¡-mc-pIÄ F¶-pt-hï-, a-m[-ya{-]hÀ¯ Ic-ps-S I®-p-w Ic§f-p-w Bs-cs-b-ms-¡ At-e-mkcs-¸S-p ¯-pt-¶-m Ahs-c-ms-¡ X§f-ps-S I®-ns-e IcS-mb a-m[-ya {-]hÀ¯Is-c GX-ph-nt-[\b-p-w \-neb-v¡-p \-nÀ¯-m³ Bb-p[s-aS-p¡-p¶ I-mg-vNb-mW-v t-e-mIs-a¼-mS-p-w.

]{-X-m[-n]·-mc-ps-Sb-p-w ]{-Xk-vY-m]\§f-ps-Sb-p-w k-wL S\b-mb h-m³ C{-^ as-ä-m¶-p I-qS-n ]db-p¶-pþ ]¯-n H³]X-p ]{-X{-]hÀ¯Ic-ps-S s-I-me]-mXI¯-ns-â D¯c h-mZ-nIf-p-w i-n£-n¡s-¸S-ms-X c£s-¸«-p t-]-mI-p¶-p. C-u IW¡-ne-mW-v C-u \h-w_d-ns-â {-]kI-vX-n. ]{-X{-]hÀ¯ Ic-ps-S P-ohs-\S-p¡-p¶hÀ ]-nS-nb-ne-mI-ms-X t-]-mI-p¶ k-vY-nX-nh-nt-ij¯-nt-e¡-v t-e-mI{-i² BIÀj-n¡-m³ C¯hW _l-pc-mj-v{-S k-wLS\b-mb b-ps-\k-vt-I-m Xs-¶ c-wK¯-nd§-n. ]{-X{-]hÀ¯IÀs-¡X-nc-mb I-päI-r X-y§Ä \S¯-p¶hÀ c£s-¸«-p t-]-mI-p¶X-ns-\X-nt-c t-e-mI{-i² DWÀ¯-p¶X-n\-pÅ {-ia§f-ps-S X-pS¡-w (Day to end impunity for crimes against journalists) C-u \h-w_À cï-n\-p b-ps-\k-vt-I-m X-pS§-nh¨-p. Ig-nª hÀj-w a-me-nb-n K-nk-vs-eb-v³ U-pt-]-mï-v-, t-¢-mU-v s-hÀ t-e-m¬ F¶-o {-^©-v ]{-X{-]hÀ¯IÀ s-I-mes-N¿s-¸« Z-nhka-ms-W¶X-n\-me-mW-v \h-w_À cï-v s-Xcs-ªS-p¡ s-¸«X-v.

Ig-nª ]¯-p hÀj¯-n\-pÅ-n t-e-mIs-a¼-mS-pa-mb-n 713 ]{-X{-]hÀ¯IÀ s-I-mÃs-¸«-n«-ps-ï¶-mW-v GIt-Zi IW¡-v. A{-Ia§f-p-w Ag-naX-nIf-p-w ]-pd¯-p s-I-mï-phc-m ³ {-ia-w \S¯-nb a-m[-ya{-]hÀ¯Ic-mW-v CX-n CcIf-m bhs-cÃ-m-w. CX\-pkc-n¨-v Hc-mg-vN ic-mic-n Hc-p ]{-X{-]hÀ ¯I³ h[-n¡s-¸S-p¶-p. CX-n 90 iXa-m\-w t-Ik-pIf-n e-p-w t-hïh-n[-w At-\-zjW-w \S¶-n«-nÃ. Chs-cÃ-m-w-, Cc« \-oX-nt-IS-ns-â CcIf-mb-nc-p¶-p. {-I-na-n\e-pIf-ps-Sb-p-w Z-uX-y-w \-nÀhl-n¡-m¯ \-oX-nh-yhk-vYb-ps-Sb-p-w CcIs-f ¶-mW-v I½-nä-n S-p s-{-]-m«I-vS-v t-PWe-nk-vä-vk-v (k-n.]-n.s-P-) Chs-c h-nt-ij-n¸-n¡-p¶X-v.

\-oX-n\-y-mb h-yhk-vY ]c-mPbs-¸S-pt-¼-mÄ A{-Ia-nIÄ Bt-hi-w s-I-mÅ-pIb-mW-v. ]-nS-n¡s-¸S-ns-ö-p-w ]-nS-n¡s-¸ «-m Xs-¶ i-n£-n¡s-¸S-ns-ö-p-w hc-p¶t-X-ms-S A{-Ia-n IÄ ]{-X{-]hÀ¯Is-cb-p-w ]{-X§s-fb-p-w \-ni_-vZc-m¡-m \-pÅ {-ia§Ä iI-vXa-m¡-p¶-p. t-e-mIs-a¼-mS-p-w I-mW-p¶ as-ä-mc-p I-mc-y-w I-qS-nb-pï-v: a-m[-ya{-]hÀ¯IÀ B{-Ia-n¡ s-¸S-pt-¼-mÄ Ahs-c k-wc£-nt-¡ï t-]-me-ok-p-w kÀ¡-m c-pIf-p-w X-pSÀ¨b-mb-n ]c-mPbs-¸S-p¶-p. As-æ-n AhÀ t-hïh-n[-w {-]hÀ¯-n¡-p¶-nÃ.

C-u ]c-mPb-w X-pSÀ¶-mÂ-, A{-Ia-nIÄ i-n£-n¡s-¸S-m s-X c£s-¸«-ps-I-mt-ïb-nc-p¶-m t-e-mI¯-v k-zX{-´a-mb h-nhc h-n\-nab-w \S¡-nÃ. X§f-ps-S X-mX-v]c-y§Ä¡-v XSk-w \-nÂI-p¶ a-m[-ya{-]hÀ¯IÀ Bc-mb-me-p-w-, AhÀ a-pJ-y[-mc-m a-m[-ya§f-nt-e-m ka-qla-m[-ya§f-nt-e-m I-qS-n Ag-naX-n ]-pd¯-ps-I-mï-phc-p¶hc-mIs-«-, AhÀ X-pS¨-p \-o¡s-¸t-Sïhc-ms-W¶ kt-µi-w C¯c-w {-I-na-n\e-pI Ä t-_-m[]-qÀ-haÃ-ms-X Xs-¶ X½-n X½-n s-s-Ia-md-p ¶-ps-ï¶X-p h-yI-vX-w.

Unfortunately, in many countries

it’s also a death warrant

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A[-nI-rXc-ps-S \-nk-wKX Z-p-xk-qN\IÄ \ÂI-p¶X-v a-m[-ya{-]hÀ¯IÀ¡-p a-m{-XaÃ-, ka-ql¯-n\-v H¶S¦a-m W-v. a-m[-ya{-]hÀ¯IÀs-¡X-nc-mb A{-Ia§Ä At-\-zj-n ¡s-¸S-ms-Xt-b-m i-n£-n¡s-¸S-ms-Xt-b-m t-]-mI-pt-¼-mÄ \-m«-ns-e s-]-mX-ph-mb {-]i-v\§Äs-¡X-nt-c \-ne]-ms-SS-p¡-m ³ k-m[-mcW¡-mÀ t-]-me-p-w aS-n¡-p-w. \-oX-n\-y-mb h-yhk-vY t-b-mS-v P\§Ä¡-pÅ h-ni-z-mk-w ]-mt-S \j-vSa-mI-p-w. s-]-mX-pt-h "\-ni_-vZc-mI-pI-' F¶X-mh-p-w CX-n \-n¶-p ka-ql-w a\k-ne-m¡-p¶ kt-µi-w. ka-ql¯-ns-â {-]X-nI c-n¡-m\-pÅ iI-vX-n t-N-mÀ¶-p t-]-mI-m³ CX-nSb-m¡-p-w.

k-zX{-´h-p-w k-pc£-nXh-pa-mb ]{-X{-]hÀ¯\-w t-e-mI ¯-ns-â Bhi-ya-ms-W¶ I-mg-vN¸-mS-v t-e-mIs-a¼-mS-p-w ]c ¯-m\-mW-v b-ps-\k-vt-I-m {-ia-w X-pS§-nb-nc-n¡-p¶X-v. Ig-n ª hÀj-w s-FI-yc-mj-v{-S s-]-mX-pk`b-n ]-mk-m¡-nb Hc-p {-]t-ab¯-ns-â AS-nk-vY-m\¯-ne-mW-v b-ps-\k-vt-I-m s-b C-u N-paXe GÂ]-n¨X-v. b-ps-\k-vt-I-mb-ps-S X-pS¡-w a-pXt-e A`-n{-]-mb k-z-mX{-´-y¯-n\-p-w a-m[-ya k-z-mX{-´-y ¯-n\-p-w t-hï-nb-pÅ {-ia§Ä¡-v X-pS¡a-n«-nc-p¶-p. a-m[-ya {-]hÀ¯IÀ B{-Ia-n¡s-¸S-pIb-p-w s-I-mÃs-¸S-pIb-p-w s-N¿-p¶X-ns-\ s-Nd-p¡-m\-pÅ {-ia§Ä X-pS§-nh¨X-v

1997e-mW-v. B hÀj-w k-wLS\b-ps-S s-]-mX-pt-b-mK¯-n AhXc-n¸-n¨ {-]t-aba-mW-v C-u \-o¡¯-n\-p X-pS¡-w I-pd-n ¨X-v. Ct-X¯-pSÀ¶-v-, a-m[-ya{-]hÀ¯IÀ¡-v FX-nt-c \S ¡-p¶ A{-Ia§f-n X\-n¡-v Ad-nh-v I-n«-p¶ FÃ-m k-w`h §s-f¡-pd-n¨-p-w b-ps-\k-vt-I-mb-ps-S UbdI-vSÀ P\d t-\c-n«-v At-\-zj-n¡-md-pï-v. _Ôs-¸« c-mP-ys-¯ A[-nI-rX s-c CX-ns-â K-uch-w t-\c-n«-v t-_-m[-ys-¸S-p¯-m\-mW-v UbdISÀ P\d {-ia-n¡-p¶X-v.

C-u {-ia§f-ps-S X-pSÀ¨b-mb-mW-v C-u hÀj-w \S¡-p ¶ \-o¡§Ä. \h-w_À cï-v-, a-q¶-v X-obX-n-I-f-n t-e-mI ¯-ns-â h-nh-n[ `-mK§f-n b-ps-\k-vt-I-m t-_-m[hX-vIcW s-ka-n\-md-pIÄ \-S-¯-p¶-p.

2007\-p-w 2012\-p-w CSb-ne-pÅ A©-p hÀj-w 430 a-m[-ya {-]hÀ¯Ic-mW-v s-I-mÃs-¸«X-v. C-u s-I-me]-mXI§t-f¡-p d-n¨-v At-\-zj-n¨-v d-nt-¸-mÀ«-v \ÂI-m³ b-ps-\k-vt-I-m A-wK c-mP-y§t-f-mS-v Bhi-ys-¸«-p. 42iXa-m\-w c-mP-y§Ä a-m{-X a-mW-v {-]X-nIc-n¨X-v. Bs-I Gg-p t-Ik-n a-m{-Xa-mW-v {-]X-n IÄ i-n£-n¡s-¸«s-X¶ s-R«-n¡-p¶ IW¡-mb-nc-p¶-p C-u ]T\¯-n \-n¶-p s-Xf-nªX-v. 2012 a-m{-X-w 123 a-m[-y a{-]hÀ¯IÀ h[-n¡s-]«-p. Ig-nª hÀj-w 93 a-m[-ya

sXfnbn¡s¸SmsX t]mIp¶ am[ya{]hÀ¯I sIme]mXI§sf Hmtcm cmPys¯ bpw P\kwJytbmSv A\p]mXw sNbvXmWv kn.]n.sP. dnt¸mÀ«v Xbmdm¡p¶Xv. {]XnIÄ in£n¡s¸Sm¯ tIkpIsfbmWv sXfnbn¡s¸Sm¯hbmbn IW¡m¡p I. C¯cw A©p tIkpIsf¦nepapÅ cmPy§sf ]«nIbn DÄs]Sp¯n. Ignª XhW Cu ]«nIbn 12 cmPy§fmbncps¶¦n C¯hW 13 cmPy§fmbn. 13þmw kvYm\w C´ybv¡v. CdmJv, skmamenb, ^nen¸o³kv, {ioe¦, kndnb, A^vKm\n kvYm³, saIvknt¡m, sImfw_nb, ]mInkvXm³, djy, {_koÂ, ss\Pocnb F¶nh bmWv C´y¡p ap³]pÅ cmPy§Ä.

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{-]hÀ¯IÀ I-pc-pX-ns-I-mS-p¡s-¸«-p. C-u hÀj-w CX-phs-c 70 s-I-me]-mXI§f-mW-v Dï-mb-nc-n¡-p¶X-v. {-]-mt-Zi-nIa-m b-n {-]hÀ¯-n¡-p¶ a-m[-ya{-]hÀ¯Ic-mW-v s-I-mÃs-¸«hc-n  Gs-db-ps-a¶-v b-ps-\k-vt-I-mb-ps-S A`-n{-]-mb k-z-mX{-´-y h-n`-mK-w UbdI-vSÀ t-K s-_Às-PÀ ]db-p¶-p. {-]-mt-Zi-nIa-m b-n \S¡-p¶ Ag-naX-nIf-p-w s-s-{-Ia-pIf-p-w k-wL«\§f-p-w a\-pj-y-mhI-mi e-wL\§f-p-w ChÀ hg-nb-mW-v ]-pd-w t-e-mIad-nb-p¶s-X¶X-mW-v ChÀ A\-mb-mk e£-ya-mI-p ¶X-ns-â I-mcW-w. s-I-mÃs-¸S-p¶ a-m[-ya{-]hÀ¯Ic-n 40 iXa-m\h-p-w A¨S-na-m[-ya§f-ps-S d-nt-¸-mÀ«Àa-mc-mW-v.

s-I-mÃs-¸S-p¶ a-m[-ya{-]hÀ¯Ic-ps-S ]eaS§-p hc-p-w `-ojW-n t-\c-nS-p¶hc-p-w A{-Ia§f-n ]c-pt-¡ÂI-p¶hc-p-w {-I-qca-mb i-mc-oc-nI ]-oU\§Ä¡-v Ccb-mI-p¶hc-p-w. [-mc-mf-w t-]À X«-ns-¡-mï-p t-]-mIs-¸S-p¶-p. A§s-\ XSh-db-n Ig-nt-bï-nhc-p¶hÀ Gs-d. k-wLÀjt-aJeIf-n a-m{-XaÃ-, A§s-\bÃ-m¯-nS¯-p-w Cs-X-ms-¡ Act-§d-p ¶-ps-ï¶X-mW-p {-it-²b-w. h\-nX-m a-m[-ya{-]hÀ¯IÀ t-\c-nS-p¶ B{-IaW§Ä t-hs-db-mW-v. ChÀ s-s-e-wK-nIa-m b-n hs-c B{-Ia-n¡s-¸S-p¶-p.

\h-w_À cï-n\-v b-ps-\k-vt-I-m s-k{-I«d-n P\d ]-pd ¯-nd¡-nb d-nt-¸-mÀ«-v s-R«-n¸-n¡-p¶X-mW-v. 2006þ2013 I-me L«¯-n a-m[-ya{-]hÀ¯-IÀ s-I-mÃs-¸« 593 t-Ik-pIf-n  Bd-p iXa-m\¯-n X-ms-ga-m{-Xa-mW-v s-Xf-nb-n¡s-¸« X-v. s-a-m¯-w t-Ik-pIf-n \-me-ns-e-m¶-p-w Ct-¸-mg-p-w At-\-z jW¯-ns-â h-nh-n[ L«§f-ne-mW-v. AX-n Xs-¶ \s-Ã-m c-p ]¦-v t-I-mSX-nIf-n h-nN-mcWb-ne-p-w. t-Ikt-\-zjW-w-, t-I-mSX-n \S]S-nIÄ F¶-nh k-w_Ô-n¨-v UbdI-vSÀ P\d s-Fd-n\ t-{-_-mt-I-mh d-nt-¸-mÀ«-v t-N-mZ-n¨-n«-v Hc-p t-Ik-n t-]-me-p-w ad-p]S-n I-n«-nb-n«-ns-öX-v a-m[-ya{-]hÀ ¯Ic-ps-S P-oh\-v t-e-mIc-mP-y§Ä \ÂI-p¶ h-ne F{-X s-b¶-p h-yI-vXa-m¡-p¶-p.

C-u hÀjs-¯ t-e-mI ]{-Xk-z-mX{-´-y Z-n\t-¯-mS\-p_ Ô-n¨-v b-ps-\k-vt-I-m Bk-vY-m\¯-v t-NÀ¶ t-b-mK¯-ns-â {-]J-y-m]\-w hfs-c {-]kI-vXa-mW-v. "a-m[-ya {-]hÀ¯IÀ

s-I-mÃs-¸S-p¶X-ns-â F®-w hfs-c I-qS-pXe-mb-n X-pSc-p¶ X-n\-m Ahc-ps-S k-pc£-nXX-z-w hÀ[-n¸-n¡-p¶X-n\-p-w s-I-me]-mXI-nIs-f \-oX-n]-oT¯-n\-p a-p¶-ns-e¯-n¡-p¶X-n \-p-w c-mP-y-m´c k-wLS\IÄ-, kÀ¡-mc-pIÄ-, a-m[-ya§Ä-, CX-pa-mb-n _Ôs-¸« aä-pÅhÀ F¶-nhc-ps-S kX-zc{-i² t-hïX-mW-v.' a-m[-ya{-]hÀ¯IÀ-, {-]^jW k-wLS\IÄ-, a-m[-ya k-vY-m]\§Ä-, t-k-mj-y a-oU-nb D]t-b-m I-vX-m¡Ä F¶-nhs-c-ms-¡ H¶-n¨-p \-n¶-p {-]bX-v\-n¡W s-a¶-p-w b-ps-\k-vt-I-m Bhi-ys-¸S-p¶-p.

]{-X{-]hÀ¯IÀs-¡X-nc-mb A{-Ia§f-ns-e {-]X-nIÄ C§s-\ c£s-¸«-v t-]-mI-p¶X-ns-\X-nt-c \-me-phÀj-w a-p¼-mW-v K-uchXca-mb NÀ¨ X-pS§-nbX-v. I½-nä-n S-p s-{-]-m«I-vS-v t-PWe-nk-vä-vk-v (k-n.]-n.s-P-) F¶ k-wLS\b-p s-S C-w]-y-qW-nä-n D¨t-I-mS-n 2010 \S¶-p. k-zX{-´ a-m[-ya {-]hÀ¯\¯-n\-p t-hï-n {-]hÀ¯-n¡-p¶ 20 k-wLS\If-n \-n¶-v 40 a-m[-ya{-]hÀ¯Ic-mb-nc-p¶-p ]s-¦S-p¯X-v. C-u h-njb¯-nt-e¡-v k-n.]-n.s-Ps-b F¯-n¨ Fe-nk_¯-v h-n¨Â Bb-nc-p¶-p C-u k-wKa¯-n\-p-w t-\X-rX-z-w \ÂI-nb X-v. ]-n¶-oS-v Ct-X¡-pd-n¨-v ]T-n¡-m³ k-n.]-n.s-P \-nba-n¨ ka-nX-ns-b \b-n¨X-p-w Fe-nk_¯-v Xs-¶.

k-zX{-´a-mb {-]X-nIcWs-¯ t-{-]-mÂk-ml-n¸-n¡-p¶ s-\ä-vhÀ¡-v Bb s-Fs-^I-vk-v k-n.]-n.s-Ps-b ]-n´-pSÀ¶-p \S¯-nb Hc-p I-m¼b-n\-mW-v b-ps-\k-vt-I-ms-b \h-w_À cï-ns-â Z-n\-mNcW¯-nt-e¡-v F¯-n¨X-v. a-m[-ya{-]hÀ¯ Ic-ps-S s-I-me]-mXI-nIÄ i-n£-n¡s-¸S-ms-X t-]-mI-p¶X-m W-v k-zX{-´a-mb a-m[-ya{-]hÀ¯\¯-n\-v Gäh-p-w `-ojW-n DbÀ¯-p¶ I-mc-ys-a¶-v 2011s-e s-Fs-^I-vk-v kt-½f\¯-n  NÀ¨ \S¶-p. X-pSÀ¶-v C¡-mc-y-w DbÀ¯-n¸-nS-n¨-v I-m¼ b-n³ \S¯-m³ AhÀ X-oc-pa-m\-n¨-p. ^-ne-n¸-o³k-ns-e aK-z-n³U-mt-\-mb-nÂ-, 2009 32 ]{-X{-]hÀ¯IcS¡-w 58 t-]s-c I-q«s-¡-me s-Nb-vXX-ns-â h-mÀj-nIZ-n\a-mb 2011 \h-w_À 23\-mW-v AhÀ X§f-ps-S {-]N-mcW-w X-pS§-nh¨ X-v. cï-phÀj-w X-pSÀ¨b-mb {-]N-mcW ]c-n]-mS-nIf-ps-S Ahk-m\a-mW-v b-p.F³. C-u h-njb-w Gs-äS-p¡-m\-p-w

H-cp {]-Xntj-[ kacw

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\h-w_À cï-v BNc-n¡-m\-p-w X-oc-pa-m\-n¨X-v. b-p.F³ h-njb-w Fs-äS-ps-¯¦-ne-p-w s-Fs-^I-vk-v s-hd-p

t-Xb-nc-n¡-p¶-nÃ. b-p.F³ {-]t-ab-w A-wK-oIc-n¡Ws-a¶-p-w \h-w_À cï-n\-v CX-pk-w_Ô-n¨-v {-]k-vX-mh\b-nd¡W s-a¶-p-w s-Fs-^I-vk-v s-FI-y c-mj-v{-S k-wLS\b-ns-e A-wKc-mP-y§t-f-mS-v Bhi-ys-¸«-nc-p¶-p. Gs-X-ms-¡ c-mP-y §Ä AX-p s-Nb-vX-p F¶X-ns-â IW¡-p t-iJc-n¨-p hc-nI b-mW-v. ^-ne-n¸-o³k-v I-q«s-¡-meb-ps-S A©-m-w h-mÀj-nI-w BNc-n¡-m\-p-w AhÀ Hc-p§-p¶-p. 32 a-m[-ya{-]hÀ¯IÀ s-I-mÃs-¸«-n«-p-w Hc-mÄ t-]-me-p-w i-n£-n¡s-¸«-n«-nÃ. CX-ns-\X-nt-c \h-w_À 17 a-pX 23 hs-c h-nh-n[ {-]N-mcW{-]hÀ ¯\§Ä \S¯-m\-mW-v Ahc-ps-S \-o¡-w.

Fe-nk_¯-v h-n¨e-ns-â t-\X-rX-z¯-n k-n.]-n.s-P \S¯-nb Gäh-ps-a-mS-ph-nes-¯ ]T\¯-ns-â d-nt-¸-mÀ«-v Ig-nª G{-]-ne-ne-mW-v ]-pd¯-p h¶X-v. 2008e-mW-v k-n.]-n.s-P C-u d-nt-¸-mÀ«-v {-]k-n²-oIc-n¡-m³ X-pS§-nbX-v. A¶-pa-pX Cd-mJ-n\-mW-v CX-n H¶-m-w k-vY-m\-w. 2003 k±-m-w l-ps-s-k³ `cW¯-n \-n¶-p ]-pd¯-mbX-n\-p t-ij-w Ah-ns-S s-I-mÃs-¸« a-m[-ya {-]hÀ¯Ic-n \-qd-p t-]c-ps-S acW¯-n\-nSb-m¡-nbhÀ A\-mb-mk-w c£s-¸«-p. Ig-nªhÀj-w a-m{-X-w Cd-mJ-n 17 ]{-X{-]hÀ¯IÀ h[-n ¡s-¸«-p. [-mc-mf-w ]{-X{-]hÀ¯IÀ `-ojW-n t-\c-nS-pIt-b-m P-oh\-p s-hÃ-ph-nf-n t-\c-nS-pIt-b-m s-N¿-p¶-p.

k-nd-nb C-u ]«-nIb-nt-e¡-v IS¶-p h¶X-mW-v C-u hÀjs-¯ {-]t-X-yIX. A©-m-w k-vY-m\¯-mW-v k-nd-nb. Ch-ns-S a-m[-ya{-]hÀ¯IÀ e£-y-w hb-v¡s-¸S-p¶-ps-h¶-v k-wib¯-n\-nSb-nÃ-ms-X s-Xf-nb-n¡-p¶-X-mb-n CX-v. d-nt-¸-mÀ «-v {-]k-n²-oIc-n¨ t-ij-w Ch-ns-S \-nch[-n t-Ik-pIÄ ]-pd¯-p h¶-p. Ig-nª H-mKk-vä-n Pb-n-wk-v t-^-mf-ns-bb-p-w s-k]-vä-w_d-n k-vä-oh³ t-k-mS-vt-e-m^-ns-\b-p-w s-Fk-nk-v `-oIc·-mÀ h[-n¡-p¶ Z-ri-y§Ä AhÀ Xs-¶ ]-pd¯-p h-n«X-p-w t-e-mI-w Iï-p. Ah-ns-S Ct-¸-mgs-¯ B`-y´c Ie-m]§Ä X-pS§-nbX-n\-p t-ij-w a-m{-X-w Ad-p]X-ne[-nI-w a-m[-ya{-]hÀ¯IÀ¡-mW-v P-oh³ \j-vSa-mbX-v.

s-Xf-nb-n¡s-¸S-ms-X t-]-mI-p¶ a-m[-ya{-]hÀ¯I s-I-me ]-mXI§s-f H-mt-c-m c-mP-ys-¯b-p-w P\k-wJ-yt-b-mS-v A\-p ]-mX-w s-Nb-vX-mW-v k-n.]-n.s-P. d-nt-¸-mÀ«-v Xb-md-m¡-p¶X-v. {-]X-nIÄ i-n£-n¡s-¸S-m¯ t-Ik-pIs-fb-mW-v s-Xf-nb-n¡ s-¸S-m¯hb-mb-n IW¡-m¡-pI. C¯c-w A©-p t-Ik-pI s-f¦-ne-pa-pÅ c-mP-y§s-f ]«-nIb-n DÄs-]S-p¯-n. Ig-nª XhW C-u ]«-nIb-n 12 c-mP-y§f-mb-nc-ps-¶¦-n C¯ hW 13 c-mP-y§f-mb-n. 13þ-m-w k-vY-m\-w C´-yb-v¡-v. Cd-mJ-v-, s-k-ma-me-nb-, ^-ne-n¸-o³k-v-, {-i-oe¦-, k-nd-nb-, A^-vK-m\-n k-vY-m³-, s-aI-vk-nt-¡-m-, s-I-mf-w_-nb-, ]-mI-nk-vX-m³-, dj-y-, {-_k-oÂ-, s-s-\P-oc-nb F¶-nhb-mW-v C´-y¡-p a-p³]-pÅ c-mP-y§Ä.

Gj-y-mþ]k^-nI-v t-aJeb-ns-e a-m[-ya \-nb{-´W§s-f ¡-pd-n¨-v ]T-n¨ d-nt-¸-mÀt-«g-vk-v h-n¯-u«-v t-_-mÀUÀ F¶ k-wLS\ d-nt-¸-mÀ«-v s-Nb-vXX-v C-u t-aJeb-n GX-mï-v FÃ-m c-mP-y¯-p-w a-m[-ya{-]hÀ¯Is-c AS¡-n \-nÀ¯-m³ kÀ¡-mc-ns-â `-mK¯-p \-n¶S¡-w {-iaa-ps-ï¶-mW-v.

2012 \h-w_d-n A[-nI-mct-as-äS-p¯-t-i-j-w s-s-N-\-ok-v Ia-y-qW-nk-vä-v ]-mÀ«-n P\d s-k{-I«d-n j-o P-n³ ]-n§-v a-m[-ya{-]hÀ¯It-c-mS-v Bhi-ys-¸«X-v ""]-mÀ«-nb-ps-S {-]N-m cW c-oX-nIÄ At-X ]S-n X-pScW-w-'' F¶-mb-nc-p¶-ps-h¶-v C-u d-nt-¸-mÀ«-v D²c-n¡-p¶-p.

h-nbä-v\-m-w-, X-mb-ve-m³U-v-, Z£-nWs-I-md-nb-, t-S-m-wK-, ]-m]-ph \-y-q K-n\-n-, Ct-´-m\-oj-y-, H-mk-vt-{-Se-nb-, a-y-m·-mÀ F¶-nh-nS§f-ns-eÃ-m-w kÀ¡-mÀ Xs-¶ h-nh-n[ \-nb{-´W §Ä a-m[-ya {-]hÀ¯\¯-n\-v GÀs-¸S-p¯-nb-n«-ps-ï¶-mW-v

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k-wLS\b-ps-S t-hÄU-v {-^-oU-w C³UI-vk-vþ2014 d-nt-¸-mÀ«-n  ]db-p¶X-v. Ch-nS§f-ns-e-ms-¡ a-m[-ya{-]hÀ¯Is-c Adk-vä-v s-N¿-q¶X-p-w \-nbah-nc-p² XS¦e-n hb-v¡-p¶ X-p-w X-pSc-p¶-p.

C´-y³ D]`-qJÞ¯-ne-p-w k-vY-nX-n h-yX-yk-vXaÃ. t-e-mI¯-v a-m[-ya{-]hÀ¯IÀ¡-v Gs-d `bs-¸t-Sï c-mP-y-w ]-mI-nk-vX-m\-ms-W¶-v \-nc-o£Is-cÃ-m-w Hc-pt-]-ms-e ]db-p ¶-p. Ah-ns-S ]eb-nS§f-ne-p-w kÀ¡-mc-n\-p \-nb{-´Wa-nÃ. X-me-n_-m\-p-w aX k-wLS§f-pa-mW-v ]e k-vYe§f-p-w \-nb{-´-n¡-p¶X-v. Ch-nS§f-ns-e-ms-¡ k-zX{-´a-m[-ya {-]hÀ¯\-w Ak-m[-y-w. N-mc k-wLS\b-mb CâÀ kÀh-o k-v Câe-nP³k-v BIs-« a-m[-ya {-]hÀ¯IÀ¡-v `-ojW-n Xs-¶b-mW-v. H-ut-Z-y-mK-nI clk-y§Ä t-N-mÀ¯-n F¶ t-]c-n a-m[-ya {-]hÀ¯Is-c ]-oU-n¸-n¡-m\-p-w s-I-me s-N¿-m\-p-w AhÀ¡-p aS-nb-nÃ. Ig-nª hÀj-w Gg-p a-m[-ya {-]hÀ¯Ic-mW-v ]-mI-nk-vX-m\-n s-I-mÃs-¸«X-v.

F¶-mÂ-, AX-ne-p-w Hc-mÄ A[-nI-wþF«-p t-]Àþ Ig-nª hÀj-w C´-yb-n s-I-mÃs-¸«-p. C´-yb-n C{-Xb[-nI-w a-m[-ya{-]hÀ¯IÀ s-I-mÃs-¸S-p¶X-v CX-mZ-ya-mb-nc-p¶-p. 2012þ \-me-p t-]c-mW-v s-I-mÃs-¸«X-v. C´-yb-n ]t-£ a-m[-ya{-]hÀ¯IÀ `-ojW-n t-\c-nS-p¶X-p-w B{-Ia-n¡s-¸S-p ¶X-p-w A]-qÀhaÃ. hS¡-p I-ng¡³ k-wk-vY-m\§f-ne-p-w D¯t-c´-yb-ns-e ]e \Kc§f-ne-p-w CX-v k-m[-mcW-w. ]et-¸-mg-p-w {-]X-nIÄ ]-nS-n¡s-¸S-md-nÃ. t-Icf¯-ne-p-w k-vY-nX-n h-yX-yk-vXaÃ. a-m[-ya {-]hÀ¯IÀ he-nbt-X-mX-n  B{-Ia-n¡s-¸«-n«-pï-v. a-n¡X-ne-p-w {-]X-nIÄ c£s-¸«-n«-p a-pï-v. CX-p ]et-¸-mg-p-w s-]s-«¶-pÅ B{-Iat-W-mÂk-pIX b-ps-S ^ea-ms-W¦-n Bk-q{-X-nXa-mb s-I-me]-mXI{-ia a-mb-nc-p¶-p a-mX-r`-qa-n t-eJI³ h-n._-n. D®-n¯-ms-â t-\t-c b-pï-mbX-v.

s-I-m¨-p c-mP-y§f-ms-W¦-ne-p-w t-\¸-mf-p-w _-w¥-mt-Zi-p-w C¡-mc-y¯-n ]-n¶-neÃ. _-w¥-mt-Zi-n k-zX{-´ t-»-mKÀ a-mcS¡-w kÀ¡-mc-ns-â \-nc-o£W¯-ne-mW-v. X-o{-h \-ne ]-mS-pIf-pÅ h-nh-n[ k-wLS\If-ps-S `-ojW-nIÄ t-hs-d. C-u hÀj-w Al½Z-v dP-n_-v s-s-lZÀ F¶ t-»-mKÀ {-I-qc a-mb-n h[-n¡s-¸«-p. aX\-nµ-m I-pä-w N-pa¯-n Bk-n^-v s-a-ml-nb-p±-o³ F¶ t-»-mKs-d Ck-ve-ma-nI X-o{-hh-mZ-nIÄ s-I-mÃ-ms-¡-me s-Nb-vX-p. 2012 s-^{-_-phc-nb-n k-mKÀ kt-c-mhÀ-, s-as-ld¬ d-q\-n F¶-o a-m[-ya{-]hÀ¯Is-c h[-n¨ t-Ik-n C\-nb-p-w Bc-p-w i-n£-n¡s-¸«-n«-nÃ. t-\¸-mf-n a-mt-h-mb-nk-vä-v ]-mÀ«-n Xs-¶b-mW-v a-m[-ya{-]hÀ ¯Is-c ]-mT-w ]T-n¸-n¡-m³ s-h¼-p¶X-v.

Aht-_-m[-w k-rj-vS-n¡-p¶X-p-w b-p.F³ t-]-me-pÅ k-wLS\If-ps-S CSs-]Se-pIf-p-w hfs-c t-\c-nbt-X-mX-n a-mä§f-pï-m¡-p¶-ps-ï¶-mW-v k-n.]-n.s-P ]db-p¶X-v. ]«-n Ib-n CS-w]-nS-n¨ \-me-p c-mP-y§f-n {-]X-nIÄs-¡X-nt-c \-nba \S]S-nIÄ Dï-mb-n. ^-ne-n¸-o³k-n t-{-_-mU-vI-mk-vä-v t-PWe-nk-vä-v s-Pd-mÀt-U-m HÀt-SKb-ps-S s-I-me]-mXI-ns-b XSh-p i-n£b-v¡-p h-n[-n¨-p. ]-mI-nk-vX-m\-n 2011 h-me-n J-m³ _-m_d-ns-\ h[-n¨ Bd-pt-]À I-pä¡-mc-ms-W¶-p h-n[-nb-pï-mb-n. CX-n cï-p t-]À Ct-¸-mg-p-w Hf-nh-ne-mW-v. dj-yb-n 2000 Ct-K-mÀ s-U-ma-v\-nt-I-mh-ns-\ h[-n¨ t-Ik-n  Hc-p _-nk-n\k-pI-mcs-\ Gg-phÀj-w XSh-pi-n£b-v¡-v h-n[-n¨-p. {-_k-oe-ne-mhs-« a-q¶-p t-Ik-n {-]X-nIÄ I-päh-m f-nIf-ms-W¶-p h-n[-nb-pï-mb-n.

a-m[-ya{-]hÀ¯\-w t-e-mI¯-p a-n¡b-nS¯-p-w a-mcIa-mb Hc-p {-]^j\-mb-n a-md-p¶-ps-h¶-mW-v a-m[-ya k-z-mX{-´-y¯-n \-mb-n {-]hÀ¯-n¡-p¶ k-wLS\Is-fÃ-m-w N-qï-n¡-m«-p¶X-v.

AX-n\-pÅ {-]X-nh-n[-nb-ps-S X-pS¡a-mIs-« C-u \h-w_d-ns-â {-ia§Ä F¶-p-w AhÀ {-]X-y-mi-n¡-p¶-p. Image courtesy: WAN-IFRA

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Online journalism appears to be the major playground for

technology today in journalism. A few decades back, when live broadcasting (away from studio) became possible, TV journalism raced ahead of print journalism. Today, new technological tools are helping new media overtake TV news. Liveblogging, for instance, has emerged as a richer alternative for breaking news, and its popularity is likely to increase in the coming years. Worldwide, the frontiers of liveblogging have been pushed by the Guardian, and in India recently, The Hindu website used CoveritLive for reporting on the court verdict against Jayalalithaa1.

Just as the Internet and new technological tools of that medium have triggered changes in journalism, they have had an impact also on how scholars communicate their research. Perhaps the most far-reaching shake-up in the academic world has been the emergence of open access scholarship.

A publication is said to be “open access” if a reader can read, download, copy, and distribute the full text without paying a fee. (Note the contrast with “copyright,” which had been the norm in the 20th century.) In recent years, scholars have been able to make their works open access because there exist today a global platform for dissemination (the Internet), easy-to-learn technological tools (to create and publish content on the platform), and economics that is favourable to the authors (low

journals at high prices from the same publishers. With journal publishers having now lost their importance in distribution, the playground of scholarly communication has changed.

In the West, especially in the United States and the United Kingdom—two major producers of research—universities have set up Web-based “institutional repositories,” which freely make available the research generated in their departments. Universities such as Harvard and Stanford have adopted open access policies, and collaborate with other universities and scholar communities to widen the open publishing system. Harvard’s policy, for example, requires faculty to give prior, non-exclusive license to Harvard to publish their scholarly articles. (Typically, journal articles and conference proceedings are covered by this policy; authors do not have to give books and other forms of publication to Harvard.) Through institutional repositories, Harvard then makes the fruits of their research available free on the Internet.2

Where does Kerala figure in the open publishing map of higher education? Kerala’s universities are lagging behind. So far, open access efforts here have mostly been to digitise doctoral theses and make them freely available. In this, Mahatma Gandhi University has been a leader, with its own Web repository for theses (which at present has 1,926 theses, including a few on Kerala journalism). For the same purpose, most universities in India have been using the Shodhganga repository. There too, M. G. University (1,882 theses) does well—it is

Open Sesame

Ashok R Chandran

A column that throws light on studies about Kerala journalism, and explores the problems and possibilities of studying Kerala journalism

cost of electronic publishing). In the past, academics had to rely on publishers to sell their wares far and wide. Now, since articles can be published inexpensively on the Internet, and those interested in reading the content will find their way through Google or other databases, most scholars today do not need a publisher to distribute scholarly content. Technology has thus given universities a good reason to re-examine their research dissemination strategy and methods, and explore how to use the new communication tools of the open publishing environment. Universities in India should wake up.

There is another reason why scholars and universities should consider moving towards the open access system. Nowadays, the University Grants Commission (UGC) and other higher education bodies breathe down every academic’s neck (not just in universities, but colleges too) to publish research papers in academic journals. How and where should all such findings be published? Should we, as a society, encourage the locking up of scholarship about India behind paywalls erected by commercial publishers? Or should we favour the publishing of scholarship in open access mode?

It is high time that universities liberated themselves from the traditional publishing model, where scholars donate their research works to commercial publishers, attest the quality of content through peer review, and then queue up to buy

Lighthouse

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second nationally—and Cochin University of Science and Technology (CUSAT) (1,419 theses) has made good progress. Far behind are University of Calicut and University of Kerala, with 307 and 77 theses respectively.

The major lag, however, is in the area of articles and scholarly journals published by scholars and universities. According to the Directory of Open Access Repositories, the institutions from Kerala that maintain repositories of their scholars’ articles are CUSAT and the Indian Institute of Management–Kozhikode.

The Directory of Open Access Journals lists two open access journals from Kerala—Kerala

partnering with an international commercial publisher. The decision to pay tens of thousands of rupees to the publisher for each issue revealed the educational planners’ outdated understanding of scholarly communication. It was a move in the wrong direction. KSHEC should revisit the decision, cut ties with the publisher, and use the funds instead to publish a good, open access journal. In line with contemporary international thinking, and keeping local conditions in mind, KSHEC should also develop a good, open access policy and offer it to universities in Kerala for adoption.

Meanwhile, universities in

affected by the policy. In fact, the damage would be greater in the open access environment because journals can be set up at low cost and great speed by those wishing to make a quick buck. Already, the Beall’s List contains many predatory journal publishers and journals from India, including ones in which scholarship on Kerala is getting published.

While it is important that universities in Kerala penalise faculty who resort to unethical, shortcut methods to get their work published in fraudulent pay-and-publish journals, it is equally important for universities to offer good, alternative publication avenues. That is why a few universities and institutes in Kerala should set up and run a handful of good, open access journals. By instituting processes for credible peer review, good editing, and maintenance of international publishing standards, institutions (universities or scholarly societies) can ensure that future waves of scholarship on Kerala society, politics, economy, journalism, and other fields will not get locked up behind paywalls of a handful of commercial publishers in the West or mired in a swamp of shady, shoddy journals.

Ashok R. Chandran is a book editor with a keen interest in Kerala studies. He lives in Palakkad. E-mail: studykeralamedia@gmail.com, Website: www.ashokrchandran.com

1. For a superb example of liveblogging, see Graeme Wearden, “Jean Tirole wins the Nobel prize in economic sciences - as it happened,” The Guardian, 13 October 2014, http://www.theguardian.com/business/live/2014/oct/13/nobel-prize-for-economics-announcement-live . An Indian attempt is “Jayalalithaa conviction: As it happened,” The Hindu, 27 September 2014, http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/jayalalithaa-conviction-as-it-happened/article6452086.ece .2. For more information about Harvard’s open access policy, see https://osc.hul.harvard.edu/policies .

Journal of Orthopaedics (published by the Kerala Orthopaedic Association) and Journal of Tropical Agriculture (Kerala Agricultural University). The Kerala University of Health Sciences runs an open access journal titled Health Sciences.

Despite such progressive ventures here and there, the state in general has not recognised the need to set up and run good, open access journals. This is evident from the launch of a journal by the Kerala State Higher Education Council (KSHEC) this year. KSHEC is the apex advisory body for higher education in the state, and it set a terrible example by launching the Higher Education for the Future journal in the traditional mode—by

Kerala, including journalism departments, should move towards making their own journals open access. Some journals (including the newly launched KILA Journal of Local Governance) are available free as PDF files. It is advisable to instead use journal management and publishing systems, such as the Open Journal Systems developed by the Public Knowledge Project.

In the traditional copyright system, there were bad apples at the lower end. They have got a fillip now with ill-considered policies (like that of the UGC) which promote breakdown of the peer review system and drown scholars in a flood of low-quality research. The open access system too is going to be adversely

Home Page of Shodhganga

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kn.-]-n. X-nc-p-h-n-X-m-w-I-q-d-n F¯-p-¶-X-n-\-p-a-pt-¼ At-±-l-¯-ns-â {-]ik-vX-n X-nc-p-h-n-X-m-w-I-q-d-nÂ

F¯-n-¡-g-n-ª-n-c-p-¶-p. a{-Z-mk-v k-wØ-m-\-¯-n t-]s-c-S-p¯ t-ij-a-m-b-n-c-p¶-p k-n.-]-n.-b-ps-S hc-h-v. {-]KÛ A`-n-`-m-j-I-\-mb-p-w \-nb-a-h-n-N-£-W-\-mb AU-z-¡ä-v P\-d-e-mb-p-w C´-y³ \-mj-\ t-I-m¬{-K-Ê-ns-â P\-d s-k{-I-«-d-n-b-mb-p-w h-nZ-y-m-`-y-mk ]c-n-j-vIÀ¯-m-h-mb-p-w t-a«-qÀ U-m-w-, s-s-]¡-md Pe-s-s-h-Z-y-p-X-]-²X-n F¶-n-h-b-ps-S D]-Ú-m-X-m-h-m-b-p-s-a-ms-¡ t-]s-c-S-p¯ k-n.-]-n. A¡-m-es-¯ {-_-n«-oj-v C´-y-b-n X-nf-§-p¶ X-mc-a-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p. {-_-n«-o-j-v I-y-m_-n-\-ä-ns-e C´-y-m s-k{-I-«-d-n-b-m-b-n-c-p¶ at-ïI-v Xs-â C´-y-m kµÀi-\-s-¯-¸-ä-n-s-b-g-p-X-nb Ub-d-n-b-n k-n.-]-n.s-b C§-s-\-b-mW-p h-nt-i-j-n-¸-n-¨X-v: {‑]X‑n‑`‑m‑i‑m‑e‑nb‑p‑w t‑ij‑n‑k‑¼‑¶‑\‑p‑a‑mb kÀ k‑n.‑]‑n. C‑w¥‑ï‑n‑e‑mW‑p P\‑n‑¨‑n‑c‑p‑¶‑s‑X‑¦‑n Ah‑n‑Ss‑¯ {‑][‑m‑\‑a‑{‑´‑n‑b‑m‑I‑p‑a‑m‑b‑n‑c‑p¶‑p‑!

k-n.-]-n. X-nc-p-h-n-X-m-w-I-q-d-n F¯-p-¶-p-s-h-¶-d-n-ªX-p a-pX X-nc-p-h-n-X-m-w-I-q-d-ns-e ]e ]{-X-§f-p-w k-n.-]-n.-b-ps-S hch-v Bt-L-m-j-n-¨X-v C-u {-]i-w-k-m-h-m-NI-w Xe-s-¡-«-m-¡-n-b-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p. AX-v Hc-p he-nb k-w`-h-a-m¡-n a-mä-m-\-p-ff t-_-m[-]-qÀÆ-a-mb {-ia-w ]e t-I{-µ-§-f-n \-n¶-p-a-p-ï-m-b-n.

k-n.-]-n. H-ut-Z-y-m-K-n-I-a-mb-n X-nc-p-h-n-X-m-w-I-q-d-n-s-e-¯-p-¶X-v

{‑]‑a‑p‑Jc‑m‑b a‑e‑b‑m‑f‑n ]‑{‑X‑]‑hÀ‑¯‑I‑c‑p‑s‑S \‑n‑ch‑[‑n B‑ß‑I‑Y‑IÄ \‑½‑p‑s‑S h‑m‑b‑\‑i‑m‑e‑I‑f‑n‑e‑pï‑v.

N‑n‑e‑s‑Xñ‑m‑w G‑s‑X‑¦‑ne‑p‑w B‑\‑p‑I‑m‑e‑n‑I‑§‑f‑nð a‑m{‑X‑w s‑h‑f‑n‑¨‑w I‑ï‑h‑b‑mW‑v. ]‑pX‑n‑b X‑e‑a‑p‑d‑b‑nð

s‑]‑«‑hÀ A‑[‑n‑I‑s‑a‑mó‑p‑w I‑ï‑n‑«‑p‑t‑]‑m‑e‑p‑a‑‑p‑ï‑m‑h‑nñ. \‑a‑p‑¡‑v h‑g‑n‑I‑m«‑n‑b C‑u a‑l‑m‑c‑Yò‑m‑c‑p‑s‑S t‑kh‑

\‑w \‑m‑w t‑c‑J‑s‑¸‑S‑p‑t‑¯‑ï‑X‑pï‑v. X‑e‑a‑p‑d‑I‑f‑n‑t‑e‑¡‑v s‑s‑I‑a‑m‑ä‑w s‑N‑¿‑s‑¸‑t‑S‑ï‑X‑p‑ï‑v. H‑mt‑c‑m e‑¡‑

¯‑ne‑p‑w H‑mt‑c‑m A‑[‑y‑mb‑w C‑u B‑ß‑I‑Y‑I‑f‑nð \‑n‑ó‑v X‑n‑c‑s‑ª‑S‑p‑¯‑p {‑]‑k‑n‑²‑s‑¸‑S‑p‑¯‑pIbmWv

Cu ]wànbneqsS.

Cu e¡¯nð sI. Fw. amXyp. aebmf]{XtemIs¯ B[p\nIIme¯nte¡p ssI]nSn¨p \S

¯nb almcY\mbncpóp ZoÀLImew aebmfat\mcabpsS ]{Xm[n]cmbncpó sI. Fw. amXyp.

{]kv {SÌv Hm^v C´ybS¡w am[yacwKs¯ tZiobhpw A´ÀtZiobhpamb \nch[n {]Øm\

§fpsS Aac¡mc\mbncpó Ct±ls¯ cm{ãw ]Zva`qj³ _lpaXn \ðIn BZcn¨p. am[ya

cwKs¯ hninãamb \nch[n ]pckvImc§fpw Ct±ls¯t¯Snsb¯nbn«pïv. 1917ð P\n¨

sI.Fw. amXyp 2010 BKÌv 1\v A´cn¨p. Ct±l¯nsâ BßIYbmb "F«mas¯ tamXncw' Hcp

hyànbpsS BßIY FóXnep]cn Hcp ImeL«¯nsâ Ncn{XamWv. B BßIYbnse

"AZriy sNt¦mepambn kn.]n.' Fó A²ymbamWv ChnsS tNÀ¯ncn¡póXv.

AZriy sNt¦m-ep-ambn kn.-]n.sI. Fw. amXyp

1931 BW-v. (A-X-n\-p-w F{-Xt-b-m hÀj-§Ä¡-p-a-p¼-v At-±-l-a-n-h-ns-S t-Ik-v h-mZ-n-¡-m-s-\-¯-n-b-n-«-p-ï-v. A¸-¨³ kP-o-h-a-mb-n ]¦-p-t-NÀ¶ ka-p-Z-m-b-t-¡-k-nÂ- þ- h-«-n-¸-W-t-¡-k-v- þ- h-m-Z-n-¡-m-\-m-b-n-c-p¶-p k-n.-]-n. F¯-n-b-X-v. A¸-¨³ A\-p-I-q-e-n¨ ae-¦c H-mÀ¯-t-U-mI-vk-v ]£-¯-ns-â FX-nÀI-£-n-b-mb ]-m{-X-n-bÀ¡-ok-v h-n`-m-K-¯-n-\-p-t-hï-n h-mZ-n-¡-m-\-m-b-n-c-p¶-p k-n.-]-n. h¶X-v F¶X-p ck-c-a-mb Hc-p b-mZ-r-Ñ-n-I-X-!-)

{-i-oN-n¯-nc X-n-c-p-\-mÄ al-m-c-m-P-m-h-ns-â Ø-m\-m-t-c-m-l W-w 1931 s-k]-vä-w-_À H¶-n-\-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p. Ct-X¯-pSÀ¶-mW-p X-nc-p-h-n-X-m-w-I-q-d-ns-â c-mj-v{-S-o-b- þ- \-n-ba D]-t-Z-j-vS-m-h-mb-n k-n.-]-n. \-nb-a-n-X-\-m-h-p-¶-X-v. {-i-oN-n¯-nc X-nc-p-¶-mÄ al-m-c-m-P-mh-v `c-W-`-m-c-t-a-s-ä-S-p-¡-p-t-¼-mÄ \S-¯-nb H-ut-Z-y-m-K-nI {-]J-y-m-]-\-§-f-n-s-e-m¶-p k-n.-]-n. c-ma-k-z-ma-n A¿s-c Xs-â D]-t-Z-j-vS-m-h-mb-n \-nb-a-n-¨-n-c-n-¡-p¶-p F¶-X-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p. k-n.-]-n.¡-p t-hï-n k-rj-vS-n¨ Xk-vX-n-I-b-m-b-n-c-p¶-p AX-v. 1936 Z-nh-m³ ]Z-w Gs-ä-S-p-¡-p-¶-X-p-hs-c At-±l-w D]-t-Z-j-vS-m-h-ns-â N-pa-Xe hl-n-¨-p.

kt-l-m-Z-c-n-a-m-c-n-Ã-m-X-n-c-p¶ {-i-oa-qe-w X-nc-p-\-mÄ al-m-c-m-P-mh-v Hc-p X-mb-vhg-n-¡-p-S-p-w-_-¯-n \-n¶-p Zs-¯-S-p-¯-h-c-mW-p t-kX-p-e-£-va-n-`-m-b-n (1896-þ1986-)-, t-kX-p]-mÀhX-n

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sI. Fw. amXyp

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k-vX-I-¯-n H¸-p-h-b-v¡-p-¶X-p-w ]X-n-h-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p-). hÀj-§Ä Ig-n-ª-t-¸-mÄ X-nc-ph-n-X-m-w-I-qÀ `c-W-¯-n k-n.-]-n. c-ma-k-z-ma-n A¿À Ah-n-`-m-P-y-L-S-I-a-mb-n a-md-n. kÀÆ-m-[-n-I-m-c-§f-p-w k-n.-]-n.¡-p s-s-Ih-c-n-I-b-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p.

s-hÃ-n-M-vS¬ {-]`-p C´-y-b-ns-e s-s-ht-{-k-m-b-n-b-m-h-p-¶X-v 1931 BW-v. k-n.-]-n.¡-p s-hÃ-n-M-vS¬ {-]`-p-h-n-e-p-ï-m-b-n-c-p¶ k-z-m[-o-\-i-à-n-s-b-¡-p-d-n¨-p ]e A]-h-m-Z-§f-p-w A¡-m-e¯-p a{-Z-m-k-n {-]N-c-n-¨-n-c-p-¶-p. a{-Z-mk-v KhÀW-d-m-b-n-c-p¶ X\-n¡-p I-og-n AU-z-¡ä-v P\-d-e-mb-n t-kh-\-a-\-p-j-vT-n¨ k-n.-]-n. s-hÃ-n-M-vS¬ {-]`-p-h-ns-â I®-n-e-p-®-n-b-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p. AX-p-s-I-m-ï-m-h-W-w-, s-hÃ-n-M-vS¬ {-]`-p s-s-ht-{-k-mb-n ]Z-t-a-s-ä-S-p¯-p Z-nh-k-§Ä Ig--n-b-p-¶-X-n\-p a-p³]-p-Xs-¶ d-oP³k-n `c-W-a-h-k-m-\-n-¸-n-¡-p-h-m\-p-w al-m-c-m-P-m-h-ns-\ A[-n-I-m-c-¯-n-t-e-ä-p-h-m\-p-w k-n.-]-n.¡-p Ig-n-ªX-v-! k-m[-m-c-W-K-X-n-b-nÂ-, 21 hb-Ê-m-b-mt-e c-mP-m-h-m-I-m³ Ig-n-b-p-I-b-p-f-f-q. ]t-£-, k-n.-]-n.-b-ps-S {-]t-X-yI X-mÂ]-c-y-{-]-I-mc-w a-q¶-p-hÀj-w a-p³t-] k-o\-n-bÀ d-mW-n-b-ps-S d-oPâ-v `cW-w Ah-k-m-\-n-¸-n¨-v-, P-q\-nbÀ d-mW-n-b-ps-S aIs-\ c-mP-m-h-m-¡-p-I-b-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p. {-i-oN-n¯-nc X-nc-p-\-mÄ al-m-c-m-P-m-h-ns-â t-]c-n k-n.-]-n.-b-mW-p X-nc-p-h-n-X-m-w-I-qÀ `c-n-¨-n-c-p-¶-s-X¶-v A¡-me-w t-\c-n¡ï FÃ-m-hÀ¡-p-a-d-n-b-m-a-m-b-n-c-p¶-p. k-n.-]-n. FS-p¯ `c-W-]-c-a-mb ]e X-oc-p-a-m-\-§-f-ne-p-w "s-I-m«-m-c-¯-ns-â A\-p-a-X-n-t-b-ms-S-' Fs-¶-g-p-X-n-b-n-c-p-s-¶-¦-ne-p-w AX-p h-ni-z-k-\-o-b-a-s-ö-p ]-n¡-m-e¯-p ]ec-p-w Ft-¶-mS-p ]d-ª-n-«-p-ï-v. hÀj-§-t-f-mf-w k-n.-]-n. Xs-â I¿-ns-e A[-n-I-m-c-¯-ns-â AZ-r-i-y-a-mb B s-Nt-¦-m s-I-mï-p \S-¶-p.

(k-z-m-X-{-´-y-{-]-m-]-vX-ns-b X-pSÀ¶-v-, X-nc-p-h-n-X-m-w-I-q-d-nÂ\-n¶-p k-n.-]-n. t-]-mb-t-ij-w Ch-ns-S Nc-n-{-X-h-p-a-mb-n _Ô-s-¸« Hc-p I]-S-\-m-SI-w I-qS-n Ac-t-§-d-n. k-n.-]-n. X-nc-p-h-n-X-m-w-I-q-d-n \S-¯-nb Z-pÀ`-cW-w s-I-m«-m-c-¯-ns-â \-nÀt-±-i-t-¯-m-s-S-b-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p-s-h¶-p kaÀY-n¨-v ]-pk-vX-I-§-f-n-d-§-n. s-Ns-s-¶-b-ns-e k-n.-]-n. c-ma-k-z-ma-n A¿À ^-ut-ï-js-â B`-n-a-p-J-y-¯-ne-p-w [\-k-l-m-b-¯-m-e-p-a-m-b-n-c-p¶-p C-u "s-hf-f-]-q--iÂ-'-! k-n.-]-n.-b-ps-S `c-W-I-m-e¯-p X-nc-p-h-n-X-m-w-I-q-d-n-e-p-ï-mb kIe \à I-mc-y-§f-p-w k-n.-]-n.-b-ps-S t-]c-n N-mÀ¯-n-s-¡-m-S-p-¡-p-Ib-p-w N-o¯-¡-m-c-y-§Ä s-I-m«-m-c-¯-ns-â IW-¡-n "kaÀ¸-n-¡-p-Ib-p-w-' s-Nb-vX h-n-ZK-v[ X-nc-¡-Y-b-m-b-nc-p¶-p AX-n\-p ]-n¶-nÂ. X-nc-p-h-n-X-m-w-I-q-d-n\-v A\-p-`-h-n-t-¡ï-n h¶ Z-pÀ`-c-W-I-m-es-¯ ad-¶-v-, t-Ic-f-¯-ns-e {-]ik-vX Nc-n-{-X-I-m-c-\-mb {-]^. F. {-i-o[-c-t-a-t-\-m³ t-]-me-p-w C-u \-n-e-]-m-s-S-S-p-¯-p-s-h-¶X-p t-JZ-I-c-h-p-w-).

A¶-v-, k-wb-pà c-mj-v{-S-ob t-I-m¬{-KÊ-v kaÀ¸-n¨ \-nt-h-Z-\s-¯ \J-i-n-J-m-´-s-a-X-nÀ¯-p {-]k-vX-m-h-\-b-n-d-¡-n-b-X-n-e-qs-S k-n.-]-n. k-zb-w ad-\-o¡-n ]-pd-¯-p-h-c-n-I-b-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p. X-m³ F´-mW-v F¶-p X-nc-p-h-n-X-m-w-I-q-d-n\-p a-p¶-n k-n.-]-n. BZ-y-a-mb-n s-hf-n-s-¸-S-p-¯-p-¶X-v C-u FX-nÀ¸-n-e-q-s-S-b-m-W-v.

\-nhÀ¯\ {-]Ø-m-\s-¯ \-nÊ-l-I-cW {-]Ø-m-\-a-mb-n h-y-mJ-y-m-\-n-¡-p-¶-X-p-s-I-m-ï-v-, \-nhÀ¯\ {-]Ø-m\-w F¶-X-n-\-p-]-Ic-w ]-uc-k-a-X-z-{-]-Ø-m\-w F¶-mW-v C\-na-pX ]d-t-b-ï-s-X-¶-v-, X-nc-p-h-Ã-b-n S-n.-F-w. hÀK-o-k-ns-â A[-y-£-X-b-n I-qS-nb ka-p-Z-m-b-t-\-X-m-¡-·-m-c-ps-S t-b-mK-w X-oc-p-a-m-\-n-¨-p. \-nb-a-]-c-a-mb I-pc-p-¡-n \-n¶-p c£-s-¸-S-m³ t-hï-n-b-m-b-n-c-p¶-p C-u t-]c-p-a-m-ä-w. Abstention Movement s-\ "\-nhÀ¯\ {-]Ø-m\-w' F¶-m¡-n s-a-mg-n-a-m-ä-n-bX-v k-wk-vI-rX ]W-vU-n-X-\-mb s-F.-k-n. N-mt-¡-m Bb-n-c-p-¶-p.

\-m«-n³]-p-d-§-f-nÂt-¸-me-p-w ]-uc-k-aX-z {-]Ø-m-\-¯-ns-â [-mc-mf-w t-b-mK-§Ä \S-¡-p-¶-p-ï-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p. ]-uc-k-a-nX-n t-\X-m-¡-·-m-c-m-b-n-c-p¶ k-n. t-Ii-h³-, h-n.-s-I. t-he-m-b-p-[³-, s-I.-BÀ. \-mc-m-b-W³ (\-m-c-m-b-W³ ]-n¡-m-e¯-v Fk-v.-

`-mb-n (1897-þ1983-) F¶-n-hÀ. ChÀ b-mY-m-{-Ia-w k-o\-n-bÀ al-m-d-m-W-n-s-b¶-p-w P-q\-n-bÀ al-m-d-m-W-n-s-b¶-p-w Ad-n-b-s-¸-«-p. a-nk-v t-U-md-nk-v h-mS-vk-v F¶ C-w¥-oj-v h\-n-X-b-ps-S I-og-n ChÀ i-n£W-w t-\S-n. k-o\-n-b-d-mb t-kX-p-e£-va-n `-mb-n¡-v B¬I-p-«-n-I-f-nÃ-mX-nc-p-¶-X-n-\-m t-kX-p-]-mÀÆX-n `-mb-n-¡-mW-v A½ al-m-d-m-W-n-b-m-h-m-\-p-ff `-mK-y-w k-n²-n-¨-X-v. 1924 {-i-oa-qe-w X-nc-p-\-mÄ al-m-c-m-P-mh-v \-mS-p-\-o-§-n-b-t-¸-mÄ t-Ihe-w _-me-\-m-b-n-c-p¶ {-i-oN-n¯-nc X-nc-p\-mÄ _-me-c-m-a-hÀab-v¡-p t-hï-n \-nb-a-{-]-I-mc-w t-kX-p-e£-va-n `-mb-n d-oPâ-mb-n Ø-m\-t-a¡-p-¶-p. Gg-p hÀj-w \-oï d-oP³k-n-¡-p-t-i-j-a-mW-v 1931 {-i-oN-n-¯-nc X-nc-p-\-mÄ `c-W-`-m-c-t-a¡-p-¶-X-v. c-mP-m-h-n-s-\¶ t-]-ms-e c-mP-a-m-X-m-h-n\-p-w k-n.-]-n. Xs-¶-b-m-b-n-c-p¶-p \-nb-t-a-m-]-t-Z-j-vS-m-h-v. k`-m t-Ik-n h-mZ-n-¡-m³ F¯-n-b-t-¸-mįs-¶ k-n.-]-n.-, s-I-m«-m-c-¯-nÂs-¨¶-p k-o\-n-bÀ-þ-P-q-\-n-bÀ d-mW-n-a-ms-c t-\c-n Iï-n-c-p-¶-p. AX-m-b-n-c-p¶-p s-I-m«-m-c-¯-n-t-e-¡-p-ff k-n.-]-n.-b-ps-S BZ-y hc-h-v. ({-]-i-k-vX-À X-nc-p-h-n-X-m-w-I-q-d-n-s-e-¯-p-t-¼-mÄ s-I-m«-mc-w kµÀi-n-¡-p-¶X-p-w s-I-m«-m-c-¯-ns-e kµÀi-I-]-p-

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F³.-U-n.-]-n. t-b-mK-w P\-d s-k{-I-«-d-nb-p-w h-nt-a-m-N\ ka-c-t-\-X-m-h-p-a-m-b-n-) F¶-n-hÀ t-I-m«b-w P-nÃ-b-n {-]t-h-i-n-¡-p-¶X-p \-nt-c-m-[-n-¨-n-c-p-¶-p. t-I-mg-t-©-c-n-b-n 1935 t-ab-v ]X-n-s-\-m-¶-n\-p t-NÀ¶ ]-uc-k-a-n-X-n-b-ps-S al-m-k-t-½-f-¯-n k-n. t-Ii-h-\-m-b-n-c-p¶-p A[-y-£³. C-u kt-½-f-¯-n k-n. t-Ii-h³ \S-¯-nb {-]k-wK-w ]-n¶-oS-p X-nc-p-h-n-X-m-w-I-q-d-ns-â c-mj-v{-S-ob Nc-n-{-X-¯-n-s-e-¯-n. k-n.-]-n.s-b X-nc-p-h-n-X-m-w-I-q-d-p-I-mÀ¡-v Bh-i-y-a-n-s-ö-p-w \-mS-n\-p `-mc-a-m-b-n-«-p-ff k-n.-]-n.s-b X-nc-p-h-n-X-m-w-I-q-d-n \-n¶-p ]d-ª-b-b-v¡-m-\-p-ff {-]t-£-m-`W-w I-qS-n-b-m-W-v Cs-X¶-p-w h-nI-m-t-c-m-P-z-e-a-mb-n t-Ii-h³ ]d-b-p-t-¼-mÄ X-nc-p-h-\-´-]-p-c-¯-n-c-p¶-p k-n.-]-n. AX-p t-I«-p-I-m-WW-w-! al-m-c-m-P-m-h-ns-â D]-t-Z-j-vS-m-h-p-t-Z-y-m-K-¯-n \-n¶-p k-n.-]-n.s-b DS³ ]-nc-n-¨-p-h-n-S-W-s-a¶-p-w s-]-mX-p-a-p-X s-I-mï-p k-wc-£-n-¨-p-h-c-p¶ t-d-mU-p-IÄ-, k-vI-qf-p-IÄ-, k{-X-§Ä X-pS-§-n-bh FÃ-m-hÀ¡-p-a-mb-n X-pd-¶-p-s-I-m-S-p-¡-W-s-a¶-p-w aä-p-w kt-½-f-\-w- B-h-i-y-s-¸-«-p. k-n. t-Ii-hs-â {-]k-w-Kh-p-w t-b-mK-w A-wK-o-I-c-n¨ {-]t-a-bh-p-w {-]-m[-m-\-y-t-¯-ms-S Xs-¶ at-\-m-c-a-b-n {-]k-n-²-o-I-c-n-¨-p. A[-nI-w s-s-hI-n-b-n-Ã-, t-I-mg-t-©c-n {-]k-w-K-¯-ns-â t-]c-n k-n. t-Ii-hs-\ AdÌ-v s-Nb-vX-p. P-ma-y-a-\-p-h-Z-n-¡-m³ t-]-me-p-w kÀ¡-mÀ X¿-m-d-m-b-n-Ã. t-Ik-v h-nN-m-cW \S-¶-p. cï-p-hÀj-w IT-n-\-X-Sh-p-w 500 c-q] ]-ng-b-p-w. 1935 P-q¬ ]X-n-s-\-m-¶-n\-p at-\-m-ca a-pJ-{-]-k-w-K-¯-n C§s-\ Fg-pX-n: ...C‑u Ad‑Ì‑ne‑p‑w t‑{‑]‑mk‑n‑I‑y‑q‑j³ \S‑]S‑n‑I‑f‑n‑e‑p‑w ‑A‑´À`‑h‑n‑¨‑n‑«‑p‑ff Kh¬s‑aâ‑v \bs‑¯ Hc‑p h‑n[‑¯‑ne‑p‑w R§Ä A‑wK‑o‑I‑c‑n‑¡‑p‑¶‑n‑Ã. c‑mP‑y‑¯‑p‑S‑\‑of‑w {‑]I‑S‑a‑m‑b‑n‑s‑¡‑m‑ï‑n‑c‑n‑¡‑p¶ {‑]X‑n‑t‑j‑[‑¯‑n R§f‑p‑w ]¦‑p‑t‑N‑c‑p‑¶‑p.

{-]t-£-m`-w {-]X-n-t-j-[-¯-ns-â D-uÀÖ-a-pÄs-¡-mï-v I-qS-p-X ià-a-m-b-n-¯-oÀ¶-p.

X-ma-k-n-b-ms-X k-n.-]-n. D]-t-Z-j-vS-m-h-p-t-Z-y-m-K-¯-n \-n¶-p ]-nc-n-ª-p-t-]-m-b-X-mb-n Ad-n-b-n-¸-p-ï-m-b-n. k-ma-p-Z-m-b-nI {-]-mX-n-\-n[-y-w t-\-m¡-n kÀ¡-mÀ Dt-Z-y-m-K-§Ä h-n`-P-n-¡-W-

s-a-¶-p-ff XX-zh-p-w \-nb-a-k-`-b-n \-mb--·-m-c-ps-S I-p¯I Ah-k-m-\-n-¸-n-¡-W-s-a¶ h-mZh-p-w kÀ¡-mÀ A-wK-o-I-c-n-¨-p. k-wb-pà {-]t-£-m-`-¯-ns-â h-nP-b-a-m-b-n-c-p¶-p AX-v. AS-p¯ L«-w D¯-c-h-m-Z-{-]-t-£-m-`-W-¯-n-\-p-ff \-o¡-a-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p. k-wb-pà {-]t-£-m-`-W-¯-n t-b-mP-n-¸-n-Ã-m-X-n-c-p¶ \-mb-·-mÀ¡-p-w D¯-c-h-m-Z-{-]-t-£-m-`-W-¯-n t-Nc-m-h-p-¶-X-m-s-W¶ _-mc-n-ÌÀ t-P-mÀÖ-v t-P-mk-^-ns-â A`-n-{-]-m-bs-¯ at-\-m-ca kÀÆ-m-ß\-m k-z-mKX-w s-Nb-vX-p. AX-p-hs-c h-nL-S-n-¨-p-\-n-¶-n-c-p¶ \-mbÀ ka-p-Z-m-b-m-w-K-§Ä a¶¯-p ]ß-\-m-`s-â t-\X-r-X-z-¯-n D¯-c-h-m-Z-{-]-t-£-m-`-W-¯-n ]¦-p-t-NÀ¶X-v C-u k-ml-N-c-y-¯-n-e-m-W-v. k-n.-]-n.-b-ps-S `cW-w k-n.-]-n.-¡-p-t-hï-n a-m{-X-a-p-f-f-X-m-s-W¶-p-w X-nc-p-h-n-X-m-w-I-q-d-n\-p t-hï-n-b-s-ö-p-w a¶-w X-nc-n-¨-d-n-ª-p. ]-ns-¶ s-s-hI-n-b-n-Ã. D¯-c-h-mZ {-]t-£-m-`-W-¯-ns-â A\-n-t-j-[-y-t-\-X-m-h-m-I-p-¶-p-, a¶-w.

Z-nh-m-\-m-b-n-c-p¶ kÀ l_-o-_-p-ff "k-wb-pà c-mj-v{-S-o-b-k`-'b-ps-S Bh-i-y-§-t-f-mS-v A\-p-I-qe at-\-m-`-m-h-a-mW-v ]-peÀ¯-n-b-n-c-p-¶-X-v. At-±-l-¯-ns-â I-me-m-h[-n Ah-k-m-\-n¨ 1936 HI-vt-S-m-_À H¶-n\-p Xs-¶ kÀ k-n.-]-n. ]-pX-nb Z-nh-m-\-mb-n Ah-t-c-m-[-n-¡-s-¸-«-t-¸-mÄ P\-§-f-n `-oX-nb-p-w Bi-¦-b-p-a-p-ï-m-bX-p k-z-m`-m-h-n-I-w. B P\-h-n-I-mc-w ]¦-n«-v at-\-m-ca C§s-\ {-]X-n-I-c-n¨-p: `c‑W‑]‑c‑n‑j‑vI‑mc‑w k‑w_‑Ô‑n¨‑p kÀ k‑n.‑]‑n. hl‑n‑¨‑n‑«‑p‑ff ]¦‑n‑s‑\b‑p‑w B ]c‑n‑j‑vI‑m‑cs‑¯ X‑pSÀ¶‑p‑ï‑mb Ah‑i‑k‑a‑p‑Z‑m‑b‑§‑f‑ps‑S \‑y‑mb‑m‑

kÀ kn.]n. cmakzman A¿À

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\‑p‑k‑r‑X‑a‑mb {‑]t‑£‑m‑`‑t‑¯‑mS‑v At‑±l‑w A\‑p‑hÀ¯‑n¨ \b‑s‑¯b‑p‑w ]c‑n‑K‑W‑n‑¡‑p‑t‑¼‑mÄ Z‑nh‑m³P‑n‑b‑m‑b‑p‑ff At‑±‑l‑¯‑ns‑â \‑nb‑a‑\s‑¯ \‑y‑mb‑a‑mb Bi‑¦‑I‑t‑f‑m‑S‑p‑I‑q‑S‑n‑b‑Ã‑ms‑X h‑o£‑n‑¡‑p‑h‑m³ \‑nÀÆ‑m‑l‑a‑n‑Ã...

Z-nh-m³]Z-w k-z-oI-c-n¨-v Hc-p a-mk-w Ig-n-ª-t-¸-mÄ-, c-mP-y-¯-ns-â {-i²-b-ms-I X¶-n ]X-n-b-m³ k-n.-]-n.-s-b-mc-p X{-´-w k-z-oI-c-n-¡-p¶-p: al-m-c-m-P-m-h-ns-â P·-Z-n-\-k-½-m-\-s-a¶ \-ne-b-n Nc-n-{-X-{-]-k-n-²-a-mb t-£{-X-{-]-t-h-i\ h-nf-w-_c-w h¶-t-¸-mÄ h-nf-w-_-c-¯-ns-â k-q{-X-[-m-c³ F¶ h-nt-ij-w k-n.-]-n. h-n-Z-K-v[-a-m-b-n FS-p-¯-W-n-ª-p. X-nc-p-h-n-X-m-w-I-q-d-ns-e FÃ-m t-£{-X-§f-p-w P-mX-n-h-y-X-y-m-k-a-n-Ã-m-s-X-, B h-nf-w-_-c-¯-n-e-q-s-S-, FÃ-m-hÀ¡-p-a-mb-n X-pd-¶-p-s-I-m-S-p-¯-p. At-¸-m-t-g¡-p-w \-nb-a-k`-m X-nc-s-ª-S-p-¸-n\-p If-s-a-m-c-p-§-p-I-b-m-b-n. ]-pX-nb `c-W-]-c-n-j-vI-m-c-¯-ns-â AS-n-Ø-m-\-¯-nÂ-, 1937 G{-]-nÂ-þ-t-ab-v a-mk-§-f-n-e-mb-n \S¶ X-nc-s-ª-S-p-¸-n k-wb-pà c-m{-ã-ob t-I-m¬{-Kk-v GI ]-mÀ«-ns-b¶ \-neb-n aÕc-n¡-pIb-p-w h³ h-nPb-w t-\S-pIb-p-w s-Nb-vX-p. S-n.F-w. hÀK-ok-v DÄs-¸s-Sb-pÅ t-\X-m¡Ä h³ `-qc-n]£¯-ne-mW-p Pb-n¨X-v. {-i-oa-qe-w Ak-w»-n kt-½f-n¨-p. S-n.F-w. hÀK-ok-ns-\ U]-y-q«-n {-]k-nUâ-mb-n X-ncs-ªS-p¯-p. k-wb-pà c-mj-v{-S-ob t-I-m¬-{-Kk-v t-\X-m-¡-f-ps-S {-]-m[-m-\-mhi-y-w Pb-n-e-n Ig-n-b-p¶ k-n. t-Ii-hs-\ t-a-mN-n¸-n¡-pI F¶-X-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p. AX-p \-mS-ns-â Xs-¶ Bh-i-y-h-p-a-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p. HS-p-h-n AX-v

b-mY-mÀ°-y-a-m-b-n. al-m-c-m-P-m-h-ns-â kt-l-m-Zc-n I-mÀ¯-nI X-n-c-p-\-mÄ X¼-p-c-m-«-n-b-ps-S P·-Z-n\-w {-]a-m-W-n¨-p \-me-p XS-h-p-I-ms-c h-n«-b¨ I-q«-¯-n k-n. t-Ii-h\-p-w Pb-nÂh-nt-a-m-N-n-X-\-m-b-n.

k-n. t-Ii-h-\-p h-ot-c-m-N-nX k-z-oI-cW-w s-I-mS-p-¡-p-¶X-p X-nc-p-h-n-X-m-w-I-q-d-ns-â a-pg-p-h³ Bh-i-yh-p-w Bt-h-i-h-p-a-mb-n a-md-n. 1937 HI-vt-S-m-_À a-q¶-n\-v Be-¸-pg I-nS-§-m-w-]-d¼-v s-s-aX-m-\¯-p \S¶ B al-m-k-t-½-f-\-¯-n A[-y-£X hl-n-¨X-v A¸-¨-\-m-W-v. At-¸-m-t-g¡-p-w _-m¦-ns-â k-wt-b-m-P-\-s-¯-¯-p-SÀ¶-v A¸-¨³ a{-Z-m-k-n X-ma-k-a-m-¡-n-¡-g-n-ª-n-c-p-¶-p. F¦-ne-p-w A¸-¨³ Xs-¶ A[-y-£X hl-n-¡-W-s-a¶-v FÃ-m-hc-p-w B{-K-l-n-¨-X-p-s-I-m-ï-mW-v AX-n\-p k½-X-n-¨-X-v. A[-y-£-{-]-k-w-K-¯-n A¸-¨³ C§s-\ ]dª-p: t‑Ii‑h‑\‑n¶‑p t‑Ic‑f‑¯‑ns‑e I‑nc‑oS‑w hb‑v¡‑m¯ c‑mP‑m‑h‑m‑b‑n‑¯‑oÀ¶‑n‑c‑n‑¡‑p‑¶‑p...

S-n.-F-w. hÀK-o-k-ns-â {-]k-w-K-¯-n \-n¶-v: X‑nc‑p‑h‑n‑X‑m‑w‑I‑q‑d‑ns‑e Ah‑i‑X‑b‑\‑p‑`‑h‑n‑¡‑p¶ FÃ‑m ka‑p‑Z‑m‑b‑§Ä¡‑p‑w t‑hï‑n \‑nc‑h[‑n Ij‑vS‑¸‑m‑S‑p‑IÄ kl‑n¨ X‑y‑mK‑n‑t‑{‑i‑j‑vT‑\‑mb k‑n. t‑Ii‑h\‑p X‑nc‑p‑h‑n‑X‑m‑w‑I‑q‑d‑ns‑e 51 e£‑w P\‑§Ä¡‑p‑t‑hï‑n l‑rZ‑b‑w‑K‑ah‑p‑w kt‑´‑m‑j‑]‑qÀ®‑h‑p‑a‑mb k‑z‑mKX‑w R‑m³ \ÂI‑n‑s‑¡‑m‑f‑f‑p¶‑p.

I-nS-§-m-w-]-d¼-v A\-p-t-a-m-Z\ t-b-mK-¯-ns-â k-pZ-oÀL-a-mb d-nt-¸-mÀ«-v H¶-m-w t-]P-ne-p-w DÄt-¸-P-n-e-p-a-mb-n at-\-m-ca {-]k-n-²-o-I-c-n-¨-n-c-p-¶-p. B d-nt-¸-mÀ«-n-\-p ]-n.-H. G{-_l-m-w \

sI. Fw. amXyphnsâ ]{Xm[n]Xy¯n hfÀ¶ aebmfat\mca Zn\]{Xw C¶v

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ÂI-nb AX-n-a-t-\-m-l-c-a-mb Xe-s-¡«-v C¶s-¯ ]{-X-{-]-hÀ¯\ h-nZ-y-mÀ°-n-I-s-f-t-¸-me-p-w s-I-mX-n-¸-n¡-p-w: "t-I-mi-h-N-t-{-µ-m-Zb-w Iï a\-p-j-y-m-a-l-m-k-a-p-{-Z-w-!'

X-nc-p-h-n-X-m-w-I-q-d-ns-e 51 e£-w P\-§Ä¡-p-t-hï-n S-n.F-w. hÀK-ok-v t-Ii-hs-\ hc-t-h-äX-p k-n.-]-n.-b-ps-S t-I-m]-m-á-n¡-p I-mc-W-a-m-b-n. X-nc-p-h-n-X-m-w-I-q-d-ns-e 51 e£-w P\-§Ä¡-p-t-hï-n k-z-mKX-w ]d-ªX-p \-nhÀ¯\ {-]Ø-m-\-t-¯-mS-v B`-n-a-p-J-y-a-n-Ã-m-¯-hs-c A]-a-m-\-n-¡-p-I-b-m-s-W¶ I-mcW-w ]dª-v \-nb-a-k-`-b-n hÀ¤-o-k-ns-â t-]c-n Ah-n-i-z-m-k-{-]-t-ab-w s-I-mï-p-h-¶-p. {-]t-a-b-¯-n\-v Ah-X-c-W-m-\-p-aX-n \ÂI-nb \-nb-a-k-`-m-[-y-£-\-mb k-n.-]-n. {-]t-ab-w t-h-m«-n-\-n-S-p-Ib-p-w k` AX-p- ]-m-Ê-m-¡-p-Ib-p-w s-Nb-vX-p. DS³ Xs-¶ S-n.-F-w. hÀK-ok-v U]-y-q«-n {-]k-n-Uâ-v Ø-m\-w c-mP-n-h-¨-p. al-m-c-m-P-m-h-ns-â ]c-a-m-[-n-I-m-c-¯-n³ I-og-n X-nc-p-h-n-X-m-w-I-q-d-n D¯-c-h-m-Z-`-cW-w GÀs-¸-S-p-¯-m³ \S-]S-n t-hW-s-a¶-v AS-p¯ kt-½-f-\-¯-n Xs-¶ D¯-c-h-m-Z-`-cW {-]t-a-b-¯-n-e-q-s-S-, S-n.-F-w. hÀK-ok-v Bh-i-y-s-¸-«-p. B {-]t-a-b-¯-n\-v Ah-X-c-W-m-\-p-aX-n \-nt-j-[-n-s-¨-¦-ne-p-w ]-pX-n-

t-I-m¬{-Kk-v c-q]-o-I-c-n-¡-p-Ib-p-w s-Nb-vX-p. ]«-w X-mW-p-]-n-ff {-]k-n-Uâ-p-w S-n.-F-w. hÀK-ok-v s-k{-I-«-d-n-b-p-w.

at-\-m-ca B Ah-k-c-¯-n a-pJ-{-]-k-w-K-¯-n-e-qs-S C§s-\ ]dª-p: C‑u \‑m«‑ns‑e FÃ‑m ka‑p‑Z‑m‑b‑§f‑p‑w Ig‑n‑ª‑s‑X‑ms‑¡ ad¶‑v Bß‑mÀ°‑X‑t‑b‑mS‑p‑w ]‑qÀW k‑ul‑r‑Z‑t‑¯‑m‑S‑p‑w‑I‑qS‑n kl‑I‑c‑n¨‑v C‑u {‑]Ø‑m‑\s‑¯ h‑nP‑b‑{‑]‑m‑]‑vX‑n‑b‑n‑t‑e¡‑p \b‑n‑¡‑p‑s‑a¶‑p R§Ä h‑ni‑z‑k‑n‑¡‑p¶‑p.

{-]K-Û-\-mb A`-n-`-m-j-I-s-\¶ \-ne-b-n k-n.-]-n. c-ma-k-z-ma-n A¿À¡-p- I-mc-y-§s-f t-I-mÀ¯-n-W¡-n N-n´-n-¡-m-\-d-n-b-m-a-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p. \-nhÀ¯-\-¯-nÂ\-n¶-p X-pS-§-n-, t-Ìä-v t-I-m¬{-Kk-v c-q]-o-I-c-W-¯-n-e-q-s-S-, D¯-c-h-m-Z -{-]-t-£-m-`-W-¯-n-t-e-¡-p-ff B ka-c-b-m{-X X\-n-s-¡-X-n-s-c-b-p-ff al-m-{-]-t-£-m-`-¯-n Xs-¶-b-mh-p-w s-Ns-¶-¯-p-I-s-b¶-p k-n.-]-n. a\-Ê-n-e-m-¡-n. t-hï-h-n[-w {-]t-£-m-`s-¯ AS-n-¨-aÀ¯-n-b-n-s-Ã-¦-n AX-p Xs-¶ h-ng-p-§-p-s-a¶-p-w B X{-´-i-m-e-n¡-v Ad-n-b-m-a-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p. {-]t-£-m-`-I-m-c-n-IÄ¡-p h-oc-yh-p-w ià-nb-p-w ]-I-c-p¶ {-][-m-\-t-I{-µ-w at-\-m-c-ab-p-w a-m½³ a-m¸-n-f-b-p-a-m-s-W¶-p a\-Ê-n-e-m-¡-nb k-n.-]-n. ka-c-¯-n-\-p-

s-b-mc-p c-mj-v{-S-o-b-m-h-t-_-m-[-¯-n\-v AX-p I-mc-W-a-m-b-n.A¸-¨³ t-Ii-hs-\ t-Ic-f-¯-ns-e I-nc-o-S-w- h-b-v¡-m¯

c-mP-m-s-h¶-p h-nt-i-j-n-¸-n-¨X-p {-]k-n-²-o-I-c-n-¨-X-n-s-\-X-ns-c at-\-m-c-ab-v¡-p-w t-\-m«-ok-v I-n«-n. B {-]t-b-mK-w c-mP-mh-v F¶ AÀ°-¯-n-e-s-ö-p-w AX-v C-w¥-oj-v `-mj-b-ns-e s-s-ie-n-b-m-s-W¶-p-w I-mW-n¨-v A¸-¨³ Z-oÀL-a-mb Hc-p ad-p-]S-n X¿-m-d-m¡-n Ab-b-v¡-p-Ib-p-w s-Nb-vX-p. At-X-m-s-S-, B Bt-c-m-]-W-¯-n \-n¶-p k-n.-]-n¡-p ]-n³h-m-t-§ï-n h¶-p.

A§s-\ X-nc-p-h-n-X-m-w-I-q-d-n Hc-p a-mä-¯-n\-v Ac-s-§-m-c-p-§-p-I-b-m-b-n. 1938 s-^{-_-p-h-c-n-b-n X-nc-p-h-\-´-]-p-c¯-p ]-pf-n-a-qS-v P-wK-vj-\-n "c-mj-v{-S-ob-' t-l-m«-e-ns-â cï-m-w \-ne-b-n-e-p-ff F \-mc-m-b-W-]-n-f-f-b-ps-S H-m^-o-k-nÂh-¨-v-, k-n.-h-n. I-pª-p-c-m-as-â A[-y-£-X-b-n Hc-p ]-uc-t-b-mK-w t-Nc-p-Ib-p-w {-]-mb-]-qÀ¯-n t-h-m«-h-I-m-i-¯-ns-â AS-n-Ø-m-\-¯-n X-nc-p-h-n-X-m-w-I-q-d-n ]c-n-]-qÀW D¯-c-h-m-Z-`-cW-w GÀs-¸-S-p-¯-pI F¶ e£-y-t-¯-ms-S X-nc-p-h-n-X-m-w-I-qÀ t-Ìä-v

ff a-pg-ph³ k-m¼-¯-nIt-{-k-mXÊ-p-w \-mj-\ B³U-v I-zb-n-t-e-m¬ _-m¦-n-t-â-X-m-s-W¶-p I-qS-n s-Xä-n-²-c-n-¨-t-X-ms-S "`à-nh-ne-mk-'¯-n \-n¶-p-ff I-pÕ-n-X-\-o-¡-§Ä¡-v Hc-p e£-y-w s-s-Ih-¶-p.

AX-ns-â {-Ia-w C§-s-\-b-m-b-n-c-p¶-p:BZ-y-w _-m¦-v XIÀ¡-p-I-, H¸-w A¸-¨-s-\b-p-w I-q«-

s-cb-p-w I¯-p-d-p-¦-n-e-S¨-p \-nÈ-_-vZ-c-m-¡-p-I-, ]-ns-¶ at-\-m-ca Iï-p-s-I-«-p-I-, X-pSÀ¶-p ka-m-[-m-\-t-¯-m-s-S-, X¶-n-j-vS-{-]-I-mc-w X-nc-p-h-n-X-m-w-I-qÀ `c-n-¡-p-I.

FÃ-m-w k-n.-]-n. B{-K-l-n-¨-{-]-I-mc-w Xs-¶ k-w`-h-n¨-p; Ah-k-m-\-t-¯-s-X-m-g-n-¨-v.

Unkn _pIvkv BWv "F«mas¯ tamXncw'

{]kn²oIcn¨ncn¡p-óXv.

sI. Fw. amXyphnsâ kvacW¡mbn X]m hIp¸v ]pd¯nd¡nb Ihdpw Ìm¼pw

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]n. kpPm-X³

--]oUn-X-cpsS ]nðKÀ

ap³t] ]dóhÀ

]{X{]hÀ¯Isâ XqenIbv¡v, Iymad¡®n\v temIs¯ amän adn¡m\pÅ Ignhpïv. hmÀ¯bpsS temI¯v AÛpX§Ä krãn¨ temIam[yacwKs¯ A¯cw AXpeycmb {]Xn`Isf ]cnNbs¸Sp¯pó ]wàn.

Bt-K-m-f-h¡-c-Ws-¯ k-vX-pX-n-¡-m³ At-\I-w t-]

c-p-ï-v. K-pW-t-Z-mj k½-n-{-ih-p-w A\-n-h-m-c-yh-p-w F¶-v AX-ns-\ h-nt-i-j-n-¸-n-¡-p-¶-hc-p-w I-pd-h-Ã. F¶-m \-nt-b-m s-I-mt-f-m-W-n-b-e-n-k-¯-ns-â ]-pX-nb A\-y-m-]-t-Zi-w AYh-m b-q^-n-a-nk-w BW-v Bt-K-m-f-h¡-c-W-s-a¶-v \-nc-´c-w h-mZ-n-¨-p-s-I-m-ï-n-c-n-¡-p¶ {-]a-p-J-\-mb Hc-p ]{-X-{-]-hÀ¯-I-\-p-ï-vþ t-P-m¬ d-n¨-mÀU-v ]-nÂKÀ. At-a-c-n-¡b-p-w a-q¶-v \-me-v k¼-¶-c-m-P-y-§f-p-w t-NÀ¶-v \-qt-d-mf-w ]-mh-s-¸« c-mP-y-§s-f h-nZ-K-v²-a-mb-n N-qjW-w s-N¿-m³ Bh-n-j-v¡-c-n¨ I-pX-{-´-a-mW-v DZ-m-c-h¡-c-Wh-p-w k-zI-m-c-y-h¡-c-Wh-p-w Bt-K-m-f-h¡cWh-p-w F¶-v t-P-m¬ ]-nÂKÀ ià-n-b-mb-n ]d-ª-p-s-I-m-ï-n-c-n-¡-p-¶-p. Xs-â h-mZ-a-p-J-§Ä h-ni-z-m-k-y-t-b-mK-y-a-m-w-h-n[-w Ø-m]-n¨-v Dd-¸-n-¡-m³ t-hï s-Xf-n-h-p-If-p-w At-±-l-¯-ns-â ]¡Â [-mc-m-f-a-p-ï-v. Fg-p-¯-n-e-q-s-Sb-p-w {-lk-z-N-e-¨-n-{-X-§-f-n-e-q-s-Sb-p-w Bt-f-m-h¡-c-W-¯-ns-â ad-h-n \S-¡-p¶ s-I-mS-nb h©-\-I-s-fb-p-w a\-p-j-y-h-n-c-p-²-{-]-hÀ¯-\-§-s-fb-p-w ]-nÂKÀ t-e-mI-¯-ns-â a-p¶-n X-pd-¶-p-I-m-«-p-¶-p. Gs-X-¦-ne-p-w c-mj-v{-S-o-b N-n´-m-]-²-X-n-I-f-ps-S {-]N-m-c-t-h-e-b-ps-S `-mK-aà t-P-m¬ ]-nÂK-d-ps-S ]{-X-{-]-hÀ¯-\-w. k-z-mX-{-´-y-¯-n-s-âb-p-w P\-m-[-n-]-X-y-a-q-e-y-§-f-p-s-Sb-p-w a\-p-j-y-hÀ¤-t-{-]-a-¯-n-s-âb-p-w \-ne-\-n¸-n\-p ]-nÂKÀ \ÂI-p¶ k-w`-m-h-\-IÄ¡-v At-±l-w k-zb-w h-nf-n-¡-p¶ t-]c-mW-v ]{-X-{-]-hÀ¯\-w F¶-X-v. AX-n-\-m tPm¬ ]nÂKÀ

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t-P-m¬ d-n¨-mÀU-v ]-nÂKÀ F¶ \-ma-w F\-n¡-v Häi-z-mk-¯-n ]dª-p X-oÀ¡-m³ {-]b-m-k-w.

Bk-vt-{-S-e-n-b-b-ns-e k-nU-v\-n-b-n P\-n-¨-p-h-fÀ¶-v eï³ \K-c-¯-n I-pS-n-t-b-d-nb t-P-m¬]-nÂKÀ {-_-n«-s-âb-p-w At-a-c-n-¡-b-p-s-Sb-p-w h-mN-m-e-\-mb h-naÀi-I³ F¶ \-ne-b-n-e-mW-v Ad-n-b-s-¸-S-p-¶-X-v. t-I-w{-_-n-U-vP-n-s-eb-p-w H-mI-vk-vt-^-mÀU-n-s-eb-p-w h-nZ-y-mÀ°-n-IÄ ]-nÂKs-d £W-n¨-p s-I-mï-p-t-]-mb-n {-]`-m-j-W-§Ä \S-¯-p-¶-p. s-aÂ_¬-, N-n¡-m-t-K-m-, s-I-mf-w-_-nb kÀÆI-e-m-i-m-e-I-f-ns-e {-]a-p-J-c-mb A[-y-m-]-IÀ At-±-l-h-p-a-mb-n Bi-b-h-n-\-n-a-b-¯-n\-p kab-w \-o¡-n-h-b-v¡-p-¶-p. P¡-mÀ¯ a-pX _-mK-vZ-mZ-v hs-c-b-pÅ \K-c-§-f-ns-e a\-p-j-y-m-h-I-m-i-{-]-hÀ¯-IÀ ]-nÂK-d-ps-S {-lk-z-N-e-¨-n-{-X-§Ä BhÀ¯-n-¨-p-Iï-v NÀ¨-If-p-w s-ka-n-\-m-d-pI-p-w k-wL-S-n-¸-n-¡-p-¶-p. eï-\-n ]-nÂKÀ k-n\-n-a-IÄ (t-U-m-I-y-p-s-aâ-d-n-) S-n¡ä-v FS-p-¯-p-I-m-W-m³ t-{-]£-IÀ X-nc-¡-p-I-q-«-p-¶-p. {-]-a-p-J -Z-n-\-]-{-X-§Ä At-±-l-¯-ns-â t-eJ-\-§f-p-w ]-wà-n-If-p-w {-]k-n-²-o-I-c-n-¡-m³ aÕ-c-n-¡-p-¶-p. FÃ-m X-nc-¡-p-IÄ¡-n-S-b-ne-p-w ]-pk-vXI cN-\b-v¡-p-w s-Se-n-h-n-j³ NÀ¨-IÄ¡-p-w ]-nÂKÀ kab-w Is-ï-¯-p-¶-p. eï³ \K-c-¯-n P-oh-n-¨-p-s-I-mï-v {-_-n«-oj-v `c-W-I-q-Ss-¯ CS-w-he-w t-\-m¡-ms-X {-]l-c-n-¡-p¶ t-hs-d-mc-p ]{-X-{-]-hÀ¯-I³ Ds-ï¶-p t-X-m¶-p-¶-n-Ã. t-P-m¬ ]-nÂKÀ k-ma-m-{-P-y-X-z-¯-n-s-\-X-ns-c GI-m-I-n-b-mb-n s-]-mc-p-X-p¶ a-m[-y-a-{-]-hÀ¯-I-\-m-W-v. t-\-m-w t-N-m-wk-v¡-n At-a-c-n-¡-b-n P-oh-n¨-v At-a-c-n-¡³ \b-§s-f B{-I-a-n-¡-p-¶-X-ne-p-w X-o{-h-Xb-p-w h-y-m]-vX-n-b-p-a-p-ï-v eï-\-n Cc-p-¶-p-s-I-mï-v Bt-K-m-f-h¡-c-W-¯-n-s-\-X-ns-c ]-nÂKÀ \S-¯-p¶ t-]-mc-m-«-§Ä¡-v. t-N-m-wk-v¡-nb-p-w ]-nÂKd-p-w Dä k-pl-r-¯-p-¡-f-mbX-p-w b-mZ-r-Ñ-n-I-a-Ã.

"t-e-mI-¯-ns-â ]-pX-p-{-]-P-m-]-X-n-IÄ-' F¶ I-rX-n-b-n t-P-m¬]-nÂKÀ Fg-p-X-p¶-p: ""2001 s-k]-vX-w-_À ]X-n-s-\-m¶-m-w X-n¿-X-n-t-b-ms-S FÃ-m-w XI-nS-w ad-nª-p F¶-mW-v {-]N-c-W-w. ]t-£ k-ma-q-l-nI P\-m-[-n-]-X-ys-¯ XIÀ¡-m-\-pÅ Hc-p Bb-p-[-a-m¡-n At-a-c-n¡ Cc-«-t-K-m-]-pc B{-I-a-Ws-¯ I-ui-e-]-qÀÆ-w a-mä-n-s-b-S-p-¯-p. k-ma-m-\-y-\-n-b-a-§Ä h-nk-v-a-c-n-¡-m-w. h-nN-m-cW I-qS-ms-X A\-´-I-me-w XS-h-p-]-p-Å-n-Is-f Pb-n-e-n ]-oU-n-¸-n-¡-m-w. P\-m-[-n-]-X-y-m-h-I-mi-w t-h-ms-«S-ps-¸¶ BN-m-c-a-m¡-n N-pc-p-¡-m-s-a¶-v {-_-n«\-p-w At-a-c-n-¡b-p-w Ic-p-X-n. GI-{-[-ph

Bi-b-c-m-P-y-§-f-n t-]c-n a-m{-X-w h-yX-y-m-k-a-pÅ ]-mÀ«-n-IÄ X½-n-e-pÅ s-Xc-s-ª-S-p¸-v aÕ-c-a-mb-n P\-m-[-n-]X-y-w N-p-c-p-§-n. P\-§Ä¡-v ic-n-b-mb hg-n CÃ-m-X-m-b-n. ae-w t-ht-W-m a-q{-X-w t-ht-W-m F¶ {-]X-n-k-Ô-n-b-n AhÀ AI-s-¸-«-p. cï-p-w ae-n-\-a-m-W-v. F¶-m Gs-X-¦-ne-p-w H-¶-v s-Xc-s-ª-S-pt-¯ X-oc-q. CX-p-i-c-n-b-mb P\-m-[-n-]-X-y-¯-ns-â C¶s-¯ ]c-n-a-n-X-n-b-m-W-v.

Ah-n-i-p-²-a-mb C-u hfÀ¨-b-ps-S t-I{-µ-_-n-µ-p-h-mb-n a-m[-y-a-§Ä a-md-n-bX-v AX-p-hs-c e`-n-¨-n-«-n-Ã-m¯

ià-n-t-b-m-s-S-b-m-W-v. ]{-X-§Ä¡-p-w s-Se-n-h-n-j\-p-w ]-pds-a k-n\-n-a-, ]-pk-vX-I-{-]-k-n-²-o-I-c-W-w-, \h-a-m-[-y-a-§Ä F¶-n-hs-bÃ-m-w hfÀ¶-p. c-mj-v{-S-ob-w \b-n-¡-m³ a-m[-y-a-§Ä-, b-p²-w \S-¯-m³ a-m[-y-a-§Ä-, \-oX-n \S-¸-m-¡-m³ a-m[-ya h-nN-m-c-W-IÄ-, F´-n\-v A\-p-t-i-m-N-\-§-f-ps-S s-a-m¯ h-y-m]-mc-w t-]-me-p-w a-m[-y-a-§-f-ps-S I-p¯-I-b-m-b-n. DZ-m-l-cW-w; Ub-m\ c-mP-I-p-a-m-c-n-b-ps-S h-nt-b-m-K-w.

"Bt-K-mf k¼-Z-vL-S\-' F¶X-v a-m[-y-a-§Ä {-]N-c-n-¸-n-¡-p¶ Hc-p

tPm¬ ]nÂKdpsS ]pkvXI§fn H¶v

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{-´-n-¡-s-¸-S-p¶ ]²-X-n-If-p-w Bi-b-§f-p-w `c-n-¡-p¶ \-qt-d-mf-w ]-mh-s-¸« c-mP-y-§Ä C¶-v t-e-mI-¯-p-ï-v. Ah-n-S-ps-¯ `c-WI-qS§-s-fb-p-w t-\X-m-¡-s-fb-p-w k-m{-a-m-P-yX-z a-m[-y-a-§Ä bt-Y-m-N-nX-w ]-pI-g-v¯-p-Ib-p-w CI-g-v¯-p-Ib-p-w s-N¿-p-w. Ah-s-cÃ-m-w I-qS-n h-nI-k-\-¯-n-s-\¶ t-]c-n t-e-mI-_-m-¦-n \-n¶-p-w A´-m-c-mj-v{-S \-mWb \-n[-n-b-n \-n¶-p-w IS-s-a-S-p¯ h³ X-pI-b-ps-S ]e-ni s-]c-p-I-n-s-¡-m-ï-n-c-n-¡-p-I-b-m-W-v. Z-nhk-w Bb-nc-w e£-w t-U-mfÀ h-oX-w X-nc-n-¨-S-b-v¡-W-w. B IS-w h-o«-m³ AhÀ¡-v Hc-n-¡e-p-w Ig-n-b-n-s-ö-v IS-w s-I-mS-p-¯-hÀ¡-v h-m§-n-b-h-t-c-¡-mÄ \¶-mb-n Ad-n-b-m-w. AX-n-\-m ]-mh-s-¸« B c-mP-y-§-f-ns-e h-ne-s-¸« {-]I-rX-n h-n`-h-§f-p-w a\-pj-y {-]b-X-v\§f-p-w N-pf-p-h-n t-a¸-dª h³ià-n c-mP-y-§-f-ns-e I-p¯-I-I-¼-\-n-IÄ¡-v \-nj-v{-]b-m-w N-qjW-w s-N¿-m-w. A§s-\ N-qjW-w X-pS-§-n-b-X-ns-â ^e-a-mW-v t-^-mÀU-v t-a-mt-«-mÀ I¼-\-n-b-ps-S k-z¯-v Z£-n-W-m-{-^-n¡ F¶ c-mP-y-¯-ns-â k¼¯-nt-\-¡-mÄ hfÀ¶-X-v. P\-d t-a-mt-«-mÀk-ns-â Bk-vX-n s-U³a-mÀ¡-v F¶ c-mP-y-¯-ns-â s-]-mX-p-k-z-¯-n-t-\-¡-mÄ t-at-e Bb-X-v.-''

C{-Xb-p-w Fg-p-X-n-b-t-ij-w dj-yb-ns-e h-naX [\-i-m-k-v{-X-Ú³ t-_-md-nk-v IKÀe-nX-v-k-v¡-ns-b D²-c-n-¨-p-

s-I-mï-v t-P-m¬ ]-nÂKÀ Xs-â \-nK-a-\-§Ä¡-v AS-n-h-c-b-n-S-p-¶-p. ""Bt-K-m-f-h¡-cW-w c-mP-y-§f-ps-S {-]-m[-m\-y-w s-IS-p-¯-p-¶-p. k-ma-q-l-nI _-m[-y-X-IÄ XÅ-n-¡-f-b-p-¶-p. P\-m-[-n-]-X-y-k-z-m-X-{-´-y-w CÃ-m-X-m-¡-p-¶-p. kt-l-m-Zc k-vt-\l-w t-]-me-p-w IS-¦-Y-b-m-I-p-¶-p.-''

b-p²-`-q-a-n-If-n Ig-n-b-p-¶{-X k-ml-k-n-I-a-mb-n IS-¶-p-s-N¶-v h-nh-c-§Ä t-iJ-c-n-¡-p¶ t-eJ-I³ F¶ \-ne-b-n-e-mW-v s-Nd-p-¸-¯-n t-P-m¬ ]-nÂKÀ ]{-X {-]hÀ¯-\-¯-n Ø-m\-w Dd-¸-n-¨-X-v. h-nb-ä-v\-m-w-, It-¼-m-U-n-b-, C-uP-n-]-vX-v-, Cd-m-¡-v-, A^-vK-m-\-n-Ø-m³-, _-w¥-m-t-Zi-v F¶-n-h-n-S-§-f-ns-e Ai-m´ `-qa-n-I-f-n H-mS-n-s-b¯-n hk-vX-p-X-IÄ a\-Ê-n-e-m-¡-p-¶-X-n-\-n-S-b-n ]-nÂKÀ Hc-p s-]-mX-p-kX-y-w X-nc-n-¨-d-n-ª-p. t-e-mI-¯-ns-â GX-p t-I-mW-n \S-¡-p¶ b-p²-§-f-ne-p-w At-a-c-n-¡b-p-w {-_-n«\-p-w ]t-c-m-£-a-m-s-b-¦-ne-p-w ]s-¦-S-p-¡-p-¶-p-ï-v. B b-p²-§-f-p-s-S-s-bÃ-m-w {-]t-b-m-P-\-§-f-n AhÀ Cc-p-hc-p-w ]¦-m-f-n-I-f-m-W-v. N-pc-p¡-w kµÀ`-§-f-n a-m{-X-w C-u h³ià-n c-mj-v{-S-§Ä k-z´-w s-s-k\-ys-¯ b-p²-a-p-J-t-¯¡-p h-nS-p-¶-p. ]e-t-¸-mg-p-w ]£-w t-NÀ¶-v k-z´-w e-m`-w Dd-¸-n-¡-p-w. t-\«-w I-qS-p-X I-n«-p-s-a¶-p h¶-m b-p² ]¦-m-f-n-I-f-mb cï-p I-q«-t-c-mS-p-w H¸-w t-Nc-p-w. F§s-\ t-]-mb-me-p-w FÃ-m b-p²-§-

k-wÚ-b-m-W-v. a-pIÄX«-n CX-v k-m¼-¯-nI h-y-m]-m-c-¯-n-\-¸-pd-w H¶-p-a-Ã. s-a-ms-s-_ t-^-m¬ I¨-h-S-w-, aI-vs-U-m-W-mÄU-v-, Ì-mÀ_-¡-vk-v-, Hg-n-h-p-I-me h-nt-\-m-Z-k-©-mc h-y-m]-mc-w X-pS-§-n-b-h. C-u hÀ®-§-f-ps-S AS-n-b-n ]«-n-W-n-b-ps-S Bt-K-m-f-h¡-cW-w F¶ {-I-qc-kX-y-w I-mW-ms-X t-]-mI-p-¶-p. P-oh-n-X-¯-n Hc-n-¡Ât-¸-me-p-w Hc-p t-^-m¬ k-w`-m-jW-w \S-t-¯ï-n h¶-n-«-n-Ã-m¯ P\-t-I-m-S-n-IÄ `-qa-p-J-¯-p-ï-v. Z-nhk-w cï-p t-U-mfÀ t-]-me-p-w I-qe-nt-b-m hc-p-a-m-\t-a-m CÃ-m-¯-h-c-p-ï-v. i-p²-P-e-a-n-Ã-m-¯-X-p-s-I-mï-v Z-n\-w t-X-md-p-w Bd-m-b-nc-w I-pª-p-§Ä hb-d-n-f¡-w ]-nS-n¨-v ac-n-¡-p¶ t-e-mI-a-m-W-n-X-v. F¶-n«-p-w ]¨-¸-c-n-j-v-¡-m-c-nIÄ hfs-c h-nZ-K-v²-a-mb-n h-nI-k-z-c-, Ah-n-I-k-nX c-mP-y-§s-f s-I-mÅ-b-S-n-¡-p-¶X-v ]ec-p-w Iï-n-s-ö-v `-mh-n-¡-p-¶-p. kÂ`-c-W-w-, t-Zi-\-nÀ½-m-W-w-, LS-\-m-]-ca-mb h-n«-p-h-og-vN F¶-o k-wÚ-I-f-ps-S ad-h-n-e-mW-v X«-n¸-v Ac-t-§-d-p-¶X-v. At-a-c-n-¡b-p-w b-qt-d-m¸-p-w I-m\-Ub-p-w P¸-m\-p-w t-NÀ¶ Hc-p s-I-mÅ-h-y-m-]-mc I-q«-p-s-I-«-ns-â t-]c-v t-e-mI-h-y-m-]-mc k-wL-S\ (W.T.O.) F¶-m-W-v. h-mj-n-w-K-vSW-ns-e a-q¶-v ]W-s-¸-«-n-I-f-ps-S \-nb-{-´-W-¯-n \-n¶-v C-u k-wL-S\ a-pà-a-Ã. t-e-mI-_-m-¦-v-, s-F.-F-w.-F-^-v.-, b-p.-F-k-v. {-Sjd-n F¶-n-h-b-m \-nb-

tPm¬ ]nÂKdpsS Hcp ]gb Nn{Xw

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f-ne-p-w At-a-c-n-¡b-v¡-v "h-nPb-w' Xs-¶. AhÀ t-\c-n«-p \S-¯-nb h-nbä-v\-m-w b-p²-¯-ns-e Zb-\-ob t-X-mÂh-n-¡-p-t-ij-w At-a-c-n¡ DÄs-¡-mï Hc-p ]-mT-a-m-W-X-v. b-p²-w t-\c-n«-v s-]-mc-pX-n Pb-n-t-¡-ï-X-n-Ã. X½-n-e-S-n-¸-n¨-v a-pXs-eS-p¡-p-I-b-mW-v e-m`-w. ]-nÂKÀ \-nÀ½-n¨ 50 t-U-mI-y-p-s-aâd-n N-n{-X-§-f-p-s-Sb-p-w Hc-p Uk³ {-KÙ-§-f-p-s-Sb-p-w AS-n-Ø-m\ k-z`-mh-w At-a-c-n-¡³ h-nc-p-²-X-b-m-bX-v F§-s-\-s-b¶-v At-±-l-¯-n-\-p-t-]-me-p-w \-nÝ-b-a-n-Ã. Bâ-n At-a-c-n-¡³ F¶-v Xs-¶ I-pä-s-¸-S-p-¯-p-¶-h-t-c-mS-v ]-nÂKÀ¡-v Ht-¶ ]d-b-m-\-p-Å-q. ""AX-n\-v R-m\à D¯-c-h-m-Z-n. Fs-¶ At-a-c-n-¡³ \b-§-f-ps-S h-naÀi-I-\-m-¡-n-bX-v B c-mP-ys-¯ `c-W-m-[-n-I-m-c-n-I-f-m-W-v. At-a-c-n-¡-b-ns-e P\-§Ä F\-n¡-v k-pl-r-¯-p-¡f-p-w kt-l-m-Z-c-§-f-p-a-m-W-v.-''

"\-nÈ_-vZelf' F¶ t-]c-n h-nb-ä-v\-m-a-ns-e b-p²-m-\-´c I-me-L-«-s-¯-¡-p-d-n¨-v ]-nÂKd-p-w t-Uh-nU-v a¬t-{-S-mb-p-w t-NÀ¶-v \-nÀ½-n¨ t-U-mI-y-p-s-aâd-n N-n{-X-s-¯-¡-p-d-n¨-v k-n.-_-n.FÊ-ns-â s-s-a¡-v h-mek-v Ad-n-ª-p. b-p.-F-k-v. ]«-mf-w h-nb-ä-v\-m-a-n s-Nb-vX t-{-Z-ml-§-f-ps-S t-\ÀN-n-{-X-§-f-ps-S h-ni-Z-m-w-i-§Ä t-XS-n h-mek-v Hc-p Z-nhk-w ]-nÂKs-d \-y-qt-b-mÀ¡-n-t-e¡-p £W-n-¨-p. Hc-p aW-n-¡-qÀ \-oï h-nbä-v\-m-w k-n\-na ]-nÂK-d-ps-S k-m¶-n-²-y-¯-n h-mek-v i-z-mk-w h-nS-m-X-n-c-p-¶X-p Iï-p. ""R-m³ eÖ-n-¡-p-¶-p. At-a-c-n-¡-b-ps-S t-]c-ne-p-w CX-n-h-ns-S {-]ZÀi-n-¸-n-¡-m³ Ig-n-b-m-¯-X-ne-p-w'' F¶-v ]d-ª-p-s-I-mï-v s-s-a¡-v h-mek-v t-JZ-w {-]I-S-n-¸-n-¨-p. h-nh-n[ I-me-§-f-n-e-mb-n h-nb-ä-v\-m-a-n-s-\-¡-p-d-n¨-v A©-v N-n{-X-§Ä ]-nÂKÀ \-nÀ½-n-s-¨-¦-ne-p-w Ah-b-n cs-ï-®-w a-m{-Xt-a _-n.-_-n.-k-n. t-]-me-p-w {-]ZÀi-n-¸-n-¡-m³ s-s-[c-y-s-¸-«-p-Å-q. aä-p-Åh X-nt-b-ä-d-p-I-f-ne-p-w a\-p-j-y-m-h-I-mi {-]hÀ¯-I-c-ps-S I-y-m¼-p-I-f-ne-p-w S-n¡-s-ä-S-p¯-v P\-w Iï-p.

t-P-m¬ ]-nÂK-d-ps-S t-U-mI-y-p-s-aâd-n N-n{-X-§Ä s-R«-n-¸-n-¡-p¶ h-nh-c-§-f-mW-v ]-pd-¯-p-s-I-m-ï-p-h-¶-n-«-p-Å-X-v. "Hc-p c-mP-y-¯-ns-â acW-w-' F¶-p-w "A]-l-c-n-¡-s-¸« c-mP-y-w-' F¶-p-w "cl-k-y-c-m-P-y--'s-a¶-p-w aä-p-w t-]c-n«-v t-{-]£-I-c-ps-S a-p¶-n-s-e-¯-n¨ {-lk-z-N-e-¨-n-{-X-§Ä k-m{-a-m-P-y-X-z-i-à-n-I-f-ps-S s-\d-n-t-I-S-p-IÄ Hs-¶-m-¶-mb-n X-pd-¶-p-I-m-«-n. 1993 cl-k-y-a-mb-n S-naÀ F¶ s-Nd-p-c-m-P-y¯-v {-]t-h-i-n¨ ]-nÂKÀ Cc-p-]-¯-n-c-ï-p-hÀj-a-mb-n Ct-´-m-t-\-j-y-b-ns-e k-pl-mÀt-¯-m `c-W-I-qS-w

Ah-ns-S \S-¯-n-h-c-p¶ s-I-mÅc-p-X-m-b-va-IÄ a-pg-p-h³ I-y-ma-d-b-n H¸-n-s-b-S-p-¯-p. "s-U¯-v H-m^-v F t-\j³' F¶ t-]c-n S-na-d-ns-â ka-I-m-e-nI Z-p-xJ-w eï-\-n {-]ZÀi-n-¸-n-¨-t-¸-mÄ he-nb H¨-¸-mS-v DbÀ¶-p. At-a-c-n-¡-b-p-t-Sb-p-w {-_-n«-t-âb-p-w H¯-m-i-t-b-ms-S Ct-´-m-t-\-j-y-b-n GI-m-[-n-]-X-n-b-mb-n h-mg-p¶ k-pl-mÀt-¯-m AbÂ\-m-«-ns-e P\-§s-f t-h«-b-m-S-p-¶-X-ns-â {-I-qc-a-mb Z-ri-y-§-f-mW-v ]-nÂKÀ cl-k-y-a-mb-n ]IÀ¯-n-b-X-v. {-_-n«-\-ne-p-w At-a-c-n-¡-b-ne-p-w Bk-vt-{-Se-n-b-b-ne-p-w P\-§Ä {-]X-n-t-j-[-h-p-a-mb-n s-Xc-p-h-n-e-n-d-§-n. A´-m-c-mj-v{-S k½À±-w s-Nd-p¯-p\-n¡-m³ Ig-n-b-ms-X Ct-´-m-t-\-j-y³ s-s-k\-y-w S-na-d-n \-n¶-v ]-n³h-m-§-p-Ib-p-w

cï-m-b-n-c-¯-n B c-mP-y-w k-zX-{-´-a-m-I-p-Ib-p-w s-Nb-vX-p. _-n.-_-n.-k-n.-b-n ]-nÂKÀ Ah-X-c-n-¸-n¨ S-naÀ t-Ì-md-n¡-v 15 hÀj-¯-n-\-n-S-b-n \-nÀ½-n-¡-s-¸« Gäh-p-w a-nI¨ t-U-mI-y-p-s-aâ-d-n-s-b¶ _l-p-aX-n e`-n-¨-p. t-]-mÄt-]-m-«-ns-â \-nj-v¡-m-k-\-t-¯-ms-S It-_-m-U-n-b-b-n Dï-mb k-w`h h-nI-m-k-§Ä "Z-v s-s-keâ-v s-U¯-v H-m^-v It-¼-m-U-nb-' F¶ t-]c-n-e-mW-v ]-nÂKÀ N-n{-X-o-I-c-n-¨-X-v. "Ub-ve-n a-ndÀ' ]{-X-¯-n ^-o¨-d-mb-p-w s-F.-S-n.h-nb-n d-nt-¸-mÀ«-p-I-f-mb-p-w ]-nÂK-d-ps-S cN-\-IÄ P\-§Ä Iï-p. {-_-n«-\-ns-e k-vI-qÄ I-p«-n-IÄ Z-nh-k-§Ä¡-p-Å-n \-me-c-t-¡-mS-n t-U-mfÀ ]-nc-n-s-¨-S-p-¯-p. X-pW-nb-p-w H-uj-[-§f-p-w [-m\-y-§f-p-w Ibä-n eï-\-n \-n¶-v {-]t-X-yI I¸Â It-¼-m-U-n-b-b-n-t-e¡-p X-nc-n-¨-p. It-¼-m-U-n-b-b-ns-e s-IaÀt-d-mK-v F¶ GI-m-[-n-]-X-n-b-ps-S t-\-m«-¸-p-Å-n-b-m-b-n-¯-oÀ¶ t-P-m¬ ]-nÂKÀ Hc-p h[-{-i-a-¯-n \-n¶-v Ij-vS-n¨-v c£-s-¸« h-mÀ¯-I-qS-n

h¶t-¸-mÄ {-_-n«-\-n h³ {-]X-n-t-j-[-a-p-bÀ¶-p. Cc-p-]X-m-w \-qä-m-ï-n t-e-mI-¯-p-ï-mb Gäh-p-w a-nI¨ ]¯-v t-U-mI-y-p-s-aâd-n N-n{-X-§-f-n H¶-mb-n ]-nÂK-d-ps-S It-¼-m-U-nb N-n{-Xs-¯ {-_-n«-oj-v ^-ne-n-w C³Ì-n-ä-y-q«-v h-ne-b-n-c-p-¯-n-b-n-«-p-ï-v.

"A]-l-c-n-¡-s-¸« c-mP-y-w' F¶ ]-nÂKÀ t-U-mI-y-p-s-aâd-n U-ot-K-m K-mÀj-y- Z-z-o-]-n-s-\-¡-p-d-n-¨-m-W-v. {-_-n«-oj-v A[-o-\-X-b-n-e-m-b-n-c-p¶ U-ot-K-mK-mÀj-y-b-n At-a-c-n¡ s-s-k\-n-I-X-m-hf-w Dï-m-¡-n. Gj-y-b-n At-a-c-n-¡-b-ps-S s-s-k\-n-I-m-[-n-]X-y-w hfÀ¯-m³ AX-hÀ¡-v kl-m-b-I-a-m-b-n. Z-z-o]-p-h-m-k-n-I-f-mb ]X-n-\-m-b-n-c-§s-f a-ud-o-j-y-k-n-t-e¡-v Ifh-v ]dª-v a-mä-n-b-mW-v {-_-n-«³ Z-z-o]-v At-a-c-n-¡¡-v s-s-Ia-m-

d-n-b-X-v. a-ud-o-j-y-k-ns-e t-Nc-n-I-f-n \c-I-n-¡-m³ h-n[-n-¡-s-¸« B a\-p-j-y-c-ps-S IY-IÄ t-NÀ¯-v b-p.-F-k-v.-þ-{-_-n-«-oj-v Ic-m-d-ns-â h-nh-c-§-s-fÃ-m-w 2005 "A]-l-c-n-¡-s-¸« c-mP-y-w-' F¶ t-U-mI-y-p-s-aâ-d-n-b-n-e-qs-S ]-nÂKÀ s-hf-n-¨-¯-p-s-I-m-ï-p-h-¶-p. He-n-hÀ _-m³t-I-mÄ«-v F¶ A`-b-mÀ°-n-¯-e-h³ {-_-n«-oj-v s-s-lt-¡-m-S-X-n-b-n t-Ik-v ^b s-Nb-vX-p. t-cJIf-p-w ]-nÂK-d-ps-S d-nt-¸-mÀ«-p-If-p-w k-n\-n-ab-p-w ]c-n-t-i-m-[-n¨ t-I-mSX-n \-nb-a-c-l-n-Xh-p-w a\-p-j-y-X-z-c-l-n-X-h-p-a-m-b-n-«-mW-v N-mt-K-mk-v h-wi-Ps-c U-ot-K-m-K-mÀj-y-b-n \-n¶-v \-mS-p-I-S-¯-n-b-s-X¶-v Is-ï-¯-n. k-zt-Z-i¯-v X-nc-n-s-¨¯-n AhÀ¡-v P-oh-n-¡-m³ t-I-mSX-n h-n[-n kl-m-b-I-a-m-I-p-s-a¶-p h¶-t-¸-mÄ {-_-n«-oj-v kÀ¡-mÀ A¸-o \ÂI-n-s-b-¦-ne-p-w XÅ-s-¸-«-p. 2008 {-]`-p-k-`-b-n {-]i-v\-w Ah-X-c-n-¸-n¨-v kÀ¡-mÀ s-s-lt-¡-m-SX-n h-n[-n ad-n-I-S-¶-p. A^-vK-m³-, Cd-m¡-v B{-I-a-

"\nÈ_vZelf' F¶ t]cn hnb-äv\m-anse bp²m-\-´c Ime- L-«-s¯-¡p-dn¨v ]nÂKdpw tUhnUv a¬t{Smbpw tNÀ¶v \nÀ½n¨ tUmIyp-saâdn Nn{X-s¯-¡p-dn¨v kn.-_n.FÊnsâ ssa¡v hmekv Adn-ªp. bp.-F-kv. ]«mfw hnb-äv\m-an sNbvX t{Zml-§-fpsS t\ÀNn-{X-§-fpsS hni-Zmw-i-§Ä tXSn hmekv Hcp Znhkw ]nÂKsd \yqtbmÀ¡n-te¡p £Wn-¨p. Hcp aWn-¡qÀ \oï hnbäv\mw kn\na ]nÂK-dpsS km¶n-²y-¯n hmekv izmkw hnSm-Xn-cp-¶Xp Iïp. ""Rm³ eÖn-¡p-¶p. Ata-cn-¡-bpsS t]cnepw CXn-hnsS {]ZÀin-¸n-¡m³ Ign-bm-¯-Xnepw'' F¶v ]d-ªp-sImïv ssa¡v hmekv tJZw {]I-Sn-¸n-¨p. hnhn[ Ime-§-fn-embn hnb-äv\m-an-s\-¡p-dn¨v A©v Nn{X-§Ä ]nÂKÀ \nÀ½n-s¨-¦nepw Ah-bn csï-®w am{Xta _n.-_n.-kn. t]mepw {]ZÀin-¸n-¡m³ ss[cy-s¸-«p-Åq. aäp-Åh Xntb-ä-dp-I-fnepw a\p-jym-h-Imi {]hÀ¯-I-cpsS Iym¼p-I-fnepw Sn¡-sä-Sp¯v P\w Iïp.

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\hw_À 2014

N\-w Bk-vt-{-X-e-nb BZ-n-h-m-k-n-I-t-f-mS-v ]-peÀ¯-n-b-n-c-p-¶-p. s-]-mX-p \-o´ÂI-pf¯-n Ah-À¡-v s-X-mS-m³ Ah-I-m-i-a-n-Ã-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p. ]-nÂK-d-ps-S d-nt-¸-mÀ«-p-IÄ s-]-mX-p-a-\-Ê-m£-n X«-n DWÀ¯-n. N-mÀf-n s-]ÀI-n³k-v F¶ h-nt-a-m-N-I³ BZ-n-h-m-k-n-IÄ¡-n-S-b-n \-n¶-v DbÀ¶-p-h-¶-p. K-mÔ-n-P-n-s-b-t-¸-m-s-e-, a-mÀ«-n³ e-qYÀI-n-w-K-n-s-\-t-¸-m-s-e-, s-\Âk¬ at-ï-e-s-b-t-¸-ms-e t-e-mI-w BZ-c-n-t-¡ï al h-yà-n-b-mW-v Bk-vt-{-X-e-n-b-b-ns-e N-mÀe-n s-]ÀI-n³k-v F¶-v t-P-m¬ ]-nÂKÀ ]d-b-p-¶-p-ï-v.

cï-m-w t-e-mI-b-p-²-m-c-w-`-t-¯-ms-S `-qa-p-J¯-p ]-nd-¶-p-h-oW \-nÀ`-m-K-y-h-m-\-mW-v X-ms-\¶-v t-P-m¬ ]-nÂKÀ ]c-n-X-]-n-¡-p-¶-p. ""AX-n-\-m b-p²-w F¶-p t-IÄ¡-p-t-¼-mÄ F\-n¡-p {-`-m´-p ]-nS-n-¡-p-w. AX-n\-p I-mc-W-¡-m-c-\-mb ]¶-ns-b Iï-p-]-n-S-n¨-p Ii-¡-m³ t-X-m¶-p-w. ]{-X-{-]-hÀ¯\-w a-m{-Xt-a h-i-a-p-Å-q. AX-n-\-m R-m³ B hg-nt-b b-p²-`-q-a-n-b-n-t-e¡-v I-pX-n-¨-p.-'' k-nU-v\-n {-]-m´-¯-ns-e t-_-mï-n F¶ Øe¯-v P\-n¨ t-P-m¬ d-n¨-mÀU-v ]-nÂKÀ k-vI-qÄ h-nZ-y-m-`-y-mk-w Ig-nª-v Bk-vt-{-X-e-n-b³

I¬t-k-m-f-n-t-U-äU-v {-]Ê-v \S-¯-p¶ ]{-X-{-]-hÀ¯\ ]c-n-i-o-e\ t-I-mg-vk-v ]-qÀ¯-n-b-m-¡-n. k-nU-v\-n- k¬-, k¬s-U s-Se-n-{-K-m^-v F¶-o ]{-X-§-f-n t-I-m¸-n t-_-mb-n F¶ t-P-me-n s-N¿-p-t-¼-mÄ ]-nÂKÀ¡-v 19 hb-Ê-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p. \-m«-n ]¨ ]-nS-n-¡-m³ {-]b-mk-s-a¶-v t-X-m¶-n b-qt-d-m-¸-n-t-e¡-p IS¶ ]-nÂKÀ Hc-p s-I-mÃ-t-¯-mf-w Cä-e-n-b-n k-zX{-´ ]{-X-{-]-hÀ¯-I-\-mb-n P-oh-n-¨-p. 1962- {-_-n«-\-n F¯-n t-d-mb-n-t-«-g-vk-n k_-v FU-n-ä-d-m-b-n. Hc-p s-I-mÃ-w Ig-n-ª-t-¸-mÄ Ub-ve-n a-ndÀ ]{-X-w ]-nÂKÀ¡-v t-P-me-n-s-I-m-S-p-¯-p. cï-p Zi-m-_-vZ-t-¯-mf-w Ub-ve-n a-ndÀ t-eJ-I³ F¶ \-ne-b-n t-e-mI-w a-pg-p-h³ N-pä-nb ]-nÂKÀ b-p²-I-m-c-y-§Ä d-nt-¸-mÀ«-v s-N¿-p¶ h-nZ-K-v²³ F¶ \-ne-b-n {-]i-k-vX-\-m-b-n. 1968- t-d-m_À«-v ^-nä-vP-d-mÄU-v s-I¶-U-n s-Xc-s-ª-S-p¸-v {-]N-m-c-W-t-h-f-b-n t-e-mk-v B³P-e-k-n h¨-p- s-h-S-n-t-bä-v h-og-p-¶X-v t-\c-nÂIï-p d-nt-¸-mÀ«-v s-Nb-vX ]-nÂKÀ Ub-ve-n a-ndÀ ]{-X-¯-ns-e t-eJ-IÀ¡-n-S-b-n X-mc-]-c-n-t-hj-w t-\S-n. 1967-, 1979 hÀj-§-f-n {-_-n«-\-ns-e Gäh-p-w a-nI¨ ]{-X-t-e-I-\-mb-n t-P-m¬ ]-nÂKÀ A-wK-o-I-c-n-¡-s-¸-«-p. At-X-ms-S At-±-l-¯-n\-v a-ndÀ ]{-X-¯-n i{-X-p-¡f-p-w hÀ²-n-¨-p. t-d-m_À«-v a-mI-vk-vs-h a-ndÀ h-ne-b-v¡-p-h-m§-n GX-m\-p-w a-mk-w Ig-n-ª-t-¸-mÄ FU-n-äÀ d-n¨-mÀU-v k-vt-I-m«-v Gäh-p-w {-]i-k-vX-\-mb Ah-c-ps-S d-nt-¸-mÀ«À t-P-m¬ ]-nÂKs-d ]-nc-n-¨-p-h-n-«-p. Z-ri-y-a-m-[-y-a-c-w-K¯-v AX-n-\I-w N-ne k-wc-w-`-§-t-f-mS-v kl-I-c-n¨-p X-pS-§-n-b-n-c-p¶ ]-nÂKÀ t-U-mI-y-p-s-aâd-n ^-ne-n-w \-nÀ½-m-W-¯-n I-qS-p-X kP-o-h-a-m-b-n. 1984 \-y-qk-v H-m¬ k¬s-U F¶ ]{-X-¯-ns-â Ø-m]I ]{-X-m-[-n-]-c-mb-n Hc-p I-q«-p-k-w-c-w-`-¯-n\-v X-pS¡-w I-pd-n-s-¨-¦-ne-p-w {-]k-n-²-o-I-cW-w X-pS§-p-w a-p¼-v DS-a-I-f-p-a-mb-n ]-nÂKÀ s-Xä-n-¸-n-c-n-ª-p. s-X-mg-n-e-m-f-n-I-f-ps-S kl-I-cW Ø-m]\-a-m-b-n-c-n-¡W-w "k¬-' a-mX-r-I-b-n-e-pÅ B S-mt-»-m-b-n-s-U¶-v ]-nÂKÀ B{-K-l-n-s-¨-¦-ne-p-w aä-v Ub-d-I-vSÀa-mÀ t-b-mP-n-¨-n-Ã. 1991- Ì-oh-v ¹-mä-v "\-y-q t-Ì-ä-vk-va-m³-' ]{-X-¯-ns-â FU-n-äÀ Bb-t-¸-mÄ ]-nÂKÀ AX-n {-]X-n-h-mc ]-wà-n Fg-p-X-m³ X-pS-§-n. I-pd-n-¡-p-s-I-m-Å-p¶ `-mj-, at-\-m-l-c-a-mb h-ni-I-e-\-§Ä-, s-R«-n-¸-n-¡-p¶ h-nh-c-§Ä-, \-mS-I-o-b-a-mb Ah-X-c-W-a-l-na F¶-n-h-b-m ]-nÂK-d-ps-S ]-wà-n h-mb-\-¡-ms-c hi-o-I-c-n-¨-p. \-y-qt-Ì-ä-vk-va-m³ ]{-X-¯-ns-â {-]N-mc-w s-]s-«¶-p hÀ²-n-¨-p. At-a-c-n-¡-b-ns-e

W-§Ä¡-v t-I-m¸-p-I-q-«-m\-p-w C´-y-, ]-m¡-n-Ø-m³ F¶-o c-mP-y-§s-f h-nc-«-m\-p-w U-ot-K-mK-mÀj-y-b-ns-e s-s-k\-n-I-X-m-hf-w At-a-c-n-¡b-v¡-v kl-m-b-I-a-m-s-b¶-v t-P-m¬ ]-nÂKÀ Fg-p-X-p-¶-p.

"h-mÀ H-m¬ s-Ut-a-m-{-Ik-n-' F¶ t-]c-n 2007 ]-nÂKÀ \-nÀ½-n¨ t-U-mI-y-p-s-aâd-n N-n{-X-w N-ne-n-, s-h\-k-p-t-h-e-, s-_-mf-o-h-nb F¶-o c-mP-y-§-f-n At-a-c-n¡ \S-¯-nb c-mj-v{-S-ob A«-n-a-d-n-I-s-f-¡-p-d-n¨-v h-nh-c§Ä \ÂI-p-¶-p. c-mj-v{-S-¯-e-h-·-ms-c h-[-n¨-p-w P\-m-[-n-]X-y `c-W-I-q-S-§s-f XIÀ¯-p-w e-mä-n³ At-a-c-n-¡-b-n b-p.-F-k-v. \S-¯-n-b-n-«-pÅ AX-n-{-I-a-§Ä ]-pd-¯-p-s-I-m-ï-p-h-c-m³ t-P-mÀP-n-b-b-ns-e s-s-k\-nI k-vI-qf-p-I-f-n ]-nÂKÀ cl-k-y-a-mb-n X-ma-k-n-¨-p. k-n.-s-F.-F.-b-n \-n¶-p ]-nc-nª Dt-Z-y-m-K-Ø-t-a-[-m-h-n-I-f-p-a-mb-n k-ul-rZ-w I-qS-n h-nh-c-§Ä N-nI-s-ª-S-p-¯-p. lb-vX-n-, FÂk-mÂh-t-Z-mÀ-, AÀPâ-o-\-, {-_k-oÂ-, Cd-m¡-v F¶-n-h-n-S-§-f-n At-a-c-n-¡ \S-¯-nb \S-]-S-n-IÄ¡-p ]-n¶-n Z-oÀL-I-m-es-¯ Bk-q-{-X-W-a-p-ï-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p. P\-m-[-n-]-X-y-`c-W-I-q-S-§s-f A«-n-a-d-n-¡-m³ B c-mP-y-§-f-ns-e h-naX {-]hÀ¯-IÀ¡-v At-a-c-n-¡³ t-k\ ]c-n-i-o-e\-w \ÂI-m-d-p-s-ï¶-v ]-nÂKÀ Is-ï-¯-n. N-ne-n-b-ns-e Ae-ïs-b s-I-m¶X-v A§-s-\-b-m-W-v. ]-n³K-m-a-n-b-mb-n h¶ ]«-m-f-¯-e-h³ ]-nt-\-m-s-N-b-ps-S k-pc£-m `S-·-m-s-cÃ-m-w b-p.-F-k-v. BÀa-n k-vI-qf-n ]T-n-¨-h-c-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p. s-h\-k-p-t-h-e-b-ns-e {-]k-n-Uâ-v Bb-n-c-p¶ l-p-t-K-m- j-m-t-hk-v a-m{-X-a-mW-v At-a-c-n-¡³ A«-nad-ns-b h-nZK-v[a-mb-n ad-nIS¶ e-mä-n³ At-a-c-n¡³ t-\X-m-h-v. P\-§-s-fb-p-w h-ni-z-m-k-{-]-a-m-W-§-s-fb-p-w s-s-Ib-n-s-e-S-p¯-v j-mt-hk-v s-Nd-p-¯-t-¸-mÄ I-m³kÀ t-c-mK-w AI-m-e-¯-n At-±-l-¯-ns-â P-oh³ A]-l-c-n-¨-p. B t-c-m-K¯-ns-â Dd-h-nS-w s-]â-K¬ Bb-mÂt-¸-me-p-w AÛ-p-X-s-¸-t-S-ï-X-n-s-ö-v ]-nÂKÀ ]d-b-p-¶-p.

Bk-vt-{-X-e-n-b-b-ns-e BZ-na \-nh-m-k-n-I-f-ps-S a-rK-k-a-m-\-a-mb P-oh-n-X-s-¯-¡-p-d-n¨-v Gg-v t-U-mI-y-p-s-aâd-n N-n{-X-§f-p-w \-nc-h[-n t-eJ-\-§f-p-w a-q¶-v {-KÙ-§f-p-w t-P-m¬ ]-nÂKÀ X¿-m-d-m-¡-nb-n«-pï-v. Xs-â P·-c-m-P-ys-¯ `c-W-I-q-S-§Ä B[-p-\-nI t-e-mI-¯-ns-â a-p¶-n P-ze-n-¡-p¶ Hc-p X-n·-b-m-s-W¶-v BZ-n-h-m-k-n-Is-f N-qï-n-¡-m-«-n-s-¡-mï-v ]-nÂKÀ h-mZ-n-¨-t-¸-mÄ s-FI-y-c-m-j-v{-S-k-w-L-S\ \-nc-h[-n {-]t-a-b-§Ä ]-mk-m¡-n AhÀ¡-v a-m\-y-a-mb P-oh-nX-w Dd-¸-m-¡-m³ Bh-i-y-s-¸-«-p. Z£-n-W-m-{-^-n-¡-b-n Hc-p I-me-¯-p-ï-m-b-n-c-p¶ hÀ®h-nt-h-

tPm¬ ]nÂKÀ

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`-oI-c-m-{-I-a-Ws-¯¯-pSÀ¶-v a-ndÀ ]{-X-¯-n ]-pX-nb FU-n-äÀ Bb-n h¶ ]-nt-bg-vk-v t-a-mÀK³ ]gb e-mh-W-¯-n-t-e¡-v ]-nÂKs-d £W-n-¨-p. cï-p ]{-X-§-f-ns-e Ø-nc-w ]-wà-n-If-p-w s-Se-n-h-n-j³ ]c-n-]-m-S-n-If-p-w {-lk-z-N-e-¨-n-{-X-\-nÀ½-m-Wh-p-w t-P-m¬ ]-nÂKs-d F¶-p-w X-nc-¡-pÅ ]{-X-{-]-hÀ¯-I-\-mb-n \-ne-\-n-d-p-¯-n. 2001 s-k]-vX-w-_À 11\-v \-y-qt-b-mÀ¡-n \S¶ `-oI-c-m-{-I-a-Ws-¯¡-pd-n¨-v _-pj-v `c-W-I-q-S-¯-n\-v a-p¶-d-n-h-p-ï-m-b-n-c-p¶-p F¶-v ]-nÂKÀ s-Xf-nh-p kl-nX-w t-cJ-s-¸-S-p-¯-p-¶-p-ï-v. k-uZ-n-b-ne-p-w At-a-c-n-¡-b-ne-p-w `-oI-c-{-]-hÀ¯-IÀ cl-k-y-a-mb-n ]c-n-i-o-e\-w \S¯-n hc-n-I-b-m-s-W¶-p-w GX-m\-p-w Bg-vN-IÄ¡I-w t-e-mI-h-y-m-]-m-c-t-I{-µ-w B{-I-a-n-¡-s-¸-S-p-s-a¶-p-w B hÀj-w BK-Ì-n (B-{-I-a-W-¯-n\-v Hc-p a-mk-w a-p¼-v-) k-n.-s-F.-F. {-]k-n-Uâ-v _-pj-n\-v Fg-pX-nb I¯-v

]-nÂKÀ Xs-â t-eJ-\-¯-n D²-c-n-¡-p-¶-p. k-ml-N-c-y-s-¯-f-n-h-p-I-f-ps-S AS-n-Ø-m-\-¯-n At-a-c-n¡ Xs-¶ Bk-q-{-XW-w s-Nb-vX-X-mW-v s-k]-vX-w-_À ]X-n-s-\-m-¶-ns-e `-oI-c-m-{-I-a-W-s-a¶-v ]-n¡-m-e-m-\-p-`-h-§Ä \-nc¯-n b-pà-n-]-qÀÆ-w h-mZ-n-¡-m\-p-w ]-nÂKÀ k¶-²-\-m-W-v. s-s-hk-v {-]k-n-Uâ-m-b-n-c-p¶ U-nI-vs-N\-n ]-n¶-oS-v {-]J-y-m-]-n-¨-p-, `-oI-c-h-n-c-p-²-b-p²-w Ac-\-q-ä-mï-v X-pS-c-p-s-a¶-v. I½-y-q-W-nk-w ac-n-¨-t-X-ms-S a-pXe-m-f-n¯ ka-q-l-¯-n\-v Hc-p s-]-mX-p-i{-X-p CÃ-m-X-m-b-n. CÉ-m-a-nI X-o{-h-h-mZ-w ]-peÀ¯-p¶ ]e k-wL-S-\-I-s-fb-p-w t-\X-m-¡-s-fb-p-w t-{-]-mÕ-m-l-n-¸-n-¨-p hfÀ¯-nb At-a-c-n¡ Hc-p s-]-mX-p-i-{-X-p-h-ns-\ \-nÀ½-n-¡-p-I-b-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p. s-SI-vk-mk-v t-I{-µ-a-mb-n {-]hÀ¯-n-¡-p¶ Bb-p[h-y-m-]-m-c -I-¼-\-n-b-ne-p-w s-hS-n-t-¡-m¸-v \-nÀ½-mW I¼-\-n-b-ne-p-w ]¦-m-f-n-¯-a-pÅ _-pj-v I-pS-p-w-

_-¯-ns-â Ø-m]-nX X-m¸-c-y-§-f-n {-][-m-\-s-¸« H¶-mW-v t-e-mI-s-a§-p-w Ah-n-c-m-a-a-mb k-wLÀj-§f-p-w Ie-m-]-§f-p-w b-p²-h-p-w.

At-a-c-n-¡³ h-nc-p-²X t-P-m¬ ]-nÂK-d-ps-S FÃ-m cN-\-If-ps-Sb-p-w s-]-mX-p k-z`-m-h-a-m-s-W¶-v h-naÀi-IÀ h-ne-b-n-c-p-¯-p-¶-p. F¶-m ]-nÂKÀ Xs-â \-nK-a-\-§s-f s-]-mb-vI-m-e-p-I-f-n \-nd-p-¯-p-¶-n-Ã. Dt-]-mÂ_-e-I-a-mb s-Xf-n-h-p-If-p-w t-cJ-If-p-w At-±l-w D²-c-n-¡-p-¶-p-ï-v. k-w`-h-§-f-ps-S KX-n-h-n-K-X-n-If-p-w b-mZ-r-Ñ-n-I-s-a¶-v XÅ-n-¡-f-b-m-\-m-h-m¯ s-]-mc-p-¯-§f-p-w ]-nÂK-d-ps-S b-p.-F-k-v. h-nc-p² a\-Ê-n \à Bi-b-§-f-mb-n hfÀ¶-p h-ne-k-p-¶-p. s-I-mf-w-_-nb kÀÆ-I-e-m-i-m-e-b-ns-e a-m[-ya h-nZ-y-mÀ°-n-I-t-f-mS-v k-wk-m-c-n-¡-p-t-¼-mÄ t-P-m¬ ]-nÂKÀ ]gb Hc-p k-w`h-w A\-p-k-va-c-n-¨-p. t-k-mh-n-bä-v dj-y-b-n \-n¶-pÅ Hc-p k-wL-w ]{-X-{-]-hÀ¯-IÀ At-a-c-n-¡-b-n Hc-p a-mks-¯ kµ-Ài\-w ]-qÀ¯-n-b-m-¡-n. AhÀ¡-v b-m{-X-b-b¸-p \ÂI-nb NS-§-n BX-n-t-Y-b³ At-a-c-n-¡-s-b-¡-p-d-n¨-p-w kµÀi-\-m-\-p-`-h-s-¯-¡-p-d-n¨-p-w A`-n-{-]-mb-w Bc-m-ª-p. k-wL-¯-ns-â {-]X-n-\-n-[-n-s-b¶ \-ne-b-n Hc-mÄ C§s-\ ad-p-]S-n ]dª-p: ""Hc-p a-mk-a-mb-n R§Ä Ch-n-S-ps-¯ s-Se-n-h-n-j\-p-w ]{-X-§f-p-w k{-i²-w t-\-m¡-p-¶-p. FÃ-m-¯-ne-p-w a-n¡-h-md-p-w Ht-c h-mÀ¯-IÄ; A`-n-{-]-m-b-§Ä. Ah-X-c-W-s-s-i-e-n-b-n a-m{-X-w t-\c-nb h-yX-y-m-k-w. R§-f-ps-S c-mP-y¯-v C-u s-]-mc-p¯-w s-s-Ih-c-p-¯-m³ kÀ¡-mÀ Bf-p-Is-f Pb-n-e-n AS-b-v¡-p¶-p; R§Ä Ah-c-ps-S h-nc \J-§Ä ]-ng-p-s-X-S-p-¡-p-¶-p. Ch-ns-S \-n§Ä A§-s-\-m¶-p-w s-N¿-p-¶-n-Ã. F´-mW-v CX-ns-â clk-y-w? Cs-X-§s-\ k-m[-n-¨-p?-''

`c-W-I-q-S-§Ä \ÂI-p¶ H-ut-Z-y-m-K-nI \-pW-IÄ a-pg-p-h³ s-h«-n-h-n-g-p§-n k-pJ-a-mb-n P-oh-n-¡-p¶ s-]-mX-p-a-m-[-y-a-h-r-¯-n-b-ps-S h-oÀ¯ hb-d-n Bª-v s-X-mg-n-¡-p-I-b-m-b-n-c-p¶-p t-P-m¬ ]-nÂKÀ C-u IY-b-n-e-q-s-S. ]-oU-m-\-p-`-h-§Ä¡-p h-nt-[-b-a-mb a\-p-j-y-m-ß-m-h-ns-â HS-p-§-m¯ b-mX\IÄ At-\-z-j-n¨-v t-e-mI-a-ms-I Ae-ª-n-«-pÅ k-ml-k-n-I-\-mb Hc-p a\-p-j-ys-â Ah-I-m-i-t-_-m-[-t-¯-ms-S ]-nÂKÀ h-yh-Ø-m-]-nX a-m[-y-a-§-s-fb-p-w h-naÀi-n-¡-p-¶-p. At-±-ls-¯ Ah-K-W-n-¡-m³ BÀ¡-p ]-ä-p-w?

teJIsâ Cþsabvð:

sujaathan@gmail.com

Bkvt{Xenb³ BZnhmknIsf¡pdn¨v ]nÂKÀ \nÀ½n¨ tUmIypsaâdnIfn H¶v

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Bengali literature has a specific genre called “little magazines.” It is a parallel movement that runs

alongside mainstream magazines based on the profit motive and funded largely through advertising revenue and corporate funding unless it is already a corporatised magazine of a big business group. The little magazine is more than a group of magazines bunched together as a genre unto itself. It defines a world in miniature, each magazine run by a dedicated group committed to a cause or having an agenda of its own or both.

Why is this genre labelled ‘little magazines’? Some little magazines on poetry that came out in the 1970s were little in size and in volume. But that was a rare example and the word ‘little’ therefore is more metaphorical than literal. Most little magazines have a normal format that does not draw revenue from advertisements, do not run on profit, do not pay its contributors, and the staff work out of a sense of commitment instead of commerce. Its founders and functionaries have other regular sources of income and work on the magazine after working hours. “It (little magazines) observes a culture of intellectual creativity and curiosity allied to disciplined, voluntary and collaborative work in a mode where commercial reward is not the goal. It is a‘life of the mind’ flowing outside the banks of media and mainstream publishing,” say Abhijay Karlekar and Utpal Basu who have made an informative documentary Little Magaziner Katha (‘The Story of Little Magazines’).

According to Sandip Dutta, Librarian of the Little Magazines Library and Research Centre, in the northern parts of Kolkata (where all the intellectual writings are said to have taken birth), “Sabuj Patra (‘Green Leaf’) in 1914 is perhaps the first of the little magazines in West Bengal.” In those days, mainstream literary magazines commissioned articles (features, fiction, and poetry) to eminent writers, paid them for their contributions, and profit was their prime motive. Among the regular contributors to these mainstream papers were individuals such as Rabindranath Tagore, Abanindranath Tagore, and Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay, and alongside their works were

The Little Magazine Culture in West Bengal

Shoma A. Chatterji

The not-for-profit, little magazine culture survives in style in Kolkata and other parts of the state.

many advertisements. On the other hand, Sabuj Patra did not carry any advertisement, image, or photograph, and had its own core group of writers. No other magazine of the time was like this one. Besides, Sabuj Patra began and continued a movement for the promotion and sustenance of everyday prose. In this sense, Sabuj Patra carried the specific signs of an era quite sharply.

Little magazines flourish because they have their own loyal groups of readers across the state who are also inevitably drawn to the three back-to-back Little Magazine Melas that run in winter, recreating the December to January prime season of little magazine publishing. Little magazines, however, are not exclusively a Kolkata presence. Little magazines are published in different corners of the state, from Purulia through Bardhaman to Medinipur. Nor are little magazines identified only with literary fiction, poetry, and nonfiction. They investigate culture, politics, linguistics, environment, and public health, besides other areas of knowledge and information.

“Literary magazines in West Bengal are not new at all. One might say that its history goes back to Digdarshan published in 1818 and till Banga Darshan, around 172 magazines, small and big were published and distributed on a regular basis. Not all of them were literary-centric because there were others that dealt with religion, philosophy, politics, etc. That was the age of laying the foundation stone of the little magazine one could say. The 19th century was an age for the construction of the human being, a time when the human being was being prepared for future happenings,” says Sandip Datta.

Ranjan Acharya, a committed little magazine activist who organizes the Little Magazine Mela in Purulia district says, “In Purulia, the little magazine movement began way back in the 1970s and the fair is also quite old. But in the early days, the people of Purulia were connected fragmentally with little magazines, mostly as contributors who travelled to Kolkata to submit their articles, features, short stories, and essays. But we wanted to bring our local people of Purulia together, and that is how the idea of this mela took shape. We have been running this fair for the past 11 years on the faith that any mela

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makes an impact on the local people. This Mela runs for three days and attracts hundreds of visitors each day. As happens on an open public platform, it naturally creates a group of loyal followers and in some of them, the greed to get sucked into the movement—as publisher, editor, contributor, and even reader. This was the trigger that pushed us to begin this mela in the first place.”

These publicly held three-day melas create a happy platform of interaction. People involved in the little magazine movement come from different areas of the district, get to know one another, and share ideas, issues, problems. This staying together for three days in the same place with common ideas to share creates bonds among individuals.

Sanjoy Saha from Mathabhanga in Cooch Behar District has been bringing out a little magazine called Titir (it is the name of a bird) for 12 years. “We cover a single theme in each issue. We worked on the theme of death for one issue. Partition was another theme. One of our issues was on Bengali stories. Trying to discover the uncertainty and instability

facts and statistics and then they take it beyond facts. “For example, facts tell us that 16 lakh children die of diarrhoea. We take it forward to explain that out of this 16 lakh, at least 15 lakh were preventable deaths that could have been saved through awareness, education, and health care. Around 70 per cent of the population lives in villages while the remaining 30 per cent live in cities and towns. But this statistic gets reversed when we look at the demographic spread of doctors in the country.70 per cent of the practising doctors live and work in the cities while 30 per cent work in villages. These are facts that we bring out along with possible solutions,” says Gun. This organisation also runs a dispensary for diagnosis, treatment, and prescriptions, and a small pharmacy where medicines are sold at a good discount. Most of their staff come from villages, and the youngsters are either from farming families or daily wage labour families.

Avik Mukherjee and Subrata run Dhyanbindu magazine. Avik also runs a bookstall that stocks little magazines of every shape, hue, and colour. The magazine’s title is borrowed from a poem by Bhaskar Chakraborty who describes the scary restlessness of the age we live in. Each stanza ends with the constant refrain by a schoolteacher who says, “I had dreamt of a beautiful world.” Mukherjee says that he and his friends have been publishing and editing Dhyanbindu for long.

Little magazine publishers’ concept of bookshop is different from the usual. Stocking, selling, and distributing magazines are areas that these publishers have kept out of their scheme of things; they continue to publish without knowing who would buy, when, why, from where, and at what price. Usually, a little magazine has a print order that is between 300 and 500. Many of them are distributed hand-to-hand among loyal readers. From experience these publishers have gathered that even a tiny table in a small niche in College Street would suffice to run their business adequately. The table becomes a shop and in course of time, the shop becomes a bridge between the reader, the shop-owner and often, even the writer.

“The countdown to getting an issue printed on schedule, or in time for the Boi Mela (The Book Fair) provides a framework for portraying the love of literature and ideas, the socio-cultural commitment, the stretching of limited resources, and the last minute tensions that go into bringing out little magazines,” sums up Karlekar. So, globalisation may go on but the little magazine culture is here to stay, forever.

The writer is a freelance journalist, author and film scholar based in Kolkata. She has authored 17 books and contributed to many edited compilations on cinema, family and gender. E-Mail: shoma.chatterji@gmail.com

Little Magaziner Katha at the Book Fair Six

that has been the main issue in the three districts of Cooch Behar, Jalpaiguri and Darjeeling over the past 100 years has been another theme we have worked on,” he says.

The little magazine Swashter Britte (‘Circle of Health’) is dedicated to creating awareness about common health issues, and each issue has a special focus. It is edited by a group headed by Punyabrata Gun, a practising doctor, and focuses on the marginalised and the poor. One such issue focussed on diarrhoea. But this does not mean that other areas are neglected or ignored. The magazine has talked of ‘arm-wrestling with death,’ ‘the heart machine’, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and re-birth of the brain and the lungs. There has also been a first person account of a village doctor, and one on bottled water.

Gun elaborates that they base their studies on

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s-s-ek-v s-Nb-vX-v a-m\-pj-nI ]c-nt-hj-w \ÂI-nb-mb-nc-p¶-p h-nhc§Ä. ]-mI-n Ø-m³þC´-y-, a\-pj-y-mhI-mi-wþ_-me t-he-, l-nµ-pþa-pÉ-n-w-, k-v{-X-oþ]-pc-pj³-, XÕab AX-nÀ¯-n s-hS-nhb-v]-pIÄ. ae-met-b-ms-S-m¸-w k½-m\-w ]¦-n«X-p I-mcW-w h-mÀ¯b-v¡-v BIÀjW-ob X \ÂI-m³ t-hï-pt-h-mf-w a-mäÀ e`-y a-mb-nc-p¶-p. K-mÔ-nP-nb-v¡-v ka-m[-m\ ¯-n\-pÅ t-\-m_ s-s-{-]k-v \ÂI-m³ Ig-nb-mªX-n\-v t-\-m_ I½ä-n a-m¸-p ]dª IYb-p-w aZÀ s-Xd-nkb-v¡-v k½-m\-w e`-n¨ Nc-n{-Xh-p-w N-n{-X§Ä kl-nX-w t-_-mI-vk-n t-NÀ¯-v h-mÀ ¯ {-^ï-v t-]P-n\-pÅ A´Ê-v \-ne \-nÀ¯-n. h-mb\¡-mc\-v C{-Xb-p-w [-mc-mfa-mb-nc-p¶-p. h-niZh-nhc-w C-u ]{-X-w Ahs-â s-s-Ib-ns-e¯-pt-¼-mt-g ¡-p-w s-Se-nh-nj\-n \-n¶-p-w t-k-mj-y  a-oU-nb-mb-n \-n¶-p-w e`-n¨-nc-n¡-p-w. k-mca-nÃ. AS-p¯ R-mbd-mg-v¨¸X-n¸-n  h-niZa-mb IYb-p-w hÀ® N-n{-X §f-p-w s-I-mS-p¯-m aX-n.

X¡-me-w he-nb a-pd-nh-nÃ-ms-X c£s-¸s-«¦-ne-p-w Xs-â ]W-nt-b-mS-v Bß-mÀ°Xb-pÅ FÃ-m ]{-X{-]hÀ ¯Ic-p-w ]-nt-äZ-nhk-w Hc-p t-N-mZ-y-w k-zb-w t-N-mZ-n¨-p.

R-m³ Ft-´ Fs-â I¬a-p¶-ne-p ï-mb-nc-p¶ C-u Ab¡-mcs-\ Iï-nÃ?

N-neÀ k-zb-w ka-m[-m\-n¨-p. R-m³ Iï-nc-p¶-p. ]s-£ t-\-m¡-nb-nÃ. R-ms-\-mc-p I-pd-n¸-v ]ï-v t-e-m¡Â FU-nj\-pt-hï-n Xb-md-m¡-nb-nc-p¶-p. s-Uk-v¡-n AX-v s-I-mÃs-¸«-p. Hc-n¡  Hc-p ^-mI-vSd-n¡-mc-pa-mb-pÅ hg¡-n  a-pd-nt-häX-ns-\¡-pd-n¨-v h-mÀ¯IÄ

¡-ns-S h¶-nc-p¶-p. A¶-v CX-ns-\¡-mÄ s-a¨s-¸« t-]-me-ok-v h-mÀ¯IÄ I-mc W-w CX-v s-I-mS-p¯-nÃ. t-]c-p t-]-me-p-w a\Ê-n \-n¶-nÃ. P-mYb-ne-p-w s-Xc-ph-p {-]k-wK¯-ne-p-w kX-y-m{-Kl¯-ne-p-w H¶-ne-p-w Cb-mÄ h¶-nÃ.

Cb-ms-f h-mÀ¯b-m¡-m³ Cb-mÄ H¶-p-w F\-n¡-p X¶-nÃ.

Fh-ns-Sb-mW-v I-pg¸-w?P\-m[-n]X-y¯-ns-â \-me-m-w

X-qW-n\-v X-pc-p¼-p ]-nS-n¨X-mt-W-m?h-mÀ¯IÄ t-XS-m\-pÅ a-ue-nI

a-mb ià-n k-mt-¦X-nIh-nZ-y CÃ-mX-m ¡-n. ]{-X{-]hÀ¯I³ N-mc-pIt-kc ¡-mc\-mb t-I-mfa-nÌ-mb-n. Ahs-â h-ni¸-v X-oÀ¡-m³ h-mb\¡-mc\-v c-pN-n b-pÅ h-n`h§Ä t-hW-w. AX-v Ah s-â h-nc¯-p¼-pIf-ne-qs-S FbÀ Iï-oj³U-v B^-ok-v a-pd-nb-n I-n«-p-w. s-s-aX-m\s-¯ Bį-nc¡-p-w k-wLÀj`-qa-nb-ns-e i-mc-oc-nI A] IS k-m²-yXIf-p-w H¶-pa-nÃ. ]-ns-¶ A£c-m`-y-mkh-p-w ]{-X-w h-m§-m\-p Å ]Wh-p-w DÅht-\ ]{-X-w h-mb-n ¡-ms-\-m¡-q. Ah\-v X-os-c Zc-n{-Zc-ps-S b-p-w AicWc-ps-Sb-p-w h-mÀ¯ h-mb-n ¡-m\-nj-vSaÃ. O¯-ok-vKV-ns-e BZ-n h-mk-nIf-p-w _-wK-mf-ns-eb-p-w _-nl-md-n s-eb-p-w _-met-heb-v¡-p-w A\-mY-meb _-nk-n\Ê-n\-pa-mb-n Ibä-paX-n s-N¿ s-¸S-p¶ I-pª-p§f-p-w BIÀjIa-mb h-mÀ¯bÃ. Ah t-Zi-ob a-m²-ya-w s-s-II-mc-y-w s-N¿-p¶X-v Ah-ns-S Hc-p a-mt-h-mb-nÌ-v k-wLÀj¯-n t-_-m-w_-p s-]-m«-nt-b-m X-ohï-nb]IS-w ht-¶-m ]¯-pt-]s-c¦-ne-p-w ac-n¡-pt-¼-m Ä a-m{-Xa-mW-v.

]-mhs-¸«hs-â Z-mc-n{-Z-yh-p-w Ij-vS ¸-mS-p-w Hc-p h-mÀ¯bÃ-mX-mb-n. AhÀ Bb-p[s-aS-p¯-mt-e h-mÀ¯b-mI-q. C´-yb-ps-S Ct-aP-n\-v cï-p I-mc-y-w t-hW-w. a-wKÄb-m\-p-w ic-mic-n k¼ ¯-ns-â hÀ²\b-p-w. AX-n\-nSb-nÂ

sI.Fð.taml\hÀ½

-kXymÀ°n HmÀ½n¸n¡póXv

{^w hÀ½mPn, hn¯v eu

am[ya§Ä \ðIpóXp XsóbmtWm P\§Ä¡p thïXv? hmb\¡mcpsS, t{]£Isâ ]£¯p \nóv \½psS ssZ\wZn\ am[yatemI¯neqsS ISópt]mhpIbmWv Cu ]wànbneqsS teJI³.

ssIe-mk-v kX-y-mÀ°-n F¶ C´-y¡-mc³

2014 s-e ka-m[-m\¯-n\-pÅ t-\-m_ k½-m\-w ]-mI-nØ-m³I-mc-nb-mb ae-me-m b-qk^-vs-kb-vs-¡-m¸-w ]¦-nS-p-w F¶ h-mÀ¯ ]-pd¯-p h¶t-¸-mÄ ic-n¡-p-w ]I¨X-v C´-y³ a-m²-yaa-m W-v. ae-me {-]k-n²b-mW-v. ka-m[-m\ t-\-m_ k½-m\-w I-n«-nt-b¡-ps-a¶-v Ic-pX-nbX-pa-mW-v. ]s-£ C-u C´-y ¡-mc³?

Bc-mW-v C-u kX-y-mÀ°-n? k-m[-m cW t-e-m¡Â ]{-X-w a-pX t-I-mS-n¡ W¡-n\-v ]W-w a-pS¡-n hfs-c I-mc-y £aXt-b-ms-S {-]hÀ¯-n¡-p¶ t-Zi-o b a-m²-ya§Ä t-]-me-p-w Bs-I ]Xd-n. C-u c-wK¯-pÅ a-n¡h-md-p-w FÃ-m {-]-m©-nt-b«·-mc-ps-Sb-p-w a-me-mes-b t-¸-ms-e k-m²-yX-m]«-nIb-n a-p¶-ne-p Åhc-ps-Sb-p-w s-{-]-ms-s-^e-p-w Ahs-c ¡-pd-n¨-v X¿-md-m¡-n ^be-n h¨-nc-n ¡-p¶ C-u c-wK¯-p {-]KÛc-mbhc-p s-S t-eJ\§f-p-w a-pJ-ma-pJ§f-p-w \-na-nj§Ä¡-pÅ-n A¨S-n¡-m³ ]-mI¯-n dU-nb-mb-nc-p¶-p. ]s-£ C-u kX-y-mÀ°-n? AX-p-w Z-nÃ-nb-n FÃ-m a-m²-ya§f-ps-Sb-p-w Ab¡-m c\-mb-n hÀj§f-mb-n {-]hÀ¯-n¡-p¶ h³-!

Hc-p aW-n¡-qd-n\I-w ]{-X¯-n A¨S-n¡-m\-pÅ h-mÀ¯ t-e-mIs-a¼-m S-pa-pÅ s-\ä-vhÀ¡-pIÄ \ÂI-n. kX-y-mÀ°-nb-ps-S h-oS-p-w \-mS-p-w a²-y {-]t-Zi-ns-e h-nZ-njb-ns-e _-me-yI-ua-m ch-p-w I¡-mP-nb-ns-e ]gb U-nU-nF ^-vf-mä-p-w Ct-¸-mgs-¯ s-Nd-nb B^-o k-ns-â a-p¶-ns-e Bc-p-w {-i²-n¡-m\-nS b-nÃ-m¯ t-_-mÀU-p-w t-ei-w ^-n£W

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BIÀjW-obXt-b DÅ-p. t-K-mk-n¸-p t-IÄ¡-m³ FÃ-mhÀ¡-p-w Cj-vSa-mW-v.

kX-y-mÀ°-n Xs-â P-oh-nXI-me-w a-pg-ph³ _-met-he F¶ C´-y³ ka-ql¯-ns-e Gäh-p-w l-o\a-mb If¦¯-ns-\X-ns-c s-]-mc-pX-p¶-p. ]s-£ AX-v h-mÀ¯b-mt-W-m? _-me t-he Xs-¶ Hc-p h-mÀ¯b-mt-W-m? \-m-w I-p«-nIÄ ]W-ns-bS-p¡-p¶X-v I-mW-md-nt-Ã? AX-pt-]-ms-e s-]¬I-p «-nIs-f t-hi-y-mh-r¯-n¡-mb-n IS¯-p ¶-p. AX-v h-mÀ¯b-mt-W-m? AX-v t-]-mIs-«. h-ni¸-p-w Z-mc-n{-Z-yh-p-w h-mÀ¯ b-mt-W-m? A]-qÀh-w N-net-¸-mÄ Ch b-ns-e Ag-naX-nb-ps-Sb-p-w ckIca-mb a-m^-nb-m IW£\-pIf-ps-Sb-p-w F¸-n t-k-mU-pIÄ h-mÀ¯b-mI-p-w. AIs-¯

b-pïb-ps-S k-m¶-n²-y¯-ne-mW-v. a-m²-ya§Ä A¶-p a-pX ae-mes-b ]-qÀ®a-mb-n IhÀ s-Nb-vX-p.

N-mc-p aP-p-wZ-md-p-w h-mÀ¯b-mbX-v t-X-m¡-ne-qs-Sb-mW-v.

kX-y-mÀ°-nb-ps-S k-wLÀj§Ä ¡-v Hc-p s-Xc-ph-p hg¡-ns-â BIÀj W-obX t-]-me-pa-nÃ-mb-nc-p¶-p.

At-¸-mÄ aZÀ s-Xd-nks-b¡-pd-n¨-v t-N-mZ-n¡-m-w. h-nt-Zi h\-nX. aXt-`Z-w I-m«-m¯ t-kh\-w. BX-pct-kh\c-wK¯-v h-yhØ-m]-nX s-s-ie-nb-n \-n¶-pÅ a-mä-w. D¶X \-y-qk-v t-a¡À {-]X-n`If-ps-S \-nc´ca-mb CSs-]Se-p IÄ. X-pSÀ¨b-mb-n e`-n¨-ps-I-mï-nc-p¶

¯IÀ-, F{-Xt-¯-mf-w AÚc-mW-v F¶X-mW-v.

C-u h-nhca-nÃ-mb-va F§-ns-\b-m W-pï-mI-p¶X-v?

C¶s-¯ a-oU-nb-m s-s-ie-nb-n ]{-X{-]hÀ¯I³ Gäh-p-w I-qS-pX kab-w N-nehg-n¡-p¶X-v c-mj-v{-S-ob ¯-ns-eb-p-w D¶XXe _-nk-n\Ê-ns-e b-p-w If-n k-n\-na-m c-wKs-¯b-p-w {-]i k-vXc-ps-S-, Hä h-m¡-n ]dª-m t-dä-n-wK-vk-ne-mW-v. AX-mW-v h-mb\ ¡-mc\-v t-hï h-mÀ¯s-b¶-v ]{-X {-]hÀ¯I³ h-ni-zk-n¡-m³ \-nÀ_ Ô-nX\-mI-pIb-mW-v. A¯c-w h-mÀ¯ IÄ¡-v ic-n¡-p-w Hc-p t-K-mk-n¸-ns-â

ssIemkv kXymÀ°n

Bt-f-mlc-n hc-pa-m\¡W¡-ns-\ ]-nt-¶-m«-v ]-nS-n¨-p he-n¡-p¶ C´-yb-p s-S ]I-pX-nb-nt-es-d hc-p¶ {-K-ma-oWc-p ï-v. Ah-ns-S Hc-p he-nb iXa-m\-w I-q«À X§f-ps-S I-p«-nIÄ¡-v Bl-mc-w \ÂI-m³ \-nhÀ¯-nb-nÃ-m¯X-n\-m Ahs-c a\Ê-nÃ-m a\t-Ê-ms-S _-me t-he GPâ-n\-v \ÂI-p¶ \-nc£cc-m W-v. B C´-y³ {-K-ma-oW\-p-w Ahs-â I-pª-p§s-f ka-ql¯-ns-â a-pJ-y [-mcb-nt-e¡-p s-I-mï-p h¶-v c£s-¸ S-p¯-m³ {-ia-n¡-p¶ kX-y-mÀ°-nIf-p-w BIÀjIa-mb h-mÀ¯bÃ. ]{-X-w h-mb-n¡-p¶ a-nU-n ¢-mk-v I-mi-ps-I-m S-p¯-p I-pät-_-m[-w hc-p¯-m\-nj-vSs-¸ S-nÃ.

ae-me-m {-]k-n²b-mbX-v Hc-p s-hS-n

A-wK-oI-mc§Ä.kXymÀ°n CXnsems¡ ssa\kv

t-]-mbâ-ne-mb-nc-p¶-p.Z-nÃ-nb-ns-e Hc-p {-]k-n² ]{-X{-]hÀ

¯I³ Fg-pX-n.F\-n¡-v h-mb\¡-mt-c-mS-v I-p¼k-m

c-n¡-m\-pï-v. R-m³ s-s-Ie-mk-v kX-y-mÀ°-n F¶ t-]c-v t-I«-nc-p¶-nÃ. R-m³ a-oU-nb-mb-ns-e I-q«-pI-mt-c-mS-v t-N-mZ-n¨-p. Ahc-p-w t-I«-nc-p¶-nÃ. R§Ä¡-v BZ-y-w t-X-m¶-nbX-v C-u t-\-m_ I½ä-nb-ps-S Ad-nh-nÃ-mb-va b-mW-v. ]s-£ h-mk-vXh-w \½-ps-S \-mS-ns-\¡-pd-n¨-p-w Ch-nS-ps-¯ {-]hÀ ¯\§s-f¡-pd-n¨-p-w Gäh-p-w h-nhc a-pÅ {-]X-n_²Xb-pÅ ]-uc·-ms-c¶-v Al¦c-n¡-p¶ R§Ä-, ]{-X{-]hÀ

t-]P-pIf-ns-e t-e-m¡Â t-I-mf§f-nÂ. C¡-q«c-n Hc-n¡e-p-w kX-y-mÀ°-nIÄ s-]S-pI-nÃ

a-oU-nb-m kX-y-mÀ°-nIs-f t-\-mt-¡ ï kab-w AX-n{-Ia-n¨-nc-n¡-p¶-p. h-mb\¡-mc\-p-w AeÀ«-mIW-w. kX-y-mÀ°-nIf-ns-æ-n C´-yb-ps-S h-nIk\h-p-w ]-pt-c-mKX-nb-p-w s-hd-p-w ISe-mk-p I¸e-pIf-mW-v.

t\mhenÌpw ho£Ww

ap³ No^v FUnädpamWv teJI³.

teJIsâ Cþsabvð: varma.klmohana@gmail.com

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Students’ Corner

The Audiovisual Media: Film

J. V. Vil’anilam

All media can be divided into three (or four) categories:

(a) Traditional media, such as the semaphore and stage performances; (b) written and printed media, such as manuscript and mimeographed (cyclostyled) newspapers, mechanically printed newspapers, leaflets, pamphlets, books, and magazines; (c) electronic media, particularly, the audiovisual media, including photography, gramophone records, telegraph, telephone, radio, film, television (TV), record players, audio and video tapes, the Internet and e-mail, and mobile phone; and now (d) social media, including blogs and tweets sent with the help of electronic devices.

All audio and visual devices originated around the latter half of the 19th century, but important developments occurred in the 20th century. The electronic media paved the way to what is now correctly or incorrectly known as the social media. (Many consider it a misnomer as they see it as an extension of the electronic media.)

The CinemaThe word ‘cinema’ has come

from the cinematographe, the motion picture camera and projector system used by the Lumiere brothers in France in March 1895. The cinema has other names too: film, motion picture, and movies, all indicating

photography and movement.1

Scientists and inventors in various countries worked in the last decades of the 19th century for developing the various scientific aspects of ‘light-writing’ (that is the literal meaning of photography). There are at least six inventors associated with photography and film: Etienne Jules Marey (France), Edward Muybridge (United States), Auguste and Louis Lumiere (France), and colleagues Thomas Alva Edison and K. L. Dickson (both in the United States). All these outstanding people started as ‘image-catchers’ first and then ‘image-movers,’ and all of them worked in the last decades of the 19th century.

The Lumiere brothers started exhibiting moving pictures in Paris; their inaugural show was on 28 November 1895. They were the first to show the cinema in India—their first show was at the Watson Hotel in Bombay (Mumbai) on 7 July 1896, that is, six months after their first show in Paris.

Although these early cinema shows were just images of moving pictures—’a train arriving on the platform’, or ‘people coming out of a factory’—they show how anything moving on the screen was a big fascination for viewers whether in Paris, New York, or Mumbai. These facts also show that the motion picture in India is

Cinema was the first modern means of mass communication, but it all began with photography

as old as that in Europe or in the United States.

In a way, the cinema is the first modern means of mass communication because it can reach hundreds or thousands of people at the same time through cinema halls in different locations. Many millions would have watched a movie in six months or a year.

But let us not forget that it all began with photography. The capturing of images on a permanent or semi-permanent basis was the first step. This was accomplished by another Frenchman, Joseph Niepce. A series of developments in physics and the science of light, and several chemicals helped him in this. Pioneers in physical and chemical sciences helped in ‘fixing’ the images captured by photographers. Over a long period and through time-consuming and frequent experiments in viewing through the camera, adjusting the positions of the shooter and the object shot, and the fixing of the images captured, the pioneers arrived at suitable chemicals, exposure time, and the quantity of light on the object.

The third quarter of the 19th century saw great photographic enterprises and great photographers, such as Mathew Brady who captured historically important events (the Civil War in the United States and the Crimean War). Towards the end of the 19th century, George Eastman

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came up with the Kodak flexible film that helped photographers avoid the cumbersome practice of carrying heavy photographic plates to the place of shooting pictures. Sensitive and speedy cameras became available; 35 mm film and fast and efficient cameras invented in the early decades of the 20th century are still in use. Photography became a worldwide activity around this time. There were photographers of note in India and other countries from the period of the First World War. All the improvements in science and technology helped not only the art and science of photography but also filmography.

Today, the movie industry is a vital industry in the world and in India. We have regular production of movies in all the major languages of India—Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Odiya, Panjabi, Tamil, and Telugu. Besides there are films produced irregularly in Kashmiri, Manipuri, and Sanskrit. The film industry is a multimillion-dollar industry in the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, India, Italy, Sweden, Denmark, and Russia. There is film production in at least 150 of the 198 countries of the world. In fact, the film is as universal an entertainer as TV throughout the world.

In India, cinema started in 1896, but it became a steady industry only in the 20th century. When N. G. Chitre and R. G. Torney produced Pundalik in 1912,

world have become so used to sound movies or talkies that we cannot understand why people opposed them when they first came out!

The first movie in Malayalam was produced by J. C. Daniel from a Trivandrum suburb in 1928. He was a medical professional who lost a lot of financial wealth and mental peace while producing it. Kamal’s movie, Celluloid, portrays the trials and troubles undergone by the director, producer, and actresses and actors in the movie, and the social attitude towards cinema in those early days.

The first talkie in Malayalam was Balan of 1938. The special characteristic of films in Malayalam was that they portrayed society and social problems with a sense of reality, unlike the majority of northern Indian films that stressed religious and mythological events. We shall deal next with TV.

See you later, communicator!

Professor Dr. J. V. Vil’anilam was Vice-Chancellor (1992-1996) andHead of the Department of Communication & Journalism (1982-1992) at the University of Kerala. As Professor Emeritus of the UGC he has taught at Berhampur, Bhopal, Bhubaneswar, Calicut, Dharwar, and Mangalore universities from 1996 onwards. Visit his website www.vilanilam.com.

1. The word ‘cinema’ stands not only for the art but in common parlance, also for the cinema hall.

a silent film based on the life of a holy man in Maharashtra, they were unwittingly inaugurating a major industry, although the first real fillip to movie-making was provided by Dhundiraj Govind Phalke (D. G. Phalke) who made Raja Harishchandra and released it for exhibition in Bombay on 3 May 1913.

Phalke is honoured as the father of Indian cinema, especially because his was the first studio in India. He returned from England with training in movie-making, plenty of enthusiasm, ample stock of raw film, and a perforator for making holes on the edges of film strips. He firmly believed that ‘Indians must see Indian images on the Indian silver screen.’ But lack of funds put a spoke in his ambition, and he could not produce many movies, although he established another studio in Nasik and trained several artistes and technicians.

In other major cities, such as Calcutta and Madras, movies were made. For example, Satyavaadi Harishchandra came out from a Calcutta studio in 1917, and Keechakavadham came out in Madras in 1919.

The era of silent movies continued for another decade. The first Indian talkie came out on 14 March 1931; it was Alam Ara of Ardeshir Irani of Bombay. Talkies had already come out in the United States. Al Jolson’s Jazz Singer, considered the first talkie in that country, came out in October 1927. We in the modern

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Writing a Nation: An anthology of Indian JournalismEd. Nirmala LakshmanRupa&Co. 2007.

B[-p-\-n-I-X-b-ps-S c-m{-ã-o-b-k-z-c-q]-w \-nÀW-b-n-¡-p-¶-X-nÂ

A¨-S-n¡-p s-]-mX-p-h-ne-p-w ]{-X-§Ä¡-p h-nt-i-j-n-¨-p-a-p-ff ]¦-v Cs-¶-mc-p NÀ¨-m-h-n-jb-w Xs-¶-b-Ã. t-Zi-o-bX s-X-m«-v s-]-mX-p-a-Þe-w hs-c-b-p-ff k¦-e-v]-\-§-f-ps-S Gäh-p-w {-]a-p-J-a-mb k-m-wk-vI-m-c-nI k-qN-I-a-mW-v t-e-mI-s-¯-h-n-s-Sb-p-w ]{-X-§Ä. Nc-n-{-X-]-c-a-m-b-n-¯-s-¶-, hÀ¯-a-m-\-]-{-X-§Ä k-m[-y-a-m-¡-nb s-]-mX-p-P-\-m-`-n-{-]-m-b¯-n (public opinion) e-qs-S a-m{-X-w b-mY-mÀY-y-a-m-I-p¶ H¶-mW-v P\-m-[-n-]X-y-w F¶-X-n-\-m ]{-X-§f-p-w P\-m-[-n-]-X-yh-p-w X½-n-e-p-ff _Ô-w At-`-Z-y-a-m-W-p-X-m-\-p-w. A§-s-\-, hÀ¯-a-m-\-]-{-X-§-s-f-¡-p-d-n¨-v t-e-mI-s-a§-p-w \-n¶-p-ff DZ-m-l-c-W-§Ä s-Xf-n-b-n-¡-p¶ Gäh-p-w {-][-m-\-s-¸« hk-vX-p-X-b-m-I-p-¶-p-, Ahb-p-w P\-m-[-n-]-X-yh-p-w X½-n-e-p-ff _Ô-¯-ns-â c-m{-ã-o-b-w. hÀ¯-a-m-\-]-{-X-§Ä DÄs-¸-s-S-b-p-ff _l-p-P-\-a-m-[-y-a-§Ä \-nb-{-´-n¨-p-w \-nt-c-m-[-n-¨-p-a-m-W-v-, GI-m-[-n-]-X-yt-a-m ]«-m-f-`-c-Wt-a-m aX-`-c-W-t-a-m Ia-y-q-W-n-kt-a-m GX-p-a-m-I-s-«-, kÀh-m-[-n-]X-y `c-W-h-y-h-Ø-IÄ \-ne-h-n h¶-n-«-p-f-fX-p-w \-ne-\-n¡-p-¶-X-p-w. Ah `b-¡-p¶ GI k-wKX-n s-]-mX-p-P-

Cw¥o-jv]-{X-§fpw C´y³ P\m-[n-]-Xyhpw

jmPn tP¡_v

C´y³ P\m-[n-]-Xy-¯nsâ \nÀan-Xn-bnepw \ne-\n¸nepw Cw¥ojv ]{X-§Ä hln¨ ]¦p-sh-fn-s¸-Sp-¯p¶ am[y-a-c-N-\- I-fpsS _rlXvkamlm-cw.

j-v¡-m-c-k-z-m-X-{-´-y-w... H-mt-c-m¶-p-w AS-n-¨-aÀ¯-n \S-¯-p¶ kÀh-m-[-n-]-X-y-§Ä F¶-X-n-\ÀY-w-, k-zX-{-´-a-mb a-m[-y-a-§-f-n-Ã-m¯ c-m{-ã-w F¶-p-X-s-¶-b-m-W-v. AX-p-s-I-m-ï-p-I-q-S-n-b-mW-v k-z-mX{-´-y-w-, P\-m-[-n-]X-y-w X-pS-§-n-b-h-b-ps-S ]c-y-m-b-§-f-mb-n k-zX-{-´-a-m-[-y-a-{-]-hÀ¯\-w \-ne-\-n¡-p-¶-X-v.

k-z-mX-{-´-y-e-_-v[-n¡-p a-p³]-p-w ]-n³]-p-w C´-y-b-n hÀ¯-a-m-\-]-{-X-§Ä¡-p-ff k-ma-q-l-y-{-]-kà-n h-nc N-qï-p¶X-p-w C-u b-mY-mÀY-y-¯-n-t-e¡-p Xs-¶-b-m-W-v. t-Zi-o-b-{-]-Ø-m-\-¯-n\-p-w k-z-mX-{-´-y-k-a-c-¯-n\-p-w ka-m-´-c-a-mb-n hfÀ¶-X-mW-v C´-y-b-n hÀ¯-a-m-\-]-{-X-§Ä. k-z-mX-{-´-y-k-a-c-¯-ns-â t-\X-m-¡-f-m-b-n-c-p¶-p BZ-y-I-me ]{-X-m-[-n-]-·-mÀ a-n¡-h-c-p-w. Ah-c-ps-S c-m{-ã-o-b-k-z-]-v\-§f-p-w k-ma-q-l-y-P-o-h-n-Xh-p-w hÀ¯-a-m-\-]-{-X-§-f-n-e-q-s-S-b-mW-v k-z-mX-{-´-y-¯-n-s-âb-p-w P\-m-[-n-]-X-y-¯-n-s-âb-p-w h-mb-p i-zk-n-¨-X-v. ]s-¯-m³]X-m-w \-qä-m-ï-ns-â cï-m-w-]-I-p-X-n-b-n-e-m-c-w-`-n-¡-p¶ B[-p-\-nI C´-y³ ]{-X-{-]-hÀ¯\-w a-pJ-y-a-mb-p-w C-w¥-o-j-n-e-qs-S \K-c-þ-D-]-c-n-hÀK t-I{-µ-n-X-a-mb ht-cW-y ka-q-l-§-s-fb-p-w C´-y³`-m-j-I-f-n-e-qs-S a[-y-hÀK-k-a-q-l-§-s-f-b-p-a-mW-v {-]-mY-a-n-I-X-e-¯-n A`-n-k-w-t-_-m-[\ s-Nb-vX-n-c-p-¶-X-v. Cc-p-]X-m-w \-qä-m-ï-ns-â X-pS-¡-¯-n t-]-me-p-w Z-mc-n-{-Z-y-w-, \-nc-£-cX X-pS-§-nb LS-I-§Ä a-qe-w C´-y-b-n ]

hmb-\

\-m-`-n-{-]-m-bh-p-w Ah-b-ps-S k-zX-{-´-m-h-n-j-v¡-m-c-h-p-a-m-W-t-Ã-m. k-zI-m-c-y-X-, ]-uc-m-h-I-m-i-§Ä-, a\-p-j-y-m-h-I-m-i-§Ä-, A`-n-{-]-m-b-k-z-m-X-{-´-y-w-, Bh-n-

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{-X-§Ä hf-s-c-¡-p-d¨-v P\-§Ä¡-p-a-m-{-Xt-a {-]-m]-y-a-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p-f-f-p. ]s-£-, Ah k-rã-n¨ c-m{-ã-o-b-, k-m-wk-vI-m-c-nI {-]`-m-h-§Ä C´-y³ _-p²-n-P-o-h-n-I-f-p-s-Sb-p-w c-m{-ã-o-b-þ-k-m-w-k-vI-m-c-nI {-]hÀ¯-I-c-p-s-Sb-p-w A`-n-{-]-m-b-§s-f \-nÀW-b-n-¡-p-Ib-p-w AX-p-hg-n C´-y³ c-m{-ã-o-b-þ-k-m-w-k-vI-m-c-nI aÞ-e-§-f-ps-S `-mK-t-[b-w hg-n-X-n-c-n¨-p h-nS-p-Ib-p-w s-Nb-vX-p. C-w¥-o-j-n-e-m-I-s-«-, C´-y³`-m-j-I-f-n-e-m-I-s-«-, ]{-X-{-]-hÀ¯\-w \-nÀh-l-n¨ C-u [Àa-¯-n\-v he-nb h-yX-y-mk-w X½-n X½-n-e-p-ï-m-b-n-c-p-¶-n-Ã.

B[-p-\-nI C´-y³ P\-m-[-n-]-X-y-h-y-h-Ø-b-ps-S c-q]-s-¸-S-e-ne-p-w \-ne-\-n¸-ne-p-w {-]X-n-k-Ô-n-I-f-ps-S AX-n-P-o-h-\-¯-ne-p-w hÀ¯-a-m-\-]-{-X-§Ä hl-n¨ ]¦-ns-â `-n¶]-mT-§Ä Ah-X-c-n-¸-n-¡-p¶ 134 t-eJ-\-§-f-ps-S ka-m-l-m-c-a-mW-v \-nÀae e£-va¬ FU-n-ä-p-s-Nb-vX "Writing a Nation-'. C-w¥-o-j-v ]-{-X-§f-p-w C´-y³ P\-m-[-n-]-X-yh-p-w X½-n-e-p-ff _Ôs-¯ `-n¶-X-e-§-f-n k-m£-y-s-¸-S-p-¯-p¶-p C-u cN-\-IÄ. -"Z s-s-S-wk-v H-m^-v C´-y-'-, -"Z l-nµ-pØ-m³ s-s-S-wk-v-'-, -"C´-y³ FI-vk-v{-]-k-v-'-, "Z s-Se-{-K-m-^-v-'-, -"Z l-nµ-p-' F¶-o ]{-X

-§-f-ne-p-w -"Z Ce-k-vt-{-S-äU-v h-oI-ve-n H-m^-v C´-y'-, -"{-^ï-vs-s-e³-' X-pS-§-nb B\-p-I-m-e-n-I-§-f-ne-p-w {-]k-n-²-o-I-c-n¨ t-eJ-\-§t-f-m ]T-\-§t-f-m d-nt-¸-mÀ«-p-It-f-m ^-o¨-d-p-It-f-m Hs-¡-b-mW-v Ch. C-w¥-oj-v ]{-X-§-f-n-e-qs-S s-hf-n-s-¸-«-p-I-n-«-p¶ C´-y³ P\-m-[-n-]-X-y-¯-ns-â k-wh-m-Z-`-c-n-X-a-mb Nc-n-{-X-c-q-]-t-c-J-b-mb-n C-u ka-m-l-m-cs-¯ I-mW-m-w. s-I-mt-f-m-W-n-bÂI-me-w a-pX Bt-K-m-f-hÂI-r-X-I-me-w hs-c-b-p-ff C´-y³ c-m{-ã-þ-c-m-{-ã-ob k-wh-n-[-m-\-¯-ns-â ]c-n-W-m-a-Z-n-i-IÄ C-w¥-oj-v ]{-X-§Ä AS-b-m-f-s-¸-S-p-¯-n-b-X-ns-â ]c-n-t-O-Z-a-mb-n CX-p a-md-p¶-p F¶ÀY-w. "Z l-nµ-p-' ]{-X-¯-ns-â DS-a-Ø-b-mb Ik-vX-q-c-n- I-p-S-p-w-_-¯-ns-e A-wKh-p-w ]{-X-¯-ns-â t-P-mb-nâ-v FU-n-ä-d-p-a-m-b-n-c-p¶ \-nÀae Ct-¸-mÄ "Z l-nµ-p--'h-ns-â {-]k-n-²-o-I-c-W-h-n-`-mK-w Ub-d-Î-d-m-W-v.

Bd-p-`-m-K-§-f-mb-n {-Ia-o-I-c-n-¨-n-«-p-ff C-u {-KÙ-¯-ns-e H-mt-c-m t-eJ-\h-p-w h-nc N-qï-p-¶X-v C´-y-b-n P\-m-[-n-]X-y-w F§s-\ \-ne-h-n h¶-p-s-h¶-p-w \-ne-\-n¡-p-¶-p-s-h-¶-p-a-m-W-v. H-mt-c-m L«-¯-ne-p-w h-nh-n[ ià-n-I-t-f-mS-v aÃ-S-n¨-p-w k-ma-q-l-y-{-]-X-n-_-²-Xb-p-w t-Zi-o-bX-mt-_-m[h-p-w

a-m\-h-n-I-Xb-p-w DbÀ¯-n-¸-n-S-n¨-p-w \-ne-\-n-¶-p-t-]-m-¶-n-«-p-ff C´-y³ ]{-X-§Ä ]eX-p-w ]-n¶-o-S-n-t-§-m«-v k-m{-a-m-P-y-¯-¯-n\-p-w P\-m[-n]X-y [-z-wk-\-¯-n\-p-w aX-hÀK-o-b-Xb-v¡-p-w It-¼-m-f-m-[-n-]-X-y-¯-n-\-p-s-a-X-ns-c ^e-{-]-Z-a-mb \-ne-]-m-S-p-I-s-f-S-p-¡-p-¶-pt-ï-m F¶ t-N-mZ-y-a-mW-v C-u ka-m-l-mc-w s-]-mX-p-h-n D¶-b-n-¡-p-¶X-v F¶-p-]-d-b-m-w. AY-h-m-, C¯-c-s-a-mc-p I-mg-vN-¸-m-S-n-e-mW-v C-u ka-m-l-mc-w h-n`-m-h\-w s-N¿-s-¸-«-n-c-n-¡-p-¶-X-v.

H¶-m-w-`-m-K-a-mb "Hc-p P\-m-[-n-]X-y c-m{-ã-¯-ns-â \-nÀa-n-X-n--'b-n A-wt-_-Z-vIÀ a-pX A½-p-t-P-m-k^-v hs-c-b-p-f-f-h-c-ps-S a-p¸s-¯-m¶-p cN-\-I-f-p-ï-v. `c-W-L-S-\-, k-wØ-m\ c-q]-o-I-c-W-w-, £-ma-w-, AS-n-b-´-c-m-h-Ø-, j_-m-\-p-t-I-k-v-, aX-X-o-{-h-h-m-Z-w-, Ze-nX-v ka-q-l-n-I-X-, \-oX-n-\-y-m-b-h-y-h-Ø-, ]c-n-Ø-n-X-n-, c-m{-ã-o-b-¯-ns-â I-pä-h-m-f-n-h¡-c-W-w-, h-nI-k-\-w-, hÀK-o-b-e-l-f-IÄ... C´-y ³ P\-m-[-n-]-X-y-¯-ns-â `-n¶-§-f-mb k-ma-q-l-y-X-e-§f-p-w Nc-n-{-X-k-µÀ`-§f-p-w {-]X-n-k-Ô-n-L-«-§f-p-w aä-p-w aä-p-w F§s-\ ]{-X-§-f-n {-]X-n-\-n-[-m\-w s-N¿-s-¸-«-p-s-h¶-p-w c-m{-ã-¯-ns-â \-ne-\-n¸-ne-p-w ]-pt-c-m-K-X-n-b-n e-p-w Ah F´-p- ]¦-p hl-n¨-ps-h¶-p-w

"ssdän§v F t\j³' D]cm{ã]Xn laoZv A³kmcn {]Imi\w sN¿p¶p

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s-hf-n-s-¸-S-p-¯-p-¶-p-, C-u cN-\-IÄ. t-Zi-c-m-{-ã-w-, `-mj-, P-mX-n-, aX-w-, \-y-q\-]-£-§Ä-, k-v{-X-o-, I-og-m-fÀ-, k-ma-q-l-y-\-o-X-n-, k-m¼-¯-nI {-]X-n-kÔ-n X-pS-§-nb aÞ-e-§s-f t-\c-n-«-`-n-k-w-t-_-m-[\ s-N¿-p-I-h-g-n-, ]{-X-{-]-hÀ¯-IÀ B[-p-\-nI ka-q-l-§-f-ps-S Nc-n-{-X-I-m-c-c-mb-n a-md-p-¶-X-ns-â ]c¶ a-mX-r-I-If-p-w DZ-m-l-c-W-§-f-p-a-mb-n Chs-b I-mW-m-w. _-n.-P-n. hÀK-o-k-v-, I-pÂZ-n-]-v\-¿-mÀ-, ]-n. k-mb-v\-mY-v X-pS-§-nb a-pX-nÀ¶ FU-n-äÀa-mc-p-w ]{-X-{-]-hÀ¯-Ic-p-w; F.-P-n. \-qd-m-\-n-, s-d-mt-a-j-vY-m-¸À-, Ak-vKÀ Ae-n F©-n-\-o-bÀ-, c-ma-N-{-µ-K-p-l-, Bs-{-µ-_-X-mb-n X-pS-§-nb a-p³\-nc k-ma-ql-y \-nc-o-£-

§Ä k-wc-£-n-¡-p-Ib-p-w ]-uc-m-h-I-m-i-§Ä h-ne-a-X-n-¡-p-I-b-p-a-mW-v P\-m-[-n-]-X-y-¯-ns-â P-nl-z-I-f-mb-n ]{-X-§s-f a-mä-m-\-p-ff hg-n. CX-p X-nc-n-¨-d-nª-p-w Ad-n-b-m-s-Xb-p-w C´-y³ ]{-X-§Ä {-]hÀ¯-n¨ Nc-n-{-X-k-µÀ`-§Ä \-nc-h-[-n-b-m-W-v. C´-y³ P\-m-[-n-]-X-ys-¯ ià-n-s-¸-S-p-¯-p-¶-X-n C-w¥-oj-v ]{-X-§Ä {-]I-S-n-¸-n¨ X-mÂ]-c-yh-p-w Ae-w-`-m-hh-p-w Ht-c-t-]-ms-e {-it-²-b-h-p-a-m-W-v. -"A free press is to be feared more-than a thousand bayonets' F¶-v s-\t-¸-m-f-n-b³ ]d-ª-X-p-X-s-¶-b-mW-v GX-p-I-m-e¯-p-w kÀh-m-[-n-]X-y `c-W-I-q-S-§s-f \b-n-¡-p-¶-X-v. k-zX-{-´-a-m-[-y-a-§-f-n-Ã-ms-X P\-m-[-n-]-X-y-a-n-Ã. C¡-m-

b-m-Y-mÀY-y-§Ä I-mW-ms-X t-]-mI-p-¶-h-b-m-W-v. `-mj-m-]-c-a-mb ht-c-W-y-X-, Ah-b-ps-S k-ma-ql-y ht-c-W-y-X-b-ps-S I-qS-n `-mK-a-mbX-n\-m C-u h-nSh-v Ak-m-[-m-c-W-a-mb Hc-p a-m[-y-a-Z-p-c-´-a-mb-n a-md-p-Ib-p-w s-N¿-p-¶-p. D]-c-n-hÀK s-]-mX-p-a-Þ-e-¯-ns-â \-nÀ½-n-X-n-b-ne-p-w \-ne-\-n¸-ne-p-w a-m{-X-w X-mÂ]c-y-w I-mW-n-¡-p-¶-h-b-mW-v C-w¥-oj-v ]{-X-§Ä F¶ s-]-mX-p-h-n-aÀi-\s-¯ k-mb-v\-m-Y-n-s-\-t-¸-m-e-p-ff N-pc-p¡-w N-ne ]{-X-{-]-hÀ¯-IÀ¡-p ad-n-I-S-¡-m-\-m-b-n-«-p-s-ï-¦-n-e-p-w-, \h-e-n-_-d I-me¯-v t-ae-v]-dª h-nSh-v C´-y³ ka-q-l-¯-n k-rã-n-¡-p¶ h-n`-P\-w

Ic-p-w h-naÀi-Ic-p-w; k-pµÀe-m _l-p-K-p-W-, Ac-p-W-m-t-d-mb-n-, t-a[-m-]-S-vIÀ-, cP-o-{-µ-k-¨-mÀ X-pS-§-nb h-nJ-y-m-X-c-mb k-ma-q-l-y-{-]-hÀ¯-IÀ; t-k-mf-n-s-k-d-m-_-vk-vI-n-s-b-t-¸-m-e-p-ff \-nb-a-]-Þ-n-XÀ... C´-y³ P\-m-[-n-]-X-y-¯-ns-â h-yh-Ø-m-]-\-N-c-n{-X-w C-u cN-\-I-f-n Cg-h-n-SÀ¯-p-¶-p.

-"]{-X-k-z-m-X-{-´-y-¯-ns-â C´-y³ a-pJ--'a-mW-v cï-m-w-`-m-Ks-¯ Cc-p-]X-p t-eJ-\-§Ä Ah-Xc-n¸-n¡-p¶-X-v. `c-W-I-qS-w a-pX k-zI-m-c-y-a-p-X-e-m-f-n¯-w hs-c \-nc-h[-n Ø-m]-\-§Ä ]{-X-k-z-m-X-{-´-y-¯-n\-p I-q¨-p-h-n-e-§-n-S-m-w. FÃ-m-ä-n-\-p-a-p-]c-n s-]-mX-p-P-\-X-mÂ]-c-y-

c-y-§-s-f-ms-¡ N-qï-n-¡-m-W-n-¨-p-s-I-mï-v s-d-mt-a-j-vY-m-¸À-, CµÀaÂt-l-m-{-X-, \-nJ-n N{-I-hÀ¯-n-, s-I.-F-w.-a-p³j-n-, Ak-vKÀ Ae-n F©-n-\-o-bÀ-, I-pÂZ-n-]-v \-¿-mÀ-, a[--pe-n-a-ms-b X-pS-§-nb a-pX-nÀ¶ t-\X-m-¡f-p-w a-m[-y-a-{-]-hÀ¯-Ic-p-w Fg-p-X-nb c-m{-ã-o-b-t-e-J-\-§-f-mW-v C-u `-mK-¯-p-f-f-X-v. H¸-w-, ]-n. k-mb-v\-m-Y-v-, t-ih-´-n-s-s-\-\-m³-, c-ma-N-{-µ-K-p-l-, I¸-\-iÀa-, k-mK-c-n-I-m-t-L-mj-v X-pS-§-nb ka-I-me a-m[-y-a-{-]-hÀ¯-I-c-ps-S cN-\-I-f-p-w. C´-y-b-ns-e a-m[-y-a-k-z-m-X-{-´-y-w-, \-nb-a-\-nÀa-m-W-§Ä-, t-I-mSX-n CS-s-]-S-e-p-IÄ-, AS-n-b-´-c-m-hØ a-pX K-pP-d-m¯-v hs-c-

b-p-ff kµÀ`-§-f-n a-m[-y-a-§Ä¡-p t-ae-p-ï-mb \-nb-{-´-W-§Ä F¶-n-h-s-b-ms-¡ C-u cN-\-IÄ NÀ¨-s-N-¿-p-¶-p.

-"h-n`-P-n-X-k-a-ql-w' F¶ a-q¶-m-w-`-m-Ks-¯ a-p¸-¯-n-\-me-v cN-\-IÄ C´-y³ P\-m-[-n-]-X-y-¯-ns-e kh-n-t-i-j-§-f-mb N-ne k-ma-q-l-y-k-µÀ`-§Ä NÀ¨-s-¡-S-p-¡-p-¶-p. C´-y³ a-m[-y-a-§-f-ne-p-w ka-q-l-¯-n-e-p-a-p-ff \-y-q\-]-£-h-n-c-p-²-X-, Ze-nX-v h-nt-h-N-\-w-, hÀK-s-s-h-c-p-[-y-w-, ]-uc-m-h-I-mi [-z-wk\-w X-pS-§-nb h-nj-b-§-s-f-¡-p-d-n-¨-mW-v Ch At-\-z-j-n-¡-p-¶-X-v. C´-y³ C-w¥-oj-v ]{-X-§Ä he-n-s-b-m-c-f-t-h-mf-w AS-n-Ø-m-\-]-c-a-mb C´-y³ k-ma-q-l-y-, P-oh-n-X-

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a-p³s-]-¶-s-¯-¡-mf-p-w he-p-X-m-W-v. k-n. c-mP-t-K-m-]-m-e-m-N-m-c-nb-p-w Pb-{-]-I-mi-v \-mc-m-bW-p-w a-pX F-w.-s-P.-A-I-v_d-p-w A¨-n³h-\-m-bI-p-w {-]^-p _-nZ-z-m-b-nb-p-w P-o³s-{-Zk-p-w t-U-m-wt-a-m-d-n-bk-p-w Cµ-n-c-m-s-P-b-vk-n-wK-p-w t-iJÀK-p-]-vXb-p-w I-m© Cf-¿b-p-w B\-µ-v-]-S-vhÀ[-\\-p-w a-pX k-n²-mÀY-v hc-Z-c-m-P\-p-w c-mP-vZ-o]-v kÀt-Z-i-m-b-nb-p-w hs-c-b-p-f-f-h-c-ps-S cN-\-IÄ C-u `-m-K-¯-pï-v. hÀK-o-b-I-e-m-]-§f-p-w a-m-wkh-y-m-]-m-ch-p-w s-s-ii-h-h-n-h-m-lh-p-w BW-h-]-c-o-£-W-§f-p-w c¬h-oÀ t-k\b-p-w Ii-va-oÀ{-]-i-v\h-p-w h-nZ-y-m-`-y-m-k-c-w-Ks-¯ I-mh-n-h¡-c-W-h-p-w... Ig-nª Ac-\-q-ä-m-ï-ns-e s-s-hh-n-[-y-a-mÀ¶

]{-X-{-]-hÀ¯-\-¯-n-e-qs-S t-Zi-ob a\-x-k-m-£-ns-b Ne-n-¸-n¨ b-mY-mÀY-y-§-f-ps-S X-pd-¶-p-I-m-«Â. s-P.-_-n. I-r]-e-m-\-n-b-n X-pS§-n Ac-p¬j-q-c-n-, F³. d-m-w-, Ac-p-W-m-t-d-mb-n F¶-n-h-c-n-e-qs-S k-p\-nX-m \-mc-m-b¬hs-c F¯-n-\-n¡-p-¶-p-, C-u h-nj-b-§-f-h-X-c-n-¸-n-¡-p-¶-h-c-ps-S \-nc. a-p³`-m-K-§-f-n Iï-X-p-t-]-m-s-e-, s-X-mg-nÂs-I-mï-v a-m[-y-a-{-]-hÀ¯-I-c-m-b-h-cà N-ne-t-¸-m-s-g-¦-ne-p-w C¯c-w h-nj-b-§Ä s-]-mX-p-k-a-q-l-¯-n-s-e-¯-n-¡-p-I. ]s-£-, a-m[-y-a-§-f-n-e-qs-S X§-f-h-X-c-n-¸-n-¡-p¶ h-njb-w s-]-mX-p-k-a-q-l-¯-ns-e¯-p¶-t-X-ms-S Ahc-p-w a-m[-y-a-{-]-hÀ¯-I-c-m-b-d-n-b-s-¸«-p X-pS-§-p-¶-p. F¶-p-h-¨-mÂ

a-m-b-p-ff N§-m-¯-§Ä.... \-nc-h-[-n-b-mb h-nj-b-§Ä NÀ¨-s-N-¿-p¶-p; C-u `-mK-¯-v. s-\{-l-ph-ns-â t-Nc-n-t-N-c-m-\b-w a-pX Cc-p-]-s-¯-m¶-m-w \-qä-m-ï-ns-â X-pS-¡-¯-n Ic-p-¯-mÀÖ-n-¡-p¶ Bt-K-mf k-m¼-¯-n-I-þ-h-m-W-n-P-y-_-Ô-§Ä hs-c-b-p-f-f-h-b-ps-S Ah-X-c-W-w.

Bd-m-w-`-mK-w t-ae-v]-dª A©-p-`-m-K-§-f-ne-p-w \-n¶-p `-n¶-a-mb-n C-u ]{-X-§f-p-w B\-p-I-m-e-n-I-§f-p-w {-]k-n-²-o-I-c-n¨ h-yX-yk-vX k-z`-m-h-a-p-ff cN-\-I-f-ps-S ka-m-l-m-c-a-m-W-v. C´-y³ k-m-wk-vI-m-c-nI P-oh-n-X-¯-ns-â s-s-hh-n-[-y-§Ä X-pd¶-p I-mW-n-¡-p-¶-h. -"]-mt-YÀ ]-m©-m-e-n--'b-ps-S BZ-y-I-mg-vN (i-y-m-we-mÂ-)-, s-Xc-p-h-p-k-w-k-vI-mc-w (AÀP-p³ A¸-m-Z--ps-s-c-)-, k-pº-e-£-va-n-b-ps-S k-wK-oX-w (K-uc-n c-ma-\-m-c-m-b¬-)-, N-n]-vt-I-m-{-]-Ø-m\-w (k-n.-F-k-v. e£-va-n-)-, C´-y³ \áX (K-oX-m-t-U-m-ÎÀ-)-, aXh-p-w \-mK-c-n-I-Xb-p-w (a-pj-n-c-pÄ lk³-)-, C´-y-b-ps-S AX-n-P-o-h\-w (c-ma-N-{-µ-K-pl-)-, Ze-nX-v a-pt-¶-ä-§Ä (Ac-p-W-m-t-d-mb-n-)-, t-Ic-f-¯-ns-e Xt-±i k-zb-w-`-cW Ø-m]-\-§-f-ns-e k-v{-X-o {-]-mX-n-\-n[-y-w (IÂ]-\-m-iÀa-)-, a-pÉ-o-w \-y-q\-]-£-§Ä (Z-ne-n]-v t-_-m_-v-)...

_-rl-¯-mb Nc-n-{-X-, k-ma-ql-y ]Ý-m-¯-e-§Ä a-p³\-nÀ¯-n C´-y³ P\-m-[-n-]-X-ys-¯ C-w¥-oj-v ]{-X-§-f-n-e-qs-S \-nÀh-N-n-¨-h-X-c-n-¸-n-¡-p-¶-X-n \-nÝ-b-a-mb-p-w \-nc-h[-n ]c-n-a-n-X-n-I-f-p-ï-m-I-p-w. C-u {-KÙh-p-w Hc-p-]-mS-p ]c-n-a-n-X-n-If-pff H¶-m-W-v. al-m-ß-m-K-m-Ô-n-b-ps-S Hc-p cN-\-t-]-me-p-w CX-n-e-nà F¶-X-mW-v Gäh-p-w he-nb ]c-n-a-n-X-n. C-w¥-oj-v ]{-X-§Ä F¶-v s-]-mX-ps-h ]d-b-p-t-¼-mg-p-w -"Z l-nµ-p-'h-n \-n¶-mW-v `-qc-n-]£-w cN-\-I-f-p-w. C´-y³ P\-m-[-n-]-X-y-¯-ns-â c-q]-o-I-c-W-, h-yh-Ø-m-]-\-L-«-§-f-n \-n¶-v h-nc-e-n-s-e-®-m-h-p¶ cN-\-IÄ t-]-me-p-w DÄs-¸-S-p-¯-n-b-n-«-nà F¶X-v H«-p-w s-Nd-nb I-mc-y-a-Ã-t-Ã-m. 1970 IÄ¡-p t-ij-w Fg-p-X-s-¸-«-h-b-mW-v H«-p-a-n¡ cN-\-I-f-p-w. I-me-{-I-at-a-m h-nj-b-{-I-at-a-m ]-me-n-¡-m³ t-]-me-p-w FU-n-äÀ¡-p Ig-n-b-p-¶-n-Ã. FU-n-ä-n-w-K-ns-â Xe-¯-n C-u I-rX-n At-¼ ]c-m-P-b-s-¸« H¶-m-W-v. F¦-n-e-p-w-, t-eJ-\-§-f-ps-S h-y-m]-vX-n H¶-p-s-I-m-ï-p-a-m-{-X-w-, C¯c-w ]c-n-a-n-X-n-IÄ¡-n-S-b-n-e-p-w-, C-u {-KÙ-w a-m[-y-a-]-T-n-X-m-¡Ä¡-v Hc-p a-pX¡-q-«-m-W-v.

{ioi¦c kÀÆIemimebnð aebmfw

A[ym]I\mWv teJI³.

teJIsâ Cþsabvð:

shajijacob67@gmail.com

_-rl-¯-mb Nc-n-{-X-, k-ma-ql-y ]Ý-m-¯-e-§Ä a-p³\-nÀ¯-n C´-y³ P\-m-[-n-]-X-ys-¯ C-w¥-oj-v ]{-X-§-f-n-e-qs-S \-nÀh-N-n-¨-h-X-c-n-¸-n-¡-p-¶-X-n \-nÝ-b-a-mb-p-w \-nc-h[-n ]c-n-a-n-X-n-I-f-p-ï-m-I-p-w. C-u {-KÙh-p-w Hc-p-]-mS-p ]c-n-a-n-X-n-If-pff H¶-m-W-v. al-m-ß-m-K-m-Ô-n-b-ps-S Hc-p cN-\-t-]-me-p-w CX-n-e-nà F¶-X-mW-v Gäh-p-w he-nb ]c-n-a-n-X-n. C-w¥-oj-v ]{-X-§Ä F¶-v s-]-mX-ps-h ]d-b-p-t-¼-mg-p-w -"Z l-nµ-p-'h-n \-n¶-mW-v `-qc-n-]£-w cN-\-I-f-p-w. C´-y³ P\-m-[-n-]-X-y-¯-ns-â c-q]-o-I-c-W-, h-yh-Ø-m-]-\-L-«-§-f-n \-n¶-v h-nc-e-n-s-e-®-m-h-p¶ cN-\-IÄ t-]-me-p-w DÄs-¸-S-p-¯-n-b-n-«-nà F¶X-v H«-p-w s-Nd-nb I-mc-y-a-Ã-t-Ã-m. 1970 IÄ¡-p t-ij-w Fg-p-X-s-¸-«-h-b-mW-v H«-p-a-n¡ cN-\-I-f-p-w. I-me-{-I-at-a-m h-nj-b-{-I-at-a-m ]-me-n-¡-m³ t-]-me-p-w FU-n-äÀ¡-p Ig-n-b-p-¶-n-Ã. FU-n-ä-n-w-K-ns-â Xe-¯-n C-u I-rX-n At-¼ ]c-m-P-b-s-¸« H¶-m-W-v. F¦-n-e-p-w-, t-eJ-\-§-f-ps-S h-y-m]-vX-n H¶-p-s-I-m-ï-p-a-m-{-X-w-, C¯c-w ]c-n-a-n-X-n-IÄ¡-n-S-b-n-e-p-w-, C-u {-KÙ-w a-m[-y-a-]-T-n-X-m-¡Ä¡-v Hc-p a-pX¡-q-«-m-W-v.

C´-y³ k-ma-q-l-y-b-m-Y-mÀY-y-§Ä N-n{-X-]-S-w-t-]-ms-e X-p¶-n-t-¨À¡-p-¶-p-, C-u t-eJ-\-§Ä. H-mt-c-m¶-p-w IW-n-i-X-b-mÀ¶ \-ne-]-m-S-p-If-p-w t-\c-n-«-p-ff Ad-n-h-p-If-p-w ka-{-K-a-mb I-mg-vN-¸-m-S-p-If-p-w h-n«-p-h-o-g-vN-b-n-Ã-m¯ P\-m[-n]X-y-]-£-]-m-Xh-p-w ]-peÀ¯-p-¶-h. aä-p `-mK-§-f-n-s-e-¡-mÄ k-w`-h-_-l-p-eh-p-w h-n]-p-e-h-p-a-mW-v C-u `-mKs-¯ At-\-z-jW t-aJ-e-IÄ.

\-me-m-w-`-mK-w -"Ag-n-a-X-nb-p-w I-pä-I-c-a-mb `c-W-I-q-S-h-o-g-vN-If-p-w-' Ah-X-c-n-¸-n-¡-p-¶-p. `KÂ]-qÀ-þ-t-`-m-¸-m Z-pc-´-§Ä-, t-_-mt-^-mg-vk-v Ag-n-a-X-n-, ]«-n-W-n-a-c-W-§Ä-, If-f-¡-S-¯-v-, s-X-mg-n-e-n-Ã-m-b-va-, Ag-n-a-X-n... C´-y³ P\-m-[-n-]-X-y-¯-ns-e Id-p-¯-]-m-S-p-If-p-w A[-y-m-b-§f-p-w ad-\-o-§-p¶ cN-\-IÄ. Hc-p al-m-c-m-{-ã-s-a¶ \-ne-b-n Ak-wJ-y-w `-mj-If-p-w t-Zi-o-b-X-If-p-w t-K-m{-X-, h-wi-, hÀK-, aX-, P-mX-n h-n`-m-K-§-f-p-a-p-ff C´-y-b-n `c-W-I-q-S-§f-p-w a-m[-y-a-§f-p-w ]e-t-¸-mg-p-w F¯-n-s-¸-S-p¶ I-pä-I-c-a-mb h-og-vN-I-f-ps-S N-n{-X-o-I-c-W-w. At-\-z-j-W-m-ßI

s-]-mX-p-k-a-q-l-¯-ns-â a\-x-k-m-£-n-b-p-WÀ¯-p¶ h-mÀ¯-m-k-z-`-m-h-a-p-ff GX-p a-m[-y-a-c-N-\b-p-w Hc-ms-f a-m[-y-a-{-]-hÀ¯-It-\-m {-]hÀ¯-It-b-m B¡-p-w F¶ÀY-w. C-u ]-pk-vX-I-¯-n\-p t-ij-a-p-ff I-me¯-v Ac-p-Ô-X-n-t-d-mb-n C¯-c-s-a-mc-p ]Zh-n I¿-m-f-nb I-mc-y-w H-mÀ¡-p-I.

]X-n-\-md-p cN-\-I-f-p-ff A©-m-w `-mK-¯-ns-â i-oÀjI-w "C´-yb-p-w t-e-mIh-p-w' F¶-m-W-v. Ph-lÀe-m s-\{-l-p a-pX-e-p-f-f-hÀ C´-y³ ]{-X-§-f-n-e-qs-S C-u c-mP-y-¯-n\-v ]-pd-w-t-e-m-I-h-p-a-m-b-p-ff _Ôs-¯ \-nÀh-N-n-¨-X-ns-â `-n¶I-m-e-§-f-ns-e Nc-n-{-X-t-c-J-IÄ F¶ \-ne-b-n Chs-b I-mW-m-w. s-\{-l-p-h-n\-p ]-pd-s-a-, _-n.-P-n. hÀK-ok-p-w c-mP-vt-a-m-l³ K-mÔ-nb-p-w P-o³s-{-Zk-p-w A¨-n³h-\-mb-vI-p-w I-pÂZ-n-]-v\-¿-md-p-w c-mP-o-h-v[-h-m\-p-w a-pX aW-n-i-¦À A¿À hs-c-b-p-f-f-h-c-ps-S cN-\-IÄ. h-nt-Z-i-_-Ô-§Ä-, \b-X-{-´-k-a-o-]-\-§Ä-, BW-h-þ-B-b-p[ Ic-m-d-p-IÄ-, Bt-K-m-f-h¡-c-W-w-, AX-nÀ¯-n-¯À¡-§Ä-, H¶-p-w cï-p-w t-e-mI-h-p-

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Bookshelf

New Books @ Academy Library

Dynamics of Public Relations and JournalismAnnette Clear, Linda WeidemanJuta and Company Ltd218 Pages; Price: Rs.2,655.00

Various methods of conveying newsworthy information are discussed in this analysis of the common qualities of public relations and journalism professionals. It aims to reach the most imprtant goal they share, namely the conveyance of newsworthy information. To achieve this, the authors lead students from an understanding of these two different worlds through a practical step-by-step guide, explaining how PR practitioners and journalists interact with each other on a daily basis within a South African media contest. This book investigates and explains how the PR practitioner applies hournalistic skills imperative to succeed in public relations - for example interviewing, writing and photographic skills, design and page layout. It is written in an interactive style and entices the reader to participate in various exercises in the chapters, to test knowledge and skills acquired.

Newspeak in the 21st Century David Edwards, David CromwellPluto Press304 Pages; Price: Rs.1,511.00

Since 2001, Media Lens has encouraged thousands of readers to challenge the filtered and distorted version of the world provided by major newspapers and broadcasters. The media responses, collected in Newspeak, are an exposé of the arrogance and servility to power of our leading journalists and editors, starring Roger Alton, Jon Snow, Jeremy Bowen and even George Monbiot. Newspeak is packed with forensic media analysis, revealing the lethal bias in “balanced” reporting. Even the “best” UK media -- the Guardian, the Independent, Channel 4 News and the BBC -- turn out to be cheerleaders for government, business and war. Alongside an A-Z of BBC propaganda and chapters on Iraq and climate change, Newspeak focuses on the demonisation of Iran and Venezuela, the Palestine conflict, the myth of impartial reporting and the dark art of smearing dissidents.

Media WitnessingEd.: Paul Frosh, Amit PinchevskiPalgrave Macmillan248 Pages; Price: Rs.2,087.00

Do mass media turn us all into witnesses, and what might this mean? From the Holocaust to 9/11, modern communications systems have incessantly exposed us to reports of far flung and often horrifying events, experienced by people whom we do not know personally, and mediated by a range of changing technologies. What is the truth status of such ‘media witnessing’, and how does it depend on journalists and media organizations? These are the themes taken up within this unique volume, now available for the first time in paperback with a special preface written by Professor Elihu Katz. The contributors are some of the leading contemporary thinkers in Communication and Media Studies, and together they not only make a crucial intervention in on-going debates about media witnessing and the representation of strangers, but present original conceptualizations of the relationship between knowledge, discourse and technology in the era of mass communications.

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BtKmf am[yacwKs¯ ]pXnb {]hWXIfpw hmÀ¯Ifpw a\Ênem¡m\pXIpó anI¨ aoUnb sh_vsskäpIsf ]cnNbs¸Sp¯pIbmWv Cu ]wàn. am[yacwK¯v {]hÀ¯n¡póhÀ¡pw am[yahnZymÀ°nIÄ¡pw Hcpt]mse {]tbmP\{]Zambncn¡pw Cu sskäpIfnð \nópw e`n¡pó hnhc§Ä.

C.]n.jmPpZo³\yqkv s\äv

s-F.F³.Fk-v-.s-F

]{-X{-]hÀ¯Ic-ps-S k-z-mX{-´-y¯-n \-p-w a-m[-ya{-]hÀ¯IÀs-¡X-nt-c A{-Ia§Ä \S¯-p¶hÀ i-n£-n¡ s-¸S-ms-X t-]-mI-p¶X-n\-ps-aX-nt-c {-]hÀ¯-n¡-p¶ k-wLS\b-mb CâÀ\-mjW \-y-qk-v- t-k^-vä-n C³Ì-nS-y-q«-ns-â s-h_-vs-s-kä-v- BW-v- - www.newssaftey.org. k-wLÀj t-aJeb-ns-e a-m[-ya{-]hÀ¯\-w-, h-nh-n[ c-mP-y§f-ns-e a-m[-ya A-S-n¨ aÀ¯Â F¶-nh k-w-_-Ô-n¨ Gäh-p-w ]-pX-nb h-mÀ¯If-p-w h-nhc§f-p-w t-l-m-w t-]P-n Xs-¶b-pï-v-. t-l-m-w t-]P-ns-e t-eäÌ-v- F¶ h-n`-mK¯-n C³Ì-nS-y-q«-ns-â h-mÀ¯IÄ-, a-m[-ya {-]hÀ¯Ic-ps-S k-pc£b-v¡-pÅ \-nÀt-Zi§Ä-, B{-Ia-n¡s-¸S-pIb-p-w ]-oU-n¸-n¡s-¸S-pIb-p-w s-N¿-p¶ a-m[-ya{-]hÀ¯Ic-ps-S h-nhc§Ä F¶-nhb-pï-v-. t-k^-vä-n F¶ h-n`-mK ¯-n k-pc£-y¡-pÅ D]t-Zi§Ä-, ]c-ni-oe\-w-, s-{-]-mPÎ-pIÄ F¶-nh k-w_Ô-n¨ h-nhc§Ä t-NÀ¯-nc-n¡-p ¶-p. `-ojW-n t-\c-nS-p¶ a-m[-ya{-]hÀ ¯IÀ¡-v- A¡-mc-y-w d-nt-¸-mÀ«-v- s-N¿-m\-p-w CX-n k-uIc-ya-pï-v-.

CX-ns-e I-mj-zÂä-ok-v- F¶ h-n`-m K-w {-it-²ba-mW-v-. t-e-mI¯-v- C-u hÀj-w s-I-mÃs-¸« a-m[-ya {-]hÀ¯ Ic-ps-S IW¡-v- h-nh-n-[ `-qJÞ§Ä X-n-c-n¨-v- C³t-^-m{-K-m^-nI-vk-v- Bb-n CX-n \ÂI-nb-nc-n¡-p¶-p. Gäh-p-w I-qS-pX a-m[-ya{-]hÀ¯IÀ s-I-mà s-¸« c-mP-y-w-, s-I-mÃs-¸« c-oX-n-, DÄs-]S-p¶ a-m[-yah-n`-mK-w F¶-n§s-\ h-nh-n[ Xes-¡«-pIf-ne-mb-n CX-n h-nhc§Ä t-NÀ¯-nc-n¡-p¶-p. C-u hÀj-w s-I-mÃs-¸« a-m[-ya{-]hÀ¯I

c-ps-S F®-w {-]t-X-yI I-uïd-mb-n t-l-m-w t-]P-n \ÂI-nb-n«-pï-v-. H-mt-c-m a-mkh-p-w C-u h-nhc§f-pÄs-¸S-p¯-n ChÀ \-y-qk-v- s-eäd-p-w {-]k-n²-oIc-n¡-p ¶-p.

a-oU-nb-m kt-¸-mÀ«-v-

k‑mb-p[ k-wLÀj§Ä-, k-pc£-nX X-za-nÃ-mba X-pS§-nbhb-pÅ c-mP-y §f-ns-e {-]-mt-Zi-nI a-m[-ya§s-f kl-mb-n¡-p¶ k-wLS\b-mb CâÀ \-mjW a-oU-nb-m kt-¸-mÀ«-ns-â s-h_-vs-s-kä-v- BW-v- www.media support.org. a-m[-ya k-z-mX{-´-y-w-, {-]^jW t-PWe-nk-w F¶-o e£-y§Ä a-p³\-nd-p¯-nb-mW-v- k-wL S\b-ps-S {-]hÀ¯\-w. s-X-m®-qd-pIf-n  b-pt-K-mÉ-mh-nbb-ne-p-w aä-p-w \S¶ k-wLÀj§f-n a-m[-ya{-]hÀ¯IÀ t-\c-nt-Sï-nh¶ {-]i-v\§Ä¡-v- ]c-n l-mc-w t-XS-n c-q]hÂIc-n¡s-¸« k-wLS\b-mW-nX-v-. s-U·-mÀ¡-ns-e t-I-m¸³t-lK³ BØ-m\a-m¡-n e-mt-` Ñ I-qS-ms-X {-]hÀ¯-n¡-p¶ k-wLS\b-mW-v- s-F.F-w.Fk-v.

k-wLÀj t-aJeIf-ns-e a-m[-ya {-]hÀ¯IÀ t-\c-nS-p¶ {-]i-v\§Ä h-nhc-n¡-p¶ h-nh-n[ t-eJ\§Ä t-l-m-w t-]P-n Xs-¶b-pï-v-. Cd-mJ-v--, s-ba³-, a-y-m·-mÀ-, b-ps-{-Ib-v³ F¶-nh-n S§f-n \-n¶-pÅ d-nt-¸-mÀ«-pIf-mW-v- \-neh-n t-l-m-w t-]P-n \ÂI-nb-nc-n ¡-p¶X-v-. k-wLS\b-ps-S {-]hÀ¯\ §Ä GX-p h-n[¯-ne-ms-W¶X-v- h-m«-v- h-n U-p F¶ h-n`-mK¯-n \-n¶-p a\k-ne-m¡-m-w. t-hÀ h-n hÀ¡-v- F¶ h-n`-mK¯-n k-wLS\ {-]hÀ¯-n¡-p ¶ 28 c-mP-y§f-ps-S h-nhc§Ä Is-ï ¯-m-w. k-wLÀj t-aJeIf-ns-e a-m[-y

a {-]hÀ¯\-w k-w-_-Ô-n¨ [-mc-mf-w ]T\ d-nt-¸-mÀ«-pIÄ s-s-kä-ne-pï-v-. {-I-nt-bä-oh-v- t-I-ma¬k-v- s-s-ek³k-n e-pÅhb-mbX-n\-m Ch ]-p\-x{-]k-n ²-oIc-n¡-m³ XS-k-a-nÃ.

F.U»-y-p.k-nh\-nX-m a-m[-ya{-]hÀ¯Ic-ps-S I-q«-m b-va e£-ya-n«-pÅ s-h_-vs-s-kä-v BW-v- -www.womcom.org. At-k-mk-nt-b j³ H-m^-v h-na³ C³ Ia-y-qW-nt-¡ j³k-v F¶ k-wLS\b-ps-S s-h_-v

s-s-kä-v BW-nX-v. {-]-nâ-v--, Cet-{-Î-mW-nI-v a-m[-ya {-]hÀ¯Is-c I-qS-ms-X k-n\-na-, ]ck-y-w-, ]»-nI-v d-nt-ej³ k-v-, a-mÀ¡ä-n-wK-v-, {-K-m^-nI-v U-ns-s-k³-, aÄ«-n a-oU-nb U-ns-s-k³-, t-^-mt-«-m{-K ^-n F¶-o t-aJeIf-n {-]hÀ¯-n¡-p ¶hs-c I-qS-n C-u k-wLS\b-n DÄ s-]S-p¯-nb-n«-pï-v. ]-mc¼c-y-w Gs-db-p Å k-wLS\b-mW-nX-v. h-mj-n-wK-vS¬ kÀhIe-mi-meb-n 1909-e-mW-v- k-wLS\b-ps-S X-pS¡-w.

]c-ni-oe\ ]c-n]-mS-nIÄ-, h-nh-n[ t-aJeIf-n Ah-mÀU-v \ÂI X-pS §-nbhb-mW-v- k-wLS\b-ps-S {-]hÀ ¯\-w. c-mP-y-m´c Xe¯-n {-]hÀ ¯\a-ps-ï¶-v s-h_-vs-s-kä-v ]db-p¶-p s-ï¦-ne-p-w At-ac-n¡b-mW-v- {-][-m\ {-]hÀ¯\ c-wK-w. A-wKX-z¯-n\-p ^-ok-v GÀs-]S-p¯-nb-n«-pï-v. S-z-näÀ D]t-b-mK-n¨-pÅ h-mÀ¯-m {-]N-mcW ¯-ne-mW-v- s-s-kä-v {-][-m\a-mb-p-w {-i²-n ¡-p¶X-v.

awKfw Zn\]{X¯nsâ No^v \yqkv

FUnädmWv teJI³. teJIsâ

Cþsabvð: epshajudeen@gmail.com

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\hw_À 2014

t-PÀWe-nk-w ]-n.P-n.U-nt-¹-ma: h-n. F-w. A`-nP-n¯-n\-v Hó-m-w d-m¦-vt-Icf {-]k-v A¡-mZa-n t-PÀWe-nk-w ]-n.P-n.U-nt-¹-ma t-I-mg-v-k-v 201-3þ14 _-m -̈ns-â ]c-o£-m^e-w {-]k-n²-oIc-n -̈p. h-n.F-w. A`-nP-n¯-v H¶-m-w d-m¦-n\Àl\-mb-n. k-n.k-pca-y cï-m-w d-m¦pw k-n.h-n.Z-nh-y a-q¶-m-w d-m¦pw t\S-n. I-mª-ncaä-w N-me¡¸-md he-nb s-hf-nb-m d-n«. h-nt-ÃP-v H-m^-okÀ h-n.s-I. aW-nb-pt-Sb-p-w H.k-n. caW-nb-pt-Sb-p-w aI\-mW-v H¶-m-w d-m¦-v t-\S-nb A`-nP-n¯-v. X-nc-qÀ ]-pX-p¸Å-n N¼¡- q«¯-n k-n.h-n. h-mk-p-þs-I.]-mÀÆX-n Z¼X-nIf-ps-S aIf-m W-v cï-m-w d-m¦-v t-\S-nb k-n. k-pca-y. X-ri-qÀ a-pÅ-qÀ¡c hfh-v N¡¯-v h-o«-n F-w.F-w. t-he-p¡-p«-nb-ps-Sb-p-w k-n. `-mcX-nb-ps-Sb-p-w aIf-mW-v a-q¶-m-w d-m¦-v t-\S-nb Z-nh-y.

s-Se-nh-nj³ t-PÀWe-nk-w t-I-mg-v-k-v : A\-nð s-I.h-n.¡-v Hó-m-w d-m¦-vt-Icf {-]k-v A¡-mZa-nb-ps-S C³Ì-nä-nb-q«-v H-m^-v I½-y-qW-nt-¡j\-ns-e s-Se-nh-nj³ t-PÀWe-nk-w t-I-mg-v-k-ns-â ^e-w {-]k-n²-oIc-n¨-p. A\-n s-I.h-n. H¶-m-w d-m¦-v IcØa-m¡-n. X-ri-qÀ a-mb¶-qÀ Ic-n¼\b-v¡Â h-o«-n h-mk-pt-Zhs-âb-p-w i-m´-nb-pt-Sb-p-w aI\-mW-v A\-nÂ. k-z-mX-n c-mP-oh-n\-mW-v cï-m-w d-m¦-v. Be¸-pg lc-n¸-mS-v a-p¡e¯-v h-nI-mk-v h-o«-n ]t-cX\-mb c-mP-oh-ns-âb-p-w Pbb-pt-Sb-p-w aIf-mW-v k-z-mX-n c-mP-oh-v. I-pi-v_-p kP-n¡-mW-v a-q¶-m-w d-m¦-v. FdW-mI-pf-w ]-mS-nh«-w s-hf-nb-n h-o«-n h-n.Fk-v. kP-nb-ps-Sb-p-w a-mbb-pt-Sb-p-w aIf-mW-v. BZ-y s-Se-nh-nj³ t-PÀWe-nk-w _-m¨-ns-â

^ea-mW-v CX-v. ]c-o£s-bg-pX-nb 24 t-]c-p-w h-nPb-n¨-n«-pï-v. t-Icf¯-n s-Se-nh-nj³ t-PÀWe-nk-w s-FÑ-nI h-njba-mb-n GI hÀj ]-n.P-n.U-nt-¹-ma t-I-mg-v-k-n\-v ]T\ k-uIc-ya-pÅX-v t-Icf {-]k-v A¡-mZa-nb-n a-m{-Xa-mW-v.

]»-nI-v d-nt-ej³k-v U-nt-¹-ma: ]-n.BÀ{-Z¡-v Hóm-w d-m¦-vt-Icf {-]k-v A¡-mZa-n C³Ì-nä-y-q«-v H-m^-v I½-y-qW-nt-¡j³ \S¯-nb t-]-mÌ-v {-K-mt-Pä-v U-nt-¹-ma t-I-mg-v-k-ns-â 2013-þ14 _-m¨-ns-â ^e-w {-]k-n²-oIc-n¨-p. BÀ{-Z ]-n. H¶-m-w d-m¦-v t-\S-n. k-nÔ-y-m c-mP-v cï-m-w d-m¦-p-w {-i-o\-p N{-µ³ a-q¶-m-w d-m¦-p-w t-\S-n. ae¸-pd-w s-]-m³\-m«-n c-mLht-âb-p-w h-mk´-nb-pt-Sb-p-w aIf-mW-v BÀ{-Z. t-I-m¶-n ]-mdb-n h-o«-n t-k-mac-mP³þ-A-w_-nI Z¼X-nIf-ps-S aIf-mW-v k-nÔ-y-mc-mP-v. t-X-m«I-w I-mc-mS¯-v c-maN{-µ³ \-mbc-pt-Sb-p-w K-oXb-pt-Sb-p-w aIf-mW-v {-i-o\-p N{-µ³.

kÀ«-n^-n¡ä-v H-m^-v h-oU-nt-b-m FU-nä-n-wK-v: t-P-mb-nä-v t-P-mk^-n\-v Hó-m-w d-m¦-vt-Icf {-]k-v A¡-mZa-n C³Ì-nä-nb-q«-v H-m^-v I½-y-qW-nt-¡ j³ kÀ«-n^-n¡ä-v H-m^-v h-oU-nt-b-m FU-nä-n-wK-v t-I-mg-v-k-v 2014 s-s-^\ ]c-o£ ^e-w {-]k-n²-oIc-n¨-p. H¶-m-w d-m¦-n\-v t-P-mb-nä-v t-P-mk^-v AÀl\-mb-n. cï-p-w a-q¶-p-w d-m¦-pIÄ bY-m{-Ia-w Xk-v-e-oa S-n-, ch-ni¦À s-I.h-n F¶-nhÀ IcØa-m¡-n. Be¸-pg t-X-m«-wI-pf§c he-nbh-o«-n S-n.F-w. t-P-mk^-ns-âb-p-w e-nk½ t-P-mk^-n s-âb-p-w aI\-mW-v H¶-m-w d-m¦-v t-\S-nb t-P-mb-nä-v t-P-mk^-v. ]-me¡-mS-v s-I-mÃt-¦-mS-v B\¡-pg-n¡-mS-v h-o«-n ]t-cX\-mb X-mP-p±-os-âb-p-w XÖ-p\-okb-pt-Sb-p-w aIf-mW-v cï-m-w d-m¦-v t-\S-nb Xk-v-e-oa S-n. X-r¸-qW-n¯-pd t-a-ml³ h-nÃb-nÂ

]t-cX\-mb t-U-m.s-I. a[-pk-qZ\c-mPb-pt-Sb-p-w k-pKXhÀ½b-pt-Sb-p-w aI\-mW-v a-q¶-m-w d-m¦-v t-\S-nb ch-ni¦À s-I.h-n.

A¡mZan hmÀ¯IÄ

{]kv A¡mZan tImgvkpIfpsS ]co£m^ew {]Jym]n¨p

h-n.F-w. A`-nP-n¯-v k-n. k-pca-y k-n.h-n. Z-nh-y

A\-n s-I.h-n. k-z-mX-n c-mP-oh-v I-pi-v_-p kP-n

BÀ{-Z ]n. k-nÔ-y-m c-mP-v {-i-o\-p N{-µ³

t-P-mb-nä-v t-P-mk^-v Xk-v-e-oa S-n-. ch-ni¦À s-I.h-n.

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\hw_À 2014

-s]mXpþkzImcy ]¦mfn¯ hnIk\w: am[ya inev]ime \S¯n

\Kc{-]t-Zi§f-ns-e AS-nØ-m\k-uIc-y§f-p-w h-n`hka-mlcWh-p-w hÀ²-n¸-n¡-m³ e£-ya-n«-pÅ ]»-nI-v s-{-s-]hä-v ]-mÀS-vWÀj-n¸-v ]²X-nb-mb "]-mÀS-vWÀ t-Icf a-nj³' ^e{-]Za-m b-n \S¸-ne-m¡-p¶X-n\-p-w P\§f-nt-e s-¡¯-n¡-p¶X-n\-p-w t-hï-nb-pÅ a-m[-yai-ne-v]i-me X-nc-ph\´]-pc-w ak-vIä-v t-l-m«e-n \S¶-p. t-e-m¡Â s-kÂ^-v Khs-×â-v (AÀ_³-)

Ie-m]ca-mb \-nÀ½-mW {-]hÀ¯\ §Ä¡-v aeb-mf-nIÄ h-na-pJX I-mW-n ¡-pIb-ms-W¶-p-w \½-ps-S \Kc§Ä AX-ns-â s-Xf-nh-pIf-ms-W¶-p-w {-]i k-vX N-n{-XI-mc\-p-w s-I-m¨-n _-n\-ms-e b-ps-S A²-y£\-pa-mb t-_-mk-v I-rj-vWa-mN-mc-n ]dª-p. t-Icf {-]k-v A¡-mZa-n C³Ì-nä-nb-q«-v H-m^-v I½-y-q W-nt-¡j³ k-wLS-n¸-n¨ ]c-n]-mS-nb-n  k-wk-mc-n¡-pIb-mb-nc-p¶-p At-± l-w. ]-pX-pXea-pdb-ns-e ]{-X{-]hÀ¯ IÀ¡-v k-uµc-yi-mk-v{-Xs-¯¡-pd-n¨-v P\§f-n Aht-_-m[-w k-rã-n¡-m³ Ig-nbW-w. s-I-m¨-n³ _-n\-ms-e AX-n \-pÅ {-iaa-mW-v. Ieb-p-w k-m[-mcW ¡-mc\-p-w X½-ne-pÅ AIe-w hfs-cb [-nI-w I-pdb-v¡-m³ BZ-y _-n\-ms-e¡-p Ig-nª-p - At-±l-w ]dª-p.

U-n¸-mÀ«-vs-aâ-v t-Icf {-]k-v A¡-mZa-n b-pa-mb-p-w t-Ikc-n s-at-½-md-nb t-PW e-nÌ-v {-SÌ-pa-mb-p-w t-NÀ¶-mW-v ]c-n]-m S-n k-wLS-n¸-n¨X-v. i-ne-v]i-me a-pJ-y a{-´-n D½³ N-mï-n DZ-vL-mS\-w s-Nb-vX-p. \KcI-mc-ya{-´-n aªf-m-w I-pg-n Ae-n A²-y£X hl-n¨-p. s-FU-nF^-vk-n k-nCH s-Nd-nb-m³ t-X-mak-v a-pJ-y{-]`-mjW-w \-nÀÆl-n¨-p. t-Ikc-n s-at-½-md-nb t-PWe-nÌ-v

{-SÌ-v {-]k-nUâ-v k-n_-n I-m«-m¼Å-n-, {-]k-v A¡-mZa-n s-hk-v s-NbÀa-m³ s-I.k-n. c-mPt-K-m]-mÂ-, ]-mÀS-vWÀ t-Icf a-nj³ k-nCH C.s-I. {-]I-mi-v-, UbdÎÀ s-P.k-n. e-oe X-pS§-nbhÀ {-]k-wK-n¨-p. h-nh-n[ \Kck`If-ne-mb-n 36 ]²X-nIf-mW-v BZ-y L«¯-n ]-mÀS-vWÀ t-Icf a-nj³ hg-n \S¸-ne-m ¡-m\-pt-±i-n¡-p¶X-v.

t-Icf¯-ns-e \Kc-mk-q{-XW¯-n\-v k-uµc-yi-mk-v{-X -̄ns-â AS-n¯d-b-nñ: t-_-mk-v I-rj-vWa-mN-mc-n

\½-ps-S \Kc§f-ps-S k-uµc-yh ¡cW¯-n ]©-mb¯-v A-wK-w a-pX  a-pJ-ya{-´-nhs-c {-i²-n¡W-w. t-Icf ¯-ns-e N-n{-XI-mc·-mÀ¡-v t-Icf¯-n \-p ]-pd¯-v-, AÀla-mb Ahkc§ Ä e`-n¡-p¶-nÃ. s-I-m¨-n³ _-n\-ms-eb-n e-qs-S t-Icf¯-ns-e Ie-mI-mc·-ms-c t-e-mI¯-n\-p a-p³]-ns-e¯-n¡-ps-a¶-p-w At-±l-w ]dª-p.

NS§-n t-Icf {-]k-v A¡-mZa-n C³Ì-nä-nb-q«-v H-m^-v I½-y-qW-nt-¡j³ UbdÎÀ c-mP-p d-mt-^ k-z-mKXh-p-w s-I.t-laeX \µ-nb-p-w ]dª-p. h-nZ-y-mÀ°-n {-]X-n\-n[-n \-na-nj-m t-S-m-w k-wk-mc-n¨-p. {-]a-pJ ]{-X{-]hÀ¯I³ I-pc-y³ ]-m¼-mS-n-, N-n{-XI-mc³ s-k_-mÌ-y³ X-pS§-nbhÀ NS§-n ]s-¦S-p¯-p.

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tPm slsñÀ

{]ikvX Atacn¡³ ImÀ«qWnÌmbm tPm slñÀ hc¨ Cu ImÀ«q¬ Ft_mf `oXnsb ]cnlkn¡pó HómWv. kzbw Nn´n¡m\pÅ Xet¨mdp \ãs¸«hcmWv Ft_mf Fóp tIÄ¡pt¼mtg t]Sn¨p hnd¡pósXóv ImÀ«qWnÌv hnaÀin¡póp. Cu `oXn NneÀ t_m[]qÀÆw ]SÀ¯póXmsWó ]tcm£ hnaÀi\hpw ImÀ«qWnepïv. Atacn¡bnse sSenhnj³ \yqkv Nm\epIsf s]mXpth tI_nÄ \yqkv Fóp hntijn¸n¡póp. lmtem-ho³ a¯§bpsS [À½amWv tI_nÄ \yqkpIÄ \nÀÆln¡pósXópw ImÀ«qWnÌv Ifnbm¡póp. (hntZi cmPy§fnð kIehnip²cptSbpw Zn\¯nsâ Xteóv þ HtÎm_À 31\v lmtemho³ Zn\amWv. Ip«nIfpw aäpw ]nimNp¡fpsS hkv{X§Ä [cn¨pw a¯§bpw aäpw sImïv t]Sns¸Sp¯pó cq]§fpïm¡nbpamWv Cu Znhkw BtLmjn¡mdv.)

1985 apXð 2013 hsc {Ko³ s_ {]kv Kkänsâ Ìm^v FUntämdnbð ImÀ«qWnÌmb tPm slñdpsS cN\IÄ 350 tesd am[ya§fnemWv {]Xy£s¸SpóXv. Atacn¡bnð Gähpw IqSpXð kzbw knïnt¡äp sN¿pó ImÀ«qWnÌmWnt±lw. Give ‘em Heller Fó t]cnð tPm Xsâ FUntämdnbð ImÀ«qWpIÄ kamlcn¨n«pïv. FUntämdnbð ImÀ«qWpIÄ¡mbpÅ s_Ìv Hm^v Kms\äv AhmÀUv F«p XhWbpw anðhzm¡o {]kv ¢_v AhmÀUv Bdp XhWbpw tPm¬ ^nsjän FUntämdnbð ImÀ«q¬ AhmÀUv aqóp XhWbpw tPm t\Snbn«pïv.

temIw Iï hcA´Àt±iob am²yacwKs¯ {]ikvXamb ImÀ«qWpIsf ]cnNbs¸Sp¯pIbmWv Cu ]wànbnð. amXr`qan ImÀ«qWnÌv Bb tKm]oIrjvW\mWv Ch XncsªSp¯v AhXcn¸n¡póXv.

tKm]oIrjvWsâ Cþsabvð: cartoonistgopikrishnan@gmail.com

Printed and Published by V. R. Ajith Kumar, On behalf of the Secretary, Kerala Press Academy, Published from Kerala Press Academy, Kakkanad, Kochi – 682 030; Printed at Sterling Print House Pvt Ltd, Edappally; Editor: N. P. Rajendran.

{]kv A¡mZanbnð \nópÅ ]pXnb ]pkvXI§Ä

Media Monthly | November 2014 | ` 20/- | RNI Reg No. KERBIL/2000/1676