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2014 MELEd Conference
How Many Phonemes to Teach?
A Comparative Analysis of Phonetic Symbols in
Major Pronunciation Dictionaries and Textbooks
Vladimir Pavlov
University of Wisconsin-River Falls
Elena Stetsenko
University of Minnesota
Why are students confused?
Reason # 1: Dialects
William Labov, Sharon Ash and Charles Boberg. Atlas of North American English. www.atlas.mouton-content.com
William Labov, Sharon Ash and Charles Boberg. Atlas of North American English. www.atlas.mouton-content.com
Walt Wolfram. Integrating Language Variation into TESOL: Challenges from English Globalization. TESOL Webinar, October 13, 2011
There are two major shifts in the vowel systems of American English that are taking place. One is referred to as the Southern Vowel Shift… That is compared to the Northern Cities Vowel Shift, and this is sort of one of the stunning aspects of American English dialects today, the fact that Northern dialects are actually becoming less like Southern dialects. The reality is no, the Northern dialects are actually becoming more different…
William Labov, Sharon Ash and Charles Boberg. Atlas of North American English. www.atlas.mouton-content.com
Walt Wolfram. Integrating Language Variation into TESOL: Challenges from English Globalization. TESOL Webinar, October 13, 2011
William Labov, Sharon Ash and Charles Boberg. Atlas of North American English. www.atlas.mouton-content.com
Walt Wolfram. Integrating Language Variation into TESOL: Challenges from English Globalization. TESOL Webinar, October 13, 2011
Walt Wolfram. Integrating Language Variation into TESOL: Challenges from English Globalization. TESOL Webinar, October 13, 2011
There are two major shifts in the vowel systems of American English that are taking place. One is referred to as the Southern Vowel Shift… That is compared to the Northern Cities Vowel Shift, and this is sort of one of the stunning aspects of American English dialects today, the fact that Northern dialects are actually becoming less like Southern dialects. The Northern dialects are actually becoming more different…
Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics, 4th Edition, 2010
standard variety
also standard dialect, standard language, standard
the variety of a language which has the highest status in a
community or nation and which is usually based on the
speech and writing of educated native speakers of the
language. A standard variety is generally:
a used in the news media and in literature
b described in dictionaries and grammars
c taught in schools and taught to non-native speakers
when they learn the language as a foreign language.
Reason # 2: Confusing numbers
www.merriam-webster.com
Consonants: 19Vowels: 26
Total: 45
http://www.learnersdictionary.com
http://www.learnersdictionary.com
Consonants: 29
Vowels: 21
Total: 50
Consonants: 25
Vowels: 21
Total: 46
Jack Windsor LewisELT Journalhttp://eltj.oxfordjournals.org/content/53/3/225.extract
Consonants: 24
Vowels: (16*) 17
Total: 41
Consonants: 25
Vowels: 21
Total: 46
Consonants Vowels TOTAL
Merriam-Webster Online 19 26 45
Merriam-Webster Learner’s 29 21 50
Teaching Pronunciation 25 21 46
Daniel Jones EPD 24 17 41
Longman Pronunciation 25 21 46
Reason # 3: Qualitative differences
Consonants
http://www.learnersdictionary.com
Merriam-Webster Learner’s Dictionary
Consonants: 29
Phoneme
the smallest unit of sound in a language which can distinguish two words
Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics. 4 ed., 2010
Phoneme
the smallest unit of sound in a language which can distinguish two words
Allophone
any of the different variants of a phoneme. The different allophones of a
phoneme are perceptibly different but similar to each other, do not change
the meaning of a word, and occur in different phonetic environments that
can be stated in terms of phonological rules.
Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics. 4 ed., 2010
http://www.learnersdictionary.com Consonants: 24
Merriam-Webster Learner’s Dictionary
Teaching Pronunciation
Teaching Pronunciation
Teaching Pronunciation
Teaching Pronunciation
/ y / = / j / Consonants: 24
Harley, H. (2006). English Words: A Linguistic Introduction. Malden: Blackwell.
Daniel Jones EPD
Consonants: 24
Longman Pronunciation Dictionary
Consonants: 25
Longman Pronunciation Dictionary
Consonants: 25
Longman Pronunciation Dictionary
Consonants: 24
Vowels
Merriam-Webster Learner’s Dictionary
Vowels: 21
Merriam-Webster Learner’s Dictionary
Vowels: 20
Merriam-Webster Learner’s Dictionary
Vowels: 15
Merriam-Webster Learner’s Dictionary
Vowels: 15
Teaching Pronunciation
Vowels: 21
Teaching Pronunciation
Vowels: 21
Teaching Pronunciation
/ y / = / j / Consonants: 24
International Phonetic Association http://www.langsci.ucl.ac.uk/ipa/index.html
Teaching Pronunciation
Vowels: 21
Teaching Pronunciation
Vowels: 21
Not in M-W Learner’s!
Teaching Pronunciation
Not in M-W Learner’s!
Vowels: 17
Teaching Pronunciation
Longman Pronunciation Dictionary
Vowels: 21
Longman Pronunciation Dictionary
Vowels: 21
Longman Pronunciation Dictionary
Vowels: 16
Jones EPD
Vowels: 17
Merriam-Webster Learner’s ɪ ɛ æ ʌ ʊ ə i ɑ u eɪ oʊ aʊ aɪ oɪ ɚ
Teaching Pronunciation ɪ ɛ æ ʌ ʊ ə i ɑ ɔ uw ey ow aw ay y ər ɜr
Daniel Jones EPD ɪ e æ ʌ ʊ ə i ɑ ɔ u eɪ oʊ aʊ aɪ ɔɪ ɚ ɝ
Longman Pronunciation ɪ e æ ʌ ʊ ə i ɑ ɔ u eɪ oʊ aʊ aɪ ɔɪ ɝ
Vowels: 17
Longman: ər = ɚ
Merriam-Webster Learner’s: bird /bɚd/
/ ɑ / and / ɔ / are used in cot and caught, lot and law
Consonants: 24
Bilabial Labio-dental Dental Alveolar Post-alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Plosive p b t d k g Affricate tʃ dʒ Fricative f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ hNasal m n ŋ Lateral approximant
l
Approximant w r j
Vowels: 17
Thank you!
