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BioProcess International, Boston, October 20, 2014Developing ADC Technologies to Increase Therapeutic Windows
Analytical Characterization of CysteineAnalytical Characterization of Cysteine Conjugated and Site‐Specific
C j d ADCConjugated ADCs
B i Wi i Lil Li Shi E i K i lBrian Wiggins, Lily Liu‐Shin, Eric Kozial, Aileen La, Philip Calixto, Gayathri
RatnaswamyRatnaswamy
Analytical and Formulation DevelopmentAgensys Inc a subsidiary of Astellas Pharma IncAgensys, Inc. – a subsidiary of Astellas Pharma, Inc.
Santa Monica, CA
Outline
• Introduction• Properties of cysteine conjugated and site‐specific conjugated ADCs
• Critical attributes of ADCs• Analytical characterization of cysteine conjugated IgG1 vsI G2 ADC d I G1 i ifi j dIgG2 ADCs compared to an IgG1 site‐specific conjugated ADC C l i• Conclusions
2
Antibody‐Drug Conjugates
Antibody Linker Toxiny
• IgG1• IgG2
• Cleavable• Non‐cleavable
• Charged• Non‐charged
Conventional Conjugation Site Specific Conjugation
• Solvent accessible lysines• Solvent accessible cysteines
(after partial reduction)
• Engineered cysteines• Non‐natural amino acids• Selenocysteines• Enzymatic conjugation
3
Review: Panowski et al., Site‐specific antibody drug conjugates for cancer therapy mAbs, 2014, 6(1), p 34‐45
Differences in Conjugation
Cysteine conjugated
mAb• Neutral pH• TCEP : mAb molar ratio• Excess Drug‐ Linker• Maleimide‐thiol ligation
ADC
Target DAR ~ 4
Si ifi j d
• Maleimide‐thiol ligation• Quench excess DL
Site‐specific conjugated
mAb• Acidic pH• Excess Drug Linker ADCg• Oxime ligation Ketone + alkoxy aminebio‐orthogonal reaction
Target DAR ~ 2
4
Impact of Conjugation
Cysteine Conjugation Site‐specific (nnAA)
Jackson, D., et al., In vitro and in vivo evaluation of cysteine and site specific conjugated Herceptin antibody drug conjugates. PloS One, 2014. 9(1): p. 1‐14.
y j g p ( )
Structure • Heterogeneous• D0‐D12 species
• Less Heterogeneous• D0‐D2 species
Stability • In‐vivo de‐conjugation through exchange with albumin or glutathione
• Stable in‐vivo
• Off‐target toxicity
• Shen, B., et al., Conjugation site modulates the in vivo stability and therapeutic activity of antibody drug conjugates. Nature Biotechnology, 2012. 30(2): p184‐89• Jackson, D., et al., In vitro and in vivo evaluation of cysteine and site specific conjugated Herceptin antibody drug conjugates. PloS One, 2014, 9(1): p 1‐14
• Site‐specific conjugates could improve the therapeutic index
5
Jackson, D., et al., In vitro and in vivo evaluation of cysteine and site specific conjugated Herceptin antibody drug conjugates. PloS One, 2014, 9(1): p 1 14• Axup, J.Y., et al., Synthesis of site‐specific antibody‐drug conjugates using unnatural amino acids . PNAS , 2012, 109, p 16101‐16106
Potential conjugation sites for cysteine conjugated and site‐specific conjugated ADCsj g p f j g
S SS S
S SS S
S SS S
SS
SS
S SS SS S
SS
S
SS
S S
SS
S
SS
S
IgG2S
S
SS
IgG1
SS
SS
IgG1 Site‐specific
S S
Maximum Drug to Antibody Ratio (DAR): 8
Maximum DAR: 12 Maximum DAR: 2
6
Possible species in IgG1 and IgG2 Cysteine‐conjugated ADCs
DAR = 0 DAR = 2 DAR = 4
IgG2 only IgG2 only IgG2 only
DAR = 6 DAR = 8 DAR = 10
I G lImage modified from Le, L.N., et al., Profiling antibody drug conjugate positional isomers: a system‐of‐equations approach. Anal
7
IgG2 only
DAR = 12
conjugate positional isomers: a system of equations approach. Anal Chem, 2012. 84(17): p. 7479‐86.
Possible species on mAbs utilizing site‐specific Conjugation
DAR = 0 DAR = 1
DAR = 2
8
DAR = 2
Critical Quality AttributesCharacteristic Before Conjugation (mAb) After Conjugation (ADC)
IdentitySequence confirmation Sequence confirmation
yCharge profile Charge profile
Strength Protein concentration Protein concentration
% HMW and LMW % HMW and LMW
Purity
Charge distribution Charge distribution
HCP % Unconjugated mAb
Protein A Non‐proteinacous impurities (NPI)Protein A Non‐proteinacous impurities (NPI)
CHO DNA Residual Solvent
Binding Binding
Potency ‐‐‐ Drug to Antibody Ratio (DAR)
‐‐‐ Cytotoxicity
SafetyEndotoxin Endotoxin
SafetyBioburden Bioburden
9
Methods to evaluate critical attributes
Characteristic Critical Attribute Method
Sequence confirmation Peptide MapIdentity
Sequence confirmation Peptide Map
Charge profile icIEF
Strength Protein concentration UV‐VIS
Purity
% HMW and LMW SEC‐HPLC, CE‐SDS, SDS‐PAGE
% Unconjugated mAb Hydrophobic InteractionChromatography (HIC‐HPLC)
PurityNon‐proteinacous impurities
(NPI) RP‐HPLC for NPI
Residual Solvent RP‐HPLC/GC
Potency
Binding ELISA
Drug to Antibody Ratio (DAR) RP‐HPLC, UV‐VIS
Cytotoxicity Cell‐based Cytotoxicityy y y y
10
Analysis of conjugation profiles of cysteine conjugated and site‐specific conjugated ADCs by HIC‐HPLC
IgG Isotype influences conjugation profileWVL:214 nm
D2 IgG1 site‐specific ADC, DAR ~2
D1
D0
% Unconjugated = 1%
D2
D4
D6
IgG1 ADC, DAR ~4
% Unconjugated = 7%
D0D8
D4
D0D2
D6D8 D10+D12
IgG2 ADC, DAR ~4% Unconjugated = 11%
11
1.4 2.5 3.8 5.0 6.3 7.5 8.8 10.0 11.3 12.5 13.8 15.4
min
Analysis of reduced conjugation profiles of an IgG1 and IgG2 ADC by RP‐UPLC Reduction necessary for DAR determination
where HIC peaks are not baseline resolved
250 mAU
L0H0 L1
H1 WVL:214 nm
IgG1 ADC, DAR ~4
g g y
100
1
H2H3
3.8 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 16.0 17.0 18.0 19.2-50 min
300 2mAU L0 H2 WVL:214 nm
100
200
H0H1
H3
IgG2 ADC, DAR ~4
2 4 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 0 10 0 11 0 12 0 13 0 14 0 14 9-50 min
2
L1 H4 H5
12
2.4 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 14.9
IgG1 preferentially conjugates to LC‐HC at a DAR of 4IgG2 preferentially conjugates to HC‐HC (Hinge) at a DAR of 4
Reduced LC‐MS (ESI‐TOF) – Confirmation of Light Chain conjugation differences between an IgG1 and IgG2 ADC
100L0
I G1 it ifi ADC DAR ~2
mass
%
0
IgG1 site‐specific ADC, DAR ~2
%
100
22500 22600 22700 22800 22900 23000 23100 23200 23300 23400 23500 23600 23700 23800 23900 24000 24100 24200 24300 24400 24500 24600 24700 24800 24900 25000
L0 L1
IgG1 cysteine‐conjugated ADC, DAR ~4
100
mass22500 22600 22700 22800 22900 23000 23100 23200 23300 23400 23500 23600 23700 23800 23900 24000 24100 24200 24300 24400 24500 24600 24700 24800 24900 25000
0
L0
%
0
IgG2 cysteine‐conjugated ADC, DAR ~4
13
mass22500 22600 22700 22800 22900 23000 23100 23200 23300 23400 23500 23600 23700 23800 23900 24000 24100 24200 24300 24400 24500 24600 24700 24800 24900 25000
0
L1
Reduced LC‐MS (ESI‐TOF) – Confirmation of Heavy Chain conjugation differences between an IgG1 and IgG2 ADC
100 H1
IgG1 site‐specific ADC, DAR ~2
gmass
48000 48200 48400 48600 48800 49000 49200 49400 49600 49800 50000 50200 50400 50600 50800 51000 51200 51400 51600 51800 52000 52200 52400 52600 52800 53000 53200 53400 53600 53800 54000 54200 54400 54600 54800 55000 55200 55400
%
0
%
100
H0
H1H2
H3IgG1 cysteine‐conjugated ADC, DAR ~4
100
mass48000 48200 48400 48600 48800 49000 49200 49400 49600 49800 50000 50200 50400 50600 50800 51000 51200 51400 51600 51800 52000 52200 52400 52600 52800 53000 53200 53400 53600 53800 54000 54200 54400 54600 54800 55000 55200 55400
0
H2
%
H0
H1H3
H4
IgG2 cysteine‐conjugated ADC, DAR ~4
14
mass48000 48200 48400 48600 48800 49000 49200 49400 49600 49800 50000 50200 50400 50600 50800 51000 51200 51400 51600 51800 52000 52200 52400 52600 52800 53000 53200 53400 53600 53800 54000 54200 54400 54600 54800 55000 55200 55400
0
H4 H5
IgG1 vs IgG2 conjugation site differences using Peptide Mass Mapping XIC (ESI‐QTOF) with MSE ionization
IgG1 AD C
IgG2 AD C
15
Heterogeneity associated with multiple combinations of Hinge conjugations in IgG2
IgG1 vs IgG2 conjugation site differences using Peptide Mass Mapping (ESI‐QTOF) with MSE ionization
Sample Peak Subunit Disulfide Utilized Peptide SequencevcMMAE molecules
1, 2 Heavy Chain LC‐HC Interchain 219SCDK222 1
IgG1
3, 4, 6 Light Chain LC‐HC Interchain 208SFNRGEC214 1
5 Heavy Chain HC‐HC Interchain223THTCPPCPAPELLGGPSVFLFP
PKPK2481
5 Heavy Chain HC‐HC Interchain223THTCPPCPAPELLGGPSVFLFP
PKPK2482
7 Unidentified8 Drug + Linker N/A Drug + Linker 1
Sample Peak Subunit Disulfide Utilized Peptide SequencevcMMAE Molecules
1, 4 Heavy Chain HC‐HC Interchain217CCVECPPCPAPPVAGPSVFLFP
PKPK2421
1, 4, 6 Heavy Chain HC‐HC Interchain216KCCVECPPCPAPPVAGPSVFLF
PPKPK2422
1, 4 Heavy Chain HC‐HC Interchain216KCCVECPPCPAPPVAGPSVFLF
K K2423
IgG2
, yPPKPK242
2 Light Chain LC‐HC Interchain 210GEC212 12, 3 Heavy Chain LC‐HC Interchain 120GPSVFPLAPCSR131 15, 9 Unidentified
7, 8 Heavy Chain HC‐HC Interchain217CCVECPPCPAPPVAGPSVFLFP
PKPK2422
16
yPKPK242
10 Heavy Chain HC‐HC Interchain217CCVECPPCPAPPVAGPSVFLFP
PK2404
LC‐MS (SEC‐HPLC with ESI‐TOF) of deglycosylated ADCs
D2
IgG1, Site‐specific conjugation
D4
D1
D2
D4
IgG1, Cysteine‐linked conjugation
D6D8
D0
D8
17
Intact CE‐SDS profile of an IgG1 and IgG2 cysteine conjugated ADC (Denaturing conditions)j g
Larger disturbance to tertiary structure of IgG1 ADCs at a DAR of 4λ or κ light chain choice influences fragmentation
IgG1 ADC
IgG2 ADC
18
Intact CE‐SDS profile of a site‐specific conjugated IgG1 ADC (Denaturing conditions)
Less perturbation of tertiary structure at a DAR of 2 when using site‐specific conjugation0.0600 AU
Intact
0.0500
0.00200
0.00250
0.00300 AU
HHL
Intact
0.0300
0.0400
-0.00000
0.00050
0.00100
0.00150
LC HC HL HH
HHL
0.0200 13.5 15.0 16.0 17.0 18.0 19.0 20.0 21.0 22.0 23.0 24.0 25.0 26.0 27.0 28.0 29.5-0.00100
-0.00050
min
0.0100
LC HC HL HH HHL
19
13.0 14.0 15.0 16.0 17.0 18.0 19.0 20.0 21.0 22.0 23.0 24.0 25.0 26.0 27.0 28.0 29.0 30.0 31.0 32.0 33.0 34.0-0.0020 min
Preferential conjugation sites for cysteine conjugated and site‐specific conjugated ADCsj g p f j g
S SS S
S SS S
S SS S
SS
SS
S SS SS S
SS
S
SS
S S
SS
S
SS
S
IgG2S
S
SS
IgG1
SS
SS
IgG1 Site‐specific
S S
Maximum Drug to Antibody Ratio (DAR): 8
Maximum DAR: 12 Maximum DAR: 2
20
Charge heterogeneity analysis for cysteine conjugated and site‐specific conjugated ADCs by icIEF
0.300
0.369Non‐denaturing icIEF (no urea)
0.300
0.400
Cysteine‐conjugated ADC, Neutral drug‐linker, pI 8.6
mAb, pI 8.5
0.100
0.200
0.100
0.200 Increased acidic peaks
6.75 7.50 8.00 8.50 9.00 9.67-0.032
pI6.75 7.00 7.25 7.50 7.75 8.00 8.25 8.50 8.75 9.00 9.25 9.67
-0.050
pI0.330
Ab I 9 20.230
Sit ifi j t d ADC
0.200
mAb pI 9.2
0.150
Site‐specific conjugated ADC pI 9.0
0.1000.050
0.100
21No change in charge heterogeneity post‐conjugation for site‐specific conjugation process at acidic pH
6.90 7.50 8.00 8.50 9.00 9.50 10.00-0.020
6.80 7.50 8.00 8.50 9.00 9.50 10.00-0.020
Purity: Aggregate and Fragment analysis of an IgG1 mAb and ADC (cysteine conjugation) ADC by SEC‐HPLC
15.0 mAU Monomer
Fragment 1
WVL:230 nm
mAb: 2 distinct fragments
5.0
10.0 Aggregate
g
Buffer
Aggregate = 0.4%Fragment = 0.9%
0.0 1.3 2.5 3.8 5.0 6.3 7.5 8.8 10.0 11.3 12.5 13.8 15.0-1.0 min
10987654321
Fragment 3
15.0 mAU M F t 1 WVL:230 nm
10.0
mAU
Aggregate
MonomerFragment 1 WVL:230 nm
Post‐conjugation: 4 distinct fragments
BufferAggregate = 0.5%Fragment = 2 9%
5.0
LMW
Fragment 2 Fragment 3
Fragment 4Bu
Fragment = 2.9%
0.0 1.3 2.5 3.8 5.0 6.3 7.5 8.8 10.0 11.3 12.5 13.8 15.0-1.0 min
10987654321LMW
22
Purity: Aggregate and Fragment analysis of an IgG1 mAb and ADC (site‐specific conjugation) ADC by SEC‐HPLC
30.0
35.0
40.0 mAU
3: M
onom
er
mAb: 3 distinct fragments
10 0
15.0
20.0
25.0
2: D
imer
4: F
ragm
ent 1
Aggregate = 1.1%Fragment = 1.3%
ff
40.0 mAU
Dim
er
3: M
onom
er
0.0 1.3 2.5 3.8 5.0 6.3 7.5 8.8 10.0 11.3 12.5 13.8 15.0-1.0
5.0
10.0
min
1: H
MW
5: F
ragm
ent 2
6: F
ragm
ent 3
P t j ti A
Buffer
25.0
30.0
35.0
2: D 3
4: F
ragm
ent 1
Post‐conjugation: An increase in HMW aggregate and dimer
Aggregate = 3.0%Fragment = 1 7%
Buffer
10.0
15.0
20.0
1: H
MW
men
t 3Conjugation at acidic pH
Fragment = 1.7%
*samples not from optimized process
230.0 1.3 2.5 3.8 5.0 6.3 7.5 8.8 10.0 11.3 12.5 13.8 15.0
-1.0
5.0
min
5: F
ragm
ent 2
6: F
ragm
j g p
Effect of conjugation on physical stability of an IgG1 ADC by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
IgG1 ADC
IgG1 mABFab
IgG1 ADC
CH3
CH2CH3
CH2
24
Effect of conjugation on physical stability of an IgG2 cysteine conjugated ADC by DSC
Destabilization of CH2 domain due to hinge conjugations at a DAR of 4
IgG2 mABFab
IgG2 ADC
CH2 CH2CH3
25
Effect of site‐specific conjugation on physical stability of an IgG1 ADC by DSC
120000
140000
Fab
80000
100000
120000
C)
IgG1 mAB
40000
60000
80000
p (Cal/m
ole/C
IgG1 site‐specific ADC
CHCH2
0
20000
40000Cp CH3
‐20000
0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
Temperature ( ̊ C)
26
Conclusions• Site‐specific conjugated ADCs may increase the therapeutic index by
providing a more stable linker in‐vivo and fewer conjugated drugs, while i i CMC tiimproving CMC properties
• Conjugation profile and heterogeneity of cysteine‐linked ADCs is dependent upon IgG isotype
• Cysteine‐linked IgG1 ADCs preferentially conjugate at the LC‐HC disulfide for a DAR near 4, whereas IgG2 ADCs preferentially conjugate in the mAb hingemAb hinge
• Characterization methods should focus on understanding the impact of conjugation on the secondary and tertiary structure of the antibodySi ifi I G1 ADC fil i diff f i li k d• Site‐specific IgG1 ADC aggregate profile is different from cysteine‐linked ADC aggregate profile
• Site‐specific ADCs exhibit less heterogeneity post‐conjugation and less perturbation of tertiary structure
27
AcknowledgementsHideto Yamaguchi, Biotechology Labs, Astellas Pharma
AgensysW lf N VP T h i l O i
Ambrx Inc.Wolf Noe, VP, Technical Operations
Analytical DevelopmentChris Adams
l lFormulation DevelopmentJane DankbergJihea Park Helena KimAnanda SeneviratneAnanda Seneviratne
Process SciencesIan SchwartzJocelyn MaterieFerd TomasZhala TawfiqJonathan RheubenTae Lee WongChris O’Brien
28
Chris O’BrienMarie Zhu