201301 CPB 30503 Week1 Exploration

7/29/2019 201301 CPB 30503 Week1 Exploration

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PETROCHEMICALS & PETROLEUM

REFINING TECHNOLOGY

EXPLORATION & PRODUCTION

OF PETROLEUM


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Extraction Process

A scientist demonstrates how petroleum is containedinside the pores of rock. First, a piece of petroleum-bearing rock is crushed into small pieces.


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Then, the crushed rock is placed in a test tube.


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The rock is heated, releasing the petroleum inside andcreating a flame at the opening of the test tube.


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Extraction of Petroleum

Locate the

oil fieldDrilling

Extract/Recov

er the oil


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PETROLEUM


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Reservoir Rock permeable subsurface rockcontained oil (porous & permeable)

Oil and natural gas is composed insedimentary rocklayers.

Sedimentary rock-reservoir for oil and gas.

Sediment consists of breakdown pre-existing

rock, seashells and precipitated salt.

Oil & gas Trap


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Oil & gas Trap

Sedimentary Rock


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3 types of sedimentary rock:

1. Sandstones

2. Limestones

3. Dolostones

Sand grains

Pore spaces

(Contained Oil)

Oil & gas Trap


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A trap requires 3 elements:

1. A porous reservoir rock to accumulate the oil & gas

2. An overlying impermeable rock to prevent the oil &

gas from escaping

3. A source for the oil & gas (black waxy shales)

Oil & gas Trap


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Oil & Gas Trap


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Who Finds Oil?

Geologist


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How to Find Oil?

Sensitive gravity meters- measure tiny changes in the Earth's gravitational

field that could indicate flowing oil

Sensitive magnetometers- measure tiny changes in the Earth's magnetic

field caused by flowing oil


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How to Find Oil?

Satellite images

- record infrared and ultraviolet light


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How to Find Oil?

Seismology

- creating shock waves thatpass through hidden rock

layers and interpreting thewaves that are reflectedback to the surface

- Computer processes thegeophones data thenconvert to seismic lines


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Seismology (Onshore)

Thumper/Vibrator

- On land we used to use dynamite to create shock waves.

- Thumper' truck drives to the site, raises itself up on hydraulic lifts, and then begins

vibrating.

- The sound waves travel downward, hit something solid, reflected back to the surface

where sensors (used to be called stingers) are place along the ground.

- Sensors are connected back to a recording device.


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How to Find Oil?

Placing Geophones Seismograph


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Seismology (Offshore)

Send down sound waves, let them reflect, and pick up the reflection with sensors

(hydrophones or, on land, seismographs).

The speed will change depending on the make up of the rock type .

The reflected wave returns at a speed characteristic of the material it has been

travelling through.

The result is a set of seismic lines that the geologists and hydrogeologists

interpret.


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Drilling for Oil & Gas

Wells were drilled with cable tools in which a heavydrill bit on a cable was repeatedly dropped up and

down on the ground to literally "chop" a hole down to

the trap.

Today, we use rotary drilling

in which a bit on the end of a

length of drill pipe is rotated.


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Different types of oil rigs used for

various depths.


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Drilling fluid (water & mud) is pumpeddown the pipe to flow through the bit &

lubricates the bit, washes away the

cuttings, and maintains pressure in thehole to prevent the well from becoming

a blowout.

The mud flows back to the surfacethrough the gap between the drill pipe

and the hole. This gap is called the

annulus. Mud circulation in the hole

Annulus

Drilling fluids


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Video

DRILLING OIL & GAS


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Drilling Process

Place the drill bit, collar and drill pipe in thehole.

Attach the kelly and turntable and begin

drilling. As drilling progresses, circulate mud through

the pipe and out of the bit to float the rockcuttings out of the hole.

Add new sections (joints) of drill pipes as the

hole gets deeper. Remove (trip out) the drill pipe, collar and bit

when the pre-set depth (anywhere from a fewhundred to a couple-thousand feet) is reached.


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Drilling Bit


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Drill pipes

Christmas tree

Well head


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Casing and tubing


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Nodding Donkey/Pump Jack (Onshore)


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1. Drill, lowered from rig, bores through seabed creating a borehole for sections of

casing pipe to be lowered into

2. Casing pipe is lowered into borehole allowing cement to be pumped down the pipe to

fix it in place

3. Once the cement is set and secure another stage of drilling begins


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Diff t t f d t


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Different types of deep water

platforms(Offshore)


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Fixed Platform

Built on concrete or steel

legs, or both, anchored

directly onto the seabed,

A deck for drilling rigs,

production facilities and

crew quarters.

Water depths :1,700 ft

(520 m).

The Grane Platform, Norway


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Semi-submersible Platform

Hulls (columns and pontoons)for the structure to float andsufficient weight to keep thestructure upright.

It can be moved from place to

place

Can be ballasted up or down byaltering the amount of floodingin buoyancy tanks

Anchored by chain, wire rope

Water depths : 200 to 10,000feet (60 to 3,000 m).

Oil Platform P-51 off the

Brazilian coast


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Tension Leg Platform (TLP)

Floating platforms

tethered to the seabed in

a manner that eliminates

most vertical movement

of the structure.

Water depths : 6,000 feet

(2,000 m).

The "conventional" TLP is

a 4-column design which

looks similar to a

semisubmersible.

Conventional TLP


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SPAR Platform

Spars are moored to the seabed like TLPs

Spars designed in three configurations:

1. "conventional" one-piece cylindrical hull

2. "truss spar" - midsection is composed of

truss elements connecting the upper

buoyant hull with the bottom soft tank(permanent ballast)

3. "cell spar" - multiple vertical cylinders.

The spar has more inherent stability than a

TLP since it has a large counterweight at the

bottom

Ability to move horizontally and to position

itself over wells at some distance from the

main platform location.

Water depth : 2000-10000 ft

Devil's Tower Spar Platform


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Jack Up Rig Platform

Can be jacked up above thesea using legs that can belowered, much like jacks.

Water depths : 400-550 feet(120-170 m)

They are designed to movefrom place to place, and then

anchor themselves bydeploying the legs to theocean bottom using a rackand pinion gear system oneach leg


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Drilling Barge

Used mostly for inland, shallowwater drilling

(ex: lakes, swamps, rivers, and

canals)

Drilling barges are large, floating

platforms

Towed by tugboat from location tolocation.


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Drilling Ship

A drillship is a maritime vesselthat has been fitted with drillingapparatus.

It is most often used for

exploratory drilling of new oil orgas wells in deep water butcan also be used for scientificdrilling.

Most drillships are outfitted

with a dynamic positioningsystem to maintain positionover the well

Water depths :12,000 ft(3,700 m).


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Drilling Barge

Moveable Rigs (for exploratory wells)

Jack Up Rig

Drillingship

Semi-submersible rig


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Video

OIL RECOVERY


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Oil Recovery

Primary Recovery Makes use of the natural conditions in the reservoir

to drive out the oil after a well is drilled

Oil recovered : 15 - 20% of the original oil in place

Solution Gas Drive

Gas Cap Drive

Water Drive


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Solution Gas Drive

Solution gas


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Gas Cap Drive


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Water Drive

Well head

Water

underpressure


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Exercise

State the purpose ofchristmas tree in oil & gas

recovery.


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Oil Recovery

Secondary RecoveryEnhance or replace the primary recovery techniques

To increase the recovery of oil in place

Method used since the late 1940's

1. Water flooding

Involve injecting water into the

underground reservoir to

displace the oil and drive it intothe wellbore where it can be

lifted to the surface by pumps.


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2. Immiscible gas injection

Injection of low pressure gas to maintain reservoir

pressure

Oil recovery : 20 40% of the original oil in place.

Thus, even after the secondary phase of recovery,

about 60 80% of the oil still remains in the

reservoir.


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Oil Recovery

Tertiary Recovery Generic term : Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR)

Take over when secondary recovery no

longer effective

Oil Recovery : 30 60% of the original oil in

place.

1 Steam injection /Thermal processes


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1. Steam injection /Thermal processes

- Raise the temperature of the oil

- Reduces the oil's viscosity

- Improves its ability to flow through the reservoir

2 Miscible techniques


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2. Miscible techniques

- Injection of a gas such as NG, N2 or CO2

- Raising the pressure within the reservoir- Expand in the reservoir

- Push the additional oil to the wellbore

3 Ch i l i j ti


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3. Chemical injection

- Involves "polymers" to increase the

effectiveness of water injection


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Oil Recovery

Field Processing

Objectives:

purify the oil and gas

dispose any harmful contaminants


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Dehydration - removal of water bound in an oil-water emulsion and is carried out through a

combination of chemicals, application of heat and

electricity and the proper retention time in the

demulsifier.

Sweetening - refers to the removal of H2S,

typically by means of stripping with natural gas

available from the reservoir.


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Stabilization - refers to the removal of light gas

components dissolved in the oil in order to

increase its vapor pressure. There are various

techniques for accomplishing this. Note thatremoval of light gases occurs at conditions where

H2S can also vaporize, so some sweetening

occurs simultaneously.


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ASSIGNMENT 1

Documents

201301 CPB 30503 Week1 Exploration