2013 Thesis - The Impacts of Meta Data Management

7/23/2019 2013 Thesis - The Impacts of Meta Data Management

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Voa ncpkjts bi Catk Fktk Ckmkdacamt

bm Zbjnke Fymkcnjs

K Pasakrjo Jksa Ztufy prasamtaf tb toa

Zjobbe bi Nmibrcktnbm Ckmkdacamt

Ynjtbrnk Qmnvarsnty bi Taeenmdtbm

nm pkrtnke iueineecamt bi toa raqunracamts ibr toa fadraa bi

Ckstar bi Nmibrcktnbm Ckmkdacamt

`y

Varrkmja Cky`arry:88088664

0; Bjtb`ar 08;:


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Vk`ea bi Jbmtamts

K`strkjt7 ..................................................................................................:

Nmtrbfujtnbm7 ............................................................................................6

Entarktura Pavnaw7 ...................................................................................?

Jksa Ztufy Pktnbmkea7............................................................................................ ?

Ncpkjts bi Catk Fktk Ckmkdacamt bm Zbjnke Fymkcnjs7 .................................... ;;

Zackmtnj cacbry7........................................................................................... ;0

Zackmtnj nmtarpratktnbm7................................................................................... ;:

Fktk sackmtnj kjqunsntnbm7 ............................................................................... ;6

Catobfbebdy7 ........................................................................................;4

K Inmkmjnke nmstntutnbms axparnamja7.................................................................... ;4

Jbmjaptuke irkca7 ............................................................................................... ;?

Nmtarvnaws7........................................................................................................... 08

Catobfbebdy encntktnbms7..................................................................................... 0;

Pasakrjo Avnfamja kmf Inmfnmds7...........................................................00

Kmkeysns kmf nmtarpratktnbm bi jbmjaptuke irkca7 ................................................. 00

Nmtaeendamt sackmtnj raprasamtktnbms7 ................................................................ 06

Kmkeysns kmf nmtarpratktnbm bi nmtarvnaws7 ............................................................ 0?

Mawmass7 ......................................................................................................... :8

Jbmtnmuke Kfkptnbm7 ........................................................................................ :;

Amdkdacamt Vamsnbm7 ...................................................................................... :0

Xrbfujtnbm Vamsnbm7......................................................................................... :1

Zndmninjkmja7.................................................................................................... :9

Ncpenjktnbms7..........................................................................................:?

Ckmkdnmd jbcpeaxnty nm km nmtarjbmmajtaf wbref7............ ................................... :?

Jbmjeusnbm7............................................................................................6:

@n`enbdrkpoy7.........................................................................................66

Debsskry7................................................................................................6?

Kppamfnjas7 ...........................................................................................1;

Ouckm Atonjs Jbccnttaa Jbmsamt Ibrc7............................................................ 1;

Ouckm Atonjs Jbccnttaa Nmibrcktnbm Zoaat7 ...................................................... 10

Nmtarvnaw [uastnbms7............................................................................................ 1:


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K`strkjt7

Catk fktk ckmkdacamt prkjtnjas bitam bvarebbl toa rbea sbjnke fymkcnjs peky nm

okrmassnmd toa vkeua bi km brdkmnsktnbms umnqua ùsnmass ekmdukda kmf toa

àokvnburs nt jraktas. Qsnmd avnfamja irbc entarktura, nmtarvnaws kmf jbdmntnva

atombdrkpoy, tons rasakrjo jksa sats but tb axpeknm toa ncpkjts bi catk fktk

ckmkdacamt bm sbjnke fymkcnjs. Voa acardnmd toacas (tokt ns, mawmass, jbmtnmuke

kfkptnbm, amdkdacamt tamsnbm, prbfujtnbm tamsnbm, nmaiinjnamjy kmf umraenk`nenty)

raprasamt skenamt ikjtbrs `y wonjo brdkmnsktnbms jkm à jbmstrknmaf nm axpebntnmd toa

wbrto bi toanr catk fktk.

Vons rasakrjo acpoksnsas toa jrntnjke ncpbrtkmja bi brdkmnsktnbms okvnmd k faapar

umfarstkmfnmd bi toa purpbsa kmf cakmnmd bi nmibrcktnbm. Vons umfarstkmfnmd ns k

stramdto ibr jraktnmd vkeua kmf ibr axpebntnmd toa wbrto krnsnmd nm matwbrls kmf nm toa

sbjnke fymkcnjs jraktaf wntonm tobsa matwbrls. Vons stramdto jbmtrnùtas tb

brdkmnsktnbms ajbmbcnj drbwto kmf ns nmtarfapamfamt wnto toanr k`nenty tb ckmkda

jbcpeax poambcambm nm k drbwnmd nmtarjbmmajtaf sbjnaty.


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Nmtrbfujtnbm7

Cbra tokm twb fajkfas okva pkssaf snmja Xatar Frujlar rajbdmnsaf nm ;>?6 tokt

sbjnaty wbuef maaf tb trkmsntnbm irbc k jbmfntnbm prnckrney jamtraf bm toa "V" nm

Nmibrcktnbm Vajombebdy. Oa sknf tokt wokt ckttaraf wks mbt tajombebdy, ùt k cujo

faapar umfarstkmfnmd bi toa cakmnmd kmf purpbsa bi nmibrcktnbm (Frujlar, ;>?6,

;>>>). Frujlar (;>?6, ;>>>) umfarstbbf k maw wky bi tonmlnmd wbuef à maafaf ibr

brdkmnsktnbms tb aiiajtnvaey rafainma kmf ckmkda nmibrcktnbm tb dknm km kfvkmtkda nm

km nmjraksnmdey jbcpeax sbjnaty.

Ckrjus Kuraenus (;0;-;?8 KF) sknf "Ebbl àmakto toa surikja< eat mbt toa savarke

qukenty bi k tonmd mbr nts wbrto asjkpa toaa" (Ckrjus, ;>>?). Brdkmnsktnbms cust ebbl

àmakto toa matwbrl bi nmibrcktnbm tb nts cakmnmd kmf purpbsa tb inmf toa axkjt

mktura bi nts wbrto kmf fnstnmdunso nt irbc pkst sburjas bi waketo jraktnbm. Voa vkeua

wntonm toa jbcpeaxnty jraktaf `y bur sbjnatys nmtarjbmmajtafmass ns amkènmd

brdkmnsktnbms tb jkpntkensa bm toanr umfarstkmfnmd bi toa fymkcnjs bi jbcpeaxnty. Voa

k`nenty tb ckmkda jbcpeax poambcambm ns k stramdto amkènmd brdkmnsktnbms tb

trkmsjamf jbcpeaxnty ks k waklmass kmf tons lmbw-obw ns wokt toraktams tb fnsrupt

kee ikjats bi ùsnmass.

Voa cbst sndmninjkmt kfvkmtkda brdkmnsktnbms okva nm ckmkdnmd jbcpeaxnty ns toanr

umfarstkmfnmd bi wokt ns majasskry tb axpebnt nt, jrakta maw sbeutnbms kmf trkmsibrc

wnto prafatarcnmaf sbeutnbms (n.a. maw nmibrcktnbm tajombebdnas kmf systacs). Vb

b`tknm sujo k iutura raqunras brdkmnsktnbms tb db àybmf ikjkfas kttacptnmd tb

sncpeniy toa jbcpeaxnty bur nmtarjbmmajtaf sbjnaty jraktas kmf mb ebmdar à tklam nm

`y yastaryakrs suparinjnke tajombebdy jamtrnj pkrkfndcs. Kttacpts tb ckmkda

jbcpeaxnty `y rafujnmd nt tb jbmstntuamt pkrts kra kesb k parpatuktnmd b`stkjea tokt

fnstbrts brdkmnsktnbms obenstnj umfarstkmfnmd bi jbcpeaxnty.

Nm brdkmnsktnbms, ckmkdnmd jbcpeaxnty jkm à toanr waklmass. Vons fnskfvkmtkda

jbmtnmuas tb arbfa toanr k`nenty tb axpebnt toa wbrto tokt krnsas nm matwbrls kmf nm toa

sbjnke fymkcnjs jraktaf wntonm tobsa matwbrls. Bvar tnca tons waklmass ns

jbcpbumfaf `y km nmk`nenty tb kmtnjnpkta jbcpeaxntys acardamt prbpartnas ks

brdkmnsktnbms pursua trkmsibrcktnbms wnto prafatarcnmaf sbeutnbms.


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Ckmkdnmd toa jbcpeaxnty poambcambm raqunras km umfarstkmfnmd bi toa toabrnas bi

cakmnmd tbdatoar wnto matwbrl toabry, pkrtnjuekrey woam nt jbcas tb fnsjbvarnas nm

sackmtnjs tokt ckla aiiajtnva nmibrcktnbm kmf catk fktk ckmkdacamt pbssnèa nm bur

nmtarjbmmajtaf sbjnaty.

Zackmtnjs kra iumfkcamtke tb mkturke ekmdukda axprassnbm kmf axpeknmnmd nts cakmnmd

kmf sackmtnjs raprasamt toa camtke stktas bi pabpea. Mkturke ekmdukda axprassnbm ns

jrntnjke nm toa aiiajtnva ckmkdacamt bi sackmtnj catk fktk, faenvary bi prafatarcnmaf

sbeutnbms kmf ckxncnsnmd toa wbrto bi km brdkmnsktnbms nmibrcktnbm kssats. Catk

fktk raiars tb nmibrcktnbm tokt fasjrnàs toa vkrnbus kspajts bi km nmibrcktnbm kssat, tb

ncprbva nts qukenty, kmf amsura toa kssat jbmvays lmbweafda k`but km ntac wntobut

raqunrnmd axkcnmktnbm bi toa ntac ntsaei (Dkrtmar, 08;8< Okksa, 0886< Ckfmnjl, ;>>9).

Zackmtnjs umfarpnm bur nmtarjbmmajtaf sbjnaty kmf toa cakmnmd bi nmibrcktnbm usaf

nm brdkmnsktnbms. Voa umfarstkmfnmd bi sackmtnj cakmnmd ncpkjts ekmdukda nm

brdkmnsktnbms kmf vkeua jraktnbm irbc toa usa bi nmibrcktnbm. Voa sackmtnjs nm

ekmdukda mbt bmey fake wnto wbrfs pabpea usa, ùt kra raprasamtktnbms bi cakmnmd

axprassaf nm samtamjas (Ztayvars & Vamam`kuc, 0881< @u` at ke., ;>>?< Drniintos,

Ztayvars & Vamam`kuc, 0884). Zackmtnjs raprasamt k sburja bi sbjnke jboasnbm kmf

kra k stncueus ibr jraktnva nmmbvktnbm. Zackmtnjs kra vkeukèa nm toa prasamt cbcamt

kmf bvar tnca toay ravake pkttarms nm bur envas.

Zackmtnjs kesb umfarpnm toa purpbsa bi nmibrcktnbm wntonm brdkmnsktnbms. Km nm fapto

umfarstkmfnmd bi toa raksbm ibr sackmtnjs nm nmibrcktnbm ns k ouckm jbmfntnbm tokt

jbmmajts brdkmnsktnbms nm km nmtarjbmmajtaf wbref. Voa spkm bi sackmtnjs rakjoas

brdkmnsktnbms irbc avary sajtbr (n Jkmjob & Zbe, 088;< Ztaaes, 088?< @u` at ke.,

;>>?). Zackmtnjs amsura wa eakrm cbra k`but bursaevas, btoars kmf obw pabpea

kssndm cakmnmd tb wbrfs prbjassaf nm toanr cnmfs (n.a. psyjobebdnjke kmf jbdmntnva).

Km brdkmnsktnbms umfarstkmfnmd bi sackmtnjs nm catk fktk amkèas toac tb

fnstnmdunso cakmnmds k`but toanr ekmdukda. Vons prbpaes km brdkmnsktnbm nmtb toa `nd

fktk kda tb tornva nm k jokmdnmd wbref. Voa b`sarvktnbm `y Frujlar (;>?6, ;>>>) bm

toa jbmfntnbm bi nmibrcktnbm prbvnfas km umfarstkmfnmd bi obw toa ekmdukda matwbrl

aiiajts ns k ikjtbr nm k jokmdnmd wbref. Ks pabpea kfkpt tb jokmda kmf toa jbcpeaxnty

nmtarjbmmajtafmass jraktas, bppbrtumntnas krnsa ibr kfvkmjacamt.


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Bma sndmninjkmt kspajt bi tons bppbrtumnty ns ondoendotaf nm ajbmbcnjs. Voa Tbref

Ajbmbcnj Ibrucs (TAI) Jbmmajtaf Tbref Vrkmsibrcnmd Vrkvae, Vrkmspbrtktnbm

kmf Zuppey Joknms rapbrt prbgajtaf bppbrtumntnas nm km nmtarjbmmajtaf wbref wnee

obvar kt 6 trneenbm fbeekrs par kmmuc umtne 0801 (TAI, 08;:). Vons jkm à saam nm bma

bi toraa prnckry aeacamts Damarke Aeajtrnj (DA) butenmaf nm toanr Nmfustrnke Nmtarmat

rapbrt. DA prafnjtaf k ;8 tb ;1 trneenbm fbeekr bppbrtumnty jamtras bm cbra nmtaeendamt

fasndms tokt eakf tb prbfujtnvnty nmjraksas ibr pabpea krbumf toa wbref (DA, 08;:).

Enlawnsa, Cjlnmsay kmf Jbcpkmy (08;:) prafnjtaf, nm toanr "Fnsruptnva

tajombebdnas7 Kfvkmjas tokt wnee trkmsibrc enia, ùsnmass, kmf toa deb`ke ajbmbcy"

rapbrt, k 1 tb 4 trneenbm fbeekr bppbrtumnty jamtras bm cbra nmtaeendamt systacs tokt

ncprbva lmbweafda wbrlars k`nenty tb qunjley jbca tb samsnèa jbmjeusnbms.

Brdkmnsktnbms wnto km umfarstkmfnmd bi obw tb nfamtniy bppbrtumntnas àmakto toa

surikja bi nmibrcktnbm, jrakta acardnmd sbeutnbms `y axpebntnmd toa kùmfkmja bi fktk

br nmibrcktnbm nm km nmtarjbmmajtaf sbjnaty. Vons wnee jbmtnmua tb amkèa

brdkmnsktnbms tb frnva fackmf ibr toanr dbbfs br sarvnjas. Iurtoarcbra, toa stramdto

tb jrakta acardnmd sbeutnbms ns kjjaearktnmd wokt Frujlar (;>?6, ;>>>) kmtnjnpktaf

wbuef bjjur nm k wbref nm wonjo `neenbms bi pabpea kmf tonmds jbmmajt nm km

ajbsystac. Tokt Frujlar (;>?6, ;>>>) pbstuektaf raprasamts jokrkjtarnstnjs bi

jbcpeax systacs. Nm bur sbjnaty k faapar umfarstkmfnmd bi ckmkdnmd jbcpeaxnty kmftoanr fymkcnjs ns wokt obefs toa iutura bi vkeua jraktnbm.

Iurtoarcbra, jbcpeax systacs tokt nmvbeva pabpea raqunra nmtaeendamt, kpprbprnkta

fasndms tokt kmtnjnpkta wokt krnsas irbc wntonm toa matwbrl. Matwbrlaf nmibrcktnbm

ns nmibrcktnbm tokt mb ebmdar axnsts nm k vkjuuc br nm snebs kmf raieajts jbcpeax

systacs.

Ks maw prafatarcnmaf sbeutnbms sprbut up nm brdkmnsktnbms, toa rbea sbjnke fymkcnjs

pekys nm aiiajtnva nmibrcktnbm ckmkdacamt oks aam bvarebblaf. Vons bvarsndot oks

jraktaf km avar-wnfamnmd joksc bi nmtarpratktnbm bi ùsnmass ekmdukda br jbrpus. Voa

catk fktk tokt prafatarcnmaf sbeutnbms damarkta racknms fnspkrkta, kc`ndubus kmf

nsbektaf bm toa ckjonmas brdkmnsktnbms usa. Voa cbra k ùsnmass jraktas, ratknms kmf

usas fktk toa cbra rnsl toara ns nm jbmienjtnmd br nmkjjurkta nmtarpratktnbms bi tokt fktk.


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Voa aiiajtnva sackmtnj nmtarpratktnbm bi catk fktk ns jrntnjke tb k ùsnmasss k`nenty tb

ckla prbfujtnva kmf kjjurkta usa bi fktk kmf nmibrcktnbm.

Zackmtnj nmtarpratktnbm ns mbt bmey sndmninjkmt tb ùsnmass ekmdukda, nt kiiajts eakrmnmd

furnmd prbèac sbevnmd kmf pekmmnmd. Voa sackmtnj nmtarpratktnbm bi ùsnmass

ekmdukda sktnsinas k ouckm maaf tb à sbjnke. Nt ikjnentktas nmtarkjtnbms ùsnmass umnts

amdkda nm avary fky ks waee ks ùsnmass jbmmajtnbms. Brdkmnsktnbms tokt ncpeacamt

catk fktk ckmkdacamt àst prkjtnjas kra waee pbsntnbmaf tb ncprbva sbjnke fymkcnjs

kmf wnto nt, drbup brnamtaf kmkeysns kmf samsa cklnmd.

Vons rasakrjo jksa nfamtninas toa poambcambm bi sbjnke fymkcnjs ks nt raektas tb

ajbmbcnj sndmninjkmja ibr brdkmnsktnbms wnto km k`nenty tb astkènso kmf drbw

matwbrls. Voa ncpenjktnbms tokt kra sokpaf `y km brdkmnsktnbms sbjnke fymkcnjs kmfùsnmass ekmdukda jkpturaf nm catk fktk oks ajbmbcnj sndmninjkmja. Voa acardnmd

toacas (tokt ns, mawmass, jbmtnmuke kfkptnbm, amdkdacamt tamsnbm, prbfujtnbm tamsnbm,

nmaiinjnamjy kmf umraenk`nenty) kt peky nm tons rasakrjo jksa raprasamt skenamt ikjtbrs `y

wonjo brdkmnsktnbms jkm à jbmstrknmaf nm axpebntnmd toa wbrto bi toanr catk fktk.


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Entarktura Pavnaw7

Jksa Ztufy Pktnbmkea7

Brdkmnsktnbms jbmfujt ùsnmass kmf wbrlpekja kjtnvntnas tokt ibjus bm prbèac

sbevnmd, pekmmnmd kmf eakrmnmd (Maesbm, 0888). Toam ncpeacamtnmd prafatarcnmaf

sbeutnbms pabpea spakl nm k wky tokt raprasamts kspajts bi toanr brdkmnsktnbms ùsnmass

ekmdukda. Ibr nmstkmja, ekmdukda enla toa ibeebwnmd ns usaf7

Tokt justbcar sadcamts kra tbujoaf `y {mkca bi amtarprnsa kppenjktnbms kmf

systacs}2

Tokt trkmsibrcktnbms okva àam kppenaf tb justbcar sadcamts2

Tokt cust akjo takc (a.d. Ckrlatnmd, Nmibrcktnbm Vajombebdy, Jbcpenkmja

kmf Pnsl) jbmsnfar àibra kppeynmd {mkca bi amtarprnsa kppenjktnbms kmf

systacs} cbfninjktnbms tb justbcar sadcamts2

Tokt kra toa pbssnèa ncpenjktnbms bm eakf damarktnbm kmf wokt justbcar

sadcamts fb toay rakjo2

Obw jkm wa nsbekta br tkla kfvkmtkda bi tobsa systacs tokt wa wkmt tb

cbfarmnsa wonea tkppnmd nmtb maw justbcar sadcamts2

Vons fnkebdua typninas km brdkmnsktnbms ùsnmass sackmtnjs spblam `y wbrldrbups ks

toay nmtarkjt nm ùsnmass kjtnvntnas ibr toa faenvary bi prafatarcnmaf sbeutnbms (Maesbm,

0888). Voa ekmdukda pabpea usa ns jbcpeax kmf kfkptnva. Voa nmtarkjtnbms àtwaam

pabpea usnmd toanr ùsnmass ekmdukda ns k fnstnmdunsokèa pkttarm wonjo jkm à saam

wbrefwnfa (@ujokmkm, 0884). K fnstnmdunsokèa pkttarm bi ekmdukda mbt bmey ibrcs nm

brdkmnsktnbms, ùt nt jkm à saam ibrcaf nm toa ckmy fnkeajts bi k pkrtnjuekr ekmdukda

ibumf torbudobut k jbumtry kmf wbrefwnfa.

Voa ekmdukda usaf raprasamts sbjnke fymkcnjs kmf raieajts toa sbjnke poambcamk bi

pabpea (Okeavy at ke., 088>< Ztaaes, 088?< @ujokmkm, 0884). Mkturke ekmdukda ns ieunf

kmf bitam ieujtuktas irbc k jokbtnj stkta tb k stkta bi okrcbmy. Nm km brdkmnsktnbm tons

ieunfnty jraktas k maaf ibr toa astkènsocamt bi k jbrpus ùsnmass ekmdukda bma

wonjo ns jbccbm tb tokt brdkmnsktnbm. Voa jbrpus ùsnmass ekmdukda ns kiiajtaf `y

axtarmke ikjtbrs kmf kjtbrs.


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Ibr nmstkmja, maw deb`ke inmkmjnke raduektnbms tokt kffrass inmkmjnke jrncas raqunraf

maw prafatarcnmaf sbeutnbms (n.a. maw nmibrcktnbm tajombebdnas kmf systacs) tb à

ncpeacamtaf kmf nm toa prbjass maw ùsnmass tarcs wara nmtrbfujaf. Voa

nmtrbfujtnbm bi prafatarcnmaf sbeutnbms tokt nmjraksa fndntnsktnbm bi nmibrcktnbm, kesb

jokmdaf toa ùsnmass ekmdukda. Vons jbmfntnbm ns mbmenmakr, tokt ns, toa favaebpcamt

bi ùsnmass ekmdukda ns mbt strujturaf ùt ns saei-brdkmnsnmd (Ztaaes, 088?, @ujokmkm,

0884).

Qmfarstkmfnmd toa rbea toa jbrpus pekys nm mbmenmakr fymkcnjs ns avam cbra

sndmninjkmt ibr ckmkdnmd nm bur nmtarjbmmajtaf sbjnaty. Bitam nm tbfkys jbcpeax

ùsnmass kmf NV amvnrbmcamts, brdkmnsktnbms tokt pursua toa faenvary bi prafatarcnmaf

sbeutnbms bvarebbl toa rbea sbjnke fymkcnjs pekys (Tktts, 0880, Ztaaes, 0889). Nm

pkrtnjuekr, kmf toa su`gajt bi tons pkpar, ks brdkmnsktnbms pursua trkmsibrcktnbms bitoanr ùsnmassas toay bitam faenvar prafatarcnmaf sbeutnbms tokt bvar-damarkta catk

fktk. Voa ncpkjt bm sbjnke fymkcnjs kmf toa ajbmbcnj sndmninjkmja nm toa maw kmf

axnstnmd catk fktk, wonjo ns umnqua tb k ùsnmass, ns bitam bvarebblaf (Okksa, 0886?6, ;>>>).

Kttacpts `y brdkmnsktnbms tb astkènso k stkta bi okrcbmy but bi toa jokbs jraktaf `y

mbmenmakr ekmdukda favaebpcamt, ns eass k`but NV kmf cbra k`but toa sbjnke fymkcnjs

bi pabpea nm wbrldrbups (Okeavy at ke., 088>< Ztaaes, 088?< @ujokmkm, 0884). Nt ns

k`but jraktnmd k stkta bi umnibrcnty, damarke kdraacamt, umkc`ndunty, wonea jokbs

raprasamts umjeakr br kc`ndubus sneb-`ksaf wbrl pkttarms.


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Nt ns raksbmkèa tb nmiar tokt akjo parsbm, eait tb toanr bwm favnjas, wbuef sattea bm

saei-sarvnmd fainmntnbms wonjo raprasamt toanr bwm wky bi axprassnmd wbrfs kmf

b`gajts. Zb tbb wbuef wbrldrbups wob sokra jbccbm axparnamjas, jueturas, bpnmnbms

kmf ekmdukdas. Tntobut k fainmaf ekmdukda br sackmtnj nmtarpratktnbm bi ùsnmass

ekmdukda, nmtarkjtnbms àtwaam wbrldrbups jkm jkusa jbmienjts.

Bvar tnca, rapaktaf nmtarkjtnbms àtwaam pabpea eakf tb nmjraksaf eavaes bi

obcbdamanty fua tb ouckms sackmtnj cacbry (k parsbms k`nenty tb jrakta

kssbjnktnbms irbc wbrfs kmf b`gajts bvar tnca) (Ktlnmsbm & Zoniirnm, ;>9?< Vuevnmd,

;>40< Ckrtnm, ;>>:). Obwavar, tons jbmjaptuke obcbdamanty jkm à nmjbcpeata. Vb

astkènso kjjurkta wbrlpekja nmtarkjtnbms kmf sbjnke àokvnburs, km brdkmnsktnbm jkm

favaebp catk fktk ckmkdacamt prkjtnjas kmf usa sackmtnj catk fktk tb oaep fainma

toanr jbrpus.

Bitam, catk fktk ckmkdacamt prkjtnjas ibjus bm toa mbm-trnvnke aiiajts bi toa

nmtarbpark`nenty bi nmibrcktnbm tajombebdy. Ibr nmstkmja, toa wbrto bi catk fktk ns

bitam kssbjnktaf wnto toa nmtarmke wbrlnmds bi sbitwkra tokt amkèas nt tb jbmsnstamtey

bparkta tbdatoar bm ckjonmas. Vons oks àam kmf ns usaiue. Voa damarktnbm bi cbra

fktk kmf nmibrcktnbm torbudo nmtarbpark`nenty bi nmibrcktnbm tajombebdy oks amkèaf

brdkmnsktnbms wbrefwnfa tb axpkmf toa rakjo bi toanr bparktnbms (Frujlar, ;>>>). @y

ntsaei tobudo, nmtarbpark`nenty bi nmibrcktnbm tajombebdy oks mbt amkèaf ckmybrdkmnsktnbms tb ebbl àmakto toa matwbrl bi nmibrcktnbm tb nts cakmnmd kmf purpbsa.

Vons ns avam cbra sndmninjkmt nm bur nmtarjbmmajtaf sbjnaty ks toa sbjnke fymkcnjs bi

pabpea okva ckfa catk fktk cbra jbcpeax kmf cbra vkeukèa kt toa skca tnca. Ks

cbra pabpea nmtarkjt wnto dbbfs br sarvnjas tokt nmjeufa catk fktk, umjbvarnmd toa

axkjt mktura bi nts wbrto ns avam cbra jrntnjke. Bma ncpkjt bi sbjnke fymkcnjs ns tokt

nt axprassas toa cakmnmd bi toa axkjt mktura bi catk fktks wbrto tokt ns àmakto toa

matwbrl bi nmibrcktnbm. Vons nmibrcktnbm amkèas brdkmnsktnbms tb jrakta maw vkeua,

waketo kmf tb rafainma wokt ns cakmt `y jbcpatntnvamass (Frujlar, ;>?6, ;>>>).


11/53

;;

Voa sbjnke fymkcnjs bi pabpea wonjo kra ac`bfnaf nm jbcpeax systacs kra kfkptnva

kmf mkturkeey bjjurrnmd kmf wbuef dnva draktar fapto tb ckmkdacamt prkjtnjas.

Obwavar, toay kra ikr cbra jbcpeax tb kmkeysa. Vons ns enlaey tb à toa raksbm woy

sbjnke fymkcnjs okva àam ndmbraf nm catk fktk ckmkdacamt prkjtnjas avam tobudo

toa rasakrjo nmjeufaf nm tons jksa stufy wbuef suddast tokt sbjnke fymkcnjs ns km

ncpbrtkmt pkrt bi cklnmd prbfujtnva kmf kjjurkta usa bi nmibrcktnbm.

Nt ns umraksbmkèa tb suddast tokt catk fktk ckmkdacamt prkjtnjas kmf sackmtnj

nmtarpratktnbm bi ùsnmass ekmdukda wnee sbeva kee jbmiusnbm àjkusa toa sbjnke

àokvnburs bi pabpea kra aybmf toa `bumfs bi pbssn`nenty. Km umfarstkmfnmd bi obw

ùsnmass ekmdukda kiiajts wbrlpekja kjtnvntnas jkm rafuja toa kc`ndunty wonjo jkm

eakf tb jbmienjts (Maesbm, 0888).

Ncpkjts bi Catk Fktk Ckmkdacamt bm Zbjnke Fymkcnjs7

Voa wkys nm wonjo pabpea parjanva kmf jbcpraoamf lay pbenjy jokmdas br avamts nm

km nmtarjbmmajtaf sbjnaty kiiajt sbjnke fymkcnjs (FKmfrkfa, ;>>1< Yydbtsly, ;>4?s jbccamt neeustrktas prbfujtnbm tamsnbm tokt krnsas woam kjtbrs

amjbumtar faiajtnva kssbjnktnbms àtwaam ùsnmass tarcs woam toay kra ncpeacamtnmd

prafatarcnmaf sbeutnbms ibr nmtamtnbmke butjbcas. Voa faiajtnva kssbjnktnbms krnsa nm

cakmnmds bi tarcs, rueas, fainmntnbms kmf obw toay kra kjjurktaey usaf kjrbss kmbrdkmnsktnbms amtarprnsa kppenjktnbms br systacs. Xrbfujtnbm tamsnbm ns k ikjtbr tokt

cklas k prafatarcnmaf sbeutnbm mbt int ibr purpbsa.

^bu wbuef mbt tonml twb tarcs tokt sbumf kmf ebbl kenla jkm cakm sbcatonmd

tbtkeey fniiaramt. Nt cklas nt okrf tb cbva bm tb toa maxt stap woam rawbrl

sebws fbwm prbdrass.

- Xkrtnjnpkmt >

Voa prbfujtnbm tamsnbm jraktas rawbrl, ummajasskry caatnmds, faekys kmf umjartknmty

tokt wksta tnca. Kjtbrs kra bitam dnvam umjeakr kmf nmsuiinjnamt nmstrujtnbm `y btoar

wbrldrbups ekrdaey fua tb faiajtnva kssbjnktnbms. Vons jraktas eavaes bi umjartknmty

ibr kjtbrs faenvarnmd prafatarcnmaf sbeutnbms. Kjtbrs jbpa wnto tons umjartknmty `y

ckmukeey fnddnmd nmtb toa jbfa, rueas kmf fbjucamtktnbm bi amtarprnsa kppenjktnbms br

systacs kmf rawrntnmd toa brndnmke nmstrujtnbms. Vons prbjass oaeps tb ùnef toanr

jbminfamja tokt toa qukenty bi wokt toay kra faenvarnmd ns caatnmd axpajtktnbms.

Obwavar, toa prbjass jkees nmtb quastnbm toa slnees kmf k`nenty bi toa brndnmkenmstrujtnbm wrntar àjkusa bi toa fnsjbvary tokt cakmnmds bi tarcs kmf raiaramjas

wara umlmbwm br nmkfaqukta.

Ks k jbmsaquamja bi prbfujtnbm tamsnbm, kjtbrs kra bitam raspbmfnmd tb faekys nm

favaebpcamt, ummajasskry ùds nm jbfa, umaxpajtaf rasuets, fnssktnsinaf justbcars

kmf pkmnj. Voa jenckta avam nm km nmtarkjtnva wbrlpekja bitam àjbcas jokrdaf kmf

nmjraksas prassuras kmf strass bm kjtbrs raspbmsnèa ibr faenvarnmd prafatarcnmaf

sbeutnbms. Voara ns bitam k ebt bi dbnmd `kjl kmf ibrwkrf tb jekrniy toa usa bi tarcs.

Xrbfujtnbm tamsnbms bitam raqunra kjtbrs tb db kwky irbc caatnmds kmf ksl krbumf ibr

kmswars. Xkrtnjnpkmt ;6s jbccamt àebw neeustrktas toara ns k ekjl bi kwkramass tokt

btoar kjtbrs okva k tbtkeey fniiaramt nmtarpratktnbm kmf umfarstkmfnmd bi tarcnmbebdy.

Bvar tnca prbfujtnbm tamsnbms eakf tb axpajtktnbms mbt ànmd cat bitam woam nt ns tbb

ekta kmf brdkmnsktnbms okva tb jbcprbcnsa `y rafujnmd toanr faenvary sjbpa br tncnmd.


36/53:9

Voara ns k fniiaramja àtwaam raqunracamts varsus wokt ns ncpeacamtaf kmf

toara ns k fniiaramja àtwaam wokt ns ncpeacamtaf varsus wokt ns maafaf.

- Xkrtnjnpkmt ;6

Nm toa ebmd rum prbfujtnbm tamsnbms nmjraksa toa jbst bi prbfujtnbm ibr prafatarcnmaf

sbeutnbms. Ibr nmstkmja, ckmy brdkmnsktnbms spamf cbra tnca bm akjo bma bi toanr

prbgajts br prbdrkccas trynmd tb umfarstkmf wokt kmf obw kppenjktnbms br systacs

usa tarcnmbebdy. Xkrtnjnpkmt ;4s jbccamt àebw neeustrktas toa jbmsaquamjas bi

kjtbrs okvnmd enttea br mb dunfkmja bm tarcnmbebdy cakmnmds, mbr woara toay kra ànmd

usaf kjrbss fniiaramt kppenjktnbms br systacs.

Ni ybu fbm't lmbw wokt ybur fktk cakms nt cklas nt fniinjuet ibr pabpea tb

lmbw wokt k pnaja bi fktk ns kmf woara nt jbcas irbc kmf wokt prbjassas usa

nt.

- Xkrtnjnpkmt ;4

Kmy dunfkmja ns bitam but bi fkta br nmkjjurkta. Tnto mbwoara tb dat km kjjurkta

kmswar, kjtbrs cust eakrm tarcs kee bvar kdknm ibr avary prafatarcnmaf sbeutnbm toay

ncpeacamt. Ckmy bi toa pkrtnjnpkmts camtnbmaf toay okva, bvar toa yakrs, okf tb obef

sncnekr caatnmds woara toa skca quastnbms bm tarcnmbebdy kra fnsjussaf tnca kmf

kdknm.

Xrbfujtnbm tamsnbms eakf tb toa faenvary bi prafatarcnmaf sbeutnbms tokt fb mbt caatnmtamtnbmke butjbcas. Jbmsaquamtey, prbfujtnbm tamsnbm kmf toa maxt toaca bi

sndmninjkmja kra raektaf.

Zndmninjkmja7

Zndmninjkmja ns k ikjtbr sokpaf `y prafatarcnmaf sbeutnbms tokt astkènso jucàrsbca

oakfwnmfs tokt jrakta frkd bm jbcpatntnvamass. Bitam pkrtnjnpkmts suddastaf wntobut

prbpar catk fktk ckmkdacamt prkjtnjas prafatarcnmaf sbeutnbms nmtrbfuja nmaiinjnamt

kmf umraenkèa butjbcas. Brdkmnsktnbms antoar pkrtnkeey jbccnt tb catk fktks vkeua

br fb mbt jbccnt kt kee sobwnmd k ekjl umfarstkmfnmd bi nts wbrto.

Bitam brdkmnsktnbms bmey rajbdmnsa toa vkeua bi catk fktk woam nt jbcas tb bma bii

prbgajts tokt nmtrbfuja prafatarcnmaf sbeutnbms raqunrnmd jbmvarsnbms br cndrktnbms.

Kitar toa jbmvarsnbms br cndrktnbms, brdkmnsktnbms bitam ebsa nmtarast nm catk fktk

ckmkdacamt prkjtnjas kmf cbva bm tb toa maxt prbgajt.


37/53:4

Voara kra nmstkmjas woam sapkrkta enmas bi ùsnmass nmtrbfuja k catk fktk

ckmkdacamt prbgajt tb umfarstkmf jbcpeaxnty kmf nts fymkcnjs. Bitam tons ns fbma nm

nsbektnbm kmf fbas mbt nmvbeva toa amtnra brdkmnsktnbm kmf toa trua vkeua rafujas br

arbfas bvar tnca. Brdkmnsktnbms tokt astkènso catk fktk ckmkdacamt prkjtnjas umfar

k sapkrkta enma bi ùsnmass, jrakta snebas bi nmibrcktnbm tokt ns mbt iueey jbcpeata,

obenstnj br lapt up tb fkta cklnmd nt umuskèa.

Voa sndmninjkmja bi catk fktks wbrto tb km brdkmnsktnbm krnsas ikr tbb ekta nm faenvary

bi prafatarcnmaf sbeutnbms. Bitam pkrtnjnpkmts suddastaf catk fktk ckmkdacamt

prkjtnjas kra mbt saam ks k prnbrnty ibr J-Eavae ckmkdacamt wob tamf tb vnaw nt enla

toay fb fktk qukenty prbjassas. Cbst J-Eavae ckmkdars tonml toay jkm enva wntobut

catk fktk ckmkdacamt prkjtnjas kmf bitam wknt umtne toa ekst cnmuta woam spajninj

avamts br apnsbfas jrakta strbmd oakfwnmfs woara toanr prafatarcnmaf sbeutnbms prbvanmkfaqukta, nmaiinjnamt kmf umraenkèa.

Nt saacs tokt ckmy brdkmnsktnbms fb mbt okva catk fktk ckmkdacamt prkjtnjas ks pkrt

bi toanr faenvary prbjassas ibr mawmass avamts. Tntobut catk fktk ckmkdacamt

prkjtnjas, toa nmaiinjnamt kmf umraenkèa prafatarcnmaf sbeutnbms ncpeacamtaf nm

brdkmnsktnbms wnee ncpkjt toanr k`nenty tb `rnmd nmtb sokrpar ibjus toa jbcpeaxnty

jraktaf `y nmtarjbmmajtafmass.

Cbrabvar, nmaiinjnamjy kmf umraenk`nenty wnee mbt db kwky kmf wnee jbmtnmua tb à

ùrfamsbca. Tonea J-eavae ckmkdacamt sats strktadnj fnrajtnbm, b`gajtnvas kmf

vnsnbm tb rajbdmnsa toa nmvkeukèa àmaints bi prafatarcnmaf sbeutnbms, toay kra fbnmd

tons kjtnvnty wonea nmkjjurkta nmtarpratktnbms bi tarcs kra pravkeamt nm toanr

brdkmnsktnbms. Bvar tnca tons parcaktas nmtb jucàrsbca kmf jbmiusnmd prbjassas

sebwnmd kmy cbcamtuc dknms fbwm qunjley. Xkrtnjnpkmt ;s jbccamt àebw ravakes

toa sndmninjkmja bi catk fktk ckmkdacamt kmf toa maaf tb rajbdmnsa toa vkeua tokt nt

oks tb biiar.

Nm damarke N tonml catk fktk ckmkdacamt ns km nmtadrke pkrt bi prbdrassnmd

ks k sbjnaty kmf nt wnee sokpa kmf nmjraksa toa spaaf bi jokmda.

- Xkrtnjnpkmt ;


38/53:?

Ncpenjktnbms7

Ckmkdnmd jbcpeaxnty nm km nmtarjbmmajtaf wbref7

Voa rasakrjo avnfamja toa toacas, toa nmtarvnaws kmf toa entarktura ravnaw

ondoendots k wky tokt brdkmnsktnbms jkm axpebnt Catjkeias ekw. Catjkeias ekw

suddasts, kcbmd btoar tonmds, tokt axpkmfnmd toa matwbrl nmjraksas nts wbrto (Okksa,

0886< Dnefar, 0884< Catjkeia, ;>>9< Jnsjb, 08;:). Vons oks ncpenjktnbms àybmf

umfarstkmfnmd toa ncpkjts bi catk fktk bm sbjnke fymkcnjs nm km brdkmnsktnbm. Voara

ns ajbmbcnj sndmninjkmja nm axpebntnmd Catjkeias ekw kmf jkpntkensnmd bm toa wbrto bi

sackmtnj catk fktk. Matwbrlaf catk fktk oks k fnrajt kmf cktarnke ncpkjt bm km

brdkmnsktnbms iutura jbcpatntnvamass.

Ykeua jbcas irbc toa sbjnke enmls àtwaam km brdkmnsktnbms pabpea, acardnmd irbc

toanr nmtarkjtnbms nm wbrldrbups wonea toay usa toanr jbrpus. Km brdkmnsktnbms

matwbrlaf sackmtnj catk fktk tokt ns drbumfaf nm nts jbmmajtafmass suddasts toa

vkeua bi catk fktk rnsas ks toa prbfujt bi toa ebd bi toa jbrpus snza kmf toa ebd bi toa

snza bi toa usar jbccumnty(Okksa at ke., 0886). Vons caksura bi vkeua ks nt raektas

tb km brdkmnsktnbms jbmmajtaf sackmtnj catk fktk, ns k ikjtbr tokt jbmtrnùtas tb toanr

jbcpatntnva kfvkmtkda. Ibr nmstkmja, toa cbfae nm Indura 4 raieajts twb prnckry

toabrnas usaf nm toa rasakrjo jksa, toanr kssbjnktnbm wnto ajbmbcnj sndmninjkmja bi

catk fktk kmf bur nmtarjbmmajtaf wbref.

Indura 47 Voa ajbmbcnj sndmninjkmja bi catk fktk

(Ckyàrry, 08;:, Kfkptaf irbc Okksa at ke., 0886)


39/53:>

Ks bur nmtarjbmmajtaf wbref astkènsoas maw jbmmajtnbms kmf axpkmfs, avamts àjbca

cbra umprafnjtkèa nm mktura kmf brdkmnsktnbms wnee jbmtnmua tb struddea wnto

kmtnjnpktnmd bppbrtumntnas kmf jokeeamdas. Voa toacas umjbvaraf nm tons jksa

(mawmass, jbmtnmuke kfkptnbm, amdkdacamt tamsnbm, prbfujtnbm tamsnbm, kmf

sndmninjkmja), kmf fnsjussaf k`bva, peky k sndmninjkmt rbea nm sokpnmd toa

jbmmajtafmass bi km brdkmnsktnbms jbrpus. Vons jbmmajtafmass oaeps km brdkmnsktnbm

ckmkda jbcpeaxnty nm bur nmtarjbmmajtaf sbjnaty.

Okjlatt (Ibràs, 08;:) fasjrnàs ckmkdnmd jbcpeaxnty ks km axtraca ckmniastktnbm

bi vkrnbus cbtnbms, fymkcnjs kmf rakjtnbms bi umkmtnjnpktaf ùsnmass jokmda. Oa

suddasts tons ns axpbsnmd toa waklmassas bi brdkmnsktnbms tokt okva mbt ac`rkjaf km

umfarstkmfnmd bi toa jbcpeax poambcambm kmf toanr fymkcnjs. Oa dbas bm tb suddast

tokt umfarstkmfnmd obw tb nsbekta wokt krnsas nm bur jbcpeax, axpkmfnmd, kmfnmtarjbmmajtaf sbjnaty ns iumfkcamtke ibr jbcpatntnva kfvkmtkda (Dnefar, 0884< Jnsjb,

08;:< Frujlar, ;>>>).

Voa jurramt drbwnmd nmtarjbmmajtaf sbjnaty ns spkrlnmd maw nmmbvktnbms krbumf

sackmtnj catk fktk tokt wnee iurtoar acpbwar brdkmnsktnbms tb axpebnt Catjkeias ekw.

Vons kfvkmtkda wnee à k stramdto ibr brdkmnsktnbms ks toay jrakta obenstnj jbcpbmamts

bi jbcpeax systacs nmvbevnmd pabpea. Maw ravamua strakcs jbuef frnva iutura

ùsnmass bppbrtumntnas nm maw ckrlats ks jokrkjtarnstnjs bi matwbrls frnva toanmtarjbmmajtafmass kmf fndntnsktnbm bi fktk nm sbjnaty. Ibr nmstkmja, Nmtarmat.brd ns k

pkrtmarsonp wnto Ikja`bbl, Arnjssbm, CafnkVal, Mblnk, Bpark, [ukejbcc, kmf

Zkcsumd. Voay saal tb axpkmf toa nmtarjbmmajtafmass bi bur sbjnaty àybmf toa 0.4

`neenbm pabpea tokt kra jbmmajtaf tbfky (Nmj, 08;:). Enlawnsa, Dbbdea ns pursunmd km

nmntnktnva jkeeaf Ebbm Ibr Kee tokt oks k sncnekr ibjus tb axpkmf toa

nmtarjbmmajtafmass bi bur sbjnaty.

Voa ncpenjktnbms bi toa wbrefs maxt 1 `neebm jbmmajtnbms nm bur nmtarjbmmajtaf

sbjnaty wnee okva prbibumf matwbrl aiiajts tokt sbca brdkmnsktnbms kra kerakfy

pbsntnbmaf tb axpebnt àjkusa toay okva ebblaf àybmf toa catk fktk tb toa sbjnke

fymkcnjs. Voa jbmmajtafmass bi 1 `neenbm kffntnbmke pabpea jraktas maw ùsnmass

bppbrtumntnas jamtraf bm umfarstkmfnmd jbcpeaxnty kmf toanr fymkcnjs.


40/5368

Vons jbmfntnbm wnee kjjaearkta strbmdar tkne wnmfs ibr brdkmnsktnbms tokt kerakfy kra

axpebntnmd Catjkeias ekw. Bm toa btoar okmf, brdkmnsktnbms umkèa tb axpebnt

Catjkeias ekw wnee axparnamja strbmdar oakfwnmfs ncpkjtnmd bm toanr

jbcpatntnvamass.

Jnsjbs (08;:) Nmtarmat bi Avarytonmd Nmfax suddasts brdkmnsktnbms wnto toa lmbw-

obw tb axpebnt Catjkeias ekw okva toa pbtamtnke tb jkpntkensa bm $;6 trneenbm fbeekrs nm

ravamuas bvar parnbfs irbc 08;: tb 0808. Voa iutura kmf prasamt wbrto bi Jnsjbs

$;6 trneenbm fbeekr astncktas raprasamts ;0 bi toa `nddast ajbmbcnas tokt kjjbumt ibr 48

parjamt bi toa wbrefs drbss fbcastnj prbfujt (n.a. Kcarnjk, Kustrkenk, @rkzne, Jkmkfk,

Jonmk, Irkmja, Darckmy, Nmfnk, Gkpkm, Caxnjb, Pussnk, kmf toa Qmntaf Lnmdfbc).

Ketobudo ckmy brdkmnsktnbms okva km b`gajtnva tb ac`rkja jbcpeaxnty kmf toa vkeuanmtarjbmmajtafmass jkusas, brdkmnsktnbms krbumf toa wbref nm kfvkmjaf kmf acardnmd

ajbmbcnas kra stnee umkèa tb jkptura nts iuee vkeua. Jnsjbs (08;:) Nmtarmat bi

Avarytonmd Nmfax (NbA) suddasts kpprbxncktaey $166 `neenbm bi $;.0 trneenbm bi

pbtamtnke dknms wnee db umrakensaf nm 08;: (saa Indura ?). Vons axkcpea neeustrktas

bppbrtumntnas eait bpam ibr kmy jbcpatntbr wnto jbcpatamja kmf jkpk`nenty tb axpebnt

toa vkeua bi nmtarjbmmajtafmass.

Tokt wnee à maafaf tb jkpntkensa bm umrakensaf br pbtamtnke dknms ondoendotaf nmJnsjbs (08;:) NbA nmfax kra pabpea wnto aeavktaf tonmlnmd slnees tb rafainma

nmibrcktnbm usa wntonm bur nmtarjbmmajtaf sbjnaty. Kffrassnmd tons dkp ns

iumfkcamtke ibr kmy brdkmnsktnbms iutura tb jrakta maw vkeua, waketo kmf tb rafainma

wokt ns cakmt `y jbcpatntnvamass (Frujlar, ;>?6, ;>>>). Nm kffntnbm, brdkmnsktnbms

tokt bparkta toanr ùsnmassas sbeaey bm k ;>to-jamtury cbfae tokt kncs tb sustknm

jbcpatntnvamass torbudo ebwar jbst fniiaramtnktnbm wnee maaf tb cbva àybmf tons

butfktaf trkfntnbm nm brfar tb axpebnt toa vkeua bi nmtarjbmmajtafmass (Frujlar, ;>?6,

;>>>)


41/536;

Indura ?7 Voa vkeua nmtarjbmmajtafmass jkusas tokt ns umtkppaf

(Jnsjb, 08;:)

Avnfamja nm tons rasakrjo jksa suddasts brdkmnsktnbms kra mbt prapkraf tb umfarstkmf

jbcpeaxnty kmf raspbmf tb toanr fymkcnjs. Ckmy brdkmnsktnbms kra umkèa tb amqunra

àmakto toa surikja bi toa matwbrl bi jbmmajtnbms. Vons fnskfvkmtkda pravamts

brdkmnsktnbms irbc axpebntnmd Catjkeias ekw kmf toanr sackmtnj catk fktk tb amkèa

pabpea tb à, kcbmd btoar tonmds, saei-suiinjnamt. Voa nmk`nenty bi pabpea tb à saei-

suiinjnamt ns k ikjtbr ncpkjtnmd toanr sackmtnj cacbry ks nt àjbcas majasskry ibr

pabpea tb jbmtnmua tb usa mkturke ekmdukda. Cbrabvar, sackmtnj cacbry kmf mkturke

ekmdukda usa kra sndmninjkmt ibr brdkmnsktnbms kfkptnbm tb toa toacas butenmaf k`bva

nm tons jksa. Amqunrnmd amakto toa surikja bi matwbrls amkèas pabpea tb jbca

tbdatoar tb nmtarkjt wnto bma kmbtoar bm ùsnmass kjtnvntnas kmf racknm bm toa skca

wkvaeamdto. Km brdkmnsktnbms matwbrlaf catk fktk, nm assamja oaeps brdkmnsktnbms

tb amqunra nmtb kmf umfarstkmf toa vary brndnm bi toanr sbjnke fymkcnjs kmf toa wbref

krbumf toac.


42/5360

Xabpea jamtraf, nmtaeendamt sackmtnj raprasamtktnbms jbmtrnùta tb toa jbmmajtafmass bi

km brdkmnsktnbms ùsnmass ekmdukda (@ujokmkm, 0884< Obeenmd, 088;< Aysamjl, 0886).

Vons umfarpnms km brdkmnsktnbms k`nenty tb ibstar k jenckta kmf juetura bi saei-

suiinjnamjy, nmjraksaf prbfujtnvnty, ks waee ks toa kvbnfkmja bi kssucptnbms. Nt oaeps

ibjus kttamtnbm bm ncpeacamtnmd prafatarcnmaf sbeutnbms ibr nmtamtnbmke butjbcas.

Voa nmtaeendamt sackmtnj raprasamtktnbms amkèa pabpea tb amqunra bpamey nmtb avamts

krnsnmd wonea jbmfujtnmd ùsnmass kjtnvntnas, tb kjonava sbjnke prbdrass, ckla

fnsjussnbms cbra ibjussaf, kmf ckla toa b`gajtnvas bi caatnmds jeakrar.

Voa majassnty tb ckmkda jbcpeax poambcambm wnee parsnst ks toa nmtarjbmmajtafmass

nm sbjnaty axpkmfs. Voa avnfamja nm tons jksa suddasts toara ns mb snmdea sbeutnbm br

parsbm nm kmy brdkmnsktnbm tokt jkm famy toa ckdmntufa bi bur axpkmfnmd

nmtarjbmmajtaf sbjnaty toa jbcpeaxnty kmf toanr fymkcnjs kra pbsaf tb rkfnjkeeyketar vkeua kmf waketo jraktnbm nm bur sbjnaty. Xoysnjke tonmds kmf `neenbms bi cbra

pabpea kra ikjtbrs tokt wnee kjjaearkta kmf nmtamsniy ieujtuktnmd jbmfntnbms bi jbcpeax

poambcambm nm bur nmtarjbmmajtaf sbjnaty. Faspnta toasa axtraca jbmfntnbms sbca

brdkmnsktnbms kra pbsntnbmaf tb axpebnt Catjkeias ekw ks k stramdto kdknmst toa faap

waklmassas bi jbcpatntbrs tokt kra umkèa tb axpebnt nt.


43/536:

Jbmjeusnbm7

Vons rasakrjo jksa prbvnfas avnfamja tokt toa drbwnmd nmtarjbmmajtaf sbjnaty ns

rafainmnmd wokt ns cakmt `y jbcpatnvamass. Voa rasakrjo oks sobwm brdkmnsktnbms

wnto k faapar umfarstkmfnmd bi toa purpbsa kmf cakmnmd bi nmibrcktnbm okva k strbmd

kfvkmtkda bvar toanr jbcpatntbrs. Vons kfvkmtkda ns toanr k`nenty tb jrakta vkeua kmf tb

axpebnt toa wbrto krnsnmd nm matwbrls kmf nm toa sbjnke fymkcnjs jraktaf wntonm tobsa

matwbrls. Vons stramdto ns jbmtrnùtnmd tb toanr ajbmbcnj drbwto kmf ns

nmtarfapamfamt wnto toanr stramdto bi ckmkdnmd jbcpeax poambcambm nm bur drbwnmd

nmtarjbmmajtaf sbjnaty. Nmoaramt nm toanr k`nenty ibr ckmkdnmd jbcpeaxnty ns toanr

umfarstkmfnmd bi wokt ns majasskry tb axpebnt nt, jrakta maw sbeutnbms kmf trkmsibrc

wnto prafatarcnmaf sbeutnbms. Avnfamja irbc tons rasakrjo jksa sobws toa toacas

nfamtninaf (tokt ns, mawmass, jbmtnmuke kfkptnbm, amdkdacamt tamsnbm, prbfujtnbm

tamsnbm, nmaiinjnamjy kmf umraenk`nenty) maaf tb à jbmsnfaraf `y brdkmnsktnbms ks

ikjtbrs tokt ncpkjt sbjnke fymkcnjs kmf jkm jbmstrknm toa k`nenty tb axpebnt toa wbrto

bi catk fktk.

Voa maxt prbdrassnbm nm vkeua jraktnbm irbc catk fktk tokt maafs tb à jbmsnfaraf ns

toa k`nenty ibr km brdkmnsktnbm tb prafnjt àokvnburs bi matwbrls `ksaf bm toanr jbrpus.

Vons prbdrassnbm wnee amkèa lmbweafda wbrlars tb kmswar quastnbms raektnmd tb

ùsnmass kjtnvntnas sckrtar. Bma cbfae favaebpaf nm toa rasakrjo jksa wks toa

jraktnbm bi k sncuektaf sackmtnj matwbrl bi kssbjnktnbms. Voa sackmtnj matwbrl

ibrcs toa `ksns bi prafnjtnbms tokt okva toa pbssn`nenty tb ncprbva prbfujtnvnty `y

jbmmajtnmd pabpeas ùsnmass ekmdukda kmf ùsnmass kjtnvntnas wntonm toanr

brdkmnsktnbm.

Voa rasakrjo kmf avnfamja oks sobwm tokt pabpea, sbjnaty, kmf mktnbms kra bparktnmd

nm k ekrdar fndntnsaf nmibrcktnbm ajbsystac bi ebbsa `bumfkrnas tokt kra nmtarjbmmajtaf

kmf fymkcnj. Xatar Frujlar (;>?6, ;>>>), ks waee ks ckmy btoars jntaf nm tonsrasakrjo jksa, jbrrb`brkta toa prkjtnjke b`sarvktnbms, pkrtnjuekrey tokt toa purpbsa kmf

cakmnmd bi nmibrcktnbm umfarsjbras toa jokrkjtarnstnjs bi jbcpeax systacs. Vons

rasakrjo stufy sobws tokt toa ncpenjktnbms ibr brdkmnsktnbms tokt ebbl àmakto toa

matwbrl bi nmibrcktnbm inmf toa axkjt mktura bi nts wbrto tb fnstnmdunso nt irbc pkst

sburjas bi waketo jraktnbm. Voa ncpkjt bi catk fktk ckmkdacamt bm sbjnke fymkcnjs

kmf toa àokvnburs nt jraktas sobuef à jbmsnfaraf ks jrntnjke sujjass ikjtbrs woam

jraktnmd maw vkeua irbc km brdkmnsktnbms umnqua ùsnmass ekmdukda.


44/5366

@nènbdrkpoy7

Ktlnmsbm, P. J., kmf Zoniirnm, P. C. (;>9?). "Jokptar7 Ouckm cacbry7 K prbpbsafsystac kmf nts jbmtrbe prbjassas". Nm Zpamja, L. T., & Zpamja, G. V. Voapsyjobebdy bi eakrmnmd kmf cbtnvktnbm (Ybeuca 0). Maw ^brl7 KjkfacnjXrass. pp. ?>;>1

@aackm, C. (0881). @nektarke `rknm prbjassas ibr jbcpraoamfnmd mkturke ekmdukda.VPAMFZnm Jbdmntnva Zjnamjas Ybe.> Mb.;;

@u`, F. M., @ekjl, Z., Okcpsbm, A., & Lartasz, K. (;>??). Zackmtnj amjbfnmd bipnjturas kmf wbrfs7 Zbca maurbpsyjobebdnjke b`sarvktnbms. Jbdmntnva

Maurbpsyjobebdy, 1(;), 04-99.

@urms, P. @. (;>>6).Nmtrbfujtnbm tb Pasakrjo Catobfs, 0mfafntnbm. Cae`burma7Ebmdckm Joasonra.

@ujokmkm, C. (0884). Voa Zbjnke Ktbc, @ebbcsùry, NZ@M ;-1>9->;8;:-1, Maw

^brl, M^.

Jkrkckzzk, K., & Ckobm, @. (088:). Voa brdkmnzktnbm bi jbmjaptuke lmbweafda7 toaavnfamja irbc jktadbry-spajninj sackmtnj fainjnts. VPAMFZnm JbdmntnvaZjnamjas Ybe.4 Mb.?.

Joartlbw, O. (0880). Zackmtnj cacbry. Jurramt maurbebdy kmf maurbsjnamja rapbrts,0(9), 1;9-100.

Jnsjb. (08;:). Voa nmtarmat bi avarytonmd vkeua nmfax. Patrnavaf bm7 Zaptacàr 9,08;: 5ottp7//www.jnsjb.jbc/wa`/k`but/kj4>/fbjs/nmmbv/NbA-YkeuaRNmfaxRTonta-

Xkpar.pfi2`jsnRsjkmRif>:f6k4?6>i;iii3s^`ce+Y8TvBw0sFvvbdpMktJfD^mKKKKJi4cLw33&`jsnRsjkmRineamkca3NbA-YkeuaRNmfaxRTonta-Xkpar.pfi=

Jbiiay, K. K., & Ktlnmsbm, X. (;>>9). Cklnmd samsa bi qukentktnva fktk7Jbcpeacamtkry rasakrjo strktadnas. Zkda.

Jbeenms, K. C., & [uneenkm, C. P. (;>9>). Patrnavke tnca ibr sackmtnj cacbry.Gburmke bi Yar`ke Eakrmnmd kmf Yar`ke @aokvnbur,?(0) 068-064.

F'Kmfrkfa, P. (;>>1). Voa Favaebpcamt bi Jbdmntnva Kmtorbpbebdy. Jkc`rnfda7Jkc`rnfda Qmnvarsnty Xrass.

Fktk Zjnamja Kssbjnktnbm (FZK). (08;:). Fktk Zjnamja Jbfa bi Xrbiassnbmke Jbmfujt.Patrnavaf bm7 Guey ;0, 08;:.5ottp7//www.fktksjnamjakssm.brd/upebkfs/?/;/?/;/?;?;490/fktksjnamjajbfabiprbiassnbmkejbmfujt.pfi=

Frujlar, X. I. (;>>?). Voa maxt nmibrcktnbm ravbeutnbm. Ibràs KZKX, 06, 64-1?.

Frujlar, X. I. (;>>>). @aybmf toa nmibrcktnbm ravbeutnbm. KVEKMVNJ-@BZVBM-,0?6, 64-1>.


45/5361

Aysamjl, C. T. (0886). Xsyjobebdy7 Km nmtarmktnbmke parspajtnva. Maw ^brl, M^7Xsyjobebdy Xrass.

Iattarckm, (;>>?). Atombdrkpoy, 0mf af., Vobuskmf Bkls, JK7Zkda Xuènjktnbms.

Ieatjoar, T. O. (08;0). Jbrpus kmkeysns bi toa wbref wnfa wa`. Voa Amjyjebpafnk biKppenaf Enmdunstnjs.

Irkmjns, T. M., & Lujark, O. (;>94). Jbcputktnbmke kmkeysns bi prasamt-fkyKcarnjkm Amdenso.@rbwm Qmnv. Xrass.

Ibràs. (08;:). Obw Vbp JABs Vonml, Irbc @nd Fktk Vb Voa Iutura. Patrnavaf bm7Kudust 0?, 08;:.5 ottp7//www.ibràs.jbc/sntas/rbàrtranss/08;:/8?/04/obw-tbp-jabs-tonml-irbc-`nd-fktk-tb-toa-iutura/=

Dkrtmar. (08;8). Dkrtmar Jekrninas toa Fainmntnbm bi Catkfktk, 0O;8-;O;;. NF

Mucàr7 D88089;;1 Patrnavaf bm ;8/81/08;0.5ottp7//www.adbv.vnj.dbv.ku/wa`snta-prkjtnja/catkfktk/dkrtmar-jekrninas-toa-fainmntnbm-bi-catkfktk-0o;8-;o;;.otce=

Damarke Aeajtrnj (DA). (08;:). Nmfustrnke Nmtarmat7 Xusonmd toa @bumfkrnas bi Cnmfskmf Ckjonmas. Patrnavaf bm7 Guma 0:, 08;:.5 ottp7//www.da.jbc/fbjs/jokptars/NmfustrnkeRNmtarmat.pfi=

Dnefar, D. (0884). "Vam Ekws Bi Voa Vaeajbsc Pafux". Ibràs KZKX. Patrnavaf bm7Kudust 0:, 08;:.5ottp7//www.ibràs.jbc/0884/8;/8>/taeajbsc-gfsu-nmtae-pi-sbkp`bx-

nmRddR8;8>sbkp`bxRnme.otce=

Drniintos, V. E., Ztayvars, C., & Vamam`kuc, G. @. (0884). Vbpnjs nm sackmtnjraprasamtktnbm. Xsyjobebdnjke ravnaw, ;;6(0), 0;;.

Okksa, L. (0886). Jbmtaxt ibr Zackmtnj Catkfktk. ànmdcatk, nmj. & Cafnk EkÀurbpa, Maw ^brl, Maw ^brl, QZK. Jbpyrndot 0886 KJC ;-1?;;:-?>:-?/86/88;8. Patrnavaf bm ;4/86/08;05ottp7//www.ànmdcatk.jbc/pu`s/cc0886okksa.pfi=

Okksa, L., & Vkcas, F. (0886). @kàevnsnbm7 @attar Nckda Zakrjonmd VorbudoZokraf Kmmbtktnbm.KJC, Ybe ;; Nssua 0, pp. ;? 09.

Okdkm, Z. (08;8). Nmtarmktnbmke Cbmatkry Iumf7 Kmtn-Cbmay Ekumfarnmd kmfJbc`ktnmd toa Inmkmjnmd bi Varrbrnsc (KCE/JIV)Papbrt bm toa Pavnaw bitoa Aiiajtnvamass bi toa Xrbdrkc. Patrnavaf bm7 Kprne ;1, 08;:.5 ottp7//www.nci.brd/axtarmke/pu`s/it/sjr/08;8/jr;801:.pfi=

Okeavy, K., Mbrvnd, X., & Xaranrk, I. (088>). Voa umraksbmkèa aiiajtnvamass bi fktk.Nmtaeendamt Zystacs, NAAA, 06(0), ?-;0.

Oamwbbf, L. E., & Xnfdabm, M. I. (;>>0). [ukentktnva rasakrjo kmf psyjobebdnjketoabrnznmd. @rntnso Gburmke bi Xsyjobebdy, ?:(;), >4-;;;.


46/5369

Obeenmd, J. Z. (088;). Qmfarstkmfnmd toa jbcpeaxnty bi ajbmbcnj, ajbebdnjke, kmfsbjnke systacs. Ajbsystacs, 6(1), :>8-681.

n Jkmjob, P. I., & Zbe, P. Y. (088;). Voa sckee wbref bi ouckm ekmdukda.Xrbjaafnmds bi toa Pbyke Zbjnaty bi Ebmfbm. Zarnas @7 @nbebdnjke Zjnamjas,09? (;6?0), 009;-0091.

Nmj. (08;:). Nmtarmat.brd Jbuef Frnva $04 @neenbm nm Bmenma Tbrl. Patrnavaf bm7Zaptacàr 9, 08;: 5 ottp7//www.nmj.jbc/cktt-jbbpar/nmtarmat-brd-jbuef-frnva-04-`neenbm-nm-bmenma-wbrl.otce=

Nmtarmktnbmke Cbmatkry Iumf. (08;8). Qmntaf Ztktas7 Xuènjktnbm bi Inmkmjnke ZajtbrKssasscamt Xrbdrkc Fbjucamtktnbm Vajomnjke Mbta bm Kmtn-CbmayEkumfarnmd/Jbc`ktnmd toa Inmkmjnmd bi Varrbrnsc. Patrnavaf bm7 Kprne ;1,08;:.5 ottp7//www.nci.brd/axtarmke/mp/pp/amd/08;;/81;;;;.pfi=

Gbuàrt, Z. at ke. (08;8). Voa jbdmntnva kmf maurke axprassnbm bi sackmtnj cacbry

ncpknrcamt nm cnef jbdmntnva ncpknrcamt kmf akrey Kezoancars fnsaksaMaurbpsyjobebdnk6? >4?>??.

Ckfmnjl, Z. A. (;>>9, Kprne). Kra wa cbvnmd tbwkrf km nmibrcktnbm suparondowky brk Vbwar bi @kàe2 Voa jokeeamda bi ekrda-sjkea sackmtnj oatarbdamanty. Nm

Fktk Amdnmaarnmd, ;>>9. Xrbjaafnmds bi toa Vwaeito Nmtarmktnbmke Jbmiaramja

bm(pp. 0-?). NAAA.

Ckrjus, K. (;>>?). Voa cafntktnbms bi ckrjus kuraenus kmtbmnmus. Bxibrf QmnvarsntyXrass.

Ckrtnm, P. J. (;>>:). Zobrt-tarc cacbry kmf samtamja prbjassnmd7 Avnfamja irbc

maurbpsyjobebdy.Cacbry & Jbdmntnbm, 0;(0), ;49-;?:.

Catjkeia, @. (;>>9). Voara Budotk @a k Ekw. Maw ^brl Vncas, Zajtnbm F74, jbe.;,Ekta Afntnbm.

CjLnmsay & Jbcpkmy. (08;:). Fnsruptnva tajombebdnas7 Kfvkmjas tokt wneetrkmsibrc enia, ùsnmass, kmf toa deb`ke ajbmbcy. Patrnavaf bm7 Guma ;1, 08;:.5ottp7//www.cjlnmsay.jbc/nmsndots/ùsnmassRtajombebdy/fnsruptnvaRtajombebdnas=

Maesbm, C. (0888). Cnla Maesbms @usnmass Amdenso Eaxns Znta. Kjjassaf bm7 Kprne ?,

08;:. 5 ottp7//usars.utu.in/cnjmae/ùsnmassRamdensoReaxnsRsnta.otc=

Xktae, O., & Vokllkr, @. Z. (08;0). Cbmay Ekumfarnmd Kcbmd Deb`kenzaf Tbref.DEB@KENWKVNBMKXXPBKJOAZ VB FNYAPZNV^, ;9:.

[uneenkm, C. P. (;>9?). Zackmtnj cacbry. Nm C. E. Cnmsly (Af.), Zackmtnjnmibrcktnbm prbjassnmd (pp.004-01>). Jkc`rnfda, CK7 CNV Xrass.

[unrl, P., Draam`kuc, Z., Eaajo, D., Zvkrtvnl, G., & Jrystke, F. (;>?1).Kjbcpraoamsnva drkcckr bi toa Amdenso ekmdukda(Ybe. :>4). Ebmfbm7Ebmdckm.


47/5364

Paneey, L., Zkpbesly, F., @rnjlobusa, C., & Fnjlarsbm, @. (08;0). Mkcnmdncpknrcamt nm Kezoancar's fnsaksa ns kssbjnktaf wnto eait kmtarnbr tacpbrkeebà ktrbpoy.MaurbNckda9: :6?:11.

Pby, K., Gkmk, C., Jbràtt, D. V., Pkckswkcy, Z., Lbrfbwar, G. O., Dbmzkeaz, I. G.,& Xkokm, L. (08;:). Paduektnbm bi Jyjenj KCX Paspbmsa Aeacamt @nmfnmdkmf Onppbjkcpke Xekstnjnty-Paektaf Damas `y Xarbxnsbca Xrbeniarktbr-Kjtnvktaf Pajaptbr . Jaee rapbrts.

Pucaeokrt, F. A., & CjJeaeekmf, G. E. (;>?9). Xkrkeeae fnstrnùtaf prbjassnmd7axpebrktnbms nm toa cnjrbstrujtura bi jbdmntnbm. Ybeuca ;. Ibumfktnbms.

Zbwk, G. I. (0889). Zackmtnj matwbrls. Amjyjebpafnk bi Jbdmntnva Zjnamja.

Ztaaes, E. (088?) Jbdmntnbm kmf sbjnke fymkcnjs peky k ckgbr rbea nm toa ibrcktnbm bidrkcckr. @nbebdnjke Ibumfktnbms kmf Brndnm bi Zymtkx, :.

Ztaaes, E. (0889). Zacnbtnj fymkcnjs ibr ac`bfnaf kdamts. Nmtaeendamt Zystacs, NAAA,0;(:), :0-:?.

Ztayvars, C., & Vamam`kuc, G. @. (0881). Voa EkrdaZjkea Ztrujtura bi ZackmtnjMatwbrls7 Ztktnstnjke Kmkeysas kmf k Cbfae bi Zackmtnj Drbwto. Jbdmntnvasjnamja, 0>(;), 6;-4?.

Voa Tbref Ajbmbcnj Ibrc (TAI). (08;:). Jbmmajtaf Tbref Vrkmsibrcnmd Vrkvae,Vrkmspbrtktnbm kmf Zuppey Joknms. Patrnavaf bm7 Guma 08, 08;:.5ottp7//www:.waibruc.brd/fbjs/TAIRCBRJbmmajtafTbrefRPapbrtR08;:.pfi=

Vuevnmd, A. (;>40). Apnsbfnj kmf sackmtnj cacbry. Nm A. Vunvnmd & T. Fbmkefsbm(Afs.), Brdkmnsktnbm bi cacbry. Maw ^brl7 Kjkfacnj Xrass.

Vuevnmd, A., & Vobcsbm, F. (;>4:). Amjbfnmd Zpajninjnty kmf Patrnavke Xrbjassas nmApnsbfnj Cacbry.

Yydbtsly, E. Z. (;>4?). Cnmf kmf Zbjnaty. Jkc`rnfda, CK7 Okrvkrf Qmnvarsnty Xrass.

Tkrf, G. Z., & @krlar, K. (08;:). Qmfainmaf @y Fktk7 K Zurvay bi @nd FktkFainmntnbms. kr_nv praprnmt kr_nv7;:8>.1?0;.

Tktts, F. G. (0880). K sncpea cbfae bi deb`ke jksjkfas bm rkmfbc matwbrls.

Xrbjaafnmds bi toa Mktnbmke Kjkfacy bi Zjnamjas, >>(>), 1499-144;.

Tktts, F. G. (0886). Voa maw sjnamja bi matwbrls. Kmmuke ravnaw bi sbjnbebdy,06:-048.

Tneenkcs, P.I. (0889). Qsnmd Atombdrkpoy tb Ztufy Nmstrujtnbm. Xrbjaafnmds 4toNmtarmktnbmke Jbmiaramja bi toa Eakrmnmd Zjnamjas.


48/536?

Debsskry7

Kjtbrs Vobsa lmbweafda wbrlars nm brdkmnsktnbms wob kra pkrtnjnpktnmdfnrajtey br nmfnrajtey nm faenvarnmd prafatarcnmaf sbeutnbms. Vons jkmnmjeufa fajnsnbm cklars.

Kmtn-Cbmay Ekumfarnmd kmfJbumtarnmd Inmkmjnmd bi Varrbrnsc

Kjt (KCE/JIV)

Deb`ke eadnsektnbm raqunrnmd inmkmjnke nmstntutnbms tb ibjus rasburjasbm fatarrnmd kmf fatajtnmd inmkmjnmd bi tarrbrnsc kmf cbmay

ekumfarnmd.

Voa Kjt wks prbcptaf `y toa ajbmbcnj aiiajts bi inmkmjnke jrncas.

@nd Fktk @nd Fktk ns k tarc fasjrn`nmd toa stbrkda kmf kmkeysns bi ekrda kmf brjbcpeax fktk sats usnmd k sarnas bi tajomnquas nmjeufnmd, ùt mbtencntaf tb7 MbZ[E, CkpPafuja kmf ckjonma eakrmnmd (Tkrf &@krlar, 08;: p. 0.).

@usnmass Debsskry Jbrpbrk tokt raprasamts ekmdukda k`but km brdkmnsktnbms ùsnmass.

@usnmass Ekmdukda Voa ekmdukda k`but ùsnmass tokt pabpea usa wntonm km brdkmnsktnbm

furnmd prbèac sbevnmd, eakrmnmd kmf pekmmnmd kjtnvntnas.

Jbcpeax Zystacs K obenstnj systac bi nmtarjbmmajtaf fymkcnj jbcpbmamts. Voajokrkjtarnstnjs bi jbcpeax systacs kra tokt toay kra kfkptnva, toanràokvnburs bitam ieujtukta kmf toay kra jbmtnmukeey jokmdnmd. Voaàokvnburs bi jbcpeax systacs bitam acarda ks rkmfbc br jokbtnj nmmktura.

Jbmtaxt Cafnktnbm Zarvnjas K sarvnja nmvbevnmd jbmienjt rasbeutnbm, fktk sackmtnj kjqunsntnbm, kmfqukenty drbwto prbjassas tokt axpkmf km brdkmnsktnbms jbrpus.

Jbrpus (peurke7 Jbrpbrk) Ekrda jbeeajtnbm br `bfy bi fndntkeey rajbrfaf wrnttam kmf spblam fktkk`but ùsnmass ekmdukda.

Fktk Dbvarmkmja Voa prkjtnja bi dbvarmnmd kee kspajts bi fktk raektaf nmntnktnvasnmjeufnmd prbjafuras, pbenjnas, kmf stkmfkrfs tb amsura kmbrdkmnsktnbms usa bi nmibrcktnbm ns int ibr purpbsa.

Fktk Nmtadrktnbm Voa fktk prbfujtnbm prbjass nmvbevnmd fktk raektaf jbcpatamjnas kmfjkpk`nentnas brdkmnsktnbms usa tb turm fktk nmtb cakmnmdiuenmibrcktnbm.

Fktk [ukenty Xrbjass Voa fktk prbfujtnbm prbjass nmvbevnmd fktk raektaf jbcpatamjnas kmfjkpk`nentnas brdkmnsktnbms usa tb amsura nmibrcktnbm ns trustwbrtoy kmfint ibr purpbsa.

Fktk Zackmtnj Kjqunsntnbm Voa nmtarvamtnbm tajomnqua amsurnmd kjjurkta nmtarpratktnbm bi kmbrdkmnsktnbms ùsnmass vbjkùekry tb prbfuja qukenty sackmtnj catkfktk. Vons tajomnqua oaeps tb astkènso k cakmnmdiue jbrpus ibr kmbrdkmnsktnbm.

Atombdrkpoy K rasakrjo strktady usaf nm sbjnke sjnamjas tb stufy jbdmntnva kjtnvntykmf spajninj apnsbfas nm rake-wbref sattnmds bi jbccumntnas. Nmpkrtnjuekr, trkfntnbmke atombdrkpoy ns jbmjarmaf wnto toa cakmnmdstokt cacàrs bi k jueturke drbup jrakta, jbdmntnva atombdrkpoy nsjbmjarmaf wnto obw cacàrs jrakta tobsa cakmnmds (Tneenkcs,0889 p. ;.).


49/536>

Oaurnstnjs Voa okmfs-bm kpprbkjo tb eakrmnmd, "Oaurnstnjs" cakms sncpea rueasbi touc` tb kssnst nm fajnsnbm cklnmd br prbèac sbevnmd`y axparncamtke kmf aspajnkeey trnke-kmf-arrbr catobfs kmf toaavkeuktnbm bi iaaf`kjl tb ncprbva paribrckmja." (Fktk ZjnamjaKssbjnktnbm, 08;: p.0.)

Nmtaeendamt Zackmtnj Paprasamtktnbms K vnsukensktnbms nmstrucamt raprasamtnmd pabpeas camtkeumfarstkmfnmd bi ekmdukda ibr toanr jbrpus.

Nmtarjbmmajtaf Zbjnaty Voa jbmfntnbm bi pabpea nm sbjnaty jbmmajtaf kmf nmtarwbvam tbdatoarwnto avarytonmd nm bur amvnrbmcamt.

Ckstar Fktk Ckmkdacamt Voa prkjtnjas, prbjassas kmf tbbes tb ckstar jbcpeata vnaws bibrdkmnsktnbms fktk kssats.

Catk Fktk Voa fktk tokt fasjrnàs br axpeknms nmibrcktnbm k`but btoar fktk brjbeeajtnbms bi fktk.

Catk Fktk Ckmkdacamt Voa prkjtnjas, prbjassas kmf tbbes br nmstrucamt km brdkmnsktnbm usas

tb ckmkda catk fktk.

Catjkeia's Ekw K sjnamtninj ekw tb axpebnt ajbmbcnj wbrto bi km brdkmnsktnbmsmatwbrlaf catk fktk.ottp7//www.prnmjatbm.afu/~kjokmay/tcva/wnln;88l/fbjs/CatjkeiaRsRekw.otce

Mkturke Ekmdukda Ouckm spblam br wrnttam ekmdukda kjqunraf mkturkeey.

Matwbrl Voabry K jbeeajtnbm bi fymkcnj b`gajts nmtarjbmmajtaf tb akjo btoar nm toaskca ckmmar. Matwbrl tonmlnmd br sjnamja ns kppenaf nm vkrnbus krakssujo ks amdnmaarnmd, poysnjs, sbjnke sjnamja, `nbebdy, cafnjnma,ajbmbcnjs, jbcputar sjnamja, kmf sb bm.

Xkrtnjnpkmt Km nmtarvnawaa.

Xrafatarcnmaf Zbeutnbm Km nmibrcktnbm tajombebdy kmf systac sbeutnbm tokt wks fajnfaf bmbr fatarcnmaf nm kfvkmja `y brdkmnsktnbms ibr trkmsibrcktnbm wntonmtamtnbmke butjbcas.

Zackmtnj Nmtarpratktnbm Voa umfarstkmfnmd bi mkturke ekmdukda antoar `y ouckm br ckjonma.

Zackmtnj Cacbry Voa sackmtnj cacbry ns nm toa ouckm `rknm kmf amkèas pabpea tbjbccumnjkta wnto ekmdukda. Voa sackmtnj cacbry stbras

nmibrcktnbm k`but wbrfs , nckdas, toanr cakmnmds kmf raiaramjask`but rueas, raektnbms, ibrcueks, kmf kedbrntocs pabpea usa nm cklnmdnmiaramjas.

Zackmtnj Matwbrl Voa camtke raprasamtktnbms bi nmibrcktnbm usnmd pkttarms binmtarjbmmajtaf mbfas kmf krjs. Voa sackmtnj matwbrl jbmmajtspabpeas ùsnmass ekmdukda kmf ùsnmass kjtnvntnas wntonm kmbrdkmnsktnbm.

Zackmtnj Paprasamtktnbm Voa camtke raprasamtktnbm bi ekmdukda.


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Zackmtnjs Voa cakmnmds wntonm ekmdukda.

Zbjnke Fymkcnjs K sbjnke poambcambm raprasamtnmd toa k`nenty bi pabpea tb raspbmfkmf fake wnto jokmda wntonm amvnrbmcamts. Nmoaramt nm sbjnkefymkcnjs ns ekmdukda pabpea usa kmf toanr àokvnburs woneajbmfujtnmd ùsnmass.

Voacas7Mawmass Voaca sokpaf `y kjtbrs tokt nmtrbfuja maw nmmbvktnbms tb kfvkmjanmibrcktnbm tajombebdy br sjnamtninj lmbweafda. Kjtbrs nmbrdkmnsktnbms nmtrbfuja maw tajombebdy tb amkèa trkmsibrcktnbms ibrnmtamtnbmke butjbcas.

Jbmtnmuke Kfkptktnbm Voaca sokpaf àtwaam kjtbrs kttacpts kt kfkptnmd tb sujjassiuejbcpatntnva kfvkmtkda. Brdkmnsktnbms trkmsibrc nm fniiaramt wkys tbbvarjbca toa kfvkmtkdas kmbtoar kjtbr br kjtbrs okva dknmaf.

Amdkdacamt Vamsnbm Voaca sokpaf `y toa nmtarkjtnbms àtwaam kjtbrs tokt amdkda nmwbrlpekja trkmsibrcktnbms ibr nmtamtnbmke butjbcas.

Xrbfujtnbm Vamsnbm Voaca sokpaf woam kjtbrs amjbumtar faiajtnva kssbjnktnbms àtwaam

ùsnmass tarcs woam toay kra ncpeacamtnmd prafatarcnmaf sbeutnbmsibr nmtamtnbmke butjbcas.

Zndmninjkmja Voaca sokpaf `y prafatarcnmaf sbeutnbms tokt astkènso jucàrsbcaoakfwnmfs tokt jrakta frkd bm jbcpatntnvamass.

Voabrnas bi Cakmnmd Voa kssndmcamt bi sackmtnj jbmtamt ibr axprassnbms bi k mkturkeekmdukda. Vons kesb nmjeufas cakmnmds bi wbrfs `y vnrtua bi ebjkeikjts partknmnmd tb toa psyjobebdy bi ekmdukda usas ks toay raekta tbbtoar jbdmntnva systacs wntonm amvnrbmcamts nm wonjo wbrfs kra usaf(Ztkmibrf Amjyjebpkafnk bi Xonebsbpoy, 08;8).ottp7//pektb.stkmibrf.afu/amtrnas/cakmnmd/


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Kppamfnjas7

Ouckm Atonjs JbccnttaaJbmsamt Ibrc7


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Ouckm Atonjs Jbccnttaa Nmibrcktnbm Zoaat7


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Nmtarvnaw [uastnbms7

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