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2013OctoRAS –
3 MONber 20Reinteg
NITOR012 –gration A
RING ROctob
Assistan
REPOber 20nce from
ORT 013 m Switze
rland
Editorial
Editorial Team: Eve Amez‐Droz (IOM Berne) Sandra Hollinger (IOM Berne) Photos: IOM Publisher: International Organization for Migration (IOM), Berne Thunstrasse 11 P.O. Box 216 CH‐3000 Berne 6 Switzerland Tel: +41 31 350 82 11 Fax: +41 31 350 82 15 e‐mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.ch.iom.int
This document has been published thanks to the support of the Federal Office for Migration (FOM). The opinions expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the International Organization for Migration (IOM) or the FOM. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in an information retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher. IOM Berne would like to thank the FOM for its support, which has enabled the publication of this document. IOM Berne is also grateful to IOM missions in the countries of origin and to the individuals who responded to the questionnaire.
All rights reserved © IOM Berne, 2013 IOM is committed to the principle that humane and orderly migration benefits migrants and society. As an intergovernmental organization, IOM acts with its partners in the international community to assist in meeting the operational challenges of migration, advance understanding of migration issues, encourage social and economic development through migration, and uphold the human dignity and well‐being of migrants.
i
SUMMARY
Persons residing in Switzerland under the asylum system who opt to return voluntarily to their country of origin are eligible to apply for reintegration support. The Reintegration Assistance from Switzerland (RAS) programme, financed by the Federal Office for Migration (FOM) and administered by the International Organization for Migration (IOM), provides such support in the form of financial assistance upon return. The object is to support the reintegration process of returnees by giving them the means to undertake a specific project (business‐related, accommodation, medical support, vocational training, etc.). Through its regional offices, IOM monitors these cases by making on‐site visits a number of months after payment of the cash grant. This report follows on from the previous monitoring report compiled in 2009/2010, outlining the key findings for all participating returnees between January and June 2012 who were interviewed between October 2012 and October 2013. It also contains recommendations for the future of the programme.
IOM conducted 149 monitoring visits in 42 countries between October 2012 and October 2013.1 Based on the questionnaires compiled, the reasons most frequently given for voluntary return were a failed asylum application or the lack of economic prospects in Switzerland. According to the beneficiaries, the main difficulties encountered in the reintegration process, irrespective of their region of origin, were in relation to finances, family matters or the perception of political instability in their country. Most beneficiaries used their reintegration assistance to fund a business‐related project. The main findings were as follows:
89% thought that return assistance was useful for their reintegration. 79% said that the reintegration project met their immediate needs. 56% were satisfied with their situation after return. Only 20% said they could envisage moving abroad in the future. Most beneficiaries saw their future in their place of return or in another town or region of their country of origin.
While the main regions of return in 2009/2010 were Eastern Europe and Asia, West Africa climbed to top position in 2012/2013. Despite some differences noted in the reintegration process, the results from both periods of systematic monitoring are largely comparable.
The recommendations drawn up in this report are based on the statistical findings and on a more detailed analysis of the situation in four countries of particular significance in terms of their high level of voluntary return take‐up and their geographical distribution: The Gambia, Sri Lanka, Kosovo under UN Security Council Resolution 1244/992 and Tunisia. The findings have highlighted the importance of the individual component in the reintegration process. Statistically, the chances of a reintegration project succeeding and of the beneficiary being satisfied with their current situation were determined not solely by the type of reintegration project, or the region of origin, or the beneficiary's profile. This highlights the importance of maintaining and of reinforcing one‐to‐one support and the possibility of tailoring projects to the individual beneficiary's personal and overall situation. In this regard, Swiss counselling on the return process is important and should have access to the right tools. Regular communication with local stakeholders should be stepped up to improve the flow of information. Support in countries of origin is also crucial to the successful implementation of a reintegration project. Making return assistance contingent upon an educational or training component would reinforce such support and ensure beneficiaries the greatest possible chance of success. Recommended measures to consolidate the financing of reintegration projects include encouraging links with financial institutions, increasing
1 Although the visits were scheduled for nine months after return (between October 2012 and April 2013), some were conducted long after the scheduled date on account of difficulties in contacting the beneficiaries at that time (see "Method and general overview" for more details). 2 Referred to hereinafter as "Kosovo (under UNSCR 1244)".
ii
the amount of the cash grant given as return assistance, and pooling beneficiaries together for a joint project or loan application. The potential for generating synergies between Switzerland's return assistance and the private or public sector has not yet been fully exploited; however, realizing such synergies, and indeed most of the measures presented here, will depend largely on the financial resources provided.
"Before leaving Switzerland, I was told that I would receive assistance. To be honest, I was a bit sceptical. But my prejudice was broken at the airport, and further positive surprises continued after my return. Everything I was promised
was realized. I am really thankful for the assistance."
Male Program Participant, returned to Kosovo
iii
OUTLINE
SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................................ I
OUTLINE ............................................................................................................................................. III
LISTE OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................................... IV
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................... 1
METHOD AND GENERAL OVERVIEW ..................................................................................................... 2
RESULTS OF THE 2013 PERIOD OF SYSTEMATIC MONITORING .............................................................. 6
RETURN PROCESS AND SERVICES OBTAINED .......................................................................................... 6
Time spent outside of country of origin and in Switzerland ................................................................ 6
Reasons for return ............................................................................................................................... 6
Counselling on the return decision ...................................................................................................... 7
Departure assistance ........................................................................................................................... 7
IOM assistance ..................................................................................................................................... 7
Difficulties encountered in the payment process ................................................................................ 7
PERSONAL SITUATION .............................................................................................................................. 8
Current place of residence ................................................................................................................... 8
Current situation .................................................................................................................................. 8
Plans for the future ............................................................................................................................ 10
REINTEGRATION PROJECTS .................................................................................................................... 11
Accommodation assistance ............................................................................................................... 12
Medical assistance ............................................................................................................................. 12
Assistance for a training project ........................................................................................................ 12
Assistance for a business‐related project .......................................................................................... 13
BRIEF ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSION OF THE RESULTS FOR 2012‐2013 .................................................. 15
COMPARISON BETWEEN THE TWO PERIODS OF SYSTEMATIC MONITORING ...................................... 17
RECOMMENDATIONS......................................................................................................................... 19
ANNEXES ........................................................................................................................................... 21
A.1 THE GAMBIA .................................................................................................................................... 22
A.2. SRI LANKA ....................................................................................................................................... 23
A.3. KOSOVO (UNDER UNSCR 1244) ...................................................................................................... 24
A.4. TUNISIA ........................................................................................................................................... 25
iv
LISTE OF FIGURES
Figure 1 General overview of monitoring visits ........................................................................................... 2 Figure 2 General overview of monitoring visits by region ........................................................................... 3 Figure 3 Distribution of monitoring visits conducted by age ....................................................................... 4 Figure 4 Distribution of monitoring visits conducted by region .................................................................. 5 Table 1 Geographical distribution of monitoring visits made ..................................................................... 5 Figure 5 Time spent outside of country of origin by region ........................................................................ 6 Figure 6 Reasons given for return ................................................................................................................ 6 Figure 7 Time lag between initial contact with the IOM local office and the first payment ....................... 8 Figure 8 Satisfaction with current situation ................................................................................................. 8 Figure 9 Improvement in living conditions compared with the situation prior to leaving for Switzerland 9 Figure 10 Envisaged future place of residence .......................................................................................... 10 Figure 11 Destination for re‐emigration .................................................................................................... 10 Figure 12 Projects envisaged for the future .............................................................................................. 11 Figure 13 Types of reintegration assistance .............................................................................................. 11 Figure 14 Distribution of reintegration projects by sex ............................................................................. 12 Figure 15 Types of business‐related projects ............................................................................................ 13 Figure 16 Types of business by region ....................................................................................................... 13 Figure 17 Other sources of financing ......................................................................................................... 14 Figure 18 Status of reintegration projects ................................................................................................. 14 Figure 19 Development of the reintegration project ................................................................................ 15 Figure 20 Time lag between initial contact with IOM and the first payment ‐ Comparison between the first and second monitoring periods .......................................................................................................... 18 Map 1 General overview of the forms collected by country ..................................................................... 26
1
INTRODUCTION
The International Organization for Migration (IOM) is an intergovernmental organization operating worldwide in the field of migration. Its headquarters are in Geneva. IOM is concerned with all aspects of migration (research, counselling, technical cooperation, emergencies, project and programme implementation). As the organization's Swiss representative, IOM Berne is the contact and coordination office in Switzerland for national and international questions related to migration. The office of IOM Berne opened in 1994, following the signing of a framework contract with the Federal Department of Justice and Police (FDJP) in the area of return assistance. The main purpose of IOM Berne is to support the Federal Office for Migration (FOM) at all levels of voluntary return assistance and with specific migration‐related projects in countries of origin.
Persons residing in Switzerland under the asylum system3 who opt to return voluntarily to their country of origin are eligible to apply for return and/or reintegration assistance financed by the Swiss government. The RAS project is a reintegration assistance project financed by the FOM and administered by IOM worldwide since 2002. Reintegration assistance entails financial support given to implement a reintegration project after a beneficiary's return to their country or origin or another country. These reintegration projects are developed in collaboration with the Return Advisory Centres in Switzerland and take account of each beneficiary's specific needs. The overwhelming majority of cases are business‐related projects, although others are related to accommodation, training or medical support. Each individual project is submitted to the FOM for approval. The FOM then commissions IOM to disburse the funds and monitor the cases in the countries of origin.
Since 2007, the FOM and IOM have stepped up their monitoring of cases by visiting certain reintegration projects a number of months after disbursement of the funds. Under the RAS programme, these visits are normally determined on a case‐by‐case basis by the FOM. However, in order to obtain more comprehensive information and thus be able to draw some general conclusions, all RAS mandates were systematically given a follow‐up visit over a six‐month monitoring period in 2009/2010. This period of systematic monitoring served as the basis for the first monitoring report. A further period of systematic monitoring was initiated three years later, integrating the recommendations from the previous period. A total of 149 monitoring visits were conducted, in 42 countries, between October 2012 and October 2013. The purpose of this report is to present the findings of the RAS programme in 2012/2013, assess to a certain extent the impact on beneficiaries and their reintegration process shortly after their return, and compare the findings from the two periods of systematic monitoring. The report also includes an in‐depth case study of the opportunities and challenges posed by reintegration in four specific countries: Sri Lanka, Kosovo (under UNSCR 1244), Tunisia and The Gambia. These countries were selected because of their high level of voluntary return cases and their geographical distribution. The choice was also determined by the FOM's overriding interests in these countries: for example, the FOM has a migration partnership with Tunisia, which has included a specific return assistance programme administered by IOM since 2012.
3 Anyone who has submitted an asylum request, irrespective of their status (asylum seeker, recognised refugee, failed asylum applicant, etc.), is eligible to apply for return assistance.
Monitordate. Inspecificatranslateboth clo
‐ ‐ ‐
All persoJune 20Octoberquestioncompile
Betweenmonitorfollowincollected36 persoacquaint(27%) cowas not cases (5
Figure 1
4 IOM is restrictio5 A RAS mmay connumber o6 RAS mawere not7 No paym
27 (87
ring took then the coursally tailored ed it into theosed and ope
General infoPersonal situStatus of the
ons for whom12 were subr 2013. If annaire was cd the inform
n 1 Januaryring6 (this figg departured, i.e. 46%. 3ons (11%) htances; threould not be in service or%), no inform
1 General ov
subject to t
ons in certain rmandate is a fcern an indivof persons recandates concet subject to mment was ma
%7)
e form of a vise of these by IOM Berne local languen, covering v
ormation anduation e reintegratio
m IOM receibject to a m face‐to‐faccompleted o
mation in a da
y 2012 and gure excludee, as well a37 beneficiarhad re‐emigree persons (contacted ar had been rmation could
verview of m
the directivesregions. formal requesvidual person,ceiving assistaerning post‐reonitoring. de for these r
METHOD A
isit by IOM sinterviews,
ne. The quesage so as to various aspe
d services off
on project
ved a reintemonitoring vie interview over the phoatabase for s
30 June 2es all mandaas deceasedries (11%) didrated, accord1%) explicitlafter disbursre‐assigned, cd be obtaine
monitoring vi
s of the UN
st by the FOM, a couple orance. eturn reimbur
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11 %(36)
2
AND GENER
taff to interv, beneficiaristionnaire exfacilitate coects of return
fered
gration assissit. The visitwas not fe
one. IOM Besubsequent a
012, IOM Bates cancelld beneficiarid not contacding to the ly refused tosement of tcompany clod at the time
sits
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AL OVERVIE
view benefices were asxists officiallymprehension and reinteg
stance mandts were coneasible for terne collectanalysis.
Berne received prior to es; 34 in tct the IOM reinformationo complete he reintegraosed down, ne of drafting
of Safety an
ne to disbursee number of
mple medicati
45 %(149)
11(3
W
ciaries nine msked to comy in English an. It comprisgration:
date betweenducted betwtechnical ored all of the
ved 327 RAdeparture, otal). 149 megional office obtained bthe questioation assistano address, nthe report.
nd Security, w
e reintegrationmandates do
ions with a va
%)
1 %37)
months aftermplete a quand French; sses a series o
n 1 January 2ween October security ree completed
S mandates"no shows"monitoring e following tby IOM fromnnaire; 87 bnce (telephonomadic, etc
which may im
n assistance. Aoes not corre
alue of less th
Never contact
Monitoring do
Inaccessible
Emigration
No willingnes
Unknown rea
their returnuestionnairesome officesof questions,
2012 and 30er 2012 andeasons4, thed forms and
s5 subject to", drop outsforms wereheir return7;
m family andbeneficiariesone numberc.); and in 15
mpose travel
As a mandatespond to the
an CHF 1,000
ted IOM
one
s
son
Total: 327
n e s ,
0 d e d
o s e ; d s r 5
l
e e
0
During tmade. Inwere sim2012/20when viof the pEurope.
Figure 2
The relacan be e
At a glob‐
‐
‐
8 Of the months a9 Persons
0 %10 %20 %30 %40 %50 %60 %70 %80 %
the first mon 2012/2013milar, but th013 as opposewing the replanned monAs only two
2 General ov
atively low sexplained by
bal level: During the 2return. Whihad been mcases it tooklong after thSeveral IOMwith regard maintain coWest Africa information According tgreater numemigration w
149 monitorafter the returs with a reside
31 %
69 %
M
nitoring per3, the reasonhere was a fased to 15% esults by regnitoring visit cases were
verview of m
uccess rate a number of
2012/2013 ple this meanade in full, kk quite somehe planned dM offices mento the monintact with IOand Easternon beneficiao informatio
mber of peopwas thus eas
ing forms, 99rn date). ence permit fo
80 %
2
onitoring don
riod in 2009/ns for the difar higher prin 2009/201ion. The resuts were conrecorded for
monitoring vi
in 2012/201f phenomen
eriod, the visnt that a higkeeping in coe time to locate.8 ntioned the gitoring questOM once then Europe), taries with whon given byple had accessier for this c
9 were comp
or a European
3
43 %
0 %
ne
/2010, 65% fficulties in ooportion of 10). It shouldults were veducted) butr the Americ
sits by regio
13 compareda:
sits were conher numberontact with bcate the ben
general distrtions and thee payments whe family anhom IOM hay acquaintanss to a residecategory of in
leted more t
n country are
7
57 %
No mon
of the planobtaining infreturnees wd be noted, ry positive int far less so cas, these res
on
d with 2009/
nducted nine of projects beneficiariesneficiaries, a
ust among beir utilizationwere complend acquaintad lost contacnces to IOMence permit fndividuals.
han nine mo
normally not
79 %
21 %
nitoring
ned monitoformation (Fwho could nohowever, thn Asia and Nin Sub‐Saha
sults are not
/2010 and t
e months inswere operas posed a grend numerou
beneficiaries n. Some peoeted. In somances were ct.
M offices in for a Europe
onths after re
eligible for re
50 % 50 %
ring visits wig. 1) after rot be contachat wide disporth Africa (aran Africa relevant.
the disparitie
stead of six mational, as theater challenus visits were
and their acople no longeme regions (salso reticent
the return ean country i
eturn (betwee
integration as
Total: 327
were actuallyeintegrationcted (27% inparities exist(around 80%and Eastern
es by region
months afterhe paymentsnge. In somee conducted
cquaintanceser wished topecifically int to provide
countries, an 2012.9 Re‐
en 10 and 19
ssistance.
y n n t % n
n
r s e d
s o n e
a ‐
9
‐
At a regstructur
‐
‐
‐
‐
‐
‐
In the laservice,
There isthe 54%sample reasons
− − −
Figure 3
10 IOM isrestrictio11 Given slightly odistributi22% EastBerne coreceived,
The numbersecond periohuman reso
gional level:al factors anThe absenceAfrica makeThe existenctransient anThe free circin the countwhether temBeneficiarieseveral monIn some regtimes not poIn Africa andof the roadsast two of tit was impos
s thus a cert% who did nis nonethele: Most of the The averageThe geograpJune 2012, ethe monitor
3 Distributio
s subject to ons in certain rthe higher poverrepresention remains stern Europe, 1oncerned mal, experience s
r of reintegrods of moniturces still lim
: The discrend the benefie of postal as it extremelce of an infod unstable. culation of ptries of the Cmporary or ps belonging nths after thegions, such aossible on sed Asia, somes or the rain she above cassible to com
ain grey zonnot respondess sufficient
persons surve age was arophical scope even though ing results.11
n of monitor
the directiveregions. percentage ofed in the mosimilar: betwe15% Asia, 9% e returnees. shows that the
≤ 2
21‐3
31‐4
41‐5
51‐6
≥ 6
ration assisttoring. Followmited in certa
epancies in ticiaries' profaddresses, ply difficult orormal econom
eople in the Commonweapermanent. to Nomadi
eir return. as in Casamaecurity groune visits had tseason. ases, if the tmplete the m
ne in interpre to the quetly represent
veyed were ound 31 yearwas similar tthe regions 1
ring visits co
s of the UN
f persons suconitoring resueen January aNorth Africa, Although IOMe vast majorit
0 2
0
0
0
0
0
1
8
7
3
4
ance mandawing up on cain IOM offic
the results iles: population rer even imposmy in Sub‐Sa
Economic Calth of Indep
c tribes (suc
ance, the Cands.10 o be postpo
telephone nmonitoring fo
etation of thestionnaire. tative of tho
male (89%). rs. to that of theof Asia and N
onducted by
Department
ccessfully conlts as comparand June 201and 1% the A
M does not kety of beneficia
20 40
8
7
ates more thcases was thces.
between th
ecords or fixssible to condaharan Africa
ommunity opendent Stat
ch as in Ch
aucasus or A
oned or were
umber furnirm.
he results asHowever, it
ose in the Sw
e RAS mandaNorth Africa
age
of Safety an
tacted in Asired to the ma12, 54% of maAmericas. 91%eep statistics aries are aged
60
25
han doubledus more diff
e regions a
xed telephoduct monitoa makes rein
of West Africates (CIS) favo
ad) were m
Afghanistan,
e impossible
ished by the
s no conclust would appwiss asylum s
ates receivedwere slightl
nd Security,
ia and North andates receivandates conc% of the RAS mon the averabetween 25 a
80
61
45
d between tficult in 2012
re largely e
ne lines in Sring visits. ntegration pr
an States (ECours legal re
more difficult
follow‐up vi
on account
e beneficiary
ions could bpear that thesystem for th
d between Jay better rep
which may i
Africa, theseved. Overall, erned Sub‐Samandates recage age for Rand 40.
1
the first and2/2013, with
explained by
Sub‐Saharan
rojects more
COWAS) and‐emigration,
t to contact
isits were at
of the state
y was not in
be drawn fore remaininghe following
anuary and resented in
mpose travel
e regions arehowever, theaharan Africa,eived by IOMRAS mandates
Total: 149
d h
y
n
e
d ,
t
t
e
n
r g g
l
e e ,
M s
Tunisia countrieby the relativelvaried ccorrespoassistan
Figure 4
Table 1
Sub‐Sa
Burkina
Camero
Chad (9
Congo
Ghana
Guinea
Mali (1
Nigeria
Rwand
Senega
Sierra L
The Ga
2(
North Africa
(14%), Sri Les with the hresponses gy balanced cultural, geoond to the ce between
4 Distributio
Geographica
haran Africa
a Faso (2)
oon (3)
9)
(1)
(7)
a (2)
1)
a (6)
a (1)
al (5)
Leone (1)
ambia (17)
25 %(38)
Sub‐S
anka (13%), ighest numbgiven in theper region, ographical, eprofile of January and
n of monitor
al distributio
North Af
Egypt (1)
Morocco
Tunisia (2
21 %(31)
Saharan Africa
Kosovo (unber of complese four couthe results economic anbeneficiarie June 2012.
ring visits co
on of monito
frica Easte
)
o (1)
22)
Alban
Arme
Azerb
Belar
Bosn
Koso1244
Mold
Russi
Serbi
Ukra
5
a Asia
nder UNSCR eted questiountries. Howfrom this pnd social cos for whom
onducted by
oring visits m
ern Europe/C
nia (1)
enia (4)
baijan (1)
rus (1)
ia‐Herzegov
vo (under 4) (16)
davia (1)
ian Federatio
ia (1)
ine (1)
1 %(1)
Easte
1244) (11%onnaires. Thewever, as thpopulation saomponents om IOM rece
region
made
CIS As
ina (3)
UNSCR
on (2)
Af
Ch
Ira
M
Ne
Sr
Ye
16 %(24)
37 %(55)
ern Europe and
%) and The Ge findings arehe geographample shoulof the RAS eived a man
sia
fghanistan (2
hina (1)
an (7)
Mongolia (4)
epal (3)
ri Lanka (20)
emen (1)
d CIS ATo
Gambia (11%e thus largelhical distribuld reflect thglobal progndate for r
Ame
2) Mex
Americaotal: 149
%) were they influencedution is stille extremelygramme andeintegration
ericas
xico (1)
e d l y d n
RETURN
Time spMost beorigin. Abalancedthree yereturneehighest of origin
Figure 5
Of the 1not knoreturnedproject f
ReasonsIn most HoweveSwitzerl(11%).
Figure 6
12 "
7
Counselling on the return decision Regarding the preparations made prior to returning, more than 95% of respondents to the questionnaire confirmed they had received sufficient information from the return counsellors and that the terms of payment were clear prior to leaving. The only reasons stated for dissatisfaction referred to a lack of caring for beneficiaries in the return counselling offered or the fact that some questions were evaded by referring a client to the local IOM office upon returning. One person, however, appreciated the fact that, when the counsellor could not appropriately answer their questions, he organized conference calls with the local IOM office to get more information from the field.
Departure assistance Payment of departure assistance (cash handed over at the airport in Switzerland) worked out well in all cases. Beneficiaries used this assistance primarily to cover day‐to‐day expenses or to invest in their reintegration project.
IOM assistance The beneficiaries who filled in the questionnaire said they contacted the IOM local office on average one month after their return. As mentioned in the introduction, this result does not include those who did not respond to the questionnaire or those who never contacted IOM upon returning. Overall, those who obtained IOM assistance were satisfied or very satisfied (93%) with the services of the IOM local office. The amount of reintegration assistance given, often said to be inadequate, was in some cases cited as the reason for dissatisfaction with IOM; in fairness, however, this cannot be attributed to IOM as the amount is defined in Swiss Asylum Law and determined on a case‐by‐case basis by the FOM.
"In my case, everything was correctly handled, and delivery was as I wished. My business is running quite well. Thanks to the assistance I was able to open up my
own business. I would like to host IOM colleagues for a coffee as a sign of appreciation."
Male particpant, who returned to Kosovo
Difficulties encountered in the payment process 19% of beneficiaries said they had encountered administrative problems such as obtaining the necessary documents, waiting for a reply in the case of project changes, or problems with suppliers, the project partner, etc. In the majority of cases (66%), payment was made between one and three months after initial contact was made with the IOM local office. In those cases where payment took longer than three months, the main reasons were that the beneficiaries had changed the project after returning (25%), the required documents were difficult to obtain (19%), or they were undecided about the type of project they wanted to implement (13%).
Figure 7
PERSON
Current 90% of returninbeneficifamily mbe contabeneficicontacte
Current 89% of tof respo
56% of situationThe mai
1. 2. 3.
Figure 8
90% of their rei
13 See Fig14 133 pe
39(5
7 Time lag be
NAL SITUATIO
place of resrespondent
ng. 7% werearies were amembers or acted at thearies' currened at the tim
situation those surveyondents conf
those who n. 39% weren reasons givthe difficult general disatheir person
8 Satisfaction
beneficiariesntegration p
gure 1 of this reople respond
0 %
9 %57)
etween initia
ON
idence s to the que living elseabroad. In tthe project time of mont place of reme of monito
yed said thatfirmed that t
participated not compleven for dissafinancial situppointment nal/family sit
n with curre
s who particprocess, part
report. ed to the que
20 %
23
al contact w
estionnaire where in ththese cases, partner. Theonitoring, i.e.esidence, wering.13
t reintegratiohe reintegra
in the montely satisfiedatisfaction wuation (38%)regarding thuation (15%
nt situation
cipated in thicularly (in o
estion on the e
40 % 60
99
5 %(8)
8
with the IOM
were still lihe country oa certain a
ese figures a. a total of 1e would have
on assistanceation project
nitoring procd, and only 5were (in order he return (17) and accom
he monitorinorder of impo
extent to whic
% 80 %
local office
ving in the of return. Inmount of inare biased as149 people. e to also incl
e was useful met their im
cess said the5% were dissr of importan
7%) modation (1
ng process sortance):
ch the reinteg
100 %
27
and the first
place of ren 2% of casnformation cs they includFor a more rlude those p
or even verymmediate ne
ey were satisatisfied withnce):
15%)
aid they fac
gration projec
56 %(83)
t payment
turn nine mses (three pcould be obde only thoserealistic ovepeople who c
y useful. Moeeds.14
isfied with th their curre
ed certain d
ct met their ba
3 mo
Satisfied
Not entirel
Not at all s
months afterpeople), thetained frome who couldrview of thecould not be
oreover, 79%
heir currentnt situation.
difficulties in
asic needs.
onth
onths
onths
ly satisfied
satisfied
Total: 148
r e m d e e
%
t .
n
1. 2. 3.
These dindicatinreturnee
73% of rof indepsupport questionwith add
Moreovthan befthe timeworse.
Figure Switzerl
The reafreelancimprovetheir cou
"Sinc
Those wnot enawith soc
15 Some o
the low incofamily problpolitical and
difficulties cng that, althoe's satisfactio
respondentspendence is to family m
n thus enableditional infor
er, of the 81fore leaving e of monitor
9 Improvemland
sons given ce, or havingement in theuntry of orig
ce launchin
who said thatble them to cial and cultu
offices used a
22%(18)
ome level (38ems (18%) d security risk
learly correough the finon with their
s (135 peoplenot defined members, wes us to assermation.
1 respondentfor Switzerl
ring. 12% cou
ment in liv
for the impg an optimise security sitgin after retu
ng my pro
t the situatioearn as mucural reintegra
n older versio
12(10
8%)
k in the coun
spond to thnancial factor general situ
e) stated thain the same
while others ess a benefic
ts to the queand?"15, 66%uld not decid
ving conditio
proved situatstic outlook uation or in rning. Some
oject, I feelgave m
on was not bch or more mation) after l
on of the RAS
%0)
9
ntry of return
he reasons r seems to duation.
at they weree way by all stated that
ciary's econo
estion "Do yo% answered de ("Don't k
ons compar
tion were, ias a result othe conditio simply felt h
l more stame a lot of
better cited emoney than iving abroad
monitoring fo
n (15%)
for dissatisfdominate, th
e financially ibeneficiariest they couldmic wellbein
ou believe yothat their cnow") and 2
red with th
in most casof their busion of the roahappier at ho
able and mf support."
economic rebefore leav
d.
orm which did
faction withhis is not the
independents. Some saidd meet theirng some mon
ou live in betircumstance22% thought
he situation
es, the factiness projectads and meaome, living c
more respo"
easons (the ring) or perso
d not include t
66%(53)
h the currene sole determ
t. However, d they providr own neednths after re
tter circumsts were indethat their s
n prior to
of being int. Others means of commloser to thei
onsible. M
Male, retu
reintegrationonal reasons
this question.
Yes
No
I don
nt situation,minant for a
the conceptded financials only. Thisturning only
tances todayed better atituation was
leaving for
ndependent,entioned an
munication inr families.
My family
rned to Tunisia
n project dids (difficulties
n't know
Total: 81
, a
t l s y
y t s
r
, n n
a
d s
"I'mcouncurr
Plans fo72% of tmoving abroad a
Among frequenimmigra
Figure
More spexpandi
"I'm vliving.
5 %(7)
3 %(5)
PlaOtOtAb
m still in a ntry. I'm 4rent situat
trying
or the future those asked to another vagain (29 pe
those planntly cited weation (primar
e 10 Envisage
pecifically, beng the proje
very happyI can see
20 %(29)
ace of returnther village in tther region in tbroad
very insec45 years oltion. I still g for anoth
were plannvillage or anoople).
ning to moveere the Eurorily USA or Ca
ed future pla
eneficiaries' ct, opening a
y with my a future h
the countrythe country
cure financld and I rehave the her year, a
ing stay at tother region
e abroad, 19opean Unionanada).
ace of reside
plans for theanother sma
current sihere now a
Tot
10
cial situateally don't equipmenafter all th
heir place oin the count
9 stated whn, followed
ence Figu
e future wereall business, o
ituation. I and could a family
72 %(105)
al: 146
5 %(1
ion. I just see how I
nt I got frohe losses I
f return in ttry of return,
ere they waby Switzerla
ure 11 Desti
e largely focuor finding a j
work hardenvisage y."
%)
21 %(4)
SwitzerlandOther country Other country Traditional imm
can't see I could staom IOM bu've alread
Male partici
he future, a, while 20%
anted to go.and or a co
nation for re
used on theijob.
d to improgetting m
Male partici
in Europein the regionmigration coun
any futureart a familut I don't fdy made."
pant, who retu
nd 8% were were thinkin
. The destinuntry with
e‐emigration
r working lif
ove my stamarried an
pant, who retu
21(4
ntries (USA, CA,
e in my ly in the feel like
rned to Tunisia
consideringng of moving
ations mosta history of
n
fe:
andard of d starting
rned to Tunisia
1 %4)
53 %(10)
, AUS, NZ)
Total: 19
a
g g
t f
g
a
Figure 1
REINTEG
Reintegrthe typefollowin
‐
‐
Figure 1
16 Of theassistancmedical),
Fin
Mo
Profe
Hous
Med
Train
12 Projects e
GRATION PRO
ration assistae of project g trends:
Statistically,assistance: accommodaeach). Of theopportunitieinto accountalso a factorAccommodaprojects). ThCIS (40% fro
13 Types of r
149 people wce received. A, the results b
nd/construct
ove to another
essional reinteg
sing assistance
ical assistance
ning
envisaged fo
OJECTS
ance was pridepends la
women hav44% of woation projecte male respoes open to wt when interr in their choation assistahis type of prm this regio
reintegration
who filled in tAs five benefbelow are base
Find a (betExpand the bOpen a new bnew accomm
Emigrater place in the
Start
gration
r the future
imarily used rgely on ind
ve made momen chose t, and the rondents, 90%women in cerpreting thesoice of reinteance was noroject was mn, compared
n assistance
the questionnficiaries had ed on a total o
0
tter) jobbusinessbusinessodation abroadcountry…trainingOther
11 %(17)
11
for realizingdividual nee
ore diversifiea business‐
rest opted f% chose a burtain countrse results. Fregration projot among t
mainly taken d with only u
naire, 147 resrealized a duof 152 project
20
19
162
54
4
3 %(5)
g business‐reds and choi
ed choices c‐related profor medical usiness‐relaties and theirrequently, thect (e.g. singthe most pup by benefip to 8% from
ponded to thual‐purpose pts.
40
28
22
2 %(2)
lated projecces. Noneth
oncerning thoject, anothsupport or ed project. Hr personal sihe beneficiargle mothers)opular (onlyiciaries fromm the other r
e question onproject (e.g. b
60
ts (84%).16 Theless, we ca
he type of rer 44% invevocational tHowever, thetuation shouries' persona. y 11% of r Eastern Eurregions).
n the type of both business
80 10
81
84 %(128)
The choice ofan note the
eintegrationested in antraining (6%e limited jobuld be takenl situation is
eintegrationrope and the
reintegrations‐related and
00
Total: 179
Total: 152
f e
n n % b n s
n e
n d
Figure 1
AccommOf the 1current accommreason fonce thewith the
"The gwe coorde
MedicalOf the monitorquestion
"F
All respoorigin asatisfiedmoney t
AssistanOf the tlessons. in his job
14 Distributio
modation ass17 people whaccommoda
modation thafor moving ce grant was e assistance r
groundwoontinued er to comp
sta
l assistance 327 RAS m
ring was possnnaire on me
For returnee
ondents saidnd all said d with the mto cover the
nce for a traitwo beneficiaThey were bb search.
0 %
Male
Female
on of reinteg
sistance ho requestedation. At theat was financited by the rused up). Alreceived.
ork of the with the fiplete the fart. We ar
mandates susible in only edical suppo
ees like meeconomic
d they couldthey had acmedical assiscosts of his m
ning projectaries who opboth satisfie
20 %
8
gration proje
d accommod time of moced, renovatremaining 20ll responden
house wafirst floor. first floor. re very hap
ubject to meight cases rt.
e, it is impactivity so
d continue tccess to basstance, whilmedication.
t pted for traid, and one s
40 % 6
120
12
ects by sex
ation assistaonitoring, moted or furnis0% was the cnts to this qu
s built befBut we haThe grantppy that w
monitoring, 1and, of thes
portant too as to ens
their medicasic medical e one bene
ining, one disaid that his
60 % 80 %
8
ance, 15 answost of these hed using accost (the accuestion said
fore and wad to borrot was not we have o
15 includede, only five p
combine sure a ste
al treatment services. Th
eficiary said
id an apprennew skills wo
% 100 %
9 4
1
1
1
wered the qpeople (80%ccommodaticommodatiothey were s
with the reow moneyenough. Bur house n
Female particp
a medical people comp
medical sady incom
Male participa
after returnhree people that he wo
nticeship andould open u
P
H
M
T
uestion conc%) were still on assistancn became toatisfied or v
eintegratioy from relaBut it was now."
pant, who retu
componentpleted the se
support wime."
ant, who return
ning to theirstated that
ould have ne
d the other tp new prosp
rofessional re
ousing assista
Medical assista
raining
Total:
cerning theirliving in thece. The mainoo expensiveery satisfied
on grant, atives in a good
rned to Kosovo
t; however,ection of the
ith an
ned to Morocco
r country oft they wereeeded more
took Englishpects for him
eintegration
ance
ance
152
r e n e d
o
, e
o
f e e
h m
Assistan39% of business
Figure 1
The vari‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
There wbeneficithere wa
Figure 1
75% of into parin Easte
84 peopcapital wof the bidea of t
17 A totarespond into acco
E
nce for a busthem realizs‐related pro
15 Types of b
ous categoriAgriculture: Retail: SmalTrades and sTransportat
were markearies realizeas greater em
16 Types of b
respondentsrtnership witrn Europe. In
ple (65%) invwere family beneficiaries the importan
al of 130 peoto all questioount. The perc
Ag
Sub‐Saha
No
Eastern Europ
siness‐relateed a projecojects was re
business‐rela
ies covered tPlantations/l grocery shoservices: Resion: Taxis, de
ed regional ed a retail pmphasis on a
business by r
s set up theth an outsiden Sub‐Sahara
vested additisavings or fisecured and
nce of family
ople said theyons systematiccentages given
22 %(27)
21 (27
griculture
0 %
ran Africa
orth Africa
pe and CIS
Asia
3
d project17
ct in the retelatively well
ated project
the following/crops, livestops, newspapstaurants, doeliveries, driv
differences roject, compagricultural p
region
ir own busine party. Faman Africa, 94
onal funds innancial suppd used a bay support in t
y had realizecally and corrn always refer
%7)
Business
% 20 % 4
3
6
8
6
3
8
13
tail businessbalanced.
s
g types of prtock breedinper kiosks, eoctors, woodvers
in the chopared with oprojects (44%
ness, while 1mily business% of benefic
n their reinteport from thnk loan to cthe success o
ed a businessrectly. Some mr to the total n
Services a
40 % 60 %
33
7
1 3
10
. Among th
ojects: g, fishing, ettc. d workshops,
oice of jobonly 6% in E%) and transp
18% investedes (especiallciaries launch
egration proe beneficiaryconsolidate tof a reintegra
s‐related projminor statisticnumber of val
18(2
and handicraft
80 % 100
6
8
11
2
6
8
e rest, the
tc.
, car repairs,
s: in Sub‐SEastern Europortation (33
d in a familyly in agriculthed their ow
oject. The may's family antheir resourcation project
ect. Howevercal variations lid responses.
8 %23)
39 %(49)
t Transp
%
distribution
karaoke, etc
aharan Afriope and the3%).
y business ature) were mwn business p
ain sources ond/or friendsces. This figut.
r, those survshould theref.
%
port
Agriculture
Business
Services and
Transport
T
of types of
c.
ca, 62% ofe CIS, where
nd 7% wentmost popularproject.
of additionals. Only eighture gives an
eyed did notfore be taken
Total: 126
handicraft
Total: 126
f
f e
t r
l t n
t n
Figure 1
At the tincome 2009/20number success
Figure 1
Of the 1by the 1that the
"Whithe
arrivaassis
grant
103 peoincome since lau
17 Other sou
time of mofor the ben
010 period, of incomplor the reaso
18 Status of r
11 beneficiar10 beneficiary hoped to h
ile I was ine reintegraal, I realizestance of for a farm
ople gave inremained stunching their
31 %(26)
2 %(2)
10 %(8)
8 %(10)
urces of finan
onitoring, 69neficiaries. Owhich may ete projectsons for their f
reintegratio
ries who abaries who chahave more su
n Switzerlaation graned that theIOM staff,ming busin
nformation otable or hadr project. Re
%)
5 %(4)
9 %(11)
ncing
9% of the bOnly 1% weindicate thas at the timefailure.
n projects
andoned theanged their puccess with a
and, prior t to purche competitf, after sevness. From
on how thei increased, olatively few
1 %(2)
14
usiness‐relatre still in tht a visit aftee of visiting
eir project, sproject was a new projec
to returnihase a car tion is ververal counm this busin
happy.
ir project wor that theybeneficiaries
18 %(15)
34(2
13 %(16)
ted projectshe planning er nine mong and thus p
ix had foundthat too littct.
ing to Kosand proviry tough inselling sesness I hav"
was developi had been as (12%) saw
4 %29)
69 %(87)
s were operphase; this
nths instead provides mo
d a new job. le income w
sovo, I waside taxi sen that busissions, I deve a modes
Male particip
ng. Most ofable to makea decline in t
Persona
Family s
Assistan
Work
Credit
Other
S
O
O
C
P
rational andfigure was of six leadsre informati
The main rewas being ge
s thinking ervices. Buiness, andecided to st income
pant, who retu
f them (88%e additional their sales fi
al savings from
savings
nce from friend
Still planning
Operational bu
Operational wit
Changed occup
Project closed
d generating8% for the
s to a lowerion on their
easons citednerated and
of using ut after d with the use the but I am
rned to Kosovo
%) said theirinvestmentsgures.
Switzerland
ds/relatives
Total: 84
t no income
th income
pation
Total: 126
g e r r
d d
o
r s
Figure 1
Likewiseleast covfinanciahowevepeople w
44% of rper benthan in t
Regardinof impor
1. 2. 3.
As with considerexternallack of epossibleindividusuccess.
BRIEF AN
Based oindividufor a pconsiderthe retuform a regarded
18 106 pe19 108 pe20 113 pe21 43 peo
19 Developm
e, 80% of resvered their bl support tor, that thesewho can be f
respondents eficiary).20 Intransportatio
ng those prortance).21 Lack of resoLocal compeInflation and
all of the firation whenl factors or aexperience ae reasons foral assistance
NALYSIS AND
on the popual factor (typroject's sucration when urnee's statecomplex infd as start‐u
eople respondeople respondeople respondople gave reas
38 %(39)
ment of the r
spondents sabasic needs.o family mee two indicafinancially su
said that then comparisoon, trades an
ojects that ha
urces to conetition too std low level o
ndings prese interpretinga lack of resamong bene failure. The e from Switz
D CONCLUSIO
lation samppe of businecess. Each planning a
e of health, fluence on aup capital en
ed to the queed the questied to the quesons as to why
reintegration
aid they coul18 For 64% ombers (at lators are suupported also
ey employedon, more jobnd services.
ad run into d
solidate the trong (27%) f commercia
ented in thisg the resultsources, althoeficiaries. Oninclusion oferland, wou
ON OF THE R
pled in the sss, region ofbeneficiary'sreturn. The family (i.e. an individuanabling the
estion on wheon on whetheestion on whey their project
15
n project
ld live on theof beneficiarieast three pbjective in no depends la
d others in thbs were crea
difficulties, t
business (28
al activity in t
s report, thes; most respough the IOnly two benef a training cold probably
RESULTS FOR
survey, it is f origin, leves individual level of eduwhether a bl's chances beneficiary
ther or not ther or not theyther or not tht was in difficu
12 %(13)
e income geies, the incopersons pernature and targely on the
heir businessated in the a
he main rea
8%)
the region (8
e objectivity ondents blaM staff condeficiaries meomponent inhelp benefic
R 2012‐2013
not statisticl of educatiocircumstanccation, expeburden or suof success. to get the
hey could live y could supporhey employedulty.
46 %(47)
4 %(4)
nerated by tme generate beneficiarythat an estie cultural and
s (with an avagricultural a
sons given w
8%)
of the replimed the failducting the fentioned then Switzerlandciaries and in
cally possiblon, gender, eces must therience, origiupport) and Reintegratio
e process in
on their incomrt others with others in the
their projected enabled ty).19 It shouldmate of thed family syst
verage of twoand comme
were as follo
es should belure of theirfollow‐up ofeir own shord or on site, ncrease thei
e to concluetc.) is solelyherefore bein and gendemotivation
on assistance motion, an
me. their incomeeir business.
Stable
Income
Income
Extra f
T
or that it atthem to gived be noted,e number ofem.
o employeesrcial sectors
ws (in order
e taken into projects onften noted artcomings asas a form ofr chances of
de that anyy responsible taken intoer as well ascombine toe should bend not as a
.
e increased
e decreased
funds
Total: 103
t e , f
s s
r
o n a s f f
y e o s o e a
16
guarantee of successful reintegration. We note that there is a relatively strong statistical link between the feeling of financial independence and general satisfaction as well as the desire to re‐emigrate. Thus, the more financially stable a beneficiary feels after returning, the more likely they are to be satisfied with their situation and the less interested they will be in making another migration attempt. We should remember that returnees' general financial situation is one of the main difficulties they encounter in the reintegration process. It seems, therefore, that the best means of facilitating beneficiaries' long‐term reintegration would be to alleviate this problem by offering them the possibility of generating income, carving out their place in society and seeing a real future for themselves.
However, business‐related reintegration should not be seen as the only measure: as mentioned above, those who received accommodation assistance and medical support also showed a high level of satisfaction with their current situation. Sometimes, meeting the most urgent of basic needs can be the key to a successful reintegration
17
COMPARISON BETWEEN THE TWO PERIODS OF SYSTEMATIC MONITORING
Overall, it should be noted that the geographical distribution changed slightly between the 2009/2010 period and the 2012/2013 period. The regions of North Africa and Sub‐Saharan Africa increased in proportion, at the expense of Eastern Europe and Asia. These changes resulted from international events (Arab Spring, crisis in Libya, etc.) and changes to the legislation (visa requirement waived for certain countries in the Balkans, suspension of returns to Syria, etc.).
In terms of the monitoring results, the most striking difference is the rate of forms collected in 2012/2013 compared with the previous period (46% as opposed to 65%). The reasons for this difference have already been addressed in the section on "Method and general overview" in this report. Moreover, it should be noted that in 2012/2013, persons returning from the RPCs to an African country were eligible for reintegration assistance (which was not the case during the first period of systematic monitoring), and West Africa recorded the lowest rate of monitoring. Interestingly, however, there was a significant link between the type of return (from the RPCs or from the cantons) and overall satisfaction as well as the desire to re‐emigrate. Returnees from the RPCs tended to be more satisfied with their post‐return situation than those from the cantons and were thus less interested in moving abroad again. This information should be viewed with caution, however, given the fact that so many returnees from the RPCs could not be contacted during the monitoring phase. There is thus a large grey zone in interpretation of this result. The main difference between returns from the RPCs and from the cantons is the length of time spent in Switzerland: returns from the RPCs have to be made quite quickly (generally within less than three months), while those from the cantons necessarily imply a stay of at least three months.
As predicted in the previous report, visits after nine months led to a decrease in the number of projects not yet started at the time of monitoring and gave a better overview of the impact of assistance and its sustainability. However, it had an adverse effect on the number of beneficiaries that could be contacted. The longer the time lag after first assistance was provided, the more difficult it is to maintain contact with all of the beneficiaries; moreover, those who can be contacted are generally the ones who have succeeded in their project and reached stability in their return. Ideally, there should be one follow‐up visit after four to five months and another one after nine months, but this would generate additional costs. Furthermore, given that beneficiaries take an average of one month to contact IOM and, in the vast majority of cases, it takes another one to three months to make the payment, a visit nine months after return provides an opportunity to obtain information on projects that have been running for five to seven months, which would seem to be a minimum to evaluate the impact of reintegration assistance.
Very few differences were noted regarding the results. Whether in terms of the current place of residence, difficulties encountered, future plans, or regarding the current situation, the results regarding the impact on beneficiaries are practically identical for the two periods. In terms of the services provided, satisfaction with the return counselling and IOM was very high in both 2009/2010 and 2012/2013. It seems, however, that there was a longer time lag in 2012/2013 between initial contact with IOM and the date of the first payment. The percentage of cases paid in less than a month was more than halved. However, the rate of payment after more than three months remained relatively stable. There is thus a concentration of initial payments made between one and three months after initial contact.
Figure 2first and
"The Th
availaas age
2009/20
20
20 Time lag bd second mo
project is he only proable for a rents in get
0 %
010
012 23
between initonitoring per
good andoblem is threintegrattting to str
20 % 40 %
40
tial contact wriods
d needs to hat many tion projecranded mi
18
% 60 %
36
99
with IOM an
be continpeople doct upon reigrants in to return
80 % 1
24
27
nd the first p
ued so thao not belieeturn. If soEurope, mn."
00 %
7
payment ‐ Co
at other peve that thome returnmore peop
Male partic
3 mon
Total 2012/Total 2009/
omparison b
people canhe grant wnees couldple would b
ipant, who retu
nth
nths
nths
/2013: 149/2010: 100
between the
n benefit. will be d be used be willing
urned to Ghana
e
a
The follcommenmeasureto the RA
Imp1.Thebetits allo
Rei2.a.
b.
c.
22 Cf. InteMassnah23 The Reimpartial
owing recomnts and expes proposed AS programm
portance of te success of tween the bechances of owed for the
nforce the suCounselling:Return counspecific comof certain pcalls organizproject befoAlso, visits encouraged Swiss partneTraining: Given that education, itmanagemenshould first them a precoffered in re8). Longer‐teby beneficiaOne possiblethroughout beneficiary ppossibility oSwitzerland Follow‐up: The possibilBeneficiariesresources fobefore embmade systemmonths afteor if additiomeasure sho8).
ernational Orhmen zur Fördeturn Informal, up‐to‐date i
mmendationperience of tare exploratme.
the individuathe reintegreneficiary's ssuccess. It is type of rein
upport availa nselling givenmmunication rogrammes.zed by IOMore leaving ato Switzerlas these proers (see Reco
the vast mat would be imnt and/or debe clarified condition foegional areaserm vocationaries as they e solution, pthe trainingpassing the eof enabling could also b
lity of deves often neeor the assocarking on a matically to er start‐up. Sonal funds arould be acco
ganization foderung der Ausation Fund (Rnformation o
REC
ns are partlythe IOM mitory in natur
al componenration projecskills, educas thus cruciategration pr
able
n in Switzerlawith IOM on More frequ. The RIF is and to anticland by IOMovide an oppommendatio
ajority of bemportant to evelopment. whether sucr obtaining s and small tnal training neither genarticularly fog course anexams. Finalthose waitie envisaged.
eloping reintd to talk tociated skills)project. Oncmeasure th
Support couldre necessaryompanied by
r Migration asreise, der RüRIF) is financn the reintegr
19
COMMENDA
y based on tissions in core and should
nt in the reinct depends lation, family al to ensureoject should
and should bn the possibiuent use couuseful beca
cipate the diM colleagueportunity forn no. 8).
eneficiaries encourage tTo motivatech courses areintegrationtowns and noptions (schnerate nor gor very younnd maybe ely, given theng for a de.
tegration plao their famil) and sometce the payme progress od be offeredy to improvey appropriat
nd the Swiss ckkehr und Reced by the FOration possibi
ATIONS
the statisticsountries of d be validate
tegration proargely on thesupport, he
e individual sd be maintain
be maintainelities of assisuld be madeause it enabifficulties thaes working r a subject‐sp
are young them to attee beneficiarilready exist n assistancenot only in thhool, skills deuarantee ang beneficiareven make e value placeecision to p
ans after relies (who artimes reacqment has beeof the projecd if the projee or develope financial c
Red Cross: Ideintegration, BOM and admlities in the re
s presented origin and ied by other p
ocess e person reaalth, etc. plasupport. At ned.
ed and may stance in cere of the RIF2
bles the benat potential in countriepecific excha
men with and training ces to particiin certain co. In this reshe capital (seevelopment,ny revenue inies, would bthe final p
ed on experieparticipate in
eturn shouldre often paruaint themsen made, foct and deterect needs to p the projectapacities (se
deen zur zuküBerne, 2013.ministered by eturn country.
above but in Berne.22 Mprojects com
alizing it. Theays an impothis level, th
even benefitrtain countrie23 project anneficiary to beneficiarie
es of originange of infor
relatively lcourses in smipate in suchountries andpect, courseee Recomme etc.) are oftn the immede to offer caayment subence gained n courses w
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20
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21
ANNEXES
As the statistics presented in the monitoring report are only general in nature, the following annexes provide more precise information about reintegration challenges and opportunities in specific countries: The Gambia, Sri Lanka, Kosovo (under UNSCR 1244) and Tunisia. These countries were selected for the following reasons:
‐ relatively high level of voluntary return take‐up ‐ broad geographical coverage ‐ the FOM's strategic interest
The annexes take the form of single‐page data sheets outlining the key points. They have been produced with input from the IOM regional offices, based on a series of guiding questions tailored by IOM Berne and the FOM.
22
A.1 THE GAMBIA
Beneficiary profile: ‐ Young men aged between 18 and 30. Most have not completed secondary schooling. Some have
never gone to school. Context: ‐ 46.5% literacy rate (UNESCO) ‐ Ranked 165 on the 2012 Human Development Index (HDI) of the United Nations Development
Programme (UNDP). Expected economic growth of 5.6% in 2012/2013, driven mainly by the agricultural sector (African Development Bank).
‐ Lack of natural resources. Economic activity is concentrated in the Greater Banjul area. Flourishing tourism industry on the Atlantic coast. Agriculture has much potential throughout the country.
‐ Roads in poor condition. ‐ Existence of highly experienced microfinance institutions. Challenges and opportunities: ‐ Flourishing tourism on the Atlantic coast raises the cost of living and exposes young Gambians to a
life of wealth and luxury, making them more inclined to want to move abroad. ‐ The social structure influenced by the Muslim culture in which a man may have up to five wives
means that the head of the family has a large number of dependants. ‐ Young men are under pressure to seek a better life abroad and provide financial support. Families
often get into debt or sell off property to enable the young to leave. ‐ Returning home is seen as a failure and a source of shame. Many Gambians therefore want to
move back to Europe, and the priority is on reimbursing the family and their travel debts after returning.
Reintegration assistance: ‐ According to the microfinance institutions (SDF, GAWFA), start‐up capital of CHF 3,000 is sufficient
for a small business, particularly if additional microloans are also available. Beneficiaries, however, consider this amount insufficient. Indeed, some projects, such as starting a taxi business, cost around CHF 5,000 to 6,000.
‐ Main types of project in The Gambia: taxi, farming, retail shop ‐ Particularly risky projects:
o Taxi: Profitable only if a good vehicle can be obtained and if the beneficiary himself drives the taxi. There are practically no possibilities for expansion. The market is almost at saturation point. Accidents can lead to high repair costs.
o Livestock breeding: Requires high start‐up investment; long time lag before the business becomes profitable. Working capital and a good sense of organization are thus necessary.
o Retail shop: Requires managerial skills; difficulty in dealing with social pressure (e.g. family members expecting goods for free).
‐ Promising projects: Agriculture (vegetable growing), fishing, fattening farm. ‐ Particular profile: Very young beneficiaries can get a basic education or an apprenticeship.
23
A.2. SRI LANKA
Beneficiary profile: ‐ Mainly men, aged 35 or over, primary education. ‐ Medical problems are frequent. ‐ Often have lived more than five years outside of their country. Difficulties in readapting upon
return. Context: ‐ Ranked 27 among countries with the highest emigration rate in 2012 (World Bank) ‐ 30 years of internal conflict led to large migration flows from the North and East of the country to
Europe, especially between 2000 and 2008. ‐ The level of poverty is another factor driving emigration. Challenges and opportunities: ‐ There has been a distinct improvement in mobility, means of commu