Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
UNCTAD Multi-Year Expert Meeting on Commodities
and Development 2013 Recent developments and new challenges in commodity markets, and policy options for commodity-based inclusive growth and sustainable development
Room XXVI Palais des Nations
Geneva, Switzerland
Global Policy Options for Promoting Resource Efficiency
by
Bas de Leeuw Managing Director, World Resources Forum (WRF)
21 MARCH 2013
This material has been reproduced in the language and form as it was provided. The views expressed are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of UNCTAD.
UN
CTA
D M
ult
i-Ye
ar
Exp
ert
Me
eti
ng
on
C
om
mo
dit
ies
an
d D
eve
lop
me
nt
Ge
ne
va
, 2
0-2
1 M
arc
h 2
01
3
Glo
ba
l P
oli
cy O
pti
on
s fo
r P
rom
oti
ng
Re
sou
rce
E
ffic
ien
cy
Ba
s d
e L
ee
uw
M
an
ag
ing
Dir
ecto
r
Wo
rld
Res
ou
rce
s F
oru
m
ww
w.w
orl
dre
sou
rce
sfo
rum
.org
b
as.
del
eeu
w@
wo
rld
reso
urc
esfo
rum
.org
Wo
rld
po
pu
lati
on
14
00
-20
50
14
00
1
45
0
15
00
1
55
0
16
00
1
65
0
17
00
1
75
0
18
00
1
85
0
19
00
1
95
0
20
00
2
05
0
1
2
3
4
5
6.1
9.2
1804
1960 1974
19
87
2000
2050
1927
14
03
36
72
52
31
19
50
20
00
20
50
A
sia
22
7
79
4
19
98
19
50
20
00
20
50
A
fric
a
16
7
51
9
72
9
19
50
20
00
20
50
S
ou
th A
me
ric
a
17
2
31
4
44
8
19
50
20
00
20
50
N
ort
h A
me
ric
a
54
7
72
7
69
1
19
50
20
00
20
50
E
uro
pe
13
3
1
51
19
50
20
50
So
uth
ea
st
As
ia
20
00
Sou
rce:
Pop
ulat
ion
Ref
eren
ce B
urea
u, W
orld
Pop
ulat
ion
Pro
spec
ts: T
he 2
008
Rev
isio
n. H
ighl
ight
s. N
ew Y
ork:
Uni
ted
Nat
ions
.
billion tonnes
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
19
80
20
02
20
20
+200
%
M
eta
l ore
s
Me
tal
ore
s
5.8
+81%
Foss
il energ
y ca
rrie
rs
En
erg
y c
arr
iers
Me
tal
ore
s
10.6
+68%
Bio
mass
b
Bio
ma
ss
En
erg
y c
arr
iers
15.
+114
%
N
on-m
eta
llic
min
era
lsc
O
the
r m
ine
rals
N
otes
: (a
) C
rude
oil,
coa
l, na
tura
l gas
, pea
t; (b
) H
arve
sts
from
agr
icul
ture
and
fore
stry
, mar
ine
catc
hes,
gra
zing
; (c)
Indu
str
Glo
ba
l re
sou
rce
use
19
80
-20
20
So
urc
e: M
ea
suri
ng
Ma
teri
als
Flo
ws
an
d R
eso
urc
e P
rod
ucti
vity
, OE
CD
2
00
8
Re
sou
rce
s a
re g
ett
ing
sca
rce
•P
hys
ica
l li
mit
s
•P
oli
tica
l ri
sks
•P
rice
vo
lati
liti
es
•E
nv
iro
nm
en
t a
nd
he
alt
h
•S
oci
al
lim
its
(po
vert
y, l
ab
or
con
dit
ion
s)
S
ee
Re
sou
rce
Sn
ap
sho
ts a
t h
ttp
://w
ww
.wo
rld
reso
urc
esf
oru
m.o
rg/r
eso
urc
e-s
na
psh
ots
“T
he
ea
rth
is
no
w m
ore
cu
ltiv
ate
d a
nd
de
ve
lop
ed
th
an
eve
r b
efo
re .
.. (
…)
… c
itie
s a
re
spri
ng
ing
up
on
un
pre
ced
en
ted
sca
le.
We
’ve
be
com
e a
bu
rde
n t
o o
ur
pla
ne
t. R
eso
urc
es
are
be
com
ing
sca
rce
, a
nd
so
on
na
ture
wil
l n
o
lon
ge
r b
e a
ble
to
sa
tisf
y o
ur
ne
ed
s.”
Bre
ak
ing
Ne
ws?
So
urc
e:
Qu
intu
s S
ep
tim
us
Flo
ren
s Te
rtu
llia
nu
s
Ro
ma
n t
he
olo
gia
n,
20
0 A
D
“T
he
ea
rth
is
no
w m
ore
cu
ltiv
ate
d a
nd
de
ve
lop
ed
th
an
eve
r b
efo
re …
(…
) …
cit
ies
are
spri
ng
ing
up
on
un
pre
ced
en
ted
sca
le.
We
’ve
be
com
e a
bu
rde
n t
o o
ur
pla
ne
t. R
eso
urc
es
are
be
com
ing
sca
rce
, a
nd
so
on
na
ture
wil
l n
o
lon
ge
r b
e a
ble
to
sa
tisf
y o
ur
ne
ed
s.”
“I t
hre
w i
t aw
ay”
Re
sou
rce
Eff
icie
ncy
- d
eco
up
lin
g
UN
EP,
20
11
… a
nd p
rovid
ing o
pport
unit
ies
for
the p
oor
Consu
min
g a
nd p
roducin
g m
ore
eff
icie
ntl
y a
nd d
iffe
rentl
y .
..
Do
ing
mo
re w
ith
le
ss
Su
sta
ina
ble
an
d in
clu
sive
gro
wth
an
d
de
velo
pm
en
t
"Su
sta
ina
ble
de
velo
pm
en
t is
de
velo
pm
en
t th
at
me
ets
th
e n
ee
ds
of
the
pre
sen
t w
ith
ou
t co
mp
rom
isin
g t
he
ab
ilit
y o
f fu
ture
g
en
era
tio
ns
to m
ee
t th
eir
ow
n n
ee
ds
Two
ke
y c
on
cep
ts:
•th
e c
on
cep
t o
f n
ee
ds,
in
pa
rtic
ula
r e
sse
nti
al
ne
ed
s o
f w
orl
d's
p
oo
r, t
o w
hic
h o
verr
idin
g p
rio
rity
sh
ou
ld b
e g
ive
n;
an
d
•th
e i
de
a o
f li
mit
ati
on
s im
po
sed
by
sta
te o
f te
chn
olo
gy
an
d
soci
al
org
an
isa
tio
n o
n t
he
en
vir
on
me
nt'
s a
bil
ity
to
me
et
pre
sen
t a
nd
fu
ture
ne
ed
s.“
(W
orl
d C
om
mis
sio
n o
n E
nv
iro
nm
en
t a
nd
De
velo
pm
en
t (W
CE
D).
Ou
r co
mm
on
fu
ture
. O
xfo
rd:
Oxf
ord
Un
ive
rsit
y
Pre
ss,
19
87
)
I’m
gla
d t
he
ho
le isn
’t in
ou
r en
d..
.
Glo
ba
l p
oli
cy r
esp
on
se n
ee
de
d
An
aly
sis
3 W
RF
me
eti
ng
s
Top
3 p
rop
ose
d p
oli
cy r
esp
on
ses
1.
Inve
st i
n r
eso
urc
e e
ffic
ien
cy
2.
Inve
st i
n a
lte
rna
tiv
e r
eso
urc
es,
re
ne
wa
ble
e
ne
rgy,
re
cycl
ed
ma
teri
als
(u
rba
n m
inin
g)
3.
Se
cure
su
pp
lie
s (i
nte
rna
tio
na
l co
op
era
tio
n)
WR
F D
ecl
ara
tio
n 2
00
9 (
Da
vos)
• w
orl
d-w
ide
per-
ca
pit
a t
arg
ets
for
na
tura
l
reso
urc
e e
xtr
actio
n a
nd
co
nsu
mp
tio
n
• a
bso
lute
deco
up
lin
g b
etw
ee
n e
con
om
ic
de
ve
lopm
ent
an
d r
esou
rce u
se
• f
ocus r
ese
arc
h a
nd
deve
lop
men
t o
n
incre
asin
g r
eso
urc
e p
rod
uctivity
Ch
air
ma
n’s
sta
tem
en
t W
RF
20
11
(D
avo
s)
•d
ou
ble
re
sou
rce
pro
du
ctiv
ity
by
20
20
an
d r
ea
ch f
ive
fold
in
cre
ase
by
20
50
•Ta
x re
sou
rce
s a
nd
po
llu
tio
n
•S
up
po
rt i
nn
ova
tio
n
•D
eve
lop
pa
rtn
ers
hip
s
•Im
ple
me
nt
pe
rfo
rma
nce
me
asu
rem
en
t
• S
afe
gu
ard
tra
nsp
are
ncy
• E
xplo
re d
riv
ing
fo
rce
s co
nsu
mp
tio
n
15
It’s
all
be
cau
se o
f
con
sum
pti
on
I’d like t
o end
po
vert
y,
stop
violenc
e a
nd r
acism
, and
get
rid o
f po
llut
ion.
Eve
ryon
e s
hou
ld b
e e
qual.
I w
ant
to
dre
ss in
the n
icest
cloth
es,
drive
a g
reat
car,
talk o
n th
e late
st
mob
ile p
hon
e,
and
watc
h m
y b
rand
new D
VD
Wo
rld
be
hin
d t
he
Pro
du
ct
“ ..
. co
nsu
me
rs a
re in
cre
asi
ng
ly i
nte
rest
ed
in
the
"w
orl
d t
ha
t li
es
be
hin
d"
the
pro
du
ct t
he
y
bu
y .
.. t
he
y w
an
t to
kn
ow
ho
w a
nd
wh
ere
an
d
by
wh
om
th
e p
rod
uct
ha
s b
ee
n p
rod
uce
d.
Th
is
incr
ea
sin
g a
wa
ren
ess
ab
ou
t e
nv
iro
nm
en
tal
an
d
soci
al
issu
es
is a
sig
n o
f h
op
e.
Go
vern
me
nts
an
d
ind
ust
ry m
ust
bu
ild
on
th
at“
(K
lau
s To
ep
fer)
Wo
rld
be
hin
d t
he
we
dd
ing
rin
g (
7g
) is
27
00
kg
(fa
cto
r 3
85
,00
0)
F
. S
chm
idt-
Ble
ek,
Fact
or
10
In
stit
ute
, F
ran
ce
17
So
urc
e:
Se
pp
o L
ajo
nn
en
Me
tal
rin
g F
act
or
70
70
Ca
r:
Fact
or
15
LCD
:
Fact
or
3
00
Ce
ll p
ho
ne
:
Fa
cto
r 5
00
PC
:
Fa
cto
r 1
00
0
Ch
air
ma
n’s
sta
tem
en
t W
RF
20
12
(B
eij
ing
)
Sca
rcit
y o
f re
sou
rce
s, i
ncr
ea
sin
g p
rice
s, a
nd
un
sust
ain
ab
le u
se o
f re
sou
rce
s h
ind
er
eco
no
mic
de
ve
lop
me
nt,
le
ad
to
po
ve
rty
an
d s
oci
al
un
rest
an
d p
ose
ris
ks f
or
glo
ba
l
sta
bil
ity
Se
curi
ng
re
sou
rce
su
pp
lie
s
•G
ove
rnm
en
ts n
ee
d t
o b
e a
lert
to
gro
win
g s
pid
er
we
b o
f b
ila
tera
l re
sou
rce
ag
ree
me
nts
, in
pa
rtic
ula
r th
ose
in
volv
ing
de
velo
pin
g a
nd
em
erg
ing
co
un
trie
s
•B
ett
er
reso
urc
e g
ove
rna
nce
(n
eu
tra
l
inte
rna
tio
na
l p
latf
orm
)
Inve
stin
g i
n r
eso
urc
e e
ffic
ien
cy
•In
vest
me
nts
in
mo
re r
eso
urc
e e
ffic
ien
t p
rod
uct
s,
serv
ice
s a
nd
sys
tem
s
•P
ha
sin
g o
ut
de
pe
nd
en
cie
s fo
ssil
fu
els
•S
ust
ain
ab
le b
usi
ne
ss a
nd
cit
y m
an
ag
em
en
t:
en
erg
y e
ffic
ien
t b
uil
din
g,
ren
ew
ab
le m
ate
ria
ls
such
as
wo
od
, m
eta
l re
cycl
ing
, u
rba
n m
inin
g,
ICT
too
ls
Po
lici
es
for
Re
sou
rce
Eff
icie
ncy
•G
ove
rnm
en
ts:
reg
ula
tio
ns,
ta
xes,
aw
are
ne
ss a
nd
info
rma
tio
n,
infr
ast
ruct
ure
•B
usi
ne
ss:
be
tte
r p
rod
uct
s a
nd
se
rvic
es,
be
tte
r
info
rma
tio
n (
reso
urc
e e
ffic
ien
t, l
ess
po
llu
tin
g,
be
tte
r
lab
ou
r co
nd
itio
ns)
•In
div
idu
als
: co
nsu
me
dif
fere
ntl
y, d
o g
oo
d,
an
d s
top
on
ce i
n a
wh
ile
an
d b
e h
ap
py
?
Urb
an
min
ing
A
to
n o
f o
re f
rom
a g
old
min
e y
ield
s 5
gra
ms
of
go
ld
A
to
n o
f ce
ll p
ho
ne
s ca
n y
ield
up
to
15
0 g
ram
s o
f g
old
Urb
an
Min
ing
• d
evelo
pm
ent in
fra
str
uctu
re for
pri
mary
an
d u
rba
n m
inin
g in
Afr
ica
• facili
tation o
f access to g
loba
l
mark
ets
for
the c
om
mod
itie
s
resultin
g fro
m p
rim
ary
and
urb
an
min
ing
• inclu
sio
n o
f in
form
al secto
r
Su
sta
ina
ble
Re
cycl
ing
In
du
stri
es
Pro
gra
m (
SR
I):
Ad
van
ce r
aw
ma
teri
als
ste
wa
rdsh
ip in
de
velo
pin
g c
ou
ntr
ies,
a
chie
ve
sust
ain
ab
le r
eco
very
of
raw
ma
teri
als
(se
con
da
ry m
ate
ria
ls)
an
d h
elp
ma
ke t
he
m a
vail
ab
le f
or
the
in
tern
ati
on
al
ma
rke
t
•N
on
-re
ne
wa
ble
ra
w m
ate
ria
ls (
cop
pe
r, g
old
etc
) o
rig
ina
te i
n m
an
y c
ase
s in
de
velo
pin
g c
ou
ntr
ies
•A
vail
ab
ilit
y o
f m
an
y m
eta
ls (
eg
. ra
re e
art
h e
lem
en
ts)
mo
re c
riti
cal
•E
ffic
ien
t m
an
ag
em
en
t m
ore
im
po
rta
nt
tha
n e
ver,
re
cycl
ing
of
dis
card
ed
co
nsu
me
r
go
od
s
Re
cove
ry o
f se
con
da
ry r
aw
ma
teri
als
ma
inly
do
ne
in
th
e i
nfo
rma
l se
cto
r
~ 2
5’0
00
pe
op
le w
ork
in
th
e
the
info
rma
l p
last
ic
recy
clin
gse
cto
r in
Ne
w
De
lhi,
In
dia
~ 1
0’0
00
wo
rke
rs e
ng
ag
e i
n
the
in
form
al
e-w
ast
e
recy
clin
g s
ect
or
in A
ccra
,
Gh
an
a
25
Th
e p
reva
len
t p
ract
ice
s in
th
e i
nfo
rma
l se
cto
r
be
ar
hig
h r
isks
Po
llu
tio
n
He
alt
h h
aza
rds
Cro
ss c
on
tam
ina
tio
n
Op
en
ca
ble
bu
rnin
g i
s
a m
ajo
r so
urc
e f
or
dio
xin
es
Info
rma
l g
old
le
ach
ers
inh
ale
to
xic
fu
me
s
Th
e l
ea
d c
on
ten
t in
recy
cle
d p
last
ics
oft
en
lie
s a
bo
ve
le
ga
l le
ve
ls
26
Sta
nd
ard
s n
ee
de
d
?
ren
ew
ab
le
seco
nd
ary
n
on
-re
ne
wa
ble
Su
sta
ina
ble
Re
cycl
ing
In
du
stri
es
1.
Imp
rov
em
en
t o
f b
asi
c d
ata
fo
r a
sse
ssin
g t
he
qu
ali
ty o
f se
con
da
ry r
aw
ma
teri
als
(la
ck
of
life
-cyc
le d
ata
). R
eg
ion
al
cen
ters
fo
r co
lle
ctio
n o
f d
ata
to
be
de
velo
pe
d i
n I
nd
ia,
So
uth
Afr
ica
, E
gy
pt
an
d B
razi
l
2.
Pilo
t p
roje
cts
for
imp
rov
ing
re
cycl
ing
ch
ain
s. E
xch
an
ge
be
st p
ract
ice
s a
nd
sta
nd
ard
s, m
ark
et-
ori
en
ted
dis
po
sal,
re
intr
od
uct
ion
in
to g
lob
al
raw
ma
teri
al
ma
rke
ts.
Gh
an
a,
So
uth
Afr
ica
, E
gy
pt,
Co
lum
bia
, P
eru
an
d I
nd
ia
3.
Intr
od
uct
ion
of
sust
ain
ab
ilit
y c
rite
ria
fo
r n
on
-re
ne
wa
ble
se
con
da
ry r
aw
ma
teri
als
thro
ug
h e
sta
bli
shm
en
t o
f m
ult
i-st
ake
ho
lde
r p
latf
orm
Vis
it t
he
Wo
rld
Re
sou
rce
s Fo
rum
ww
w.w
orl
dre
sou
rce
sfo
rum
.org
info
@w
orl
dre
sou
rce
sfo
rum
.org
