2013 05 herramientas

S caleChecked by

Drawn by

Date

Project numberCarleton UniversityVisualization and S imulation Building,Fourth Floor1125 Colonel By DriveOttawa, ON, K1S5B 6

t: 613 520 2600 x2867f: 613 520 [email protected] a

Accuracy ± 1", Do not sca le drawings.

29/0

8/20

12 1

:47:

29 P

M

Log Building, Drawings

1

C DMICA - Ashton, ON28/08/12

MS

N/A

A100

Note:

These drawings arepart of a datasetcompiled for theC ultural Diversity andMaterial Imaginatonin C anadianArchitectureResearch Project.

These drawings wereprepared using acombination of handarchitectural survey,total stationsurveying and lase rscanning. Theacc uracy is ±1".

HERRAMIENTASPARA DOCUMENTAR EL PATRIMONIO

Mario Santana Quintero

HERRAMIENTAS Mario Santana QuinteroCarleton University 2

PAGE

Conservación del patrimonio arquitectónico

CuAlES SoN loS pRoduCToSplANIfICACIoN y TopICoS dE lA doCuMENTACIoN

Los siguientes productos son un ejemplo de la documentación de elementos característicos de un sitio de patrimonio:

Location.

http://homepage.ulb.ac.be/~majansen/maps/Mapcam.html,17/11/2011

Plano de Ubicación

N

A A

Plantas Sectiones de planta

DetallesArquitectónicos

Puertas, ventanas, moldes,per�les, etc....


PAGE


Secciones del edificio

Fachadas a levantar

Fotografia

CuAlES SoN loS pRoduCToSplANIfICACIoN y TopICoS dE lA doCuMENTACIoN


PAGE


Levantamiento a manoHAND SURVEY

This tool makes use of tape measure or mea-suring rod, plumb bob or level, a drawing pencil and paper

It requires minimal training

It even helps becoming familiar with the object by allowing the discovery of subtle aspects.Direct contact with the subject required

Labour intensive if a high accuracy is needed

Nowadays the sketches made on site are often transcribed into a Computer Aided Design and Drafting (CAD) �le.

PRELIMINARY (CATALOGUE)DETAILED (MONOGRAPH)

LEVEL OF DETAIL

OCCLUSION

SURVEY FACADES (HEIGHTS)

LOW MID HIGH

SKILLS

LOW MID HIGH

ENGAGEMENT

SPEED

RANGE

OPERABILITY

ROBUSTNESS

PORTABILITY ADJUSMENTAND CORRECTIONS

PRICE

PRECISION

Ranges from meters - cms

Short A�ordable

Simple

RobustSlow

Very portable

Heritage recording application: recording atbuilding and archaeological site detailed level

ToolS Mario Santana QuinteroCarleton University 5

PAGE

Architectural Conservation & Sustainability

Levantamiento a mano - bocetos

TRILATERATION

More generally, trilatera-tion methods involve the determination of absolute or relative locations of points by measurement of distances, using the geometry of circles or triangles. In contrast to triangulation it does not involve the measure-ment of angles.

HOWMeasure the distance AB and draw the line on the paper-sheet;Measure BC and AD and set out both distances on the sheet with the help of a compass devise.Draw completely ABCD.Following this principle the rest of the building can be measured and drawn into a map.

MATERIALS NEEDEDMeasuring tapeDrawing boardDrawing paperScale rulerSet of squaresCompassPencils


PAGE


WALL PROSPECTION

SURFACE SURVEY brick by brick, and stone by stone.

A grid of plumb bobs and horizontal ropes are set on the wall and on the paper sheet. The bricks de�ned by the grid square may be measured by triangula-tion or by orthogonal method.

HOWFirst make a orthogonal grid of plumb bobs and horizontal ropesDraw the grid on the paper-sheet.Measure and record the bricks or the stones separately according to the grid.

Result of the documentation: a 2-Dimensional plan

MATERIAL NEEDEDSeveral plumb bobs - Rope - NailsHammer - Measuring tape - Drawing board Drawing paper - Scale ruler - Set of squares - Pencils



PAGE


ORTHOGONALHOWEstablishing the control line with a measuring tape and two range poles at each side;With the optical prism align the two range poles of the control line and set o� a 90° angle to a third range pole, which is held at the corner of the building (for example at A) or at the point, which has to be measured.A plumb-bob attached to the optical prism points the distance on the control line (for example: for A the distance is 2,40m).The distance between the control line and the corner of the building is measured.

MATERIAL NEEDED2 measuring tapes - 2 tripods for range rods - 1 rod level (bubble)1 plumb-bob - 1 optical prism - Drawing board - Drawing paperScale ruler - Set of squares - 3 range rods - Pencils

FEATURE



PAGE


H E R R A M I E N T A S

GPNS GLOBAL POSITIONING & NAVIGATION SYSTEMSThe Global Positioning System (GPS) is a space-based global navigation satellite system that provides reliable location and time information in all weather and at all times and anywhere on or near the Earth there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites.

It is maintained by the United States government and is freely accessible by anyone with a GPS receiver.

RECONAISSANCE (REGISTER)PRELIMINARY (CATALOGUE)

LEVEL OF DETAIL

OCCLUSION

ONLY OUTDOORS

LOW MID HIGH

SKILLS

LOW MID HIGH

ENGAGEMENT

SPEED

RANGE

OPERABILITY

ROBUSTNESS


PRICE

PRECISION

Ranges from meters - cms

KMS Depends on Handheld (a�ordable)

Simple

RobustFast

Very portable

Heritage recording application: de�nition of boundaries, topography, paths and other topographicfeatures of large scales

NAVSTAR – a constellation of satellites orbiting theEarth at an altitude of 20,200km. (Portions © 2003 TrimbleNavigation Limited. All rights reserved.)


PAGE


ENGLISH HERITAGE CLASSIFICATION:

Navigation-grade GPSMap accuracy and absolute accuracy approximately 10m. Good for �nding loca-tion in relation to maps and relocating sites, but not suitable for site survey. Noto-riously bad for height information.

Mapping-gradeGPS.Map accuracy and absolute accuracy down to 1m can be achieved, in real-time or if post-processed. Suitable for mapping up to 1:2500 scale but not suitable for site survey.

Survey-gradeGPS.Centimetre relative accuracy. Map accuracy and absolute accuracy to the nearest 100mm can be achieved either in real time or by post- processing.

GNSS: TIpoS


PAGE


Time of �ight (TOF) device:

- Laser - Infrared

Describes a variety of methods that measure the time that it takes for an object, particle or acoustic, electro-magnetic or other wave to travel a distance through a medium

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-of-�ight

A total station is an electronic/optical instrument used in modern surveying. The total station is an electronic theodolite (transit) integrated with an elec-tronic distance meter (EDM) to read distances from the instrument to a particular point.


LEVEL OF DETAIL

OCCLUSION

A�ected by range

LOW MID HIGH

SKILLS

LOW MID HIGH

ENGAGEMENT

SPEED

RANGE

OPERABILITY

ROBUSTNESS


PRICE

PRECISION

Ranges mm - cms (a�ected by re�ective surfaces

0 - 2KM relatively costly, dependson device, but accessible - sustainable in long term

Requires surveyingknowledge

RobustModerate

Portable



PAGE


WORKFLOW

5 MEASURE ADDITIONAL REFERENCE POSITIONS

INSTRUMENT POSITION

REFERENCE POSITION

WORKFLOW

MEASURE: SELECT AND RECORD (POINTS, LINES ...)NEW POINTS TO CAPTURE THE GEOMETRY OF THE BUILDING

WORKFLOW

ORIENTATE TO REFERENCE POSITION

INSTRUMENT POSITION

REFERENCE POSITION

4

TOTAL STATION3

WORKFLOW

6 MOVE AND SET UP ON NEW REFERENCE POSITIONREPEAT 2, 3 AND 4

INSTRUMENT POSITION

REFERENCE POSITION

WORKFLOW

8 MOVE AND SET UP ON NEW REFERENCE POSITIONREPEAT 2, 3 AND 4

Referencing from a newposition

INSTRUMENT POSITION

REFERENCE POSITION

WORKFLOW

7 MEASURE NEW REFERENCE POSITION INSIDE THE BUILDING

WORKFLOW

9 MEASURE: SELECT AND RECORD (POINTS, LINES ...)NEW POINTS TO CAPTURE THE GEOMETRY OF THE BUILDING

Measuring from a ewposition: points, lines, etc

INSTRUMENT POSITION

NEWREFERENCE POSITION



PAGE


TOTAL STATIONH E R R A M I E N T A S


PAGE


PANORAMIC PHOTOGRAPHY

Set of overlapping images

!

Panoramic headto minimize parallax e�ect



PAGE


IMAGE ISSUES

Field of viewThe camera's �eld of view de�nes how much it sees and is a function of the focal length of the lens and the size (often called the format) of the digital sensor. For a given lens, a larger format sensor has a larger �eld of view.

Focal length

Aperture

Exposure

Shutter speed

ISO sensitivity

Factors inPhotography

f o T o G R A f í A


PAGE


IMAGE ISSUES Field of view

A �sheye (10.5mm)

Wide lens (10 mm)

A rectilinear lens (18mm)

Focal lenght examples



PAGE


IMAGE DISTORTION

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distortion_(optics) - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspective_distortion_(photography)http://www.dxo.com/us/photo/dxo_optics_pro/optics_geometry_corrections/distortion

Issues:

Radial distortion is a failure of a lens to be rectilinear: a failure to image lines into lines. If a photograph is not taken straight-on then, even with a perfect rectilinear lens, rectangles will appear as trapezoids: lines are imaged as lines, but the angles between them are not preserved (tilt is not a conformal map). This e�ect can be controlled by using a perspective control lens, or corrected in posprocessing

Perspective distortion is a warping or transfor-mation of an object and its surrounding area that di�ers signi�cantly from what the object would look like with a normal focal length. Perspective distortion can typically be seen in images shot using a wide angle of view, where an object close to the lens appears abnormally large relative to more distant objects, or in distant shots with a narrow angle of view, where the viewer cannot discern relative distances between distant objects and more distant objects may look exceptionally large, when such images are



PAGE


IMAGE DISTORTION

Nikon re�ex camera: D300 Lens Fisheye 10.5mm D300 Lens 18mm D300 Lens 10 (wide) mm

Lens reduction software: PT Lens

http://epaperpress.com/ptlens/

Without correction After correction



PAGE


25x controls aremeasured

SCALE RECTIFY PHOTOGRAPHY AND CAD OVERLAY

1Parallel photo to object

Using a digital camera

Using a surveying deviceExample: A Total Station

NOT RECOMMENDED FORIrregular surfacesCircular surfacesComplex Multi-plane surface

NO

YES

Surfaces

1

2

3

4

5

1 2 3 4 5

Each surface requiresrecti�cation

1 2

REALITYA facade with di�erent planes

RECTIFIED IMAGE Showing di�erent planes (each plane is recti�edusing a di�erent image

foTo RECTIfICAdA


PAGE


5x controls aremeasured

WHERE SHOULD THE TARGETS BE PLACE (OR DEFINED)

A. Glue the targets (do not damage the subject’s fabric);B. Make a sketch or print out a photograph indicating thelocation of the targets

Glue the targets on the upper/bottomcorners of the subject to obtain a betterrecti�ed image covering the entire plane

APPROPIATE LOCATION OF NATURAL ANDTARGET STICKERS TO RECTIFY TWO PLANES IN THIS ELEVATION

NaturalTargets

StickerTargets

Plane 1

Plane 2

Try to cover the elevation by putting targets (or de�ning natural ones) on each corner of the plane to be recti�ed, two additional targets should be place alternatively to evaluate the global accuracy of therecti�cation (Min 5 targets are needed)

foTo RECTIfICAdA


PAGE


SCALE RECTIFY PHOTOGRAPHY AND CAD OVERLAY

Photograph is recti�ed using software to:

- According to camera calibration parameters to reduce radial distortion- Reduce Perspective distortion with control points and get absolute orientation in space

foTo RECTIfICAdA


PAGE


RECTIFICATION USING SPECIALIZED SOFTWARE

Photograph is recti�ed using software to:

- According to camera calibration parameters to reduce radial distortion- Reduce Perspective distortion with control points and get absolute orientation in space

foTo RECTIfICAdA


PAGE


CAD OVERLAY OF A RECTIFIED IMAGE

AutoCAD can be used to trace the recti�ed image and make a measured drawing

foTo RECTIfICAdA


PAGE


SCALE RECTIFY PHOTOGRAPHY AND CAD OVERLAYA CAD package is usedto overlay the geometryof the feature

foTo RECTIfICAdA


PAGE


F O T O G R A M E T R I ALEVEL OF DETAIL

OCCLUSION

ONLY CAPTURES CAMERA FOV

LOW MID HIGH

SKILLS

LOW MID HIGH

ENGAGEMENT

SPEED

RANGE

OPERABILITY

ROBUSTNESS


PRICE

PRECISION

Ranges to mm and cms

0.1-160m Depends on application

Complex

A�ected by photo parameters & occlusion

Fast

Portable

Heritage recording application: useful at any scale


Photogrammetry

Position

Orientation

Shape

Size

based on photochemical conventional photography)

photoelectrical (digital photography)

OBJECTS

Kraus, K. "Photogrammetry: Geometry from Images and Laser Scans",de Gruyter Textbook, 2006, P. 1.

Digital points determination: 3d coordinates

Drawings (analogue) - planimetric detail and contour lines

Geometric models (digital) - transfer to GIS or CAD

Images (analogue or digital: ortho, recti�ed photos3D photomodels

Is the art, science, and technology of obtaining reliable information about physical objects and the environment through the processes of recording, measuring, and interpreting photographic images


PAGE


F O T O G R A M E T R I AClosed-range (terrestrial)

is the taking of photographs of the ground from an elevated position. The term usually refers to images in which the camera is not supported by a ground-based structure. Cameras may be hand held or mounted, and photographs may be taken by a photographer, triggered remotely or triggered automatically. Platforms for aerial photography include �xed-wing aircraft, helicopters, balloons, blimps and dirigibles, rockets, kites, poles and parachutes.

Aerial

Used by architects and civil engineers (to produce as-built records of buildings or document their condition), archae-ologists (to facilitate analysis of historic buildings), sur-geons (plastic surgery), police departments (documentation of tra�c accidents and crimescenes) - involves a camera, tripod, and software


PAGE


ESCANEo 3dLEVEL OF DETAIL

OCCLUSION

ONLY CAPTURES FOV

LOW MID HIGH

SKILLS

LOW MID HIGH

ENGAGEMENT

SPEED

RANGE

OPERABILITY

ROBUSTNESS


PRICE

PRECISION

Ranges to mm and cms

2-160m Depends on Handheld (a�ordable)

Complex

A�ected by temperature& refelctance surfaces

Fast

Portable butrequires care

Heritage recording application: high density of surface information at building scale

SURFACE IS SAMPLEDShapeAppearance (colour)

A 3D scanner is any device that collects 3D co-ordinates of a given region of an object surface automatically and in a systematic pattern at a high rate (hundreds or thousands of points per second) achieving the results (i.e. 3D coordinates) in (near) real time.

The advantage of scanning is the fact that it can record huge numbers of points with high accuracy in a relatively short period of time. It is like taking a photograph with depth information. Laser scanners are line-of-sight instruments, so to ensure complete coverage of a structure multiple scan positions are required.



PAGE


ESCANEO 3D T I P O STERRESTRIAL 3D SCANNERS

Dynamic Scanners

Static Scanners

Long range (150 - 1000 m)

Mid range (1 - 180 m)

Close range (0,5 - 2 m)

590 f

3280 f

6,56 f


PAGE


ESCANEO 3D

MEASURING USING LIGHT (LASERS)

!

!

TIPOS


PAGE


ESCANEO 3D

UNDERSTANDING 3D SCANNING DEVICES

Field of view (FOV)

Range

Close

Mid

Long

Accuracy

Sub mm

mm

cms

Speed

100 pt/sec

1000 - 1000000 pt/sec

500000 - 1000000 pt/sec

ASPECTOS


PAGE


ESCANEO 3D

1. PLANNING

2. RECORDING

3. REGISTRATION

4. MODELLING

0. DEFINE DELIVERABLES Resolution

The key question when carrying out a laser scanning project is choosing the correct resolution.

The resolution is de�ned as the distance between two subsequent measured points, and thus deter-mines the density of points in the point cloud. Often people mistake accuracy with resolution. Although there is a certain connection between both, they still de�ne a di�erent aspect of the laser scanning process

PROCESO


PAGE


ESCANEO 3D

Polygon mesh models or surface models

Solid CAD models

Vectors (wireframes)

PRODUCTOS


PAGE


ESCANEO 3D

Work�ow Scan positions

WRONG

CORRECT

LEVANTAMIENTO


PAGE


ESCANEO 3D

ScanPositions

CommonPoints

Point clouds are merged

REGISTRO


PAGE


ESCANEO 3D

Remove disconnected parts Remove noisy points

MODELAJE


PAGE


ESCANEO 3D

Meshing

Filling holes

MODELAJE


PAGE


ESCANEO 3D

Final mesh

MODELAJE


PAGE


STRUCTURAL ASSESSMENTS

A p l I C A C I o N


PAGE


Color coded normal map

(Colors indicate the horizontal angle of the normal to the surfaceof the wall)

Wall is broken in three parts

Isolines

Eastern Wall Elevation (1/100) Color coded depth map &

(interval: 1 cm).

STRUCTURALPATHOLOGY INTERPRETATIONGeneration of 3D and 2D maps to understandthe deformations of the structure.

Smars, PierreStructural IntegrityassessmentProtecting BAALBEK’sIntegrity: a proposal for an integrated risk preparedness strategy

A p l I C A C I o N


PAGE


A p l I C A C I o N

Color coded normal map

(Colors indicate the horizontal angle of the normal to the surfaceof the wall)

Wall is broken in three parts

Isolines

Eastern Wall Elevation (1/100) Color coded depth map &

(interval: 1 cm).

STRUCTURALPATHOLOGY INTERPRETATIONGeneration of 3D and 2D maps to understandthe deformations of the structure.

Smars, PierreStructural IntegrityassessmentProtecting BAALBEK’sIntegrity: a proposal for an integrated risk preparedness strategy


PAGE


ESCANEO 3D COSTOS

STRUCTURAL ASSESSMENTS


PAGE


O T R O SLow cost aerial photography: BalloonsUNDER DEVELOPMENT

Aerial Digital Photography from a Balloon for Fifty Dollarshttp://lindholm.jp/chpro_bal.htmlSpiral Getty:http://www.getty.edu/conservation/publications_resources/videos/focus/spiral_jetty.html

RAND EPPICH


PAGE


O T R O SLow cost aerial photography: KitesUNDER DEVELOPMENT

BILL BLAKE


PAGE


NuEvAS TECNICAS

Creación de módelos 3D a partir de fotos

Basado en multiples fotos (tangenciales) de una escena, plataformas:

EN DESARROLLO

http://homes.esat.kuleuven.be/~visit3d/webservice/v2/index.php (KU Leuven)

Tecnicas actuales

http://www.123dapp.com/catch (Autodesk)

http://photosynth.net/ (Microsoft)

Automaticamente las imagenes Calculo automatico dedistorción focal

Automaticamente “dense matching for depth map generation”Módelo 3D

http://insight3d.sourceforge.net/

1

2 3

4

E M E R G E N T E S


PAGE


pRoCESo dE lEvANTAMIENTo foToGRAMETRICo


PAGE




PAGE




PAGE




PAGE


RESulTAdo dEl pRoCESo: oRTo-foToGRAfIA


PAGE


RESulTAdo dEl pRoCESo: oRTo-foToGRAfIA

Ceiling

WEST ELEVATION

EAST ELEVATION

SO

UTH

ELE

VATI

ON

SO

UTH

ELE

VATION


PAGE


UAV: Unmanned Aerial VehiclesUNDER DEVELOPMENT

Equipped with Integrated Low-Cost INS/GPS to take aerial photographs automatically following a prede�ned �igh plan

Drones

Helicopters

Flight plan controller

$$$$

E M E R G E N T E S


PAGE


HDR 360-degree camerasUNDER DEVELOPMENT

Full spherical 360-degree image capturing: it is the �rst camera able to measure real-worldluminosity values from the darkest shadow areas through to the brightest sunlight - with a single scan operation

http://www.spheron.com/

E M E R G E N T E S

Documents

2013 05 herramientas