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Economics 1: Spring 2012 Monopoly J. Bradford DeLong, Lanwei Wang, and a cast of thousands... March 12, 2012

20120312 Econ 1 - Grasping Reality with Both Hands ... · 3/12/2012  · Ladies(and(Gentlemen,(to(your(iClickers… • And(the(firm’s(supply(curve(– A.(Will(startat$105000—aer(all,(you(have(to(pay(for(thatupfrontrental,(so(you(have

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Page 1: 20120312 Econ 1 - Grasping Reality with Both Hands ... · 3/12/2012  · Ladies(and(Gentlemen,(to(your(iClickers… • And(the(firm’s(supply(curve(– A.(Will(startat$105000—aer(all,(you(have(to(pay(for(thatupfrontrental,(so(you(have

Economics  1:  Spring  2012  Monopoly  

J.  Bradford  DeLong,  Lanwei  Wang,  and  a  cast  of  thousands...  

March  12,  2012  

Page 2: 20120312 Econ 1 - Grasping Reality with Both Hands ... · 3/12/2012  · Ladies(and(Gentlemen,(to(your(iClickers… • And(the(firm’s(supply(curve(– A.(Will(startat$105000—aer(all,(you(have(to(pay(for(thatupfrontrental,(so(you(have

Let’s  Start  with  a  Business…  

•  Brie  L.  and  Johnny  D.  start  a  business—Stranger  Tides  Pirate  BouIque,  say…  –  They  rent  100  storefronts  at  $105000/day  –  They  can  sell  up  to  1000  items  of  pirate  gear  at  a  cost  of  $3/item  

from  each  storefont—that  is  a  total  of  100000  items/day  –  Beyond  that,  their  costs  go  up:  they  can’t  find  things  and  have  to  

hire  people  to  paw  through  merchandise,  etc—beyond  1000  items,  their  marginal  cost  is  $3  +  (Q-­‐100000)/10000,  where  Q  is  the  total  number  of  items  they  sell…  

•  Suppose  that  there  is  nobody  else  selling:  they  are  a  monopoly  

•  Demand  for  the  firm’s  products  is:  –  Q  =  25000  x  (10  –  P)  

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Ladies  and  Gentlemen,  to  your  iClickers…  

•  And  the  firm’s  supply  curve  – A.  Will  start  at  $105000—a]er  all,  you  have  to  pay  for  that  upfront  rental,  so  you  have  to  charge  $105000  for  your  first  sale  

– B.  Will  start  at  $3  and  be  flat.  – C.  Will  start  at  $3  and  then  smoothly  rise  to  $5  and  beyond.  

– D.  Will  be  flat  at  $5.  – E.  We  don’t  have  enough  informaIon  

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Supply  and  Marginal  Cost  

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Monopoly  in  the  Short  Run  

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Ladies  and  Gentlemen,  to  your  iClickers…  

•  How  much  will  the  Stranger  Tides  Pirate  BouIque  sell?  – A.  As  much  as  it  can  at  its  efficient  marginal  cost  of  $3:  100000  units  

– B.  Enough  to  make  the  firm  supply  curve  intersect  the  demand-­‐for-­‐the-­‐firm’s-­‐products  curve:  121430  

– C.  The  same  as  under  perfect  compeIIon:  800000.  

– D.  None  of  the  above  

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Monopoly:  Marginal  Cost  and  Revenue  

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Ladies  and  Gentlemen,  to  your  iClickers…  

•  So  the  Stranger  Tides  Pirate  BouIque  will  sell  87500  units  a  day  in  the  short  run.  What  price  will  it  charge  in  the  short  run?  – A.  Its  cost:  $3.  – B.  Where  there  is  demand  for  87500  units:  $6.50  – C.  Where  supply  intersects  demand:  $5.14  – D.  The  perfect-­‐compeIIon  equilibrium  price:  $4  – E.  None  of  the  above  

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Monopoly:  Marginal  Cost  and  Revenue  

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Ladies  and  Gentlemen,  to  your  iClickers…  

•  How  much  profit  does  the  Stranger  Tides  Pirate  BouIque  make  in  the  short  run?  – A.  $6.50  x  87500  =  $568750  – B.  $5  x  87500  =  $437500  – C.  ($6.50  -­‐  $3)  x  87500  -­‐  $1050  =  $201250  – D.  ($6.50  -­‐  $3)  x  87500  =  $301250  – E.  $6.50  x  87500  -­‐  $105000  =  $468750  

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Ladies  and  Gentlemen,  to  your  iClickers…  

•  So  what  will  happen  next?  – A.  New  compeItors  will  enter  and  Stranger  Tides  will  lose  its  monopoly  

– B.  Stranger  Tides  will  expand  to  lower  its  costs.  – C.  Stranger  Tides  will  contract  to  raise  its  prices.  – D.  We  can’t  tell.  Any  of  a  number  of  things  might  happen  

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Monopoly  in  the  Long  Run  

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Ladies  and  Gentlemen,  to  your  iClickers…  

•  Suppose  it  maintains  its  monopoly.  What  will  Stranger  Tides  do  in  the  long  run?  –  A.  ConInue  to  produce  87,500  and  sell  at  $6.50.  –  B.  Its  costs  if  it  produces  87,500  are  $3  x  87,500  +  $1050  x  100  =  

$367500.  If  it  rented  fewer  storefronts—88  rather  than  100—it  could  save  money  as  its  total  costs  would  only  be  $354,900.  It  will  do  so.  

–  C.  Its  short-­‐term  marginal  cost  is  $3  but  its  long-­‐term  marginal  cost  is  $4.  Marginal  revenue  intersects  long-­‐term  marginal  cost  at  not  87,500  but  75,000:  it  will  rent  75  storefronts  and  produce  75,000  at  a  cost  of  $304,800  

–  D.  It  will  expand  in  order  to  make  compeItors  scared  of  entering  the  market.  

–  E.  We  cannot  tell  what  will  happen.  

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Monopoly  in  the  Long  Run  

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Ladies  and  Gentlemen,  to  your  iClickers…  

•  Suppose  it  maintains  its  monopoly.  How  much  money  will  Stranger  Tides  make  in  the  long  run?  – A.  87,500  x  ($6.50-­‐$4)  =  $218,750.  – B.  87,500  x  ($7  -­‐  $4)  =  $262500  – C.  75,000  x  ($7  -­‐  $4)  =  $225000  – D.  75000  x  $7  –  75000  x  $3  –  75  x  $1050  =  $221,250  

– E.  68000  x  ($7  -­‐  $3)  +  7000  x  ($7-­‐$3.50)  –  68  x  $1050  =  $225000  

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Monopoly  in  the  Long  Run  

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EvaluaIng  Monopoly  

•  One  firm  – Demand:  Q  =  25000(10  –  P)  

•  Consumer  surplus:  – Average  consumer  surplus:  ($10-­‐$7)/2  =  $1.75  – Number  of  consumers:  75000  – Total  consumer  surplus:  $131,250  

•  Producer  surplus:  – 75000  x  ($7  -­‐  $4)  =  $225,000  

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EvaluaIng  Monopoly  II  

•  Suppose  we  had  the  same  industry  demand  curve  –  Industry  Demand:  Q  =  25000(10  –  P)  

•  But  suppose  we  had  perfect  compeIIon  –  Industry  Supply:  P  =  4,  with  each  firm  producing  1100  

•  Welfare:  – We  would  have  150,000  customers  – We  would  have  average  consumer  surplus  of  $3/customer  

– We  would  have  $450,000  of  consumer  surplus  in  the  long  run  

– We  would  sIll  have  $0  producer  surplus  

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Here  the  Comparison  Is  Valid  

•  No  differences  in  tastes  and  preferences  •  We  have  – $450,000  in  consumer  surplus  – vs.  – $131,250  in  consumer  surplus  plus  $225,000  in  producer  surplus    

•  That  difference  is  not  chopped  liver…  •  How  do  we  count  producer  surplus  for  a  monopolist?  Is  it  a  good  thing?  

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How  Would  You  Regulate  a  Monopoly?  

•  Break-­‐up  via  anItrust  policies?  •  Regulate  via  expert  commissions?  – Quota  requirements?  

– Rate  regulaIon?  

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How  Monopolies  Die  

•  AnItrust  enforcement  •  Nibbling  away  by  a  compeIIve  fringe  

•  InsItuIonal  sclerosis  •  DisrupIve  innovaIons  

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How  Monopolies  Are  Born  

•  Predatory  pricing?  •  Collusion,  cartels,  and  mergers?  

•  Cost  advantages  – Via  economies  of  scale  

•  How  acquired?  – Via  superior  technology  

•  How  acquired?  •  The  next  generaIon’s  monopoly  profits  are  the  incenIve  for  this  generaIon’s  research  and  innovaIon  

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Remaining  Topics  •  April  16:  Aggregate  Supply,  the  

Phillips  Curve,  and    •  April  18:  Long-­‐Run  Economic  

Growth  and  the  Government  Budget  

•  April  23:  The  Global  Savings  Glut,  the  Housing  Bubble,  the  Financial  Crisis,  and  the  Recession  

•  April  25:  Policies  to  Stem  the  Recession,  the  Jobless  Recovery,  the  European  Financial  Crisis  

•  April  30:  Review  •  May  7:  Final  Exam  

•  March  7:  MonopolisIc  compeIIon  

•  March  12:  Monopoly  •  March  14:  Oligopoly  and  

strategy  •  March  19:  The  labor  market  •  March  21:  Economic  inequality  •  April  2:  2nd  midterm  •  April  4:  What  Macroeconomics  

Is  •  April  9:  Aggregate  Demand  and  

Supply  •  April  11:  Shi]ing  the  Aggregate  

Demand  Curve