2012 RIT Scale School Norms User's Guide

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2012 RIT SCALE SCHOOL NORMS | 1

2012 RIT Scale School Norms Users Guide * For use with Northwest Evaluation Association

Measures of Academic Progress (MAP ) and MAP for Primary Grades

Y. M. Thum, Ph.D. C. Hauser, Ph.D.

April 10, 2012

Introduction

Strong student achievement has been a familiar indicator of improved learning for students, parents,counselors, educators, and policy makers alike. Researchers at NWEA have long held that two aspects of

achievement results are important to the evaluation of academic success and to efforts aimed at

promoting its attainment. First, knowing what knowledge levels are achieved and what knowledge levels

for a specified population of students are possible, are clearly important. Such information is contained in

norms for student performance status. Second, while it is important to describe how much students know

as judged by their performance levels on a suitable test, it is even more critical for stakeholders who are

charged with promoting student learning success to have a sense of how well and how rapidly their

students are learning. Such information is gained from constructing student norms for learning growth

(NWEA, 2011a).

The school level norms for status and growth in this users guide are designed to fill several important

gaps for users of NWEAs MAP assessments. This document assists administrators and district-level

stakeholders with making decisions and comparisons of school-level status and growth measures for a

specific grade level and test subject. The information from this school norm users guide is appropriate

for referencing school- level performance aggregates to schools in the US population. This provides a

context for interpreting school group data and as such is beneficial for school improvement plans,

communication to school stake-holders, and of course to provide information for district-level school

management decisions.

School Status Norms

Several aspects of the school status norms for fall and spring terms presented in this users guide are

new to users who ar e familiar with NWEAs School Growth Study Part 1 of 2009. Because testing

* Prepared by Y. M. Thum, Ph.D. and C. Hauser, Ph.D. Recommended bibliographic entry is: Northwest Evaluation Association. (2012). RIT Scale School Norms Study: For Use with Measures of Academic Progress (MAP ) andMAP for Primary Grades: An Executive Summary . Portland, OR: Author. Copyright 2012 Northwest Evaluation

Association.


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happened at different points during the instructional year for students and for schools, the new norms

need to consider the impact of variation between schools in when students are tested. While we generally

associate higher performance with students who tested later, we recognize that schools determine their

own testing windows subject to various administrative considerations including, for example, which

students are tested and when they are tested. When schools differ enough in when they test their

students, differences in instructional weeks within the schools testing window cannot not be assumed to

reflect solely the differences in the amount of instruction students received. Our analyses suggest that,

when schools are considered together, testing students later within the instructional calendar may not

necessarily correspond with higher school performance. Such results lead us to formulate norms which

enable users to compare t heir schools mean achievement level with the population of schools in the

United States regardless of when their students tested within a term . A substantive benefit of this

approach is that the school status norms can be used to answer the following types of question:

How does the school level performance in mathematics for our 5 th

graders compare to the performance of 5 th

graders of other schools whenstudents are tested at about the same point during the instructional year?

School Growth Norms

The school growth norms enable users to compare their schools mean gain 1 with the US population of

schools whose students have started at about the same RIT level, have also tested at about the same

time during the instructional year, and have re-tested after a similar amount of instructional time. Again,

the conditional nature of the new growth norms reflects known relationships among learning gains and

how prepared the student might be, and the time interval between baseline and follow-up testing. Its

results help address questions such as:

How does the school-level reading growth of our 4 th graders, using the

average of their gains, compare with the school-level reading growth of

4 th graders from other schools?

Clearly, there is much to be gained from getting a sense of where students as a group are performing and

how they are progressing relative to suitably identified peers and under comparable settings.

Data Source

All norms reported in this document are based on student performance on the Measures of Academic

Progress (MAP ) and the Measures of Academic Progress for Primary Grades (MAP for Primary

Grades) assessments. MAP tests are offered in the content areas of reading, language usage, and

mathematics for grades 2 through 10. MAP for Primary Grades tests are offered in reading and

mathematics for kindergarten through grade 2. Tests are also offered in general science and science

concepts and processes but these are not part of the norms reported here.

1 In th is study, the phrase growth norms are synonymous with gain norms. It should be clear however that we usethe term gain where appropriate to reflect the specific growth measure employed.


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The source for candidate test event records was the Growth Research Database (GRD). The study

timeframe included the testing terms of spring 2009, fall 2009, winter 2010, spring 2010, and fall 2010.

Any test event falling into one of these terms was treated as a candidate for inclusion after they met

several standard eligibility criteria. The procedure resulted in three pools of records, one for each content

area. In contrast to the 2011 RIT scale norms study, which randomly sampled student test histories from

these pools, all test events were considered eligible for inclusion in this users guide . Schools were,

however, randomly sampled to keep computational demands reasonable.

Methodological Improvements

Even if the value of achievement status and growth norms is well understood, how such information may

be systematically assembled and used is just as important. Past norms referred only to schools in the

NWEA user base. In this users guide , we have identified and applied a suitable post-stratification

weighting procedure to meet the challenges of school-level status and growth norms that are more

representative of schools in the US. This approach is well accepted when the data are not a probabilitysample of schools in the US, but is a convenience sample made up of NWEA clients (NWEA, 2011a).

We believe that the improvements in our sample weighting procedures offer the user greater assurance

that the result is a far more compelling picture of how much students know and how fast they are learning

as compared to school level aggregates in the US school population. The reader will find details of the

norming procedures discussed in the 2012 RIT Scale School Norms Study: Technical Report

(forthcoming). Here, we briefly mention several other significant improvements introduced in this users

guide:

1. All test scores are imperfect measures; they contain measurement error. Measurement errorof the observed inputs, for both RIT levels and gain scores, are factored into the analyses in

this users guide to reduce bias in the school-level results and more accurately reflect the

precision of the estimates.

2. In the prior study, the potential for aggregation bias was not taken into account; norms

were computed from the empirical distributions of simple school-level means. In this user s

guide, we took differences in the precision of school-level aggregates into account (larger

schools can be expected to provide better estimates than smaller schools). More defensible

norms are the result.

3. Norms for school performance status are more accurate in that they now take into accountthe point in the instructional calendar, within a term, when schools test their students..

4. Instead of using the growth index alone as the starting point, schools are being compared in

terms of their average student gain scores to the population of schools whose students

share a comparable baseline test score average. The growth index is not employed in

constructing aggregate statistics for measuring growth at the school level. The reason is that

although the growth index is appropriate for comparing gains of academic peers (i.e.,

students who have comparable starting RIT levels), averaging the observed growth index

scores from students with varying starting RIT levels would have mixed apples with


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oranges and mak es the resulting indicator unduly sensitive to the group composition of

students in terms of their baseline performance. (For details, consult the 2012 RIT Scale

School Norm Study: Technical Report.)

5. Norms for school growth in terms the raw gain metric is further contextualized in that users

may also take into account when students test within their instructional year, and the length

of the interval between baseline and follow-up tests.

Results & Illustrative Use-cases

We have found that how schools perform, as represented by their students collectively, can be quite

different from how students perform individually. For almost every test subject and grade level, variances

in school mean performance (for either status or growth) can be considerably smaller than for individual

students when the students schools are not considered in the analysis . This is consistent with the extant

literature on school effects where variation between students within schools tends to be greater than the

variation we find between schools. In controlling for one or more contextual factors, the proceduresemployed in the study result in a comprehensive, and large, set of tables showing status and growth

norms. The set of tables appear in this report in Appendix A for school-level status norms. They are the

subset of results for tests occurring at instructional weeks 4 (fall) and 30 (spring) of the focal grade level.

An overview of how instructional weeks are defined appears in Figure 1.

Figure 1. Schematic layout of testing calendar.

In Appendix B tables for school-level gain norms are provided. These results are for fall baseline tests

taken at instructional week 4 of the focal grade level and spring baseline testing at the 36 th week of

instruction of the prior grade level. These tables also reflect fall-to-fall gains evaluated at 36 intervening

weeks of instruction, fall-to-spring at 26 weeks, and spring-to-spring at 34 weeks. Within each appendix,

school-level status and growth norms tables are presented in content groups reading, language usage,

and mathematics. Within each content group, status norms tables appear in one cluster ordered by

grade, and gains norms tables appear in a second cluster, also ordered by grade. Within each grade, the

types of gains (term-to-term comparisons) appear in a set order fall-to-fall, fall-to-spring, and spring-to-

spring. Table 1 provides a guide to the locations of the norms tables.

Table 1. Location of Norms Tables in this Appendices

Reading Language Usage Mathematics

StatusTables A-1 to A-2 Tables A-3 to A-4 Tables A-5 to A-6

Pages 13-14 Pages 15-16 Pages 17-19Gains Tables B-1 to B-32 Tables B-33 to B-58 Tables B-59 to B-90

Term: ------------- S --- + ----- F ---------- W -------- S ---- + ------ F -----------Instr. Week: ------------(-4) --- 0 ---- (4) --------(18) ------(30)---- + -----(40)-----------Growth Term: S-S 30 ( 4) = 34

F-S 30 4 = 26

F-F 40 4 = 36

------- (g-1) ------ + -------------- (g)------------ ------ + ----------(g+1) -----

Grade: ------- Prior ------ + -------------- Focal --------------- + --------- Next -----


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Pages 21-52 Pages 53-78 Pages 79-110

School Status Norms

Table 2 displays some selected school status norm percentile look-ups. In the case of a school with an

observed mean of 200 RITs for its 4 th graders who took MAP reading at about the 4 th instructional week of

the focal grade, the predicted school average status is 199.0. Additionally, the predicted standard

deviation is 5.5. The status percentile for the school is 57. This result may be located in Table A-1 in

Appendix A. Table 2 also displays selected results for other subjects, grade levels, and testing terms. The

specific tables in Appendix A from which the results are drawn are also included.

Table 2. Selected Look-ups for School Status Norms

Test Read Lang MathGrade 4 4 7 7 5 5

Term Fall Spring Fall Spring Fall Spring

Instructional Week 4 30 4 30 4 30Table A-1 A-2 A-3 A-4 A-5 A-6

Your School Mean 200 209 219 220 212 222

NormsMean 199.4 204.6 215.5 217.9 211.4 219.1

SD 5.5 5.5 4.6 4.6 5.8 6.6

%tile 54 79 77 67 54 67

Figure 2 below provides an annotated sample table to orient the reader to the tables containing status

norms; in this case fall reading. All school status norms for all grade levels for a single testing term and

content area are contained in a single table. Further, for each term, grade-level norms in the forms of

means, standard deviations, standard error of the estimate, and percentile ranks for RIT scores that span

the achievement range are provided. Once the relevant table is identified, two simple steps are all that

are required to determine the percentile rank corresponding to a schools average RIT for a particular

grade level:

1. Locate the grade level across the top of the table.

2. Locate your schools Mean RIT level in the leftmost column of the table.

From Figure 2, we can see that a school with an average RIT of 200 in Reading for its 4 th graders has

performed at the 54th

percentile. Note that when a schools specific RIT level is itself not in the table,simple interpolation is required. For example, lets say the average RIT had been 195 in reading for 4 th

graders. Since 195 is half way between 194 and 196, interpolation would calculate half the difference

between the percentile rank for 196 (27) and the percentile rank for 194 (16) and add that difference to

16. That is, (27-16)*0.5 = 5.5 (rounded to 6); 16 + 6 22 nd percentile rank. A more precise value can be

obtained with the NORMDIST function in Microsoft Excel; in this case, the NORMDIST function would be

entered as =NORMDIST(RIT value of interest, Mean, SD , cumulative)

=NORMDIST(195,199.41,5.46,1) = 21.


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Figure 2. Sample School Status Norms Table

1

2


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School Growth Norms

School growth norms are useful for gauging how much students at a school learned from one term to

another considered as a group and compared with similar students served by other schools in the US.

Table 3 displays the school growth norm results for selected schools serving different subjects, grade

levels, and terms. For instance, a school with an observed average gain in mathematics of 9 RITs for its5 th graders, whose baseline average score is 212 RITs during instructional week 4 (fall of focal grade),

grew as an aggregate at the 72 nd percentile from fall-to-fall. The result may be obtained from Table B-73

in Appendix B. Similarly, a school with an average gain of 8 RITs in reading for its 4 th graders grew at the

67 th percentile from spring-to-spring (see Table B-14).

Table 3. Selected Look-ups for School Growth Norms

Test Read Lang Math

Grade 4 7 5

Term F-F S-S F-S S-S F-F F-S

Start Week 4 -4 2 4 -4* 4 4

Starting RIT 199 202 215 219 212 214School Average Gains

Table B-12 B-14 B-48 B-49 B-73 B-74

Your School Mean Gain 8.4 8.0 3.3 4.0 9.0 10.1

Norms

Mean 7.8 7.2 3.7 2.6 7.7 9.3

SD 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 2.2 2.4

%tile 64 67 41 78 72 64

Figure 3 illustrates the norms for fall-to-fall gains for grade 4 reading across a 36 week fall-to-fall time

interval with fall testing occurring during the 4th week. Each of these tables presents norms for each of

thirteen fall starting RIT scores. Again, only two steps are required to identify the result.

1. Locate the average fall starting RIT for your school across the top of the table.

2. Locate your schools average gain on the leftmost column of the table.

From Figure 3, we see that a school with an average starting RIT of 199 in Reading for its 4 th graders and

an average gain of 8.4 RITs has performed at the 64 th percentile. Note that in this case the schoolsspecific average gain is not reproduced in the table. Interpolating between the values of 55 and 76

suggests a result close to the 64 th percentile. That is, (76-55)*0.4 = 8.4); 55+ 8 63rd percentile rank.

Using Microsoft Excel, =NORMDIST(8.4,7.76,1.78,1) = 64 th percentile.

2 Note: -4 indicates that the starting week was 4 weeks from the end of the prior grade.


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Table B-12

School-Level Means, Standard Errors (SE), Standard Deviations (STD) and Percentile Ranks ofFall-to-Fall Gains in Grade 4 READING

Over An Average of 36 Instructional Weeks for 13 Starting RIT Values

School Starting RIT 187 189 191 193 195 197 199 201 203 205 207 209 211

Norms

Mean Gain 10.38 9.94 9.51 9.07 8.6 8.2 7.76 7.32 6.89 6.45 6.01 5.58 5.14

SE 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05

STD 2.36 2.26 2.15 2.05 2 1.87 1.78 1.71 1.64 1.58 1.53 1.5 1.48

School Gain School Percentile Ranks

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2

3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 4 7

4 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 6 9 15 22

5 1 1 2 2 3 4 6 9 12 18 25 35 46

6 3 4 5 7 9 12 16 22 29 39 50 61 72

7 8 10 12 16 20 26 33 42 53 64 74 83 90

8 16 19 24 30 37 46 55 65 75 84 90 95 97

9 28 34 41 49 57 67 76 84 90 95 97 99 100

10 44 51 59 67 76 83 90 94 97 99 100 100 100

11 60 68 76 83 89 93 97 98 99 100 100 100 100

12 75 82 88 92 96 98 99 100 100 100 100 100 100

Figure 3. Sample School Gain Norms Table


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Results of the procedure are provided in Table 4. It is tempting to want to summarize these results across

the grades for the school. In this case, with only eight grades, users might calculate medians. However,

in this case as well as most others, summarizing performances across grade levels is likely to mask

useful information. We believe that it is more interesting to ask questions about what may have given rise

to the pattern of grade-level results instead. For example,

4. Why do the results for grade 1 look so different from the other grades?

5. School gains for grade 3 are noticeably below other grades even though the status

percentile for grade 3 is fairly consistent with other grades. What is happening in grade 3?

6. Grade 6 ranks high in status (80 th percentile). Its percentile in terms of gains looks

reasonable.

Table 4. Results for Sample Student Growth Summary (School) Report

Grade

Status

Percentile

Gain

Percentile1 8 92 64 913 59 184 60 975 80 786 80 637 70 158 56 36

Summary

This users guide provides school- level status and growth norms for NWEAs MAP assessments.Compared with our previous study in 2009, we have made several methodological changes in our

procedure. First, our sample was balanced in a manner to better represent statistically schools in the US.

Second, we provide school-level status norms that take into account the variation of when students tested

within testing terms. Third, the new school level growth norms offer evaluations that simultaneously

control for differences in how students in a school performed on their baseline test and in the amount of

instructional time they have had when they tested. Taken together, these methodological adjustments

offer users a firmer basis for understanding the academic progress of students as a group.

Lastly, as we have cautioned in our previous report, the norms we have provided for MAP assessments,

whether at the student or school levels, should not be employed uncritically as targets or , worse yet, as

standards of performance or growth. What these results represent is our best estimate of where

students might be today, given the available information and given the appropriate statistical treatment.

As such, norms represent empirical findings that school professionals, educators or administrators, may

consider when setting performance and growth targets, or standards, for their schools or students.

April 9, 2012


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Selected References

Cronin, J. & Bowe, B. (2006). Study of growth Index performance by school. Portland, OR: NWEA.

Littell, R. C., Milliken, G. A., Stroup, W. W., Wolfinger, R. D., & Schabenberger, O. (2006). SAS for mixed

models, second edition . Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc.

No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, Pub. L. No. 107-110, 115 Stat 14-25 (2002).

Northwest Evaluation Association. (2009). School growth study part I: School level performance on a

growth index. Portland, OR: Author.

Northwest Evaluation Association. (2011a). RIT scale norms: For use with Measures of Academic

Progress (MAP ) and MAP for Primary Grades. Portland, OR: Author.

Northwest Evaluation Association. (2011b). Technical manual: For Measures of Academic Progress

(MAP) and Measures of Academic Progress for Primary Grades (MPG). Portland, OR: Author.

Raudenbush, S. W., & Bryk, A. S. (2002). Hierarchical linear models, second edition. Thousand Oaks,

CA: Sage.

Sable, J., & Plotts, C. (2010). Documentation to the NCES Common Core of Data Public

Elementary/Secondary School Universe Survey: School Year 2008 09 (NCES 2010-350 rev). U.S.

Department of Education. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics. Retrieved

November 16, 2010 from http://nces.ed.gov/pubsearch/pubs.info.asp?pubid=2010350.

Thum, Y. M., & Xiang, Y. (2010). Representing the learning productivity of students at a school with an

effect-size Indicator in a pay-for-performance application. Unpublished manuscript: NWEA.
http://nces.ed.gov/pubsearch/pubs.info.asp?pubid=2010350http://nces.ed.gov/pubsearch/pubs.info.asp?pubid=2010350


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Appendix A

School Level Status Norms Tables


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Table A-1.

School Means, Standard Errors (SE), Standard Deviations (SD), Number of Schools, and Percentile Ranks--- Fall READING Status Performance by Grade

GradeK 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

System Mean 142.10 160.52 175.51 189.70 199.41 206.07 211.49 215.64 218.79 220.92 222.48SE 0.127 0.134 0.142 0.128 0.123 0.146 0.166 0.138 0.134 0.182 0.209SD 4.23 4.94 6.14 5.79 5.46 5.75 5.40 5.46 5.81 5.76 6.77

N Schools 1599 1932 2425 2471 2439 1918 1317 1887 2286 1248 1269

School Mean RIT School Percentile Ranks132 1134 3136 7138 17140 31142 49144 67146 82148 92 1150 97 2152 99 4

154 9156 18158 30160 46 1162 62 1164 76 3166 87 6168 93 11170 97 18172 99 28174 40176 53 1178 66 2180 77 5182 85 9184 92 16186 96 26 1188 98 38 2190 99 52 4192 65 9 1194 77 16 2196 86 27 4198 92 40 8 1200 96 54 15 2202 98 68 24 4 1204 99 80 36 8 2 1206 89 50 15 4 1 1208 94 63 26 8 3 1 2210 97 75 39 15 7 3 3212 99 85 54 25 12 6 6214 92 68 38 20 11 11

216 96 80 53 32 20 17218 98 89 67 45 31 25220 99 94 79 58 44 36222 97 88 71 57 47224 99 94 82 70 59226 97 89 81 70228 99 94 89 79230 97 94 87232 99 97 92234 99 96236 98238 99


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Table A-2.

School Means, Standard Errors (SE), Standard Deviations (SD), Number of Schools, and Percentile Ranks--- Spring READING Status Performance by Grade

GradeK 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

System Mean 156.28 173.88 186.73 197.82 204.59 211.13 215.64 219.18 222.19 224.84 224.93

SE 0.316 0.357 0.346 0.308 0.303 0.339 0.422 0.353 0.329 0.508 0.527SD 5.33 5.59 5.82 5.57 5.46 5.82 5.42 5.63 5.79 6.02 6.42

N Schools 1916 1957 2218 2452 2397 1916 1304 1852 2188 1088 1042

School Mean RIT School Percentile Ranks144 1146 3148 6150 12152 21154 33156 48158 63160 76 1162 86 2164 93 4166 97 8168 99 15170 24172 37 1174 51 1176 65 3178 77 7180 86 12182 93 21184 96 32 1186 98 45 2188 99 59 4190 71 8192 82 15 1194 89 25 3

196 94 37 6198 97 51 11 1200 99 65 20 3202 77 32 6 1204 87 46 11 2206 93 60 19 4 1208 97 73 30 8 2 1210 99 84 42 15 5 2 1 1212 99 91 56 25 10 4 2 2214 96 69 38 18 8 4 4216 98 80 53 29 14 7 8218 99 88 67 42 23 13 14220 94 79 56 35 21 22222 97 88 69 49 32 32224 99 94 80 62 44 44

226 99 97 89 74 58 57228 99 94 84 70 68230 97 91 80 78232 99 95 88 86234 98 94 92236 99 97 96238 99 98240 99 99


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Table A-3.

School Means, Standard Errors (SE), Standard Deviations (SD), Number of Schools, andPercentile Ranks --- Fall LANGUAGE USAGE Status Performance by Grade

Grade2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

System Mean 176.29 190.93 200.42 207.07 211.77 215.52 218.33 219.98 221.65

SE 0.144 0.124 0.122 0.132 0.144 0.127 0.129 0.180 0.220SD 5.62 5.41 5.07 5.13 4.68 4.61 4.96 5.04 5.46

N Schools 2002 2311 2174 1917 1384 1689 1862 979 779

School Mean RIT School Percentile Ranks162 1164 1166 3168 7170 13172 22174 34176 48178 62 1

180 75 2182 85 5184 92 10186 96 18188 98 29 1190 99 43 2192 58 5194 71 10 1196 83 19 2198 90 32 4200 95 47 8 1202 98 62 16 2204 99 76 27 5 1206 86 42 11 2 1

208 93 57 21 5 2 1 1210 97 72 35 12 5 2 2212 99 83 52 22 10 6 4214 91 68 37 19 12 8216 96 82 54 32 21 15218 98 91 71 47 35 25220 99 96 83 63 50 38222 99 92 77 66 53224 97 87 79 67226 99 94 88 79228 97 94 88230 99 98 94232 99 97234 99


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Table A-4.

School Means, Standard Errors (SE), Standard Deviations (SD), Number of Schools, andPercentile Ranks --- Spring LANGUAGE USAGE Status Performance by Grade

Grade2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

System Mean 187.95 198.53 205.22 211.63 214.79 217.94 219.89 222.88 223.62SE 0.343 0.308 0.315 0.320 0.388 0.345 0.341 0.504 0.593SD 5.66 5.01 4.95 5.01 4.51 4.63 4.86 4.81 5.21

N Schools 2004 2200 2039 1829 1309 1576 1695 852 644

School Mean RIT School Percentile Ranks174 1176 2178 4180 8182 15184 24186 37 1188 50 2190 64 4192 76 10194 86 18 1196 92 31 3198 96 46 7200 98 62 15 1202 99 76 26 3204 86 40 6 1206 93 56 13 3208 97 71 23 7 2 1210 99 83 37 14 4 2212 91 53 27 10 5 1 1

214 96 68 43 20 11 3 3216 99 81 61 34 21 8 7218 90 76 51 35 16 14220 95 88 67 51 27 24222 98 94 81 67 43 38224 99 98 90 80 59 53226 99 96 90 74 68228 99 95 86 80230 98 93 89232 99 97 95234 99 98236 99


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Table A-5.

School Means, Standard Errors (SE), Standard Deviations (SD), Number of Schools, and Percentile Ranks--- Fall MATHEMATICS Status Performance by Grade

GradeK 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

System Mean 143.93 162.17 178.44 191.98 202.88 211.39 218.37 224.84 229.34 232.08 234.60SE 0.136 0.153 0.116 0.113 0.114 0.150 0.176 0.162 0.164 0.248 0.257SD 4.53 5.69 5.08 5.15 5.12 5.83 5.80 6.37 7.07 7.62 8.04

N Schools 1621 1936 2420 2461 2441 1863 1339 1859 2274 1153 1191

School Mean RIT School Percentile Ranks134 1136 4138 10140 19142 34144 51146 68148 82 1150 91 2152 96 4154 99 8156 14158 23160 35162 49164 63166 75 1168 85 2170 92 5172 96 10174 98 19176 99 32178 47180 62 1182 76 3184 86 6186 93 12

188 97 22190 99 35 1192 50 2194 65 4196 78 9198 88 17 1200 94 29 3202 97 43 5204 99 59 10 1206 73 18 2208 84 28 4210 92 41 7 1212 96 54 14 2 1214 99 67 23 4 1 1 1216 99 79 34 8 3 2 1218 87 47 14 5 3 2220 93 61 22 9 6 3222 97 73 33 15 9 6224 98 83 45 23 14 9226 99 91 57 32 21 14228 95 69 42 30 21230 98 79 54 39 28232 99 87 65 50 37234 92 75 60 47236 96 83 70 57238 98 89 78 66240 99 93 85 75242 96 90 82244 98 94 88246 99 97 92


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Table A-5.

School Means, Standard Errors (SE), Standard Deviations (SD), Number of Schools, and Percentile Ranks--- Fall MATHEMATICS Status Performance by Grade

GradeK 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

System Mean 143.93 162.17 178.44 191.98 202.88 211.39 218.37 224.84 229.34 232.08 234.60SE 0.136 0.153 0.116 0.113 0.114 0.150 0.176 0.162 0.164 0.248 0.257SD 4.53 5.69 5.08 5.15 5.12 5.83 5.80 6.37 7.07 7.62 8.04

N Schools 1621 1936 2420 2461 2441 1863 1339 1859 2274 1153 1191

School Mean RIT School Percentile Ranks248 98 95250 99 97252 98254 99


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Table A-6.

School Means, Standard Errors (SE), Standard Deviations (SD), Number of Schools, and Percentile Ranks--- Spring MATHEMATICS Status Performance by Grade

GradeK 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

System Mean 157.62 176.51 189.22 202.19 210.34 219.05 223.90 228.95 231.99 236.49 236.83SE 0.352 0.345 0.288 0.278 0.308 0.387 0.472 0.415 0.406 0.630 0.637SD 5.98 5.74 5.34 5.46 6.11 6.62 6.47 6.76 7.22 7.89 7.38

N Schools 1927 1960 2188 2438 2417 1859 1315 1835 2165 1042 1013

School Mean RIT School Percentile Ranks144 1146 3148 5150 10152 17154 27156 39158 53160 65162 77 1164 86 1166 92 3168 96 7170 98 13172 99 22174 33176 46 1178 60 2180 73 4182 83 9184 90 16186 95 27188 98 41190 99 56 1192 70 3194 81 7196 90 13 1

198 95 22 2200 98 34 5202 99 49 9204 63 15 1206 76 24 2208 86 35 5 1210 92 48 9 2212 96 61 14 3 1214 98 73 22 6 1 1216 99 82 32 11 3 1218 89 44 18 5 3 1 1220 94 56 27 9 5 2 1222 97 67 38 15 8 3 2224 99 77 51 23 13 6 4226 99 85 63 33 20 9 7228 91 74 44 29 14 12230 95 83 56 39 21 18232 97 89 67 50 28 26234 99 94 77 61 38 35236 99 97 85 71 48 46238 99 91 80 58 56240 99 95 87 67 67242 97 92 76 76244 99 95 83 83246 99 97 89 89248 99 93 93250 99 96 96252 98 98254 99 99256 99


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Appendix B

School Level Gain Norms


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Table B-1

School-Level Means, Standard Errors (SE), Standard Deviations (SD) and Percentile Ranks ofFall-to-Fall Gains in Grade K READING



Norms

Mean Gain 21.28 21.06 20.85 20.64 20.4 20.21 20 19.79 19.58 19.36 19.15 18.94 18.72

SE 0.13 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.12

SD 3.29 3.24 3.2 3.16 3.1 3.11 3.1 3.09 3.09 3.09 3.1 3.12 3.15


0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

120 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2

13 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3

14 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 6 7

15 3 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 7 8 9 10 12

16 5 6 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 14 16 17 19

17 10 11 11 13 14 15 17 18 20 22 24 27 29

18 16 17 19 20 22 24 26 28 30 33 36 38 41

19 24 26 28 30 32 35 37 40 43 45 48 51 53

20 35 37 40 42 45 47 50 53 55 58 61 63 66

21 47 49 52 55 57 60 63 65 68 70 72 75 76

2259 61 64 67 69 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 85

23 70 72 75 77 79 81 83 85 87 88 89 90 91

24 80 82 84 86 87 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 95

25 87 89 90 92 93 94 95 95 96 97 97 97 98


23/111


Table B-2

School-Level Means, Standard Errors (SE), Standard Deviations (SD) and Percentile Ranks ofFall-to-Spring Gains in Grade K READING



Norms

Mean Gain 19.48 19.2 18.93 18.66 18.4 18.11 17.84 17.57 17.29 17.02 16.75 16.47 16.2

SE 0.13 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.13

SD 3.39 3.35 3.31 3.29 3.3 3.26 3.25 3.26 3.27 3.29 3.32 3.35 3.39


0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

40 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 2

10 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 3

11 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 5 6

12 1 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 6 8 9 11

13 3 3 4 4 5 6 7 8 9 11 13 15 17

14 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 14 16 18 20 23 2615 9 10 12 13 15 17 19 22 24 27 30 33 36

16 15 17 19 21 23 26 29 32 35 38 41 44 48

17 23 26 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 50 53 56 59

18 33 36 39 42 45 49 52 55 59 62 65 68 70

19 44 48 51 54 57 61 64 67 70 73 75 77 80

20 56 59 63 66 69 72 75 77 80 82 84 85 87

21 67 70 73 76 79 81 83 85 87 89 90 91 92

22 77 80 82 85 87 88 90 91 93 94 94 95 96

23 85 87 89 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 97 97 98

24 91 92 94 95 96 96 97 98 98 98 99 99 9925 95 96 97 97 98 98 99 99 99 99 99 99 100


24/111


Table B-3

School-Level Means, Standard Errors (SE), Standard Deviations (SD) and Percentile Ranks ofFall-to-Fall Gains in Grade 1 READING



Norms

Mean Gain 15.46 15.36 15.25 15.14 15 14.92 14.81 14.7 14.59 14.48 14.38 14.27 14.16

SE 0.14 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11

SD 3.63 3.52 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.09 3 2.91 2.82 2.75 2.68 2.61 2.56


0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

7 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

8 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

9 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2

10 7 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

11 11 11 11 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 11 11

1217 17 17 17 17 17 17 18 18 18 19 19 20

13 25 25 25 26 26 27 27 28 29 29 30 31 33

14 34 35 36 37 37 38 39 40 42 43 44 46 48

15 45 46 47 48 50 51 53 54 56 57 59 61 63

16 56 57 59 60 62 64 65 67 69 71 73 75 76

17 66 68 70 71 73 75 77 79 80 82 84 85 87

18 76 77 79 81 82 84 86 87 89 90 91 92 93

19 83 85 86 88 89 91 92 93 94 95 96 96 97

20 89 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 97 98 98 99 99

21 94 95 95 96 97 98 98 98 99 99 99 100 100

2296 97 98 98 99 99 99 99 100 100 100 100 100

23 98 99 99 99 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

24 99 99 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

25 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100


25/111


Table B-4

School-Level Means, Standard Errors (SE), Standard Deviations (SD) and Percentile Ranks ofFall-to-Spring Gains in Grade 1 READING



Norms

Mean Gain 18.42 18.24 18.07 17.89 17.7 17.54 17.36 17.19 17.01 16.83 16.66 16.48 16.3

SE 0.1 0.1 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08

SD 3.18 3.08 2.98 2.89 2.8 2.72 2.64 2.57 2.52 2.47 2.43 2.4 2.38


0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

122 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4

13 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 7 7 8

14 8 8 9 9 9 10 10 11 12 13 14 15 17

15 14 15 15 16 17 17 19 20 21 23 25 27 29

16 22 23 24 26 27 29 30 32 34 37 39 42 45

17 33 34 36 38 40 42 45 47 50 53 56 59 62

18 45 47 49 52 54 57 60 62 65 68 71 74 76

19 57 60 62 65 68 70 73 76 79 81 83 85 87

20 69 72 74 77 79 82 84 86 88 90 92 93 94

21 79 81 84 86 88 90 92 93 94 95 96 97 98

2287 89 91 92 94 95 96 97 98 98 99 99 99

23 92 94 95 96 97 98 98 99 99 99 100 100 100

24 96 97 98 98 99 99 99 100 100 100 100 100 100

25 98 99 99 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100


26/111


Table B-5

School-Level Means, Standard Errors (SE), Standard Deviations (SD) and Percentile Ranks ofSpring-to-Spring Gains in Grade 1 READING



Norms

Mean Gain 20.91 20.74 20.58 20.41 20.2 20.08 19.92 19.75 19.58 19.42 19.25 19.09 18.92

SE 0.17 0.16 0.16 0.15 0.15 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.14

SD 3.72 3.6 3.48 3.38 3.3 3.18 3.09 3.01 2.94 2.88 2.83 2.79 2.76


0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

121 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1

13 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2

14 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4

15 6 6 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 8

16 9 9 9 10 10 10 10 11 11 12 13 13 15

17 15 15 15 16 16 17 17 18 19 20 21 23 24

18 22 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 30 31 33 35 37

19 30 31 33 34 35 37 38 40 42 44 46 49 51

20 40 42 43 45 47 49 51 53 56 58 60 63 65

21 51 53 55 57 59 61 64 66 68 71 73 75 77

2262 64 66 68 70 73 75 77 79 81 83 85 87

23 71 73 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 89 91 92 93

24 80 82 84 86 87 89 91 92 93 94 95 96 97

25 86 88 90 91 93 94 95 96 97 97 98 98 99


27/111


Table B-6




Norms

Mean Gain 18.21 17.68 17.16 16.63 16.1 15.58 15.05 14.53 14 13.48 12.95 12.43 11.9

SE 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.06

SD 3.45 3.31 3.18 3.05 2.9 2.8 2.68 2.56 2.44 2.33 2.23 2.13 2.04


0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 3

9 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 4 5 8

10 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 4 5 7 9 13 18

11 2 2 3 3 4 5 6 8 11 14 19 25 33

124 4 5 6 8 10 13 16 21 26 33 42 52

13 7 8 10 12 14 18 22 28 34 42 51 61 71

14 11 13 16 19 24 29 35 42 50 59 68 77 85

15 18 21 25 30 35 42 49 57 66 74 82 89 94

16 26 31 36 42 49 56 64 72 79 86 91 95 98

17 36 42 48 55 62 69 77 83 89 93 97 98 99

18 48 54 60 67 74 81 86 91 95 97 99 100 100

19 59 65 72 78 84 89 93 96 98 99 100 100 100

20 70 76 81 87 91 94 97 98 99 100 100 100 100

21 79 84 89 92 95 97 99 99 100 100 100 100 100

2286 90 94 96 98 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

23 92 95 97 98 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

24 95 97 98 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

25 98 99 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100


28/111


Table B-7




Norms

Mean Gain 18.19 17.6 17.01 16.42 15.8 15.25 14.66 14.07 13.48 12.89 12.31 11.72 11.13

SE 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06

SD 3.28 3.15 3.02 2.89 2.8 2.63 2.51 2.39 2.28 2.17 2.07 1.97 1.88


0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1

8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 3 5

9 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 4 5 8 13

10 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 4 6 9 13 19 27

11 1 2 2 3 4 5 7 10 14 19 26 36 47

123 4 5 6 8 11 15 19 26 34 44 56 68

13 6 7 9 12 15 20 25 33 42 52 63 74 84

14 10 13 16 20 25 32 40 49 59 69 79 88 94

15 17 20 25 31 38 46 55 65 75 83 90 95 98

16 25 31 37 44 52 61 70 79 87 92 96 99 100

17 36 42 50 58 66 75 82 89 94 97 99 100 100

18 48 55 63 71 78 85 91 95 98 99 100 100 100

19 60 67 75 81 87 92 96 98 99 100 100 100 100

20 71 78 84 89 93 96 98 99 100 100 100 100 100

21 80 86 91 94 97 99 99 100 100 100 100 100 100

2288 92 95 97 99 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

23 93 96 98 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

24 96 98 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

25 98 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100


29/111


Table B-8




Norms

Mean Gain 15.76 15.32 14.87 14.42 14 13.52 13.07 12.62 12.17 11.72 11.27 10.82 10.37

SE 0.17 0.16 0.16 0.15 0.14 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.12 0.12

SD 3.68 3.54 3.4 3.26 3.1 3.01 2.89 2.78 2.68 2.59 2.51 2.44 2.39


0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1

6 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 3

7 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 4 6 8

8 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 5 6 8 10 12 16

9 3 4 4 5 6 7 8 10 12 15 18 23 28

10 6 7 8 9 10 12 14 17 21 25 31 37 44

11 10 11 13 15 17 20 24 28 33 39 46 53 60

1215 17 20 23 26 31 36 41 47 54 61 68 75

13 23 26 29 33 38 43 49 55 62 69 75 81 86

14 32 36 40 45 50 56 63 69 75 81 86 90 94

15 42 46 52 57 63 69 75 80 85 90 93 96 97

16 53 58 63 69 74 80 84 89 92 95 97 98 99

17 63 68 73 79 83 88 91 94 96 98 99 99 100

18 73 78 82 86 90 93 96 97 99 99 100 100 100

19 81 85 89 92 95 97 98 99 99 100 100 100 100

20 87 91 93 96 97 98 99 100 100 100 100 100 100

21 92 95 96 98 99 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

2295 97 98 99 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

23 98 99 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

24 99 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

25 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100


30/111


Table B-9




Norms

Mean Gain 13.27 12.8 12.33 11.86 11.4 10.91 10.44 9.97 9.5 9.03 8.56 8.08 7.61

SE 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05

SD 2.47 2.37 2.27 2.17 2.1 1.98 1.9 1.82 1.74 1.67 1.61 1.56 1.52


0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 4

6 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 4 6 9 14

7 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 5 8 11 17 24 34

8 2 2 3 4 5 7 10 14 19 27 37 48 60

9 4 5 7 9 13 17 22 30 39 49 61 72 82

10 9 12 15 20 25 32 41 51 61 72 81 89 94

11 18 22 28 35 43 52 62 71 81 88 94 97 99

1230 37 44 53 62 71 79 87 92 96 98 99 100

13 46 53 62 70 78 85 91 95 98 99 100 100 100

14 62 69 77 84 90 94 97 99 100 100 100 100 100

15 76 82 88 93 96 98 99 100 100 100 100 100 100

16 87 91 95 97 99 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

17 93 96 98 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

18 97 99 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

19 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

20 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

21 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

22100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

23 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

24 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

25 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100


31/111


Table B-10




Norms

Mean Gain 13.54 13.01 12.47 11.93 11.4 10.86 10.32 9.79 9.25 8.71 8.18 7.64 7.1

SE 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05

SD 2.75 2.63 2.52 2.41 2.3 2.2 2.11 2.02 1.94 1.86 1.8 1.74 1.69


0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 3

5 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 4 6 11

6 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 3 5 7 11 17 26

7 1 1 1 2 3 4 6 8 12 18 26 36 48

8 2 3 4 5 7 10 14 19 26 35 46 58 70

9 5 6 8 11 15 20 27 35 45 56 68 78 87

10 10 13 16 21 27 35 44 54 65 76 85 91 96

11 18 22 28 35 43 53 63 73 82 89 94 97 99

1229 35 43 51 60 70 79 86 92 96 98 99 100

13 42 50 58 67 76 83 90 94 97 99 100 100 100

14 57 65 73 80 87 92 96 98 99 100 100 100 100

15 70 78 84 90 94 97 99 100 100 100 100 100 100

16 81 87 92 95 98 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

17 90 94 96 98 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

18 95 97 99 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

19 98 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

20 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

21 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

22100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

23 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

24 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

25 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100


32/111


Table B-11




Norms

Mean Gain 14.52 14.01 13.5 12.99 12.5 11.96 11.45 10.94 10.43 9.92 9.4 8.89 8.38

SE 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07

SD 2.87 2.76 2.64 2.53 2.4 2.33 2.23 2.15 2.07 1.99 1.93 1.88 1.84


0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 3

6 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 4 6 10

7 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 5 7 11 16 23

8 1 1 2 2 3 4 6 9 12 17 23 32 42

9 3 3 4 6 8 10 14 18 24 32 42 52 63

10 6 7 9 12 15 20 26 33 42 52 62 72 81

11 11 14 17 22 27 34 42 51 61 71 80 87 92

1219 23 29 35 42 51 60 69 78 85 91 95 98

13 30 36 43 50 59 67 76 83 89 94 97 99 99

14 43 50 58 66 74 81 87 92 96 98 99 100 100

15 57 64 72 79 85 90 94 97 99 99 100 100 100

16 70 77 83 88 93 96 98 99 100 100 100 100 100

17 81 86 91 94 97 98 99 100 100 100 100 100 100

18 89 93 96 98 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

19 94 96 98 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

20 97 99 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

21 99 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

22100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

23 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

24 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

25 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100


33/111


Table B-12




Norms

Mean Gain 10.38 9.94 9.51 9.07 8.6 8.2 7.76 7.32 6.89 6.45 6.01 5.58 5.14

SE 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05

SD 2.36 2.26 2.15 2.05 2 1.87 1.78 1.71 1.64 1.58 1.53 1.5 1.48


0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2

3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 4 7

4 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 6 9 15 22

5 1 1 2 2 3 4 6 9 12 18 25 35 46

6 3 4 5 7 9 12 16 22 29 39 50 61 72

7 8 10 12 16 20 26 33 42 53 64 74 83 90

8 16 19 24 30 37 46 55 65 75 84 90 95 97

9 28 34 41 49 57 67 76 84 90 95 97 99 100

10 44 51 59 67 76 83 90 94 97 99 100 100 100

11 60 68 76 83 89 93 97 98 99 100 100 100 100

1275 82 88 92 96 98 99 100 100 100 100 100 100

13 87 91 95 97 99 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

14 94 96 98 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

15 97 99 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

16 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

17 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

18 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

19 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

20 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

21 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

22100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

23 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

24 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

25 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100


34/111


Table B-13




Norms

Mean Gain 10.53 10.04 9.54 9.05 8.6 8.06 7.56 7.07 6.57 6.08 5.58 5.09 4.59

SE 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05

SD 2.54 2.43 2.32 2.21 2.1 2.02 1.93 1.85 1.78 1.72 1.67 1.63 1.61


0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 3 5

3 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 4 6 10 16

4 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 5 7 11 17 25 36

5 1 2 3 3 5 7 9 13 19 27 36 48 60

6 4 5 6 8 11 15 21 28 37 48 60 71 81

7 8 11 14 18 23 30 39 49 59 70 80 88 93

8 16 20 25 32 40 49 59 69 79 87 93 96 98

9 27 33 41 49 58 68 77 85 91 96 98 99 100

10 42 49 58 67 75 83 90 94 97 99 100 100 100

11 57 65 74 81 88 93 96 98 99 100 100 100 100

1272 79 86 91 95 97 99 100 100 100 100 100 100

13 83 89 93 96 98 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

14 91 95 97 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

15 96 98 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

16 98 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

17 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

18 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

19 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

20 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

21 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

22100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

23 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

24 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

25 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100


35/111


Table B-14




Norms

Mean Gain 11 10.53 10.06 9.58 9.1 8.64 8.17 7.69 7.22 6.75 6.28 5.8 5.33

SE 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07

SD 2.47 2.37 2.27 2.17 2.1 2 1.93 1.86 1.81 1.76 1.73 1.71 1.7


0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 3

3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 3 5 9

4 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 4 6 9 15 22

5 1 1 1 2 2 3 5 7 11 16 23 32 42

6 2 3 4 5 7 9 13 18 25 34 44 55 65

7 5 7 9 12 16 21 27 35 45 56 66 76 84

8 11 14 18 23 30 37 47 57 67 76 84 90 94

9 21 26 32 39 48 57 67 76 84 90 94 97 98

10 34 41 49 58 67 75 83 89 94 97 98 99 100

11 50 58 66 74 82 88 93 96 98 99 100 100 100

1266 73 80 87 92 95 98 99 100 100 100 100 100

13 79 85 90 94 97 99 99 100 100 100 100 100 100

14 89 93 96 98 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

15 95 97 99 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

16 98 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

17 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

18 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

19 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

20 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

21 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

22100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

23 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

24 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

25 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100


36/111


Table B-15




Norms

Mean Gain 8.06 7.66 7.27 6.87 6.5 6.08 5.68 5.29 4.89 4.5 4.1 3.71 3.31

SE 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06

SD 2.32 2.23 2.14 2.05 2 1.88 1.81 1.74 1.68 1.63 1.59 1.56 1.54


0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 3 4 7

2 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 4 6 9 14 20

3 1 2 2 3 4 5 7 9 13 18 24 33 42

4 4 5 6 8 10 13 18 23 30 38 47 57 67

5 9 12 14 18 23 28 35 43 53 62 71 80 86

6 19 23 28 34 40 48 57 66 74 82 88 93 96

7 32 38 45 53 61 69 77 84 89 94 97 98 99

8 49 56 63 71 78 85 90 94 97 98 99 100 100

9 66 73 79 85 90 94 97 98 99 100 100 100 100

10 80 85 90 94 96 98 99 100 100 100 100 100 100

11 90 93 96 98 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

1296 97 99 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

13 98 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

14 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

15 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

16 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

17 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

18 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

19 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

20 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

21 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

22100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

23 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

24 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

25 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100


37/111


38/111


Table B-17




Norms

Mean Gain 9.25 8.8 8.35 7.9 7.5 7 6.55 6.1 5.65 5.2 4.75 4.3 3.85

SE 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07

SD 2.54 2.42 2.31 2.21 2.1 2.02 1.94 1.86 1.8 1.75 1.71 1.69 1.68


0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 3 4

2 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 3 5 9 14

3 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 5 7 10 15 22 31

4 2 2 3 4 5 7 9 13 18 25 33 43 54

5 5 6 7 9 12 16 21 28 36 45 56 66 75

6 10 12 15 19 25 31 39 48 58 68 77 84 90

7 19 23 28 34 42 50 59 69 77 85 91 95 97

8 31 37 44 52 60 69 77 85 90 95 97 99 99

9 46 53 61 69 77 84 90 94 97 99 99 100 100

10 62 69 76 83 89 93 96 98 99 100 100 100 100

11 75 82 87 92 95 98 99 100 100 100 100 100 100

1286 91 94 97 98 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

13 93 96 98 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

14 97 98 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

15 99 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

16 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

17 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

18 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

19 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

20 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

21 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

22100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

23 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

24 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

25 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100


39/111


Table B-18




Norms

Mean Gain 7.3 6.89 6.48 6.06 5.7 5.24 4.83 4.42 4.01 3.6 3.19 2.78 2.37

SE 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07

SD 2.31 2.22 2.14 2.07 2 1.93 1.87 1.81 1.77 1.73 1.69 1.67 1.66


0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 3 5 8

1 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 7 10 14 20

2 1 1 2 2 3 5 6 9 13 18 24 32 41

3 3 4 5 7 9 12 16 22 28 36 46 55 65

4 8 10 12 16 20 26 33 41 50 59 68 77 84

5 16 20 25 30 37 45 54 63 71 79 86 91 94

6 29 35 41 49 57 65 73 81 87 92 95 97 99

7 45 52 60 67 75 82 88 92 95 98 99 99 100

8 62 69 76 83 88 92 96 98 99 99 100 100 100

9 77 83 88 92 95 97 99 99 100 100 100 100 100

10 88 92 95 97 99 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

11 95 97 98 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

1298 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

13 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

14 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

15 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

16 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

17 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

18 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

19 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

20 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

21 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

22100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

23 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

24 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

25 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100


40/111


Table B-19




Norms

Mean Gain 7.74 7.28 6.82 6.37 5.9 5.45 4.99 4.53 4.07 3.62 3.16 2.7 2.24

SE 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.07 0.07

SD 2.42 2.33 2.24 2.16 2.1 2.01 1.95 1.89 1.84 1.8 1.77 1.74 1.73


0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 4 6 10

1 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 3 5 7 11 16 24

2 1 1 2 2 3 4 6 9 13 18 26 34 44

3 2 3 4 6 8 11 15 21 28 37 46 57 67

4 6 8 10 14 18 24 31 39 48 58 68 77 85

5 13 16 21 26 33 41 50 60 69 78 85 91 94

6 24 29 36 43 52 61 70 78 85 91 95 97 99

7 38 45 53 62 70 78 85 90 94 97 99 99 100

8 54 62 70 78 84 90 94 97 98 99 100 100 100

9 70 77 83 89 93 96 98 99 100 100 100 100 100

10 82 88 92 95 98 99 99 100 100 100 100 100 100

11 91 94 97 98 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

1296 98 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

13 99 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

14 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

15 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

16 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

17 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

18 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

19 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

20 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

21 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

22100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

23 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

24 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

25 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100


41/111


Table B-20




Norms

Mean Gain 7.15 6.74 6.34 5.93 5.5 5.11 4.7 4.29 3.88 3.47 3.06 2.65 2.25

SE 0.11 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08

SD 2.66 2.56 2.46 2.36 2.3 2.18 2.1 2.03 1.96 1.9 1.86 1.82 1.79


0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 5 7 10

1 1 1 1 2 2 3 4 5 7 10 13 18 24

2 3 3 4 5 6 8 10 13 17 22 28 36 45

3 6 7 9 11 13 17 21 26 33 40 49 58 66

4 12 14 17 21 25 31 37 44 52 61 69 77 84

5 21 25 29 35 41 48 56 64 72 79 85 90 94

6 33 39 45 51 58 66 73 80 86 91 94 97 98

7 48 54 61 68 74 81 86 91 94 97 98 99 100

8 62 69 75 81 86 91 94 97 98 99 100 100 100

9 76 81 86 90 94 96 98 99 100 100 100 100 100

10 86 90 93 96 98 99 99 100 100 100 100 100 100

11 93 95 97 98 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

1297 98 99 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

13 99 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

14 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

15 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

16 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

17 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

18 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

19 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

20 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

21 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

22100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

23 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

24 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

25 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100


42/111


Table B-21




Norms

Mean Gain 6.97 6.54 6.12 5.69 5.3 4.84 4.41 3.98 3.56 3.13 2.7 2.28 1.85

SE 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05

SD 2.43 2.33 2.24 2.15 2.1 1.99 1.91 1.84 1.78 1.73 1.69 1.65 1.63


0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 4 5 8 13

1 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 5 8 11 16 22 30

2 2 3 3 4 6 8 10 14 19 26 34 43 54

3 5 6 8 11 14 18 23 30 38 47 57 67 76

4 11 14 17 22 27 34 42 50 60 69 78 85 91

5 21 25 31 37 45 53 62 71 79 86 91 95 97

6 34 41 48 56 64 72 80 86 91 95 97 99 99

7 51 58 65 73 80 86 91 95 97 99 99 100 100

8 66 73 80 86 91 94 97 99 99 100 100 100 100

9 80 85 90 94 96 98 99 100 100 100 100 100 100

10 89 93 96 98 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

11 95 97 99 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

1298 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

13 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

14 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

15 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

16 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

17 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

18 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

19 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

20 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

21 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

22100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

23 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

24 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

25 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100


43/111


Table B-22




Norms

Mean Gain 6.56 6.12 5.68 5.25 4.8 4.37 3.94 3.5 3.06 2.62 2.19 1.75 1.31

SE 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05

SD 2.41 2.32 2.22 2.13 2 1.97 1.9 1.83 1.77 1.72 1.67 1.63 1.61


0 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 6 10 14 21

1 1 1 2 2 3 4 6 9 12 17 24 32 42

2 3 4 5 6 9 11 15 21 27 36 46 56 67

3 7 9 11 15 19 24 31 39 49 59 69 78 85

4 14 18 22 28 35 42 51 61 70 79 86 92 95

5 26 31 38 45 54 62 71 79 86 92 95 98 99

6 41 48 56 64 72 80 86 91 95 98 99 100 100

7 57 65 72 79 86 91 95 97 99 99 100 100 100

8 72 79 85 90 94 97 98 99 100 100 100 100 100

9 84 89 93 96 98 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

10 92 95 97 99 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

11 97 98 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

1299 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

13 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

14 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

15 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

16 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

17 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

18 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

19 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

20 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

21 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

22100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

23 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

24 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

25 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100


44/111


Table B-23




Norms

Mean Gain 6.77 6.34 5.91 5.48 5 4.62 4.19 3.76 3.32 2.89 2.46 2.03 1.6

SE 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07

SD 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.21 2.1 2.04 1.96 1.9 1.84 1.79 1.75 1.72 1.7


0 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 4 5 8 12 17

1 1 1 2 2 3 4 5 7 10 14 20 27 36

2 3 4 4 6 8 10 13 18 24 31 40 49 59

3 7 8 10 13 17 21 27 35 43 52 62 71 79

4 13 16 20 25 31 38 46 55 64 73 81 87 92

5 24 29 35 41 49 57 66 74 82 88 93 96 98

6 38 44 52 59 67 75 82 88 93 96 98 99 100

7 54 61 68 75 82 88 92 96 98 99 100 100 100

8 69 76 82 87 92 95 97 99 99 100 100 100 100

9 81 87 91 94 97 98 99 100 100 100 100 100 100

10 90 94 96 98 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

11 95 97 99 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

1298 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

13 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

14 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

15 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

16 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

17 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

18 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

19 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

20 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

21 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

22100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

23 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

24 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

25 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100


45/111


Table B-24




Norms

Mean Gain 5.94 5.54 5.14 4.74 4.3 3.94 3.55 3.15 2.75 2.35 1.95 1.55 1.15

SE 0.11 0.1 0.1 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07

SD 2.58 2.44 2.3 2.17 2 1.92 1.8 1.69 1.59 1.51 1.43 1.37 1.34


0 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 4 6 9 13 19

1 3 3 4 4 5 6 8 10 14 19 25 34 45

2 6 7 9 10 13 16 20 25 32 41 51 63 74

3 13 15 18 21 26 31 38 47 56 67 77 85 92

4 23 26 31 37 43 51 60 69 78 86 92 96 98

5 36 41 48 55 63 71 79 86 92 96 98 99 100

6 51 57 65 72 79 86 91 95 98 99 100 100 100

7 66 73 79 85 90 94 97 99 100 100 100 100 100

8 79 84 89 93 96 98 99 100 100 100 100 100 100

9 88 92 95 98 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

10 94 97 98 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

11 98 99 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

1299 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

13 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

14 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

15 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

16 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

17 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

18 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

19 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

20 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

21 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

22100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

23 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

24 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

25 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100


46/111


Table B-25




Norms

Mean Gain 6.21 5.78 5.34 4.91 4.5 4.04 3.61 3.18 2.75 2.31 1.88 1.45 1.02

SE 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04

SD 2.53 2.39 2.26 2.13 2 1.88 1.76 1.66 1.56 1.47 1.39 1.33 1.29


0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 4 6 9 14 21

1 2 2 3 3 4 5 7 9 13 19 26 37 49

2 5 6 7 9 11 14 18 24 32 42 53 66 78

3 10 12 15 18 23 29 36 46 56 68 79 88 94

4 19 23 28 33 41 49 59 69 79 87 94 97 99

5 32 37 44 52 60 69 78 86 93 97 99 100 100

6 47 54 61 70 78 85 91 96 98 99 100 100 100

7 62 70 77 84 90 94 97 99 100 100 100 100 100

8 76 82 88 93 96 98 99 100 100 100 100 100 100

9 87 91 95 97 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

10 93 96 98 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

11 97 99 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

1299 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

13 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

14 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

15 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

16 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

17 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

18 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

19 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

20 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

21 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

22100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

23 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

24 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

25 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100


47/111


Table B-26




Norms

Mean Gain 6.84 6.39 5.94 5.49 5 4.59 4.14 3.68 3.23 2.78 2.33 1.88 1.43

SE 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06

SD 2.36 2.25 2.13 2.02 1.9 1.83 1.74 1.66 1.58 1.53 1.48 1.45 1.43


0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 3 6 10 16

1 1 1 1 1 2 2 4 5 8 12 18 27 38

2 2 3 3 4 6 8 11 15 22 30 41 53 65

3 5 7 8 11 14 19 26 34 44 56 67 78 86

4 12 14 18 23 30 37 47 58 69 79 87 93 96

5 22 27 33 41 49 59 69 79 87 93 96 98 99

6 36 43 51 60 69 78 86 92 96 98 99 100 100

7 53 61 69 77 85 91 95 98 99 100 100 100 100

8 69 76 83 89 94 97 99 100 100 100 100 100 100

9 82 88 92 96 98 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

10 91 95 97 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

11 96 98 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

1299 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

13 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

14 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

15 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

16 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

17 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

18 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

19 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

20 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

21 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

22100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

23 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

24 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

25 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100


48/111


Table B-27




Norms

Mean Gain 4.97 4.58 4.2 3.81 3.4 3.04 2.65 2.27 1.88 1.49 1.11 0.72 0.34

SE 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.11 0.1 0.1 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09

SD 2.46 2.36 2.27 2.17 2.1 2.01 1.94 1.88 1.83 1.78 1.75 1.73 1.73


0 2 3 3 4 5 7 9 11 15 20 26 34 42

1 5 6 8 10 12 16 20 25 31 39 48 56 65

2 11 14 17 20 25 30 37 44 53 61 69 77 83

3 21 25 30 35 42 49 57 65 73 80 86 91 94

4 35 40 47 53 61 68 76 82 88 92 95 97 98

5 51 57 64 71 77 84 89 93 96 98 99 99 100

6 66 73 79 84 89 93 96 98 99 99 100 100 100

7 80 85 89 93 96 98 99 99 100 100 100 100 100

8 89 93 95 97 99 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

9 95 97 98 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

10 98 99 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

11 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

12100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

13 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

14 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

15 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

16 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

17 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

18 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

19 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

20 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

21 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

22100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

23 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

24 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

25 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100


49/111


Table B-28




Norms

Mean Gain 4.69 4.28 3.87 3.46 3 2.63 2.22 1.81 1.4 0.99 0.58 0.17 -0.24

SE 0.11 0.11 0.1 0.1 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07

SD 2.74 2.61 2.48 2.36 2.2 2.14 2.03 1.93 1.84 1.76 1.69 1.63 1.58


0 4 5 6 7 9 11 14 17 22 29 37 46 56

1 9 10 12 15 18 22 27 34 41 50 60 70 78

2 16 19 23 27 32 38 46 54 63 72 80 87 92

3 27 31 36 42 49 57 65 73 81 87 92 96 98

4 40 46 52 59 66 74 81 87 92 96 98 99 100

5 55 61 68 74 81 87 91 95 97 99 100 100 100

6 68 75 80 86 91 94 97 98 99 100 100 100 100

7 80 85 90 93 96 98 99 100 100 100 100 100 100

8 89 92 95 97 99 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

9 94 96 98 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

10 97 99 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

11 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

12100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

13 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

14 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

15 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

16 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

17 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

18 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

19 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

20 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

21 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

22100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

23 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

24 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

25 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100


50/111


Table B-29




Norms

Mean Gain 4.55 4.16 3.76 3.36 3 2.57 2.17 1.78 1.38 0.99 0.59 0.19 -0.2

SE 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.11 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.09 0.09

SD 3.25 3.09 2.93 2.78 2.6 2.49 2.35 2.22 2.1 1.99 1.89 1.81 1.74


0 8 9 10 11 13 15 18 21 26 31 38 46 55

1 14 15 17 20 23 26 31 36 43 50 59 67 76

2 22 24 27 31 36 41 47 54 62 70 77 84 90

3 32 35 40 45 50 57 64 71 78 84 90 94 97

4 43 48 53 59 65 72 78 84 89 94 96 98 99

5 55 61 66 72 78 84 89 93 96 98 99 100 100

6 67 72 78 83 88 92 95 97 99 99 100 100 100

7 77 82 87 90 94 96 98 99 100 100 100 100 100

8 86 89 93 95 97 99 99 100 100 100 100 100 100

9 91 94 96 98 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

10 95 97 98 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

11 98 99 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

1299 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

13 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

14 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

15 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

16 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

17 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

18 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

19 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

20 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

21 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

22100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

23 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

24 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

25 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100


51/111


Table B-30


Over An Average of 36 Instructional Weeks for 13 Sta

Documents

2012 RIT Scale School Norms User's Guide