2012 Early Recovery Shelter Strategy and the Technical Guidelines.pdf

7/24/2019 2012 Early Recovery Shelter Strategy and the Technical Guidelines.pdf

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KEY EARLY RECOVERY SHELTER DOCUMENTS


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SHELTER CLUSTER PAKISTANKEY DOCUMENTS

2 12

Early Recovery Shelter Response Strategy

EARLYRECOVERYSHELTERCLUSTERSTRATEGY(FINALDRAFT)

OVERALLOBJECTIVEProvide lowcost shelter support to the most vulnerable families whose houses have become uninhabitable after the 2012

floods,inawaythatimprovestheirresiliencetofuturenaturaldisasters.

SITUATIONOVERVIEWInSeptember 2012, flash floods due to heavy rains causedwidespread damage in 15 districts of northern Sindh, southern

Punjab and eastern Balochistan. Results from a rollout of the Multiagency Initial Rapid Assessment (MIRA) in September

2012 indicated that 5 million people were affected and 386,172 houses damaged or destroyed. Of the houses affected,

approximately60percentwerepartiallydamaged,withtheremaining40percentfullydestroyed.

Housesdamagedanddestroyed Living conditions in affected provinces up to the 31st December

2012

InOctoberandNovember2012,theShelterClustersTemporarySettlementSupportUnit(TSSU)conducteditsfirstphaseof

assessments, reporting that themajorityof IDPs counted in the MIRAhadalready leftdisplacementsites.This findingwas

supported by the second phase of TSSU assessments in December 2012,which demonstrated a consistent trend of return

from temporary settlements to areas of origin, with acute humanitarian needs in remaining displacement sites as well as

386,172

Strategy

2


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EMERGENCYSHELTERASSISTANCECOVERAGEAND GAPANALYSISTheShelter/NFICluster initiallyrequested33millionUSDtorespondtothe immediateemergencyshelterneedsoffamilies

affected by the floods, but only11 millionUSD in funding wassecured.As ofMarch 2013, only33 percent of emergency

shelterneedshadbeenmet,with258,181familiesstillinneedofshelterassistance.

(Above)Partiallyandfullydamaged(PD/FD)houses,emergencysheltercoverageandgapasofMarch2013

EARLYRECOVERYSHELTERSTRATEGYTheShelterClusterexpectsthatemergencyshelterdistributionsforthe2012 floodswilldiminishafterMarch2013,withthe

focus

shifting

to

early

recovery

(ER)

shelter

interventions.

Given

the

frequency

of

disasters

in

the

affected

provinces

and

lessons

learnt from 2010 and 2011 flood responses, the overall objective of the ER Shelter Strategy is to provide lowcost shelter

supporttothemostvulnerablefamilieswhosehouseshavebecomeuninhabitable afterthe2012floods,inawaythatimproves

their resilience to future natural disasters. At present, funding commitments for the ER phase are low, and agencies are

thereforeencouragedtofocusonachievingmaximumimpactandcoveragewithminimuminputs.

TheShelterClusterhasestablishedatargetof173,777ERshelters,representing50percentofaffectedhouses.Thistargettakes

into account the selfrecovery potential of affected families as measured by the ACCCRA (Assessment of Community Coping

Capacity in Return Areas, 2012), as well as the assistance capacity of humanitarian organizations. ER shelter assistance may

consistof

One

Room

Shelters

(ORS)

or

roofing

kits,

per

the

conditions

outlined

below.

AsreportedintherevisedMonsoonHumanitarianOperationsPlan(MHOP),anestimated87millionUSDarerequiredtomeet

ERshelterneeds.Thisisbasedonanaveragecostof500USDpershelterinmaterialorcashsupport,accountingforvariationsin

costdependingonsheltertype(pucca,mud,lohkat).Thetechnicalguidelinesprovidemoredetailsonsheltercosts.


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2. RoofingkitsasERassistance:Distributionofroofingkitsshouldnotberestrictedtoemergencyshelteractivities.Given

limitedresourcesfor2012ERneeds,theShelterClusterrecommendsprovidingroofingkitstopeoplewithpartiallyand

fully damaged houses in order to ensure that people with fully damaged houses are not excluded from this type of

assistance.All

roofing

kit

distributions

should

be

accompanied

with

recommendations

to

beneficiaries

on

how

to

use

thekitsfortemporaryshelteraswellasforreconstructionefforts.Practicaldemonstrationsareencouragedtoensure

thatbeneficiariesareengagedandawareofvariousroofingkituses.

Effectivecoordination is essential to ensure the strategic targetingof assistance to the mostvulnerable families. The Shelter

Clusterrecommendsthefollowingprinciples:

1. UCranking:TheShelterClusterAssessmentUnitiscurrentlyconductingaUCrankingexerciseusingexistingdatafrom

MIRA and Temporary Settlement Support Unit (TSSU) assessments to prioritise areas with the greatest ER shelter

needs.This

exercise

will

form

the

basis

for

UC

allocation.

2. OneagencyperUC:IdeallyeachUCshouldbeassistedbyadesignatedagencysothatinputsaredistributedacrossas

manyUCsaspossibleratherthanconcentratedinasinglearea.IftheneedsofaUCgreatlyexceedthecapacityofone

agency,itmaybepossibleforanotheragencytoassist.Inthiscase,agenciesshouldcloselycoordinatetheirassistance

andavoidworkingincloseproximitytominimisetensionsamongbeneficiariesreceivingvaryingstandardsofassistance

(e.g.roofingkitsversusORS).

3. Targetingthemostvulnerable:AgenciesshouldtargettheirassistancetothemostvulnerablefamilieswithinaUC.This

entails applying strategic beneficiary selection criteria, paired with strong social mobilisation to clarify the selection

process,inordertoachievecoverageofthemostacuteneedsacrosstheUC.

4. PrioritisationofagenciesinUCselection:PriorityinUCselectionshouldbegiventoagencieswithconfirmedfunding.

Exceptionsmaybemadeforagenciesplanningtoassistbeneficiariesfromtheir2010projects,providedthatagencies

demonstrate serious plans and eligibility to obtain funding. Organizations whose 2010 shelter projects have been

destroyed in subsequent floods are recommended to seek funding to recover damages for the same beneficiaries.

Agencieswhointendtoincorporateasheltercomponentintoexistingprojects(WASH,livelihoods,etc.)inaparticular

UCwillalsobegivenpriority,providedthattheagencieshaveapastrecordofshelterimplementationandreasonable

potentialtoobtainfundingforshelterprojects.

5. FlexibilityinUCpreferences:AgenciesshouldmaintainflexibilityintheirplanningwithrelationtoparticularUCsincase

otheragencieshavealreadyconfirmedfundingandcommencedworkinthesameUCs.Agenciesshouldberealisticin

flagging the UCs in which they intend to work, in order to avoid gaps created by agencies claiming UCs and then

changingplans.

ThefollowingkeyconceptsarehighlightedtoguidetheplanningandimplementationofERshelteractivities:

1. Shelterisaprocessratherthanaproduct1. Thefocusoftheshelterprogramsshouldnotbeondeliveringafinishedproduct,butratherontheprocessofengagingwithbeneficiaries,transferringknowledgeonsaferconstruction,and

improvingthecapacityandresilienceofcommunitiestorespondtofuturedisasters.Beneficiariesshouldbesupported

with skills and knowledge that will enable them to make incrementalupgrades to their shelters over time as their

capacityandresourcesincrease.

2 Agencies are encouraged to minimise direct inputs in terms of material/financial support but to maximise the impact


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4. Assistance should bebeneficiarydriven, informedbya flexibleapproach andoffering avarietyofsheltersolutions

tailoredtotheneedsandcapacitiesofbeneficiaries.Ratherthan introducingcommunitiestoentirelynewmaterials

andmethods,agenciesareencouragedtosupporttheadaptationofvernaculardesignsandthe improvementofthe

traditional techniques to facilitate the construction of safer and more resilient shelters. These techniques can be

improvedby

incorporating

DisasterRiskReduction(DRR)measures,

such

as

strengthened

roof,

extended

roof

eaves,

andwallstructuresandelevatedflooring,asdetailedintheShelterClustersTechnicalGuidelines.

5. Agencies should strategically select sites according to level of needs and target limited resources to the most

vulnerable persons in each site. Assistance should be guided by the beneficiary selection criteria developed in

coordination with NDMA and the Protection Cluster2, which identifies most vulnerable households as those with at

leastoneofthefollowingcharacteristics:

Withacompletelydestroyedhouse

Withno

salvaged

materials

and

no

means

to

provide

construction

materials

and/or

labour

Withnopossibilitytoreturntotheirplaceoforiginandthusfaceextendeddisplacementforatleastfor6months

Whoselivesareendangeredbyweatherconditions

Combinedwithatleastoneofthevulnerabilitycriteriasuchas:

Femaleheadedhouseholds

Childheadedhouseholds

Olderpersonheadedhouseholds

Householdsheaded

by

person

with

disabilities

(physical,

intellectual,

sensory)

Householdsheadedbypersonwithachronicdisease

HoldingtheIdentitycardshouldnotbeafactofdiscriminationneitheracriteriaofprioritization.Pakistaninationalsmighthave

losttheirIDduringoccurrenceofanaturalormadmadedisastereitherduringthemigrationfromtheoriginalplaces

6. Agencies should provide guidance to communities on safer location for shelter construction, keeping in mind the

limitationsoflandtenure.Agenciescanalsoadvocatefortheconstructionofelevatedplatformsinvillagestomitigate

theimpactoffloods.

***

TheShelterClusterhighlightsthat,inconjunctionwithERshelterprojects,itisimportanttoliaisewithgovernmentauthorities

to advocate for the repairofdamaged infrastructure.Consecutive floodsand limitedrepairof infrastructureundermine the

effortsofsafershelterconstructionandthepromotionofcommunitiesresiliencetofuturefloodevents.

***

TheShelterClusteralsoadvocatesforanintegratedresponseandstronglyrecommendstheintersectorcoordinationinorder

toprovidecomplementaryassistancetotheaffectedpopulation.Agenciesareencouragedtoseekcomplementaryactivities

eitherinternallyorexternallywithotherpartnersworkinginothersectorssuchasWASH,Health,livelihoods,Foodsecurityand


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Early Recovery Shelter

Early

recovery

approaches

the

need

to

begin

supporting

restoration

of

basic

services,

livelihoods,

shelter,

governance,

security

andtheruleoflawassoonaspossible3.

ONEROOMSHELTER

Description One Room Shelter starts with the complete construction of one room of the permanent

house,offeringshelteruntiltherestofthehouse isfinished.OneRoomShelter isaflexible

beneficiarydrivenapproach,which leads to the finalproductofasafershelter. ORS uses

familiar vernacular construction practices improved with DRR measures, to ensure the

constructionofsafershelterand itsmaintenancewith theparticipationofbeneficiaries.The

ORSisaprocessthat:

a) Promotes the transferring of knowledge on safer construction techniques to vulnerable

groups,asawaytoimprovecommunitiesresiliencetodisasters;

b) Is a first step towards reconstruction and beneficiaries can upgrade it according to the

evolutionoftheircapacitiesandresources.

Estimatedduration 5to10years


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Design Principles

The

technical

guidelines

provide

detailed

information

about

One

Room

Shelter

construction

in

Pakistan,

however

there

arenumberofoverarchingprinciplesthatshouldtoberegardedwhenplanningashelterprogram.Theseprinciplesaimtopromote

amoresocial,culturalandeconomicadequateshelterassistanceandimprovetheresilienceoftheaffectedpopulation.

Indicators Criteria: DesignPrinciples:

Climate

Suitability

Ventilation

Winterisation

Designofthesheltertoallowadequateventilationtoreduceinternaltemperatures

(especiallyinthehotareas)

Wherenecessary,duetoclimateconditions,winterisationofsheltersistobeapplied.

The

design

should

allow

a

step

by

step

improvement

of

the

climate

suitability

(e.g.

optiontoincludefurtheropenings/toaddfurtherisolation)

(FordetailedinformationrefertoreferShelterConstructionTechnicalGuidelinesand

Guidelinesforwinterization)

Social

Suitability/

Protection

Participation

Vulnerability

GenderBalance

Theparticipationofcommunitythroughouttheimplementationofprograms,

promotesownershipandfacilitatesculturalandsocialsuitabilityoftheshelters.

Shelterprogramsshouldseektotargetthemostvulnerablemembersofthe

beneficiarycommunities(refertoShelterResponseStrategyandVulnerabilityCriteria

forShelterSupport)

Gendersensitive

programming

is

strongly

recommended

and

women

should

be

consultedaboutarangeofissues.(refertoVulnerabilityCriteriaforShelterSupport)

Social/

economical

Suitability

Adequatematerials

Locallyavailableand

familiartechniques

Optionsforfurther

upgrading

Accessibility

Preferablymaterialshouldbepurchaseinlocalmarkets;itinvolveslocaleconomyand

reducestransportationcosts.

Useofwellknownmaterialsandtechniqueswillpromotetheparticipationofthe

beneficiariesintheconstructionprocessanditsmaintenance

Optionsforstepbystepimprovementaccordingtorisingincomegenerationneedsof

beneficiaries.

Sheltersshouldallowtheaccessofdisabledpeople.

Culturalsuitability

Typology/layout

Integrationof

beneficiaries

options/capacities of

reconstruction.

Designshelters

to

meet

local

needs,

household

activities,

distribution,

as

well

as

the

localculturalrequirements.

Thedesignofthesheltershouldconsideraflexibleusespace.

Considerdesignandtechniquesadoptedbybeneficiarieswhen(re)buildingtheirown

shelter.

Resource

effectiveness

Usesalvaged

materials.

Allowfuturereuseof

materials.

Minimizeimpacton

naturalresources

Theuseofsalvagedmaterialsisencouragedwheningoodcondition(bricks,

door/windowframes,roofbeamsetc.)

Consideroptionstoreusetheconstructionmaterialsoftransitionalsheltersforfurther

durable

solutions.

Consideroptionstodismantlematerialsforreuse.

Thechoiceofmaterialsshouldavoidincreasedpressureonnaturalresources.

Appropriate

Location

Location

Safelocation

Landtenure

Whenpossible,sheltersshouldbeconstructedat,orneartotheexistinghomestead

withoutinhibitingpermanenthousing

Transitionalshelternottoprevent(re)constructionofpermanenthousing.


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2 12

One Room Shelter Construction Technical Guidelines

The

OneRoom Shelter technical guidelines

provide

detailed

technical

guidance

on

practical

implementation

of

the

Shelter

ClusterEarlyRecoverystrategy.Itishopedthatthiswillbeausefultoolforimplementingpartners,helpingtostandardizeand

ensurecoherenceamongresponseeffortstoimprovetheresilienceofthefloodaffectedcommunitiestofuturedisasters.

Theseguidelinesweredevelopedbasedonpreviousshelterclustertechnicalguidelines(2010and2011Flood)andthevaluable

inputfromclustermemberswhichsharedtheresultsoftheirhousingdamageassessments,andprovidedkeyinformationabout

theeffectivenessofusedDisasterRiskReductionmeasuresinshelterconstruction.

Each

chapter

gives

detailed

information

about

the

construction

of

the

5

main

typologies

of

shelters

found

in

southern

Pakistan:

LohKat,Mud,Adobe,BurnBrickandConcreteBrick.Theinformationisdisplayedasastepbystepconstructionguidanceand

detailed recommendations are given to each component of the shelter construction. Each typology is named after the main

materialusedintheshelterconstruction:

LohKat Mud Adobe BurnBrick ConcreteBrick

ObservationsonHousingDamage

The2012floodhitsomeareasthatwerepreviouslyaffectedbythe2010floodandwheremayshelteragencies implemented

shelter programs. In the aftermath of the 2012 flood some shelter members undertook damage assessments of the shelters

built in 2010 and shared the findings with the Shelter Cluster TWIG and were incorporated in the present guidelines. In

summary:

Itwasobservedthatseriousdamageswerecausedmostlybythecombinedactionofthewindandrainthaterodedthelayersof

roofsandtheexternalsurfacesofwalls,penetratinginthecoreofthemasonrymeltingthemudmortarandthusweakeningthe

walls.Moreover,itwasobservedthatthefloodexceededthesilllevel,reachingthelintelinseveralareas.

Thestructuresandinfrastructures,weakenedbytherainflashandstandinginthestagnantwaterformonths,wereslowlyand

progressivelyerodedwiththefinalresultofthetotalcollapse.

ThelastfloodshowedthattheDRRmeasureshavetoberevisedontheseevidences,raisingtheprotectionuptothelintellevelat

leastandimprovingthewaterproofingoftheroofing. .

***

Further to these guidelines, the Shelter Cluster, within the TWIG, developed the illustratedguidelines which aim to provide

visualandsimpleguidancetotheshelterpractitionersinPakistan.Theillustratedguidelinesaredistributedseparatelyandwill

beaccessibleontheshelterclusterwebsite.

Notes:

Theserecommendations arenotcompulsoryandtheShelterClusterisnotliableforanyfutureproblemthatmightoccurdueto

bad execution of these guidelines and lack of monitoring during the process of the implementation

Technical

2


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TheLOH

KAT

shelter

is

built

with

asupporting

skeleton

made

of

timer

poles,

bamboo

or

steel.

The

skeleton is covered with matting and then filled and plastered with mud. Commonly the roof is

madeofthatchorotherstructuralsystem,plasticsheetingwithamudplasterlayer,protectedwith

afinalwaterproofinglayer.

LohKat Mud Adobe BurnBrick ConcreteBrick

BEARINGFOUNDATIONSANDFOUNDATIONS

GenericGuidance Foundationsandplatformsspecification,depth andheight,dependentonthesitecharacteristics(soil,

elevation)andsuperstructure,materialsandloads,thustheirdepthandwidthhavetobedesignedona

casebycasebasis.

Theexcavationdepthmaybemorethan2 3innotcompactedsoils.

Generallythewidthoftheplatformshouldbealmostonethirdforeachside=1.62timesthethickness

ofthewalls.

Increasingthewidthofwallsatthebasewill improveresilienceandhelpkeep longerthefloodwater

awayfromthebaseofthewallswhichwillextendorpreventthetimeofdisintegration(depending on

thetimeofstagnancy)

Thefoundationsneedtohaveasealedbarrieratthebasetopreventthatthewaterpenetratesintothe

structurebothfromtheground(dampness)eitherfromstagnancy.Reinforcingthewallsatgroundlevel

byadding

concrete

plaster

/pointing

layer

or

mud

/lime

SpecificGuidance Excavationdepthminimum18belowundisturbedgroundorcompactedsoil.

Thewallstructureorskeleton(wallcolumns)needstopenetrate toaminimumof18" in theground

reachingthesolidlayerandbeingreinforcedwithcementorlime/mudposts,toensurestabilityofthe

shelter

Notesand

recommendations

Reed, timber, bamboo or other grass structures will have less mass and may have less bulky

foundations

Theinfilltrellisorreedmaterialshouldpenetratetoaminimumof6".

Ataperedfoundations(continuousplint)betterdistributetheloadtotheground.Itcanbeobtainedby

rammingin

framework

well

compacted

itissuggesttoaddlimeinthemudplinttowaterproofingthestructure

Appropriateanchoringdetailsforthefoundationshouldbeconsidered

theendofpoleshouldbetreatedwithbitumenofotherwaterresistanttreatment

Bambooandtimberaresusceptibletotermites. Adequatetreatmentshouldbeprovidedtotimberand

bamboomaterialsintheseareas

LohKat RAISEDPLINTHFLOOR

GenericGuidance Thefloorlevelshouldberaisedtoatleast16upto3abovetheNaturalSurfaceLevel(NSL)adoptinga

continuousplint.

Generalrecommendationistoprotectfurthermorethefoundationsbelowfloorlevelbyraisinganearth

platform 3 wide at the top and tapering to NSL over 6. (i.e 1 in 2 slope minimum.) The top of this

platformshouldbe6belowfloorlevel.

A damp proof course (DPC) at plinth level is compulsory in order to prevent moisture rising into the

walls.ADPCiseitherathinlayerofconcreteatplinthlevelwithplasticononesurfaceorsimplyastrong

plasticlayer

DRRimprovements

( l d d

itissuggesttoaddlimeandcementinthemudplinttowaterproofingthestructure

h d f l h ld b d h b f h


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techniques LohKat/Reed/Trellisorsimilarwallsneedtobeskilfullywoven,securedortiedtoensurelongterm

durabilityofwalls.

Theskeletoniscoveredwithmattingandthenfilledandplasteredwithmudmortar.

The durability of the walls can be improved by using wattle and daub or quincha instead of simple

matting.

Inordertohavewaterproofingresistanceofthecoreitissuggestedtoaddlimetothemortar.

Noteand

recommendations

Theverticalreedstructureorskeletonneedstohaveverystrongfasteningwithanencirclingreedrope.

Thereedtrellismaterialneedstopenetratetoaminimumof6" inthegroundreachingthesolid layer

andbeingreinforcedwithcementorlimemudposts

Itisimportanttotreatatleastthebaseofthestructureandwallmaterialwithtermitetreatmentand

to protect the base of the wall from moisture using bitumen paint, plastic sheeting or other

methodologies

Some

simple

local

treatments

for

termites

may

include

the

use

of

lime

slurries,

kerosene

or

used

engineoil

Environmentalandhealthandsafetyissuesshouldbetakenintoaccountwhenusingtheseproducts

DRR for earthquake

resistance:

Jointandbinding

Reinforcedbands

Alljunctions(verticalandhorizontal)needtobeindividuallytied.

Crossbracingshouldbeprovidedinlightweightwallpanelstoimprovewindresistanceandstabilityof

theframe.

minimumbracingisatcornerpanels,bracingallthepanelsispreferable

minimumdiagonalbracing,crossbracingispreferable

at the base of the vertical skeleton (top of the plinth) a horizontal reinforcement with bamboos or

timberjoinswellconnectedwiththeverticalpoles,overlapandtiethematthecorners.

Alsoareinforcedconcretebandmaybeadvisable.

DRRfloodresistance

(plasterasprotective

andexpendable

surface)

Alimemudmix(1:3)forplastermayprovidesomewaterproofresistancetotheinnerstructure.

Manyoptionsareavailablee.g.amixtureoflime,mudandbhoosa(straw)wellmixedandfermentedfor

24hours.

Amudtoemayfurtherprotectthebottomofthewallsfromdisintegration

Maintenance replasterwithlimemudmortar(1:3 mix)thewallsatleastonceanyearorwhenevernecessary

verifythegoodconnectionoftheelementsofthestructures(poleandbracing)

retreatthebaseofpoles atleastonceanyearwhenevernecessary

informtheownersregardingperiodic treatments

Openings

DoorsandwindowsOpenings

within

the

wall

space

should

not

take

up

an

area

greater

than

50%

of

the

wall.

Openingsshouldbehigherthanwider

Windowsanddoorsshouldbekeptaminimumof2ftfromcornersandfromeachother.

Thedoorsshouldopenoutwardsforfiresafetypurpose

Lintels Inordertobearanddistributetheloadofthewallabovetheopenings,lintelsshouldtobeinstalled.

Lintelsshouldbeminimum2thickand6longerthantheopeningoneachside.

Lintelsshouldbedesignedbasedontheloadbeingcarriedoverhead.

Beingthisstructureinwood,themoreappropriate lintelsmaybeasolutionwith23tiedbamboosor

timberplate

Ventilation Theventilation

is

very

important

mainly

during

the

summer

that

is

very

hot

in

several

area.

Two windows may ensure ventilation. Alternatively one or two ventilators, executed on the opposite

sideofthewindow(generallyonthebackwall)mayensureagoodventilation. Thedimensionsdepend

onthesizeoftheshelter,itmaybeoneof2x1ortwo1x1

Insomeareas,wherethesummerisveryhot,itmaybesuggestedtoincreasetheheightoftheshelter

to improve the internal ventilation (in this case the entire structure of the shelter has to be re

calculated) note this will increase the cost of the shelter


11/26


Timber,bambooorstrawroofsarenotsuitableforindoorcookingorheatingfires.

A conical or foursided pitched roof is preferable in areas where wind loads are a consideration,

particularlycyclonevulnerableareas.

Gableendsorflatsurfacesmaybemorestressbyresistingtothewindforce

The

pitch

of

aroof

will

vary

based

on

the

wind

conditions

in

the

area,

however

amaximum

pitch

is

advisedof30forsimplepitchedroofs.

Amonopitchedroofmayhaveapitchofupto10toallowadequatedrainageofrainwater.

Intheflatroofaminimumslopeshouldbe3/8"perfoot.

Mainstructure Generallydoublepitchedroofwithgables.

The main structures may be in bamboos or timber. The design has to consider the loads. Timber of

inadequatedimensionscanbeveryheavy.

Itissuggestedtoassembletrussesinsteadofrafters,sincethehorizontalbottomchordtiestheinclined

topchordsconstrainingtheirpushingoutwardforces.

Any

elements

of

the

roof

structure

should

be

tied

to

each

other.

Alljoistsorbeamsintheroofstructureneedtobeindividuallytiedtopurlins.

Theroofmustalsobesecurelytiedtothewallstructure.

The trusses may be simple, with rafters and collar tie, for span of 910 length, for span over 10 it

wouldbesuggestedatrusseswithwindbrace.

Noteand

recommendations

DRRforearthquake

resistance

Allloadbearingelementsoftheroofstructure,columns,beamsandjoistshavetobenotplacedabove

doororwindowopenings. Anyopeningsprovideweaknessesinthewalls,becausereducetheportionof

bearingwalls,thusplacingtheloadbearingelementsrightabovetheopeningsmaycausefailure inthe

wallswithcracksandevencollapseoftheportioninterested.

Any elements of the roof structure should be tied to each other. Alljoists or beams in the roof

structure need to be individually tied to purlins. The roof must also be securely tied to the wall

structure. Well fastening ensure a good resistance to the strong wind and is a kind of DRR against

earthquake

Roofs have different load distribution arrangements, as the concentration of loads underneath the

beams, thus in order to distribute equally the roof loads a top plateband or ring beam should be

provided at the top of the walls. It should be continuous encircling the walls, this provides a way of

fastening the walls together at the top to prevent pushing outward forces of the roof and in case of

horizontalseismicforces

In case of pitched roof with two gables, placing platesbands at the top of the wall (without gables)

distributethe

loads

and

constrains

the

pushing

forces

of

the

rafters

outwards.



Coveringpackage

Genericguidance

Rooftoppingcanbemadewithmanydifferentmaterialsas longasthe itemsare lightweight,strong,

durable,secured,waterproof,insulatingandmaintainable.

Anymaterialthatsoakwaterormeltshouldbeavoided

Acommonpracticeistheuseofathatchorotherstructuralsystem,plasticsheetingwithamudplaster

layer,protectedwithafinalwaterproofinglayer.

Lime plaster or a bitumen mixture may provide a waterresistant finish to the roof that should be

reappliedprior

and

after

annual

rains.

Coveringpackage

Specificguidance

Abovethesemistructuralmatofstraworthatch,apolythenesheet,alayerofstabilizedmudhaveto

beappliedin2coats,thethicknessmaybe2,or1forpitchedroof.

Note:themudlayershouldnotbeapplieddirectlyontheplasticsheet.

Thelastcoatshouldbeawaterproofingone. Limemudplastermayimprovethewaterresistance.

Bitumen mixed with stabilized mud mortar is an effective treatment, it is waterproofing and fire

resistant.Itshouldbepreparedbymixingbitumenwithkeroseneoil(5:1)andmud(1.5kgofbitumen


12/26


Theuseofguttersforcatchrainwatermaybeconsidered;obviouslytheslopehastobeadequate in

caseofflatroof

Maintenance replasterwithlimemudorbitumenmudmortartheroofatleastonceanyearorwhenevernecessary

periodiccleaningofthewaterspouts

verify

the

good

connection

of

the

element

of

the

structures

(pole,

rafter,

purlin

and

bracing)

retreatagainsttermitethebamboosandwoodenelements onceanyearorwhenevernecessary

inform theownersregardingperiodictreatmentastermitetreatment,annualreplasteringoftheroof,


LohKat COSTESTIMATE

Notes The costs of materials may sensitively increase after any catastrophic events due to the scarcity of

materialsavailableonthelocalmarketsandthedifficultyorimpossibilityoffrequenttransportation.In

additionofthatithastobenotedthecostsvaryfromdistricttodistricteverysemester.Thereforeitis

suggestedto

upgrade

the

cost

estimate

accordingly

to

the

last

official

quotations

of

the

price

analysis

by

districtwise.

EstimatedUnitCost XXXUSD

TheMUDshelterisbuiltwithunreinforcedlayersofamixtureofmudandstraw.Thewallsneedto

beat least18 thickandshouldbeplastered.Careneed tobeput inthechoiceofbeamsand its

placement.Commonlytheroofismadeofthatchorotherstructuralsystem,plasticsheetingwitha

mudplasterlayer,protectedwithafinalwaterproofinglayer.

LokKhat Mud Adobe BurnBrick ConcreteBrick

Mud BEARINGFOUNDATIONSANDFOUNDATIONS

GenericGuidance Excavationdepthminimum18belowundisturbedgroundorcompactedsoil.

the

bearing

foundations

(under

foundations)

should

be

in

stones

Thewallstructureneeds topenetratetoaminimumof18" inthegroundreachingthesolid layerand

beingreinforcedwithcementorlime/mudposts,toensurestabilityoftheshelter

minimum dimension for the foundations are 2.5wide footings founded 2 below the natural surface

level(NSL)dimensionmayincreasewithmudmortar


Ifthereisaskeleton(wallcolumns),thewallstructureorneedstopenetratetoaminimumof18"inthe

groundreachingthesolidlayerandbeingreinforcedwithcementorlime/mudposts,toensurestability

oftheshelter

Notesandrecommendations

A

tapered

foundations

(continuous

plint)

better

distribute

the

load

to

the

ground.

It

can

be

obtained

by

ramminginframeworkwellcompacted

Thefoundationscanbeinstones,infiredbricks,inconcrete; cementsandmortarshouldbeused

taperingorrammingframeworkmudmaybeimprovedbyaddingcementandlimeforwaterproofing

Wallcolumnsinwoodenpoleorbricksmayreinforcethestructure(DRRagainstearthquake)

When the mud shelter has a skeleton, appropriate anchoring details for the foundation should be

considered


13/26


connectedwiththeverticalpoles,overlapandtiethematthecorners

Maintenance replaster with lime/mud/cement mortar the raised plinth at least once yearly, before the monson

season,andwhenevernecessary

Mud SUPERSTRUCTURE

Walls

Corematerialsand

techniques

Mudwalls

(mixture

of

mud

and

straw)

unreinforced

with

any

other

materials

should

be

minimum

18

thickatthebase(22.5preferred).Wallsshouldnottapertolessthan13"atthetop.(1.5ispreferred)

Thethicknesswillprovideresilienceanddistributionoftheloadfromrooftoground.

Theresistanceandthedurabilityofthewalldependonthecompaction.

Thecompactioncanbeimprovedbyrammingthewalls.

Unreinforcedmudwallsshouldbebuiltup in layersofnotgreater than12" thicknessperday. These

layershavetobecuredorhardenedpriortoapplicationofsubsequent layers. Timeoffermentationof

mudwillvaryaccordingtoweatherconditionsatthetimeofconstruction. Anestimateof3to4daysper

layerissuggested.Localknowledgeshouldbesoughtregardingappropriatelengthoftimeforcuring.

the

right

width

plinth

and

the

plumb

of

the

walls

themselves

ensure

the

stability

Notesand

recommendations

Themudusedforthewallshastobecarefullyselected.

Sand,limeandcementmaybeaddedindifferentproportions.

DRR for

earthquake

resistance:

Jointandbinding

Reinforcedbands

Themudwallsareheavyandwillperformbadlyinearthquake

Mudwallslongerthan14shouldhaveintermediatecrosspartitionwall.

Theuseofbuttressesmaysupportthestabilityoflongwallandcorner.

Buttressescanbefullorpartialheight, straightorinclined

DRRearthquakeresistanceofmudwallsmaybeimprovedbyverticalandhorizontalreinforcementand

stichesatcornerandintersectionofpartitionwalls.

vertical

elements

as

bamboos

or

timber

provide

confinement

to

the

walls

and

directly

support

the

roof

thehorizontalreinforcementsavoidtheseparationofthewall,theymaybedonewithsteel,wiremesh,

timber,bambooandsevenjutarolls.

thebandatrooflevelshouldbealwaysexecuted

alsostitchesascuttimberorcanemaybe inserted ineachcornerandjunction.theyshouldextend3

fromeachsideandverticallyprovidedatevery2

DRRflood

resistance(plaster

asprotectiveand

expendable

surface)

A limemud mix (1 : 3 mixture) for plaster may provide some waterproof resistance to the inner

structure.

Alsobitumenstabilizedmudmortarisaneffectivetreatment,itmakeswaterproofingandfireresistant

thewalls.Itshouldbepreparedbymixingbitumenwithkeroseneoil(5:1)andmud(1.5kgofbitumenfor

30kg

of

mud)

Amudtoemayfurtherprotectthebottomofthewallsfromdisintegration

Thewallshavetobeplasteredtilltherooflevelwith2/3coats

Maintenance replaster with lime/mud/cement mortar the walls at least yearly or whenever necessary (wornout

plaster)

reapplythefilmofbitumenyearlybeforethemonsoonseason

Openings

Doorsandwindows

Openingswithinthewallspaceshouldnottakeupanareagreaterthan50%ofthewall.


Windows and doors should be kept a minimum of 2 ft from corners and from each other and open

outwards.




Lintelsshouldbedesignedbasedontheloadbeingcarriedoverhead

Forshortspanstimberplateortiedbamboos(23)maybeanoption,whichsoundsmoreappropriateto

the mud structure.


14/26


usage for grain or livestock. Dead loads are those including the makeup of the roof structure such as

beams,straw,mud,cementetc.

Abambooorother lightweightroofcanbeused forallconstructionmethodologies,whilesteelgirder

rooforsimilarheavyroofrequiresastrongbearingstructure,thereforeitisonlysuitableforfiredbrick,

concreteblock,

engineered

steel

frame

shelters

Athickmud layerwilladda lotof loadtotheroofandmaycausesevere,damagingstraintotheroof

structureandloadbearingwalls.

Timberelementsmayinsomecasesbelargerloadsthansteelorotheralternatives.

Bambooandtimberaresusceptibletotermites.Adequatetreatmentshouldbeprovidedtotimberand

bamboomaterials




Gable

ends

or

flat

surfaces

may

be

more

stress

by

resisting

to

the

wind

force

The pitch of a roof will vary based on the wind conditions in the area, however a maximum pitch is




Mainstructure Abambooorotherlightweightroofcanbeusedforallconstructionmethodologies.

As main beams threefour bamboos tied together may work. The number of main bamboos beams

shouldbetwo.

Timberofadequatesectionandweightmaybeanoption;abearingpadshouldbeplacedunderneath.

Steelgirderarenotadvisable,incaseabearingplatehastobeinsertunderneaththegirderinorderto

distributeits

load

The secondary structure of purlin may made by bamboos well sized. The distance between bamboos

shouldbenotmorethan1(1brick),theirlengthhastobeenoughtooverlapthethickness ofwalls

Abovethebamboosamatofchick,straw,thatchandplasticsheet isgenerallyused.Strawandplastic

sheethavetobeincorporateinthetopofthewallsbythefinalplastering.

Bamboos,timberandstrawshouldbetreatedagainsttermites.

Tironandtilesareforbiddenformudwalls

Noteand

recommendations

DRRforearthquake

resistance

All loadbearingelementsoftheroofstructure,columns,beamsandjoistshavetobenotplacedabove


bearingwalls,

thus

placing

the

loadbearing

elements

right

above

the

openings

may

cause

failure

in

the


Anyelementsoftheroofstructureshouldbetiedtoeachother. Alljoistsorbeamsintheroofstructure

need to be individually tied topurlins. The roof must alsobe securely tied to the wallstructure.Well

fasteningensureagoodresistancetothestrongwindandisakindofDRRagainstearthquake


beams, thus in order to distribute equally the roof loads a top plate/band or ring beam should be



horizontalseismic

forces.

In case of pitched roof with two gables placing plates/bands at the top of the wall (without gables)

distributetheloadsandconstrainsthepushingforcesoftherafters.



Coveringpackage

Genericguidance

Roof topping canbe made with many different materials as longas the items are lightweight, strong,



15/26


In case of flat roof, the coats of plaster have to incorporate the top of the walls and the parapet,

protecting themattingof plastic sheetand strawand the structure ofroof, asa kind of waterproofing

capping. ThisisaDRRthatwillavoidtherainwatertopenetrateintheconnectionroof/walls.

DRRwaterproofing

anddrainage

Anoverhangoftheroof,oreaves,of15"minimumwillpreventrainwaterfromrunningdownmudor

plaster

of

the

walls

and

soaking

into

the

structure

and

plash

the

plinth.

This

will

aid

the

structures

resilience.

For flat roof it is important aright slope toallow therain water towash away quickly, the stagnancy

upontheroof allowtherainwatersoakingthetoplayersandpenetrateinthecoreofwalls.

Wherethere isaparapet iscompulsorytoprovide1or2waterspouts,theslopeshavetobearranged

accordingly(minimum1%).

Thewaterspoutsshouldbeminimum2.5andprojectminimum8.

The waterspouts have to be well sealed with bitumen without any discontinuity in order to prevent

waterraintopenetrateinthestructureofroofandwallsabove.

Another

option

may

be

CGI

spout

in

U

shape.

Theuseofguttersforcatchrainwatermaybeconsidered;obviously theslopehas tobeadequate in

caseofflatroof




verifythegoodconnectionoftheelementofthestructures(beamsandpurlin)




Mud COSTESTIMATE


materialsavailableonthe localmarketsandthedifficultyor impossibilityoffrequenttransportation.In

additionofthat ithastobenotedthecostsvaryfromdistricttodistricteverysemester.Therefore it is

suggestedtoupgradethecostestimateaccordinglytothelastofficialquotationsofthepriceanalysisby

districtwise.

EstimatedUnitCost XXXUSD

TheADOBEshelterisbuiltwithsundriedmudbricks.Thewallsneedtobeatleast13.5thick

and should be plastered. Care needs to be put in the choice of beams and its placement.

Commonlytheroof ismadeofthatchorotherstructuralsystem,plasticsheetingwithamud

plasterlayer,protectedwithafinalwaterproofinglayer.

LohKat

Mud

Adobe BurnBrick ConcreteBrickAdobe BEARINGFOUNDATIONSANDFOUNDATIONS

GenericGuidance Foundations and platforms specification, depth and height, dependent on the site characteristics (soil,

elevation)andsuperstructure,materialsandloads,thustheirdepthandwidthhavetobedesignedona

casebycasebasis.



16/26


Minimumdimensionforthefoundationsare2.5widefootingsfounded2belowthenaturalsurfacelevel

(NSL)dimensionmayincreasewithmudmortar

Notesand

recommendations

Ataperedfoundationsmaybetterdistributetheloadtotheground,theyarealsoaneconomicoption.

Thefoundationscanbeinstones,infiredbricksinconcrete,cement/sandmortarhasbeused

Adobe

brick

are

not

suggested

for

the

foundations,

but

in

case

cement

mortar

has

to

be

used

and

they

havetobeplasteredwithcement/sand/limetoimprovethewaterproofing

Wallcolumnsinwoodenpoleorbricksmayreinforcethestructure(DRRagainstearthquake)

Whentheadobehasaskeleton,appropriateanchoringdetailsforthefoundationshouldbeconsidered

Adobe RAISEDPLINTHFLOOR


continuousplint.



platformshould

be

6

below

floor

level.

Adampproofcourse(DPC)atplinthleveliscompulsoryinordertopreventmoisturerisingintothewalls.

ADPCiseitherathinlayerofconcreteatplinthlevelwithplasticononesurfaceorsimplyastrongplastic

layer

DRRimprovements

(Floodand

earthquake)

theplinthmaybeinstones,infiredbricksinconcrete,cement/sandmortarhasbeenused.

at the top the plinth a reinforce band with 2 bars can ensure the earthquake resistance, in case of

concreteplinthitmaybereinforcedwith4bars



incaseofreinforcedband:verifythatthebarsarenotexposeandcorroded,paintthemwithredoxidant

varnish.

Adobe SUPERSTRUCTURE

Walls

Corematerialsand

techniques

Adobe brick construction should not be built less than 13.5" thick, in order to provide resilience and

distributionoftheloadfromrooftoground.

itisimportantgoodexecutiontoreducetheweaknesses,starttobuildthewallsfromthecorners,and

getthebondcorrect,sinceweakcornersmakethesheltervulnerable.

lime and cement should be added to the mud mortar to increase the bonding capacity and the

waterproofing

Notesand

recommendationsIn

order

to

improve

the

durability

it

may

be

used fired

bricks

for

the

external

face

of

walls

only

till

the

sill

level,andtheabodebrickfortheinternal.Thethicknesswillbeminimum13.5aswell.

Anothersolutionmaybetousedfiredbrickswalls (fullwall)tillthesilllevelandabovewiththeadobe.

Thisincreasesthebearingcapacityandwaterproofresistance.

Ifonlyadobebrickareavailable,inordertoimprovethestabilityanddurabilityoftheshelter,itmaybe

increasedthethicknessatthebaseofwalls,tillsilllevel,upto18

Cementlimesandmortarispreferredtothemudmortar,althoughthewallshavetobeplastered.

DRR for

earthquake

resistance: Jointandbinding

Reinforcedbands

Suitable interlocking of adobe brick should be provided to ensure stability and durability of walls and

provideearthquakeresistance.

in

order

to

reinforce

the

corners,

the

wall

rows

may

be

overlapped

and

projected

at

the

corners,

this

providessuchabuttress.Alsoincreasingthethicknessatthecornersprovidesbuttresses

Itisalsorecommendedtousefiredbricksascolumnsforthecornersandopeningsofanadobestructure

Steelbarsmaybeusedasverticalreinforcementsatthecornersandjunctions

DRRflood

resistance(plaster

as protective and

theAdobehaspoorwaterresistancethustheexternalwallshavetobeprotected.

theadobeshelterhastobecompletelyplasteredexternally,whileinternallyatleasttillthesilllevel.

A protective layer is compulsory for the external walls and suggested for the internal


17/26


season,andwhenevernecessary (wornoutplaster)

reapplytheprotectivefilm(mixturewith lime,oranimaldung,orbitumen)atleastonceanyearbefore

themonsoonseasonorwhenwornout


varnish

Openingdoor

window



Windows and doors should be kept a minimum of 2 ft from corners and from each other and open

outwards.





For

short

spans

timber

plate

or

tied

bamboos

(2

3)

may

be

an

option,

which

sounds

more

appropriate

to

theadobestructure.

Theprecastconcretelintelmaybeagoodoption

Thelintelmaybeexecutedwithbrickssystemusingn.2steels#3andcementmortar.

Ventilation Theventilationisveryimportantmainlyduringthesummerthatisveryhotinseveralareas.


sideofthewindow(generallyonthebackwall)mayensuregoodventilation.

Thedimensionsdependonthesizeoftheshelter,itmaybeoneof2x1ortwo1x1

Insomeareas,wherethesummerisveryhot,itmaybesuggestedtoincreasetheheightoftheshelterto

improvethe internalventilation(inthiscasetheentirestructureoftheshelterhastoberecalculated)

notethiswillincreasethecostoftheshelter

Adobe ROOF

Genericguidance Roofdesignshouldallowforliveanddeadloads. Liveloadsareappliedloadssuchasrain,wind,snowor





concreteblock,engineeredsteelframeshelters


structureand

loadbearing

walls.



bamboomaterials






advisedof

30

for

simple

pitched

roofs.



Mainstructure Abambooorotherlightweightroofcanbeusedforallconstructionmethodologies.

As main beams threefour bamboos tied together may work. The number of main bamboos beams

shouldbetwo.

Timber of adequate section and weight may be an option; a bearing pad should be placed underneath.


18/26


resistance Anyelementsoftheroofstructureshouldbetied toeachother. Alljoistsorbeamsintheroofstructure

need to be individually tied topurlins. The roof must also be securely tied to the wallstructure.Well



beams,

thus

in

order

to

distribute

equally

the

roof

loads

a

top

plate/band

or

ring

beam

should

be



horizontal seismicforces.





Coveringpackage

Genericguidance


durable,

secured,

waterproof,

insulating

and

maintainable.





reappliedpriorandafterannualrains.

Coveringpackage

Specificguidance

Abovethesemistructuralmatofstraworthatch,apolythenesheet,alayerofstabilizedmudhavetobe

appliedin23coats,thethicknessmaybe3maximum.Themudlayermaymakeheavythestructure.

Thelastcoatshouldbeawaterproofing.Lime/mudplastermayimprovethewaterresistance.


resistant.It

should

be

prepared

by

mixing

(5:1)

bitumen

with

kerosene

oil

and

mud

(1.5

kg

of

bitumen

for

30kgofmud).

Alsotheanimaldump,mixedwithmud,maybeakindofwaterproofingasanecofriendlyoption




DRRwaterproofing

anddrainage


plaster of the walls and soaking into the structure and plash the plinth. This will aid the structures

resilience.

For

flat

roof

it

is

important

aright

slope

to

allow

the

rain

water

to

wash

away

quickly,

the

stagnancy







AnotheroptionmaybeCGIspoutinUshape.


case

of

flat

roof




verifythegoodconnectionoftheelementofthestructures(beamsandpurlin)




19/26


TheBURN

BRICK

shelter

is

built

with

fired

bricks.

The

walls

need

to

be

at

least

9

thick

and

shouldbeplastered.Careneedstobeputinthechoiceofbeamsanditsplacement.Commonly

theroofismadeofthatchorotherstructuralsystem,plasticsheetingwithamudplasterlayer,

protectedwithafinalwaterproofinglayer.

LohKat Mud Adobe BurnBrick Concretebrick

BurnBrick BEARINGFOUNDATIONSANDFOUNDATIONS

GenericGuidance Foundations and platforms specification, depth and height, dependent on the site characteristics (soil,

elevation)and

super

structure,

materials

and

loads,

thus

their

depth

and

width

have

to

be

designed

on

a

casebycasebasis.


Generallythewidthoftheplatformshouldbealmostonethirdforeachside=1.62timesthethicknessof

thewalls.

Increasing thewidthofwallsat thebasewill improveresilienceandhelpkeep longer the floodwater

awayfromthebaseofthewallswhichwillextendorpreventthetimeofdisintegration(dependingon

thetimeofstagnancy)


structureboth

from

the

ground

(dampness)

either

from

stagnancy.

Reinforcing

the

walls

at

ground

level

byaddingconcreteplaster/pointinglayerormud/lime


Thewallstructureorcolumns(reinforcedmasonry)shouldextendtothesamedepthof24"toreachthe

solidlayerandensurestability

Minimumdimensionforthefoundationsare2widefootingsfounded2belowthenaturalsurfacelevel

(NSL)

Notesand

recommendations

Brickmasonryhasheavyloadandrequireaconcrete,stoneorbrickfoundationtodistributetheloadto

thegroundandthusensurestabilityofthewall

Appropriate

anchoring

details

for

the

foundation

should

be

considered

theplinthcanbeplasteredwithcement/sand/limeforimprovethewaterproofing

burntbrickmaybeabetteroptionforfoundationduetotheirwaterproofingcharacteristics

inordertoimprovethestabilityofthetrench,alayerofcement/soilmaybepouredunderfoundation.

Thesuggestedmixture(stabilizedsoil)issand(27%)soil(70%)cement(3%);thethicknessshouldbe6

minimum.

BurnBrick RAISEDPLINTHFLOOR


continuousplint.





ADPCiseitherathinlayerofconcreteatplinthlevelwithplasticononesurfaceorsimplyastrongplastic

layer

DRRimprovements theplinthmaybewithfiredbricksorinconcrete,cement/sandmortarhasbeused.


20/26


Alternatethedisplacement ofthebrickeachrowstoensuretheinterlocking

Constructfromcornerstocenter

Ensuregoodconnectionfromplinthtowallsandinterlockbricksatcorners

Reinforcelongwallsatcentre

Avoid

too

wide

vertical

joints,

and

too

thick

bedding

joints

Hollowblockwallsshouldbereinforcedusingsteelorsimilarmaterials

Cementorlimeandsandbasedmortarshouldbeusedforbonding.

CementMortarforGeneralPurposeUse(butthemixcanbeharsh)1Cement:4FineSand

CementLimeMortarforBlockandBricklaying,plastersandRenders: 1Cement:1Lime:6Sand

LimeMortarforBlockandBricklaying: 1Lime:3Sand

Notesand

recommendations

Alljunctions of the wall at base, top and corners need to be tied, either through interlocking or

reinforcementelementsliketimberorsteel.

Careshouldbetakentoensuresaltinthesandisofverylowlevels,assaltwilldamagethemortar

It

is

not

advisable

to

build

more

the

3

shelters

in

line,

since

long

walls

have

a

negative

seismic

response

DRR for

earthquake

resistance:

Jointandbinding

Reinforcedbands

ThicknessandgoodexecutionconsistinDRRthemselves.

Reinforcedbandatfloorlevel,silllevel,lintellevelandrooflevelareDRRmeasuresagainstearthquakes.

Thebandshavetobecontinuous,interlockingthebarsatcorners.

Thenumberofbarsmaybe24dependingontheheightoftheband.

Thefloorandtopbandsaresuggestedtobe34with4bars#4,whiletheonesatsillandlintelmaybe

2with2bars#3.

ThetopbandshouldbeprovidedinanycaseasabasicDRRagainstearthquake.

Verticalreinforcementswithsteelbarscollaboratetothestabilityandseismicresilienceoftheshelter.

Theverticalbarshavetobeinterlockedwiththehorizontalones.

Columnsin

reinforced

concrete,

along

with

reinforced

horizontal

bands

improve

the

seismic

resistance.

Thiskindofstructure,named CONFINEDMASONRYisthemoresuitableinseismicareas,butobviously

itisexpansive.

DRRflood

resistance(plaster

asprotectiveand

expendable

surface)

The external plastering is always a good practice, since it protects the masonry from rain, wind and

stagnantwater,prolongingitsdurability.

Itissuggestedcement/lime/plasteratleasttillthesilllevel.

Pointingisanoptionfromthesillleveluptotheroof.

Plasteringthewholewallsispreferable.

Plasteringismandatoryformud/limemortarexecution.

While

pointing

is

suggested

anyway

in

case

of

good

quality

of

bricks,

cement

mortar

and

good

execution

ofthemasonry.

Maintenance replaster with lime/mud/cement mortar the raised plinth at least once an year before the monsoon

season,andwhenevernecessary (wornoutplaster)

replastertheexternalwallsatleastonceanyearbeforethemonsoonseason,andwhenevernecessary


varnish

Openingdoor

window



Windows

and

doors

should

be

kept

a

minimum

of

2

ft

from

corners

and

from

each

other

and

open

outwards.





Forshortspanstimberplateortiedbamboos(23)maybeanoption,whichsoundsmoreappropriateto


21/26






concreteblock,

engineered

steel

frame

shelters


structureandloadbearingwalls.



bamboomaterials









Mainstructure Thisstructure issupposedtobemoreresistant,thusthesolutionofthebamboosbeam isnotsuitable,

neitherthelessisnotforbidden.

Timbersofadequatesizeandsteelgirdersaresuitableoptions.

ThegirderIbeamsizeshoulddependsonthenumber(1or2),loadsoftheroofandthicknessofwalls

Suggestedsizesare4x6or4x8,also5.5x2.5maybeused.

Bearing

plate,

or

pad,

has

to

be

inserted

underneath

the

girder

in

order

to

distribute

its

load.

Asteelplatemaybe12x8x0.5,aconcretetileorwoodenboardmaybeonoption.

Antioxidetreatmentissuggestedfortheiron/steelelements.

Thesecondarystructureofpurlinmaymadebybambooswellsized.

Thedistancebetweenbamboosshouldbenotmorethan1(1brick),theirlengthhastobeenoughto

overlapthethickness ofwalls

Abovethebamboosamatofchick,straw,thatchandplasticsheet isgenerallyused.Strawandplastic

sheethavetobeincorporateinthetopofthewallsbythefinalplastering.

Bamboos,timberandstrawshouldbetreatedagainsttermites.

An

alternative

to

the

I

girder

may

be

aconcrete

precast

beam.

AnalternativetothebamboosandstrawaretheTbeams(Tiron)andtilesofcementorburnedclay.

Noteand

recommendations

DRRfor

earthquake

resistance



bearingwalls, thusplacingthe loadbearingelementsrightabove theopeningsmaycausefailure in the


Anyelementsoftheroofstructureshouldbetiedtoeachother. Alljoistsorbeamsintheroofstructure











22/26



resistant.Itshouldbepreparedbymixing(5:1)bitumenwithkeroseneoilandmud(1.5kgofbitumenfor

30kgofmud).


In

case

of

flat

roof,

the

coats

of

plaster

have

to

incorporate

the

top

of

the

walls

and

the

parapet,



DRRwaterproofing

anddrainage



resilience.

For flat roof it is important aright slope toallow the rain water towash away quickly, the stagnancy







AnotheroptionmaybeCGIspoutinUshape.


caseofflatroof




verify

the

good

connection

of

the

element

of

the

structures

(beams

and

purlin

)




BurnBrick COSTESTIMATE


materialsavailableonthe localmarketsandthedifficultyor impossibilityoffrequenttransportation.In

additionofthat ithastobenotedthecostsvaryfromdistricttodistricteverysemester.Therefore it is

suggestedtoupgradethecostestimateaccordinglytothelastofficialquotationsofthepriceanalysisby

districtwise.

EstimatedUnit

Cost

XXXUSD

TheCONCRETEBRICKshelter isbuiltwithreinforcedconcreteorcementbricksandplasteredwith

cement

mortar.

The

walls

need

to

be

at

least

8

thick

and

should

be

plastered.

Care

needs

to

be

put

inthechoiceofbeamsanditsplacement.Commonlytheroofismadeofthatchorotherstructural

system,plasticsheetingwithamudplasterlayer,protectedwithafinalwaterproofinglayer.

LohKat Mud Adobe BurnBrick Concrete


23/26



structurebothfromtheground(dampness)eitherfromstagnancy.Reinforcingthewallsatgroundlevel

byaddingconcreteplaster/pointinglayerormud/lime


The

wall

structure

or

columns

(reinforced

masonry)

should

extend

to

the

same

depth

of

24"

to

reach

the

solidlayerandensurestability

Minimumdimensionforthefoundationsare2widefootingsfounded2belowthenaturalsurfacelevel

(NSL)

Notesand

recommendations

Concretebrickmasonryhasheavy loadandrequireaconcrete,stoneorbrickfoundation todistribute

theloadtothegroundandthusensurestabilityofthewall.

Appropriateanchoringdetailsforthefoundationshouldbeconsidered


burntbrickmaybeabetteroptionforfoundationduetotheirwaterproofingcharacteristics

in

order

to

improve

the

stability

of

the

trench,

a

layer

of

cement/soil

may

be

poured

under

foundation.

Thesuggestedmixture(stabilizedsoil)issand(27%)soil(70%)cement(3%);thethicknessshouldbe6

minimum

ConcreteBrick RAISEDPLINTHFLOOR


continuousplint.





ADPC

is

either

athin

layer

of

concrete

at

plinth

level

with

plastic

on

one

surface

or

simply

astrong

plastic

layer

DRRimprovements

(Floodand

earthquake)

theplinthmaybewithfiredbricksorinconcrete,cement/sandmortarhasbeused.


at the top the plinth a reinforce band with 24 bars can ensure the earthquake resistance, in case of

concreteplinthitmaybereinforcedwith4bars




varnish

ConcreteBrick SUPERSTRUCTURE

Walls

Corematerialsand

techniques

Concretebrickwallsandreinforcedconcretewallsmaydifferinsizedependingonstructuraldesign.

Concreteblockwallsshouldbeatleast8thick

Alternatethedisplacement ofthebrickeachrowstoensuretheinterlocking

Constructfromcornerstocenter

Ensuregoodconnectionfromplinthtowallsandinterlockbricksatcorners

Reinforcelongwallsatcentre

Avoidtoowideverticaljoints,andtoothickbeddingjoints

Hollow

block

walls

should

be

reinforced

using

steel

or

similar

materials

Cementorlimeandsandbasedmortarshouldbeusedforbonding.

CementMortarforGeneralPurposeUse(butthemixcanbeharsh)1Cement:4FineSand

CementLimeMortarforBlockandBricklaying,plastersandRenders: 1Cement:1Lime:6Sand

LimeMortarforBlockandBricklaying: 1Lime:3Sand

Notesand

recommendations

Alljunctions of the wall at base, top and corners need to be tied, either through interlocking or

reinforcement elements like timber or steel.


24/26


asprotectiveand

expendable

surface)

Maintenance replaster with lime/mud/cement mortar the raised plinth at least once an year before the monsoon

season,and

whenever

necessary

(worn

out

plaster)

replastertheexternalwallsatleastonceanyearbeforethemonsoonseason,andwhenevernecessary


varnish

Openingdoor

window



Windowsanddoorsshouldbekeptaminimumof2ftfromcornersandfromeachother.



Lintels

should

be

minimum

2

thick

and

6

longer

than

the

opening

on

each

side.


Theprecastconcretelintelmaybeanappropriateoptionforthistypology

Thelintelmaybeexecutedwithbrickssystemusingn.2steels#3andcementmortar.

Ventilation Theventilationisveryimportantmainlyduringthesummerthatisveryhotinseveralareas.


sideofthewindow(generallyonthebackwall)mayensuregoodventilation.

Thedimensionsdependonthesizeoftheshelter,itmaybeoneof2x1ortwo1x1

Insomeareas,wherethesummerisveryhot,itmaybesuggestedtoincreasetheheightoftheshelterto

improve

the

internal

ventilation

(in

this

case

the

entire

structure

of

the

shelter

has

to

be

re

calculated)

notethiswillincreasethecostoftheshelter

ConcreteBrick ROOF

Genericguidance Roofdesignshouldallowforliveanddeadloads. Liveloadsareappliedloadssuchasrain,wind,snowor





concreteblock,engineeredsteelframeshelters


structureandloadbearingwalls.Timberelementsmayinsomecasesbelargerloadsthansteelorotheralternatives.


bamboomaterials






advisedof

30

for

simple

pitched

roofs.



Mainstructure Thisstructure issupposedtobemoreresistant,thusthesolutionofthebamboosbeam isnotsuitable,

neitherthelessisnotforbidden.

Timbersofadequatesizeandsteelgirdersaresuitableoptions.

Th i d I b i h ld d d th b (1 2) l d f th f d thi k f ll


25/26


Noteand

recommendations

DRRfor

earthquake

resistance



bearingwalls, thusplacingthe loadbearingelementsrightabove theopeningsmaycausefailure in the


Any

elements

of

the

roof

structure

should

be

tied

to

each

other.

All

joists

or

beams

in

the

roof

structure










Itissuggestedtoassembletrussesinsteadofrafters,sincethehorizontalbottomchordtiestheinclinedtopchordsconstrainingtheirpushingoutwardforces.

Coveringpackage

Genericguidance







reappliedpriorandafterannualrains.

CoveringpackageSpecificguidance

Above

the

semi

structural

mat

of

straw

or

thatch,

apolythene

sheet,

alayer

of

stabilized

mud

have

to

be

appliedin23coats,thethicknessmaybe3maximum.Themudlayermaymakeheavythestructure.

Thelastcoatshouldbeawaterproofing.Lime/mudplastermayimprovethewaterresistance.


resistant.Itshouldbepreparedbymixing(5:1)bitumenwithkeroseneoilandmud(1.5kgofbitumenfor

30kgofmud).




capping.

Thisis

aDRR

that

will

avoid

the

rain

water

to

penetrate

in

the

connection

roof/walls.

DRRWaterproofing

andDrainage



resilience.

For flat roof it is important aright slope toallow therain water towash away quickly, the stagnancy




The waterspouts should be minimum 2.5and project minimum 8. The use of gutters for catch rain

watermaybeconsidered;obviouslytheslopehastobeadequateincaseofflatroof


waterraintopenetrateinthestructureofroofandwallsabove.AnotheroptionmaybeCGIspoutinU

shape.





26/26


26

Map illustrating flood affected areas in 2010, 2011 and 2012Info

Pakistan

InfoP

akistan

Info

Pak

istan

Documents

2012 Early Recovery Shelter Strategy and the Technical Guidelines.pdf