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©2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 2 Creating Curriculum “In emergent curriculum, teachers and children together decide what to do and teachers participate in learning alongside children, asking their own questions and conducting their own quest” En currículo emergente, maestros y niños juntos decidan qué hacer y profesores participan en el aprendizaje junto a los niños, hacer sus propias preguntas y llevar a cabo su propia búsqueda"(Wein, 2008).

©2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 2 Creating Curriculum In emergent curriculum, teachers and children together decide what to do and

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Page 1: ©2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 2 Creating Curriculum In emergent curriculum, teachers and children together decide what to do and

©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.

Chapter 2Creating Curriculum

“In emergent curriculum, teachers and children together decide what to do and teachers

participate in learning alongside children, asking their own questions and conducting their own

quest” En currículo emergente, maestros y niños juntos decidan qué hacer y profesores participan en el aprendizaje junto a los niños, hacer sus propias preguntas y llevar a cabo

su propia búsqueda"(Wein, 2008).

Page 2: ©2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 2 Creating Curriculum In emergent curriculum, teachers and children together decide what to do and

©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.

Overview

• Curriculum is child-centered/child-initiated– Plan de estudios es niño-centrado/niño iniciado

• Provides for all of the child’s development– Proporciona para todo el desarrollo del niño

• Encourages learning by doing– Anima a aprender haciendo

• Is inclusive with appropriate services– Es inclusivo con servicios apropiados

Page 3: ©2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 2 Creating Curriculum In emergent curriculum, teachers and children together decide what to do and

©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.

Overview

• Supports diverse cultural and linguistic heritage– Apoya diverso patrimonio cultural y lingüístico

• Invites creativity– Invita creatividad

• Facilitates physical activity and play– Facilita el juego y la actividad física

• Involves families– Involucra a la familia

Page 4: ©2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 2 Creating Curriculum In emergent curriculum, teachers and children together decide what to do and

©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.

Multilevel Process

• Philosophy (Filosofia)

- Expresses basic principles, attitudes and beliefs of program

-Expresa los principios básicos, las actitudes y creencias del programa

• Goals (Metas)

- General overviews of what children are expected to gain

Las descripciones generales de lo que los niños se esperan ganar

Page 5: ©2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 2 Creating Curriculum In emergent curriculum, teachers and children together decide what to do and

©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.

Multilevel Process

Objectives (Objetivos)

- Specific teaching techniques or interpretations of the goals

- Meaningful descriptions of what is expected to be learned

- Designed to meet the physical, intellectual, cultural, social, emotional, and creative development of each child

-Técnicas didácticas específicas o interpretaciones de los objetivos

- significativos descripciones de lo que se espera que se debe aprender

- diseñado para satisfacer el desarrollo físico, intelectual, cultural, social, emocional y creativo de cada niño

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DAP Curriculum

• Goals are developmentally and educationally significant– Las metas son desarrollo y educacionalmente

significativas

• Learning experiences reflect what is known– Experiencias de aprendizaje reflejan lo que se

conoce

©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.

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DAP Curriculum- about young children in general

-acerca de los niños pequeños en general

- about young children in particular

-acerca de los niños pequeños en particular

- about the sequences in which children acquire specific concepts, skills and abilities

-acerca de las secuencias en las que los niños adquieren habilidades, destrezas y conceptos específicos

• Builds on prior experience (Experiencia Anterior)

©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.

Page 8: ©2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 2 Creating Curriculum In emergent curriculum, teachers and children together decide what to do and

NAEYC Ethical Core Values

• Components (Componentes)1. Appreciate childhood as a unique and valuable stage of the human

life cycle1. Apreciar la niñez como una etapa única y valiosa del ciclo vital humano

2. Base our work on knowledge of how children develop and learn2. Basamos nuestro trabajo en el conocimiento de cómo los niños desarrollan y

aprender

3. Appreciate and support the bond between the child and family3. Apreciar y apoyar el vínculo entre el niño y la familia

4. Recognize that children are best understood and supported in the context of family, culture, community, and society4. Reconocer que los niños son mejor comprendidos y apoyados en el contexto

de la familia, cultura, comunidad y sociedad

©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.

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NAEYC Ethical Core Values

5. Respect the dignity, worth, and uniqueness of each individual (child, family member, and colleague)

5. Respetar la dignidad, valor y la singularidad de cada individuo (niño, miembro de la familia y colega)

6. Respect diversity in children, families, and colleagues6. Respetar la diversidad en los niños, familias y colegas

7. Recognize that children and adults achieve their full potential in the context of relationships that are based on trust and respect

7. Reconocer que los niños y los adultos alcanzan su máximo potencial en el contexto de las relaciones que se basan en la confianza y el respeto

©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.

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Process of Curriculum Development

• Ongoing (Continuo)

• Both planned and unplanned– Tanto planificado como no planificado

• Based on child developmental theories– Basado en las teorías del desarrollo infantil

• Child-centered, child-directed– Centrado en los niños, dirigido por los niños

©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.

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Process of Curriculum Development

• Provides for effective use of personnel, time, space, equipment, and materials– Proporciona para el uso eficaz del personal,

tiempo, espacio, equipos y materiales

• Inclusive, integrated, emergent– Inclusivo, integrado, emergente

©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.

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Curriculum Models and Programs

©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.

Head Start

BankStreet

Montessori

High/Scope

ReggioEmilia

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Montessori

• “Absorbent minds” Mentes absorventes• Environment important (el ambiente es

improtante)• Hands-on activities (actividades)• Involvement of family (la familia es incluida)• Attitude of cooperation rather than competition

– Actitud de coperacion de ves de competicion

• Self-correcting materials– Materiales para corregirse

©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.

Page 14: ©2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 2 Creating Curriculum In emergent curriculum, teachers and children together decide what to do and

Montessori

• Didactic materials (materiales)• Focus on daily living tasks (Enfoque de vida

diaria)• Sensorial and conceptual materials

– Materiales sensoriales y conceptuales

©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.

Page 15: ©2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 2 Creating Curriculum In emergent curriculum, teachers and children together decide what to do and

Head Start

• Publicly funded• Comprehensive services• Aimed at low-income, at-risk children and families• Low child-staff ratio• Written curriculum plan known as performance

standards• Ten percent of enrollment available for children with

special needs• Involvement of families• Early Head Start to promote infant and toddler

development©2012 Cengage Learning.

All Rights Reserved.

Page 16: ©2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 2 Creating Curriculum In emergent curriculum, teachers and children together decide what to do and

Head Start

• Financiados con fondos públicos • integral servicios • dirigidos en bajos ingresos, en situación de riesgo niños y

familias • personal niño bajo cociente • escrito currículo plan conocido como estándares de

desempeño • el diez por ciento de inscripción disponible para niños con

necesidades especiales • la implicación de las familias • Early Head Start para promover el desarrollo de bebés y

niños pequeños©2012 Cengage Learning.

All Rights Reserved.

Page 17: ©2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 2 Creating Curriculum In emergent curriculum, teachers and children together decide what to do and

Bank Street

• Founded by Lucy Sprague Mitchell• Child-centered learning• Emphasizes the interaction between the child and the

environment and interaction between the cognitive and affective (developmental interaction)

• Creation of meaning is the central task of childhood• Distinct learning centers • Opportunities for children to experience democratic living• Flexibility in the schedule • Synonymous with “open education”

©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.

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Bank Street

-Fundada por Lucy Sprague Mitchell

-aprendizaje enfatiza la interacción entre el niño y el medio ambiente e interacción entre el cognitivo y afectivo (interacción del desarrollo)

-creación de significado es la tarea central de la infancia, centros de aprendizaje distinta

-oportunidades a los niños a la experiencia democrática

-flexibilidad en el calendario

-el sinónimo con "educación abierta"

©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.

Page 19: ©2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 2 Creating Curriculum In emergent curriculum, teachers and children together decide what to do and

High/Scope

• Created under the leadership of David Weikert• Began as an intervention program for low-

income, at-risk children• High/Scope Perry Preschool Study• Active learning• Plan-do-review sequence• Emphasizes key experiences now known as key

developmental indicators (KDIs)

©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.

Page 20: ©2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 2 Creating Curriculum In emergent curriculum, teachers and children together decide what to do and

High/Scope

-Creado bajo el liderazgo de David Weikert

-un programa de intervención para niños de bajos ingresos, en situación de riesgo

-High/Scope Perry estudio

-preescolar activa

-Plan--revisión

-secuencia de aprendizaje enfatiza experiencias claves que ahora se conoce como indicadores del desarrollo (KDIs)

©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.

Page 21: ©2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 2 Creating Curriculum In emergent curriculum, teachers and children together decide what to do and

Reggio Emilia

• Founded by Loris Malaguzzi• Image of a strong child central to philosophy• Teachers are skilled observers• Pedigogista, atelierista, & The hundred

languages of children• Principles are congruent with the principles of

developmentally appropriate practice• Environment is a “third teacher”• Relationships central in learning

©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.

Page 22: ©2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 2 Creating Curriculum In emergent curriculum, teachers and children together decide what to do and

Reggio Emilia

• Fundada por Loris Malaguzzi • imagen de un niño fuerte central a la filosofía de

los maestros son calificados observadores • Pedigogista, ateliarista, & las cientos lenguas de

niños • principios son congruentes con los principios de

prácticas apropiadas • medio ambiente es un "tercer maestro" • relaciones centrales en el aprendizaje

©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.

Page 23: ©2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 2 Creating Curriculum In emergent curriculum, teachers and children together decide what to do and

Multicultural/Anti-Bias Considerations

• Changing demographics (Demografica cambiante)

• Discover your own cultural uniqueness– Descubrir su propia singularidad cultural

• Explore your feelings about people who differ from you culturally, racially, or because of special needs– Explorar tus sentimientos acerca de personas que

difieren de lo cultural, racial, o debido a necesidades especiales

©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.

Page 24: ©2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 2 Creating Curriculum In emergent curriculum, teachers and children together decide what to do and

Multicultural/Anti-Bias Considerations

• Anti-bias is an attitude that actively challenges prejudice, stereotyping, and unfair treatment of an individual or group of individuals– Anti-bias es una actitud que desafía activamente a

prejuicios, estereotipos y trato injusto de un individuo o grupo de individuos

• Ultimate goal- the development of each child to his or her fullest potential– Última meta-el desarrollo de cada niño a su máximo

potencial

©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.

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Multicultural/Anti-Bias Considerations (continued)

• Culture Is learned and is something that members of a group share in common– Cultura es aprendida y es algo que los miembros de

una participación del grupo en común

• Recognize differences within cultures and within families – Reconocer las diferencias dentro de las culturas y

dentro de las familias

©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.

Page 26: ©2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 2 Creating Curriculum In emergent curriculum, teachers and children together decide what to do and

Multicultural/Anti-Bias Considerations (continued)

• A multicultural/anti-bias curriculum is one that actively challenges prejudice and stereotyping– Un currículo multicultural/anti-bias es uno que desafía

activamente a los prejuicios y los estereotipos

• Expanding learning experiences to include others helps young children develop values, respect, and a cultural sense of belonging– Ampliar para incluir otras experiencias de

aprendizaje ayuda a los niños desarrollar valores, respeto y un sentido de pertenencia cultural

©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.

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Special Needs Considerations• Inclusion is about belonging, being valued, and having

choices– La inclusión es acerca de pertenencia, se valoren y tener

opciones

• Public Law 94–142– Least restrictive environment (ambiente menos restinjido)

• Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)– Individualized family services plan (IFSP) for children from birth

through age three• Individualizado plan de servicios familiares (IFSP) para niños desde el

nacimiento hasta los tres años

©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.

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Special Needs Considerations• Eligibility

• Assessment

• Development

• Implementation and monitoring

• Support the transition

– Individualized education plan (IEP) for children older than three

• Elegibilidad • evaluación • desarrollo • implementación y monitoreo • apoyo el plan transición de educación • individualizada (IEP) para niños mayores de tres

©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.

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Inclusive Environment

• Reflect and be sensitive to the cultural and linguistic diversity of all – Reflejar y ser sensibles a la diversidad cultural y lingüística de

todos• Be a teammate with families

– Ser un compañero de equipo con las familias• Create a developmentally appropriate early childhood environment

– Crear un entorno de desarrollo apropiado de la primera infancia• Adaptations, modifications, and equipment that reflect needs of ALL

children • Adaptaciones, modificaciones y equipos que reflejen las

necesidades de todos los niños

©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.

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Managing the Environment with Appropriate Guidance

• Understand child development– Entender el desarollo de ninos

• Arrangement of indoor and outdoor space

- planning for each individual child and group of children

-Arreglo de interior y al aire libre - planeamiento de espacio para cada niño individual y de grupo de niños

- understanding children’s prior experiences and development

-comprensión de experiencias anteriores y desarrollo infantil • Appropriate behavior usually occurs when children feel they belong

and their needs are met– Comportamiento apropiado generalmente ocurre cuando los

niños sienten que pertenecen y sus necesidades

©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.

Page 31: ©2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 2 Creating Curriculum In emergent curriculum, teachers and children together decide what to do and

Managing the Environment with Appropriate Guidance (continued)

Three simple guidelines for helping children learn what is acceptable behavior:

1. Behavior must not infringe on the rights of others

2. Behavior must not present a clear risk of harm to oneself or others

3. Behavior must not unreasonably damage the environment, animals, objects, or materials in the environment

-Tres sencillas directrices para ayudar a los niños aprenderán lo que es un comportamiento aceptable:

1. comportamiento no debe infringir los derechos de los demás

2. Comportamiento no debe presentar un claro riesgo de daño a sí mismo o a otros

3. Comportamiento injustificado no debe dañar el medio ambiente, animales, objetos o materiales en el medio ambiente

©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.

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Managing the Environment with Appropriate Guidance (continued)

• Appropriate verbal guidance and guidance techniques– Set clear, consistent, and appropriate goals/rules– Focus on developing responsibility and independence

• Self-regulation [See Figure 2.5]

– Address behavior, not child– Stop bullying immediately– Consistency in both expectations and applications of

rules– Communicate with families– Model expected behavior and self-control

©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.

Page 33: ©2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 2 Creating Curriculum In emergent curriculum, teachers and children together decide what to do and

Managing the Environment with Appropriate Guidance (continued)

-Adecuada orientación verbal y técnicas de orientación

-establecen clara, consistentes y adecuadas objetivos/reglas

-foco en el desarrollo de comportamiento de autorregulación [ver figura 2.5]

-Dirección responsabilidad e independencia,

-no niño parar inmediatamente la intimidación

-consistencia en las expectativas y las aplicaciones de normas

-comunicarse con las familias modelo espera comportamiento y autocontrol

©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.

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Indoor Environment

• Should welcome everyone in• Deberían darle la bienvenida en todo el mundo

• Should be an aesthetic experience• Debe ser una experiencia estética

• Children need to feel that they belong• Los niños necesitan sentirse que pertenecen

• Organizing learning centers (centros organizados)

-

©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.

Page 35: ©2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 2 Creating Curriculum In emergent curriculum, teachers and children together decide what to do and

Indoor Environment

- Hands-on/support child-choice

- Accommodate small and large groups

- Suggested centers and arrangements

- Design and equipment are age-related

-Manos-on/soporte infantil-elección

- acomodar grupos pequeños y grandes

- centros sugeridos y arreglos

- diseño y equipamiento están relacionadas con la edad

• Adaptations for children with special needs• Adaptaciones para niños con necesidades

especiales©2012 Cengage Learning.

All Rights Reserved.

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Outdoor Environment

• Invites you to “come on out”– Te invita a "venir en adelante"

• Curriculum for the outdoors parallels what teachers do indoors– Plan de estudios para el aire libre paralela a lo que los maestros

hacen en interiores• Plans for children’s emerging developmental interests and skills

– Planes para los intereses emergentes del desarrollo de niños y habilidades

• Sets reasonable and appropriate rules that are consistently enforced– Establece reglas razonables y apropiadas que se aplican

constantemente• Safety is the first priority

– La seguridad es la prioridad

©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.

Page 37: ©2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 2 Creating Curriculum In emergent curriculum, teachers and children together decide what to do and

Outdoor Environment (continued)

• Essential part of the overall primary grade curriculum– Parte esencial del plan de estudios grado general

primaria• Enhances all areas of children’s development

– Mejora todas las áreas de desarrollo de los niños• Disappearance of recess

– Recreo desapareciendo• Effect of confinement to small spaces

– Efecto de confinamiento para espacios pequeños

©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.

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Criteria for Equipment, Materials, and Supplies Selection

• Equipment should be developmentally appropriate for the children – Equipos deben ser apropiadas para los niños

• Non-toxic, safe, durable, aesthetic, sensory– No tóxico, seguro, durable, estética, sensorial

• Adequate number, wide-appeal, multicultural and anti-bias considerations– Número adecuado, toda apelación, consideraciones

multiculturales y anti-bias• Enough equipment that offers opportunities for gross motor

development– Suficiente equipo que ofrece oportunidades para el desarrollo

motor grueso

©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.

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Curriculum Development

©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.

Themes and units

Child

Projects

WebsLessonplans

Page 40: ©2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 2 Creating Curriculum In emergent curriculum, teachers and children together decide what to do and

Themes and Units

• A theme is a broad concept or topic– Un tema es un concepto amplio o tópico

• A unit is a section of the curriculum– Una unidad es una sección del plan de estudios

• Basic concepts for developing thematic curriculum– Conceptos básicos para el desarrollo de estudios temáticos– Merge play with child-directed and teacher-initiated experiences

• Combinar juego con experiencias niño dirigido e iniciado por el maestro

– Should be developmentally appropriate• Deben ser apropiadas

– Support a positive self-esteem• Apoyar una autoestima positiva

– Activities should be adaptable• Las actividades deben ser adaptables

©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.

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Projects• A project is an in-depth investigation

– Un proyecto es una investigación en profundidad

- Addresses the four major learning goals of all

education

-Se dirige a los cuatro objetivos principales de aprendizaje de toda la educación

– Can be done by a small group, entire class, or individual child• Puede hacerse por un pequeño grupo, toda la clase o individual infantil

– Inquiry skills are utilized– Goes through 3 phases

1. Choose a topic

2. Investigate the topic• Co-learning

3. Review and reflect about what you have learned

-Habilidades de investigación se utilizan 3 fases

1. Elige un tema

2. 2. Investigar el tema aprendizaje Co

3. 3. Repasar y reflexionar sobre lo que has aprendido©2012 Cengage Learning.

All Rights Reserved.

Page 42: ©2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 2 Creating Curriculum In emergent curriculum, teachers and children together decide what to do and

Curriculum Webs

• Graphic representation of brainstorming ideas– Representación gráfica de ideas ideas

• Integrate various learning activities– Integrar distintas actividades de aprendizaje

• Develop the scope and content of the theme– Desarrollar el alcance y contenido del tema

• Child-centered webbing can be used to create activities that focus on the identified needs/goals– Correas centrado en el niño pueden utilizarse para

crear actividades que se centran en las necesidades identificadas / objetivos

©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.

Page 43: ©2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 2 Creating Curriculum In emergent curriculum, teachers and children together decide what to do and

Lesson and Activity Plans

• Lesson plans involve making series of choices– Planes de lección implican producir series de opciones– Specific planning time– Planning form – “Things to remember” form/checklist

• Específico de planificación forma de planificación del tiempo "Cosas para recordar" forma/lista

• Activity plan (Plan de actividad)– Step-by-step procedures

• Procedimiento paso a paso– Writing measurable objectives

• Escribir objetivos• Key words (palabras claves)

©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.

Page 44: ©2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 2 Creating Curriculum In emergent curriculum, teachers and children together decide what to do and

Transitions

• Move children from one activity to another– Trasladar a los niños de una actividad a otra

• Challenging behavior often occurs during transitions– Desafiando el comportamiento a menudo ocurre durante las

transiciones• Typical transitions

– Transicion tipica• For younger children-help them adjust to arriving and separating

from parents• Examples of transition activities

– Para los niños más jóvenes-ayuda ellos adaptarse a llegar y la separación de padres ejemplos de actividades de transición

©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.

Page 45: ©2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 2 Creating Curriculum In emergent curriculum, teachers and children together decide what to do and

Observation

• Observation entails the noting and recording of ‘facts’– Observación implica el observando y la grabación de 'hechos'

• Observe a child in order to understand the child– Observar a un niño para comprender al niño

• Controlled, structured, objective– Controlada, structurada, objetiva

• Data collection tools– Anecdotal record– Checklist– Reflective log or diary– Case study– Portfolio assessment

• Guidelines [See Figure 2-16]©2012 Cengage Learning.

All Rights Reserved.

Page 46: ©2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 2 Creating Curriculum In emergent curriculum, teachers and children together decide what to do and

Assessment and Evaluation

• Assessment– Refers to the collection of information for the purpose

of making educational decisions about children or a program

– Methods should be developmentally appropriate– Should be aligned with desired outcomes or goals for

children– State standards are often guiding assessment

• Evaluation– A continuous process

©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.

Page 47: ©2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 2 Creating Curriculum In emergent curriculum, teachers and children together decide what to do and

Assessment and Evaluation

• Evaluación se refiere a la recopilación de información con el fin de tomar decisiones educativas sobre los niños o los métodos de un programa deben ser apropiadas debe estar alineada con los resultados deseados o las metas para los estándares del estado de los niños a menudo están guiando el proceso continuo de evaluación de evaluación

©2012 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.