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CONCRETE STRUCTURESCONCRETE STRUCTURES

HUNGARIAN GROUP OF

Price: 10 EUR

fib

ANNUAL TECHNICAL JOURNAL

Gza Tassi Gyrgy L. Balzs

Czechs and Hungarians

history, culture, concrete2

Bernt Csuka - Lszl P. Kollr

Reinforced concrete columns

under centric load17

Gbor Pl

Construction of metro line

station26

Zsuzsanna Trk

Concrete technology

for extradosed bridge32

Zoltn Klopka Pter Szsz

School in organic

concrete form38

Nomi Friedman Gyrgy FarkasRoof structures in motion

41

Katalin Szilgyi Adorjn Borosnyi

Istvn Zsigovics

Surface hardness of concrete51

Klmn Szalai Tams Kovcs

Use of global safety factor

format58

Dezs Hegyi Andrs rpd SiposConcrete slab cantilever66

Nomi Seres Lszl Dunai

Individual embossment of

composite floor69

Anita Fdi Istvn Bdi

Basics of reinforced masonry76

2011Vol. 12

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2/85CONCRETE STRUCTURES 2011 1

CONCRETE STRUCTURES

Journal of the Hungarian Group offb

Editor-in-chief:

Prof. Gyrgy L. Balzs

Editors:

Prof. Gza TassiDr. Herbert Trger

Editorial board and

Board of reviewers:Jnos Beluzsr

Assoc. Prof. Istvn BdiLszl CsnyiDr. Bla Cski

Assoc. Prof. Attila ErdlyiProf. Gyrgy Farkas

Gyula KolozsiDr. Kroly Kovcs

Ervin LakatosLszl Mtyssy

Lszl PolgrAntonia TelekiDr. Lszl Tth

Jzsef VrsPter Wellner

Prof. Gyrgy DekProf. Endre Dulcska

Dr. Jzsef JanzAntnia Kirlyfldi

Dr. Jen KnebelProf. Pter LenkeiDr. Mikls LoykDr. Gbor MadarasProf. rpd Orosz

Prof. Klmn SzalaiProf. Gza Tassi

Dr. Ern Tth

Dr. Herbert TrgerFounded by: Hungarian Group offbPublisher: Hungarian Group offb(fb = International Federation for

Structural Concrete)

Editorial ofce:

Budapest University of Technologyand Economics (BME)

Department of Construction Materialsand Engineering Geology

Megyetem rkp. 3., H-1111 BudapestPhone: +36-1-463 4068Fax: +36-1-463 3450

WEB http://www.fib.bme.huEditing of online version:Lszl Bene

Layout and print:Csaba HalmaiNavi-Graph

Price: 10 EURPrinted in 1000 copies

Hungarian Group offbHU ISSN 2062-7904

online ISSN: 1586-0361

Cover photo:

Tisza Bridge of M43 motorway

Sponsors:Railway Bridges Foundation, MI Nonprofit Ltd., HDPT Co., Holcim Hungary Co.,

MV Co., MSC Consulting Co., Lbatlani Vasbetonipari Co., Pont-TERVCo.,UVATERV Co., MLYPTERV KOMPLEX Engineering Co.,

SW Umwelttechnik Hungary Ltd., Betonmix Consulting Ltd., BVM pelem Ltd.,CAEC Ltd., Pannon Freyssinet Ltd., STABIL PLAN Ltd., UNION PLAN Ltd.,DCB Consulting Ltd., BME Dept. of Structural Engineering,

BME Dept. of Construction Materials and Engineering Geology

CONTENT

2 Gza Tassi Gyrgy L. BalzsCZECHS AND HUNGARIANS SIDE BY SIDE OVER THE

CENTURIES HISTORY, CULTURE AND CONCRETE

17 Bernt Csuka - Lszl P. KollrDESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMNS UNDERCENTRIC LOAD ACCORDING TO EUROCODE 2

26 Gbor PlCONSTRUCTION OF METRO LINE 4 IN BUDAPEST GENERAL DESIGN OF KELENFLD METRO STATION

32 Zsuzsanna TrkCONCRETE TECHNOLOGY OF EXTRADOSED TISZA BRIDGEOF M43 MOTORWAY IN HUNGARY

38 Zoltn Klopka - Pter SzszCHILDRENS DREAM POURED IN ORGANIC RC FORM ELEMENTARY SCHOOL IN PCEL, HUNGARY

41 Nomi Friedman Gyrgy FarkasROOF STRUCTURES IN MOTION ON RETRACTABLE AND DEPLOYABLE ROOF STRUCTURES

ENABLING qUICK CONSTRUCTION OR ADAPTION TO EXTERNAL

EXCITATIONS

51 Katalin Szilgyi Adorjn Borosnyi Istvn ZsigovicsSURFACE HARDNESS AND RELATED PROPERTIES OFCONCRETE

58 Klmn Szalai - Tams KovcsVERIFICATION OF THE ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE

REqUIREMENTS FOR CONCRETE MEMBERS BY THE USEOF THE GLOBAL SAFETY FACTOR FORMAT

66 Dezs Hegyi - Andrs rpd SiposA POST-TENSIONED CONCRETE SLABCANTILEVERING 6.50 M

69 Anita Fdi Istvn BdiBASICS OF REINFORCED MASONRY

78 Nomi Seres - Lszl DunaiEXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF AN INDIVIDUALEMBOSSMENT FOR COMPOSITE FLOOR DESIGN

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3/852 2011 CONCRETE STRUCTURES

CZECHS AND HUNGARIANS SIDE BY SIDE

OVER THE CENTURIES HISTORY, CULTURE

AND CONCRETE

Gza Tassi Gyrgy L. Balzs

The Czech Republic and the Republic of Hungary are situated in Central Europe, and their current territory

and population is similar (approximating that of Ohio in USA). The similitude and difference between the

situation of Czech and Hungarian countrymen changed over the centuries. However, there has always been

a close connection between the two people.

It is a great honour for the headquarters and the member countries of b that the 2011 Symposium

will be organized in Prague. Our Czech colleagues have hosted on several occasions various events ofb=CEB+FIP. Their excellence in organization and the high technical-scientic value of previous meet-ings predicate the success of the symposium. This paper wishes to give an impression of past relations in

anticipation of good co-operation in the future.

1. INTRODUCTIONFollowing the Secondb Congress, the journal of the HungarianGroup ofb calledCONCRETE STRUCTURES starts witha leading article that aims to improve friendship between themember groups of our international federation. We wish tointroduce our country emphasizing our respect to other nationsas well as showing in our mirror to the host countries.

2. HISTORYBoth nations, Czech and Hungarian have a history spanningmore than thousand years. Both countries experienced periodsof suppressions, wars, revolutions, and an enduring yearningfor freedom and progress. The commotions experienced

between these two states were sometimes uctuating but therehas always been good neighbourliness between our people.

In this paper it is impossible to write about all rich areas of

links. Due to limited space we have to omit some areas likeelds of science, sports and we will deal in more detail withothers.

2.1 The CommencementThere are innumerable facts that bind both the Czechs and theHungarians together. Firstly there is the duality of the namesof the two peoples and lands.

The name echy is a documented name for people from asearly as the 10th century A. D., when they called themselvesei, a name based on the name of a middle Bohemian tribe. Theetymologies of the two names, ei, and Bohemia, until now

have not satisfactorily been explained. Since their settlement inthe region during 6th century, their learned contemporaries callthem Bohemians. The origin of this name seems to be hiddenin the Celtic Boier (Encyclopaedia, 2003).

As for the Hungarians, who call themselves Magyarsafter the name of one of their tribes, they emerged in theneighbouring area some two hundred years after the Czechs.The Hungarians soon involved themselves in transitoryantagonisms with the Czechs, having opposing interests anda long and mutual frontier. The latter is proved also by the

place-names Uhersk Hradit, Uhersk Ostroh, UherskBrod and Tlumaov which is the name of the Pecheneg tribecalled Talmcs in Hungarian. The Talmcs people were thenHungarian subjects and they served as border guards of thecountry (Gyrffy, 1977).

2.2 In the Middle AgesIn the 10th century, during the reign of the Bohemian Pemyslid

prince Boleslav II. and his Hungarian counterpart princeGza, there was a longer period of peace which facilitated theadoption of Christianity of the then heathen Hungarians aided

by the Bohemians. By this time the Bohemians had already

converted to Christianity, nevertheless the missionary of thebishop Saint Adalbert and his mostly Benedictine friars wereascribed mainly to the grave hostility between the Pemyslid

prince Boleslav II and the Slavnikid family of Adalbert.However, the veneration of the blessed bishop Adalbert

proved to be stable and long lasting throughout the whole ofEurope, as testied in a wood cutting of the 16th century (Fig.1, Fitz,1956).

The cause of Christianity remained a lasting mutual interestbetween Hungary and Bohemia into the future. Consequentlythe Hungarian king, St. Ladislas (Szent Lszl), appointedthe Bohemian friar Duch as the head of the newly established

episcopate of Zagreb with Latin rite (Hman, Szekf, 1935).Less than two hundred years later the Hungarian king AnjouLouis the Great (Nagy Lajos) presented Bohemia the swordof the rst Hungarian king, St. Steven (Szent Istvn), whichremains to this day in even now in the treasury of the Sv.

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Vt (St. Vid) Cathedral Prague (Fig. 2, Serdy, 1938). Theseearly links between the two people and their dynasties areamply documented both in the contemporary diplomas andlegendaries. As for the latter ones, scientists are of the viewthat both the legends of St. Steven (Szent Istvn), St. Ladislas(Szent Lszl) and of the Bohemian Kristian.

As previously mentioned some names of communities inearly Bohemia refer to the Czech-Hungarian links. Duringthe period of the Hungarian rpd-dynasty there were newsettlements containing in their name the Czech word, suchas the following: Csehi (belonging to Czechs (Vas County),Drvacsehi (Baranya County), Egercsehi (Heves County),furthermore Csehbnya (Veszprm County), Kiscsehi (ZalaCounty), Klmncsa, referring that King Klmn settledCzech people to that village, Ordacsehi and Smegcsehi (ZalaCounty), all showing arrival of residents of Czech nationality

(Kiss, 1980.). It is noted that even in the present telephonedirectory of Budapest there are 214 family names Cseh(=Czech, ech).

Returning to medieval history: Some decades after theMongolian invasion of Hungary the Pemyslid king ofBohemia, Otakar II expressed his endeavour to become alsothe king of Germany. In order to strengthen his power he seizedsome Hungarian fortresses at the western frontier of the countryand collected troops and allies. However, Otakars new royalendeavour had to face the claim of Rudolph Habsburg, who,

with a clever diplomacy succeeded in winning the support of theyoung Hungarian king, Ladislas IV (IV. Lszl). The hostilitiesnally came to the battle near to Stillfried and Drnkrut on 26thAugust, 1278 in which the substantial support of the Hungariantroops turned to be decisive in favour of Rudolph Habsburg.King Otakar not only lost the battle but also died in action.With this engagement Hungary actually facilitated the dynastic

power of the Habsburg family from which family memberslater became kings both of Hungary and Bohemia (Hman,Szekf, 1935) (Fig. 3, Cronicon, 1964).

The rst centuries of the second millennium were, however,marked not only by wars between the two nations, but also

by signicant cultural inuences due initially to the activitiesof the Benedictine and Cistercian orders both in Hungaryand Bohemia. A long list of ecclesiastical institutions and

buildings were established by the brave friars in both countries.

Fig. 1: St. Adalbert from the Missale Strigoniensis

Fig. 2: The sword of the first Hungarian king St. Steven f rom the CathedralSt. Vid, Prague

Fig. 3: King Ladislas IV and the name of the king Otakar from theCronicon Pictum

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Never the less, mention must be made of the Bohemiancathedrals of St. Margaret in Bevnov, the St. Prokop in Tebi,in Prague, the monasteries in Vys Brod and in Zlat Koruna aswell as Hungarian ones in Jk and Zsmbk. The monasteriesalso had signicant scholastic activity and inuence in bothcountries.

Among the artistic monuments of these early centurieserected in an outstanding position in Prague is the beautiful

bronze statue of St. George (Sv. Ji), created by the Hungarianbrothers Mrton and Gyrgy Kolozsvri in 1373. According to

the records of the Bohemian Jesuit friar Bohuslav Balbin from1677, the date and the name of the sculptor were inscribed onthe now missing shield of the saint (Fig. 4, Aradi, 1983).

After Pemyslid dynasty died out,the Luxembourgiandynasty ascended the throne of Bohemia and somewhat laterwith Sigismund (Zsigmond) (1387-1437) ascended to theHungarian throne, as well.

In the first decades of the new dynasty the relationsbetween the church and the kingdom were burdened withcertain conicts, among others due to the reluctance of Svat

Jan Nepomuck (~1340-93) to follow the orders of the kingVclav (Wenceslas) IV (1361-1419). The king therefore hadhim captured, tortured and nally thrown from the CharlesBridge into the river Vltava (Moldau), where he immediatelydied. Jan Nepomuck soon thereafter canonized and becamethe patron saint of the bridges, in both countries. The time ofthis sorrowful event was 20th March 1393.

Some years earlier, however, King Karel (Charles IV(1316-78) of the Luxembourg dynasty greatly contributed tothe cultural development of Bohemia when establishing theUniversity of Prague (Universitas Carolina Pragensis) in 1348.It is not only one of the oldest universities of Europe but notlong after the establishment, it attracted a great number of

students from many other countries of the continent, amongthem from Hungary as well (Fig. 5, Magyary-Kossa, 1929).

Being a renowned place of learning, Prague some decadeslater became the cradle of a spiritual movement which later

led to the reformation fuelled by Hassidism founded in theteaching and activity of Jan Hus. Hus was a follower of theEnglishman John Wycliffe and based on his teaching and thetexts of the gospels, he argued for the communion in bothkind (sub utraque specie, hence the name of his followers,

the Utraquists). Additionally he requested the pope and thebishops to abandon secular power and to exercise apostolicactivity instead. Hus urged, furthermore the translation of theBible into national languages and especially the promotionand preference of the Czech language. Hus thus fell under theFig. 4: The statue of St. George from the Hradzin, Prague

Fig. 5: Students and a professor from the University of Prague (secondfrom right might be a Hungarian)

Fig. 6: Jan Hus on the stake in Constance, 1415:

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suspicion of heresy and in 1414 he was summoned beforethe Council of Constance, where he nally was committedto the ames, as with his faithful follower, Hieronymus ofPrague, one year later (Fig. 6, Drrenmatt, 1963). Thesemiserable events led to the long and painful Hussite War(1419-36). (Fig. 7., Pilch, 1933). Nevertheless, the inuenceof Hussitism became rather widespread and manifold andit did not leave even Hungary untouched. Among others, itresulted in the so called Hussite Bible known only in parts and

preserved by certain Hungarian codices. The parts in questionare Hungarian translations of the Holy Script due to the workin 1438-39 of two clergymen known by the names Tams(Thomas Quinqueecclesiensis) (1399) and Blint (Valentinusde jlak) (1411). (Horvth, 1957). The successful tactics ofthe Hussite warriors found way also to the famous Black Armyof the Hungarian king Matthias (Mtys) Corvinus (1443-90),who even took into his services such eminent Czech warriorsas Jan (Jan Hus 1369-1415 Jan Giskra (Jiskra) (15th century)and the brothers Zlopna (Tth, 1925).

2.3 The Renaissance and theFollowing Centuries

During the reign of Matthias Corvinus the relationship betweenHungary and Bohemia was rather intense if not unclouded.Matthias Corvinus married rst Catherine (Katalin) Podjebrad(-1464), the daughter of the Bohemian king Ji Podjebrad(1420-71), but these familiar relations did not excludehostilities between the two countries, especially after the earlydeath of the young royal wife. Nevertheless, this was also thetime of the renaissance, which had left signicant marks onthe culture of both countries. The famous library of MatthiasCorvinus possessed, among others, codices with beautiful

pictures painted by Bohemian illuminators (Fig. 8, Csapodi Grdonyi, 1990).

The richly illuminated Turczy chronicle prepared during

the reign of the Hungarian king Matthias Corvinus was metwith great demand for publication of additional copies. Amongother places it was once printed in Brno also (Fig. 9, Fitz,1956).

After the death of Matthias Corvinus, Vladislav Jagellonsk

(Ulszl II 1456-1516) ascended both the Hungarian and theBohemian throne. His reign was weak, however during hisreign, the famous Jagello Hall in the Hradzin (Hradany),Prague was constructed, the magnicent vaulting of which caneven amaze structural engineers of modern times.

Due to the fatal battle of Mohcs against the Turks in 1526,Hungary lost its independence for the next 150 years. However,a part of the country remained spared from Turkish devastationand for centuries it came under the realm of the Habsburgdynasty, as Bohemia.

The 16th century was a real golden age for Bohemia underthe Habsburg kings, whose seat was then in Prague. Both the

culture and the economy of the country came into bloom. Thesciences of the time were represented by such intellectualgiants as Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) and Tycho Brahe (1546-1601). Mining ourished and the glass products of Nov Hrady(Gratzen) became widespread (Vvra, 1954).

Fig. 7:A picture from the Hussite War

Fig. 8: The Bohemian king Wenceslas from a Codex Corvinianus with hisinitial W Bohemian illumination

Fig. 9: The Hungarian king St. Steven from the Brno edition of the TurczyChronicle

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Meanwhile, a large part of Hungary suffered heavily fromthe Turkish occupation, though the ame of culture did notcease to burn, and the importance of connections with Bohemiawere not forgotten. Gbor Pesti (16th century) published his

Nomenclatura sex linguarum in Vienna, 1538, and among thesix languages mentioned in the full title of his book, Czechand Hungarian are indicated, as well. In 1590 Balzs Szikszai-Fabricius (1530-76) had his similar dictionary printed, which inits following editions gave explanations for words also in theCzech language. Accordingly it is no wonder that there exists

a deep interest in Prague by such outstanding personalitiesof Hungarian culture as Albert Szenczi Molnr (1574-1634),Mtys Nyki Vrs (1575-1654) and Mrton Szepsi Csombor(1594~1623), who all did not fail to pay a visit to this importantcentre of European culture.

The cause of Bohemian Protestantism suffered a nal andcrushing defeat in the Battle of the Bl Hora (White Hill)1620. After the defeat 24 vanquished Bohemian noblemen were

beheaded in Prague. The rector of the University of Pragueand private physician of the king, Jan Jessenius (1566-1621)(eques Hungarus) also involved himself in the matter. Histongue was cut out, then beheaded and his head staked outon the old bridge tower of Prague (Fig. 10, Magyary-Kossa,1929).

Happier memories are recorded from the year 1655,when the Hungarian Jesuit friar Benedek Szlsy (1609-56)

published a hymn-book with the title Cantus Catholici, PsnKatholick including 228 texts in Latin and the old-Bohemianlanguage containing 209 different melodies. The Bohemianhymn-book by Ji Hlohovsk (Olomouc, 1622.) seems to bean immediate source from it (Fig. 11, Brdos, 1990).

Along with the counter-reformation, Bohemia became areliable ground for the education of loyal members of the

Habsburg dynasty. Still in his childhood as an offspring ofan old Hungarian noble family, the young, Ferenc Rkczi II(1676-1735) was sent by the Habsburg Court specically tostudy in the Bohemian Jesuit monastery of Jindichv Hradec

(Neuhaus) and later on at the University of Prague. However,the Imperial Court misjudged the young Rkczi and had tosuffer a bitter disappointment from his plans for the future.

After returning home, Rkczi became prince of the countryand leader of a ght for the liberation of Hungary from theHabsburg dynasty. With his address issued in 1703, Rkczialso tried to gain support to his cause of the Bohemian peopleand nobility. Details of lasting values about the time andmovement of Rkczi are commemorated by the pictures ofthe excellent Bohemian painter Jan Kupeck (1667-1740) (Fig.12, Pesti Napl, 1907).

2.4 Enlightenment and itsAftermath

The age of enlightenment resulted in similar achievements

in the cultures of both countries. To detail all results of thisspiritual movement would be lengthy; nevertheless mentionmust be made of the new historiography represented byGelasius Dobner (1719-90) in Bohemia and Gyrgy Pray(1723-1801) in Hungary. Some decades later the great historianFrantiek Palack (1798-1876) was also elected as an externalmember of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. As for thesocial aspects of the time, the ideas of Josef Dobrovsk (1753-1829) are especially worthy of mention. He is considered tohave established the Finno-Ugrian science in Bohemia. A veryimportant movement of this time was the language reform

pioneers of which were the Hungarian, Ferenc Kazinczy (1759-

1831) and the Czech, Josef Jungmann (1773-1847).Other branches of learning also started to prosper. In botanythe common efforts of scientists from each of the two countriesresulted in a work not to be equalled. The work in questionis Descriptiones et icones plantarum rariorum Hungariae

Fig. 10: The old bridge tower in Prague with the cut head of J. Jesseniusstaked out

Fig. 11: Title-page of the Cantus Catholici i. e. Psn Katholick

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I-III, Viennae, 1805-1812 by Pl Kitaibel (1757-1817) andcount Frantiek Valdtejn-Wartenberg (1680-??) a study which

aimed to offer a survey of 280 rare plants of Hungary. Half ofthem were described scientically by the Hungarian Kitaibelhimself. The illustrations of the work are unequalled (Fig. 13,Auction, 2010).

2.5 From 1848February 1848 is signicant in Czech history because up tothat time there were individuals dealing with politics, but fromthat time onwards, political life started to develop. In Czechcircles similarly in Hungary there were two groups. Therewere Czechs who wanted to improve the situation together withVienna, whilst other people urged on secession from Austria.

It was the latter group who started the uprising in June.After many centuries of oppression this was the firstoccasion when Czech people upheld their rights. Unarmed, the

people mounted an uprising, but were not successful againstthe canons of A. C. F. Windischgrtz (1787-1862). The leaderof the Czech students and spirit of the ghts in the streets wasJosef Vclav Fri (1829-1890). The other part was represented

by Frantiek Palack.The majority of the Czech people were inspired by the

Hungarian revolution and freedom-ghters in 1848-49, whileothers remained adherents for compromise with Vienna.

Without doubt both nations would have beneted frommutual assistance, and this plan had place in notes of Fri.

Finally Fri had to escape after the Prague uprising was beatenand the Slovakian efforts were unsuccessful.

In March 1849, when Austria compelled the constitution toBohemia, many people realised that if the Hungarian revolution

fails, all others ghting for liberty will also fail. During that

period more and more notices were posted advocating Longlive Kossuth.

Julius Jakob v. Haynau (1786-1853) in his manifest of 1stSeptember 1849 declared that the Hungarian revolution hadfailed, and called out all participants to present themselves tothe district commandant, or face court martial.

After 6th October 1849 when the 13 generals of the Hungarianarmy were executed, there were repeated hungarophilemanifestations in Prague and also in Vienna.

The period of absolute rule, named the Bach era, hadsimilar depressive effect on both Bohemia and Hungary, andall progressive movements were nipped in the bud (Kovcs,1952). The problems of these nations were pushed to the

background.After the 1850s the perception of political leaders was to

see Bohemia as being a separate part within the HabsburgEmpire. Anton v. Schmerling (1805-93) was replaced byRichard Belcredi (1823-1902) who was tasked with leadingthe Austrian-Hungarian Compromise. In 1866 Austria was

beaten by Prussia at Hradec Krlov (Kniggrtz). Followingthis defeat Austria considered compromise with Hungary to

be of highest importance, so the Czech question was fell intothe background.

The compromise with Hungary took place in 1867, andcleaves to the name of Ferenc Dek (1803-76). The Austrian-

Czech compromise followed later in 1871.From both compromises to WW I there was solid civildevelopment in both countries. However, the serious problemsof multiple nationalities, poverty in segments of the populationand the desire for independence were not solved. WW I brought

Fig. 12: Portrait of Ferenc Rkczi I. painted by Jan Kupeck Fig. 13: Illustration from the Descriptiones et icones plantarum rariorumHungariae

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heavy burdens to both nations. The end of the war brought adifferent outcome for Czech and Hungarian nations. Hungarylost two third of its territory through the Trianon treaties, andat the same time Czechoslovakia was founded containing theSlovakian part which had previously belonged to Hungary fora thousand years. The only positive result of the Trianon can besaid to be that in place of the Habsburg Monarchy the nationsformed largely represented a relatively homogeneous peoplewithin their new borders.

Naturally, the poli tical links between the truncated

Hungarian Kingdom under a governor-admiral and the newlyborn republic of Czechoslovakia was not advantageous. Thesame cannot be said about personal connections, commerce,health tourism and other elds. Furthermore, there were manyyoung people who attended Czech universities and collegesdue to restrictive regulations in Hungary.

The new Czechoslovak states population as mentionedabove, was not fully uniform - contained German, Hungarian,Polish and Ruthenian minorities. Hitler took advantage of thediscord between these nationalities and introduced rst theMunich pact (with consensus from Italy, Great Britain andFrance) and followed with the Vienna pact in 1938. In 1939after some re-organization the remaining Czech territory wasoccupied by the Nazi Germany and created the Bohemian-Moravian Protectorate as a part of Germany.

During WW II a Czechoslovak government and army, onthe side of the allied forces, was acting in exile.

On 9th May 1945 Prague was liberated by American andSoviet troops supported by the Prague uprising.

After WW II there were some contradictions betweenthe two countries as Czechoslovakia belonged to the alliedforces and Hungary to the Berlin-Rome axis. The problem ofHungarian minorities in Czechoslovakia was not resolved bythe exchange of a part of ethnic inhabitants.

The political changes in 1948-49 and the inuence of

Moscow touched both countries similarly. Both countries hadto join to the Warsaw Pact in 1955 and were a part of Comeconalready in 1949.

Perhaps the common problems and difculties brought theCzech and Hungarian people closer to each-other. This wasin part aided by their governments as within the so callediron curtain of middle 1950s there was possibility of travelat least to the neighbouring Warsaw Pact member countries,giving rise to the development of cultural, commercial andsport exchanges.

A large part of Czech people turned with sympathy to the1956 Hungarian Revolution. Similarly the sympathy of theHungarian people at the time of the Prague Spring in 1968

was with the Czech people. The great majority of Hungarianswas squarely behind the trend for changes in Czechoslovakiaand was distressed with the forceful suppression of the Sovietgovernment. The greatest part of the Hungarian people wasashamed that the Hungarian army had to participate in aninvasion within the circle of the Warsaw Pact. Moscows

political involvement in suppressing Hungarian economicactivity and reform (the new economic mechanism) wasalso a painful experience for Hungarians.

After 1968 the links between these two countries werepositive despite the stranglehold of Moscow over the Hungarianeconomy and Czech politics.

Until the political changes of 1989 the situation remained

as before. In 1989 some Hungarian politicians, mostly youngpeople, participated in demonstrations in Prague demandingparliamentary democratic change. The change came in bothcountries.

In 2003 the Czech Republic was separated from Slovakia.The Hungarians endeavoured to improve the already goodrelations and this was achieved in large measure through theorganization of the Visegrd Countries founded in 2001 as V3with participation of Hungary, Poland and Czechoslovakia. V4when the Czech Republic and Slovakia were separated.

Today the Czech Republic and Hungary are both membersof the European Union (both joined in 2004) and of NATO(both becoming members in 1999). There is a sincere hopethat this brings a spirit of cooperation and mutual help in all

elds of politics and economy (Romsics, 2007).Certainly in the eld of concrete technology there are good

traditions which are independent of all other circumstances.

3. CULTUREThere are many close links between Czech and Hungariancultures. In this paper we can write about literature and music,although in eld of arts like painting, sculpture and others thereare also many connections between the Czech and Hungariannations.

An early inuence in culture between the two nations was

the Czech, Comenius Jan Amos Komensk (1592-1670). Hecame to teach in the College of Srospatak at the invitationof Zsuzsanna Lrntffy (~1600-1660). He wrote pedagogicmaterial on his unique methods in education.

3.1 MusicThe Czech-Hungarian links are very rich in many elds of art.However, in this paper we can only speak in detail about music,and even in this eld alone this report cannot be complete andcomprehensive. But we are convinced that the introduction ofthe Czech and Hungarian musical life can give a picture aboutour mutual and common soul and empathy.

Music has a special place in Czech-Hungarian relationship.Because there is a wide range of connections in music thischapter is more a compilation of data than on extensive study,

but hopefully, it gives an impression on the very close Czech-Hungarian links.

Around 1790, when the Hungarian crown had beentransferred from Vienna to Buda, the Czech composer PavelVranick (Paul Wranitzky) (1756-1808) presented his newsymphony Op. 2, three String Quartets, therein the Pleasure ofthe Hungarian Nation. As for the Hungarian recruiting music(i. e. verbunk) of the early 19th century, the contribution of theCzech Antonn ermk cannot be left unmentioned. Later,when the Budapest Opera House underwent modernization,

the famous Czech Wagnerian tenor Karel Burian (1870-1924)frequently sang there and was always welcome in Hungary.A century ago two excellent Czech violinists, Frantiek

Ondiek (1857-1922) and Jan Kubelk (1880-1940) frequentlygave concerts in Hungary. Jan Kubelk was the son-in-lawof the Hungarian Prime Minister of the time, Klmn Szll(1843-1915), and the father of the famous conductor and thushalf Hungarian, Rafael Jeronm Kubelik (1914-1996), wasat home when in Hungary. Bedich Smetanas (1824-1884)works (among others The Bartered Bride, My Country) have

been from the time of their rst performance welcomed onthe Hungarian stages, as are the works composed by AntonnDvoak (1841-1904).

Music is one of the most international arts that connectnations. Covering cultural connections between twoindependent states after WW I, it is worthwhile mentioningthat from the beginning of the 18th century Czech musicians

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played throughout the world and including in Hungary. In theEsterhzy court at Fertd (Hungary) following the musicalactivity of Haydn, a Czech composer and conductor, PavelVranick, continued Haydns work and composed amongothers a Hungarian Symphony.

When reecting on the 19th century it is important to mentionthat the rst music teacher of Ferenc Liszt (1811-1886) wasCzech. As a consequence of this and the invitation of ViscountLeopold Thun (1811-88), Liszt (Fig. 14.a) went to Prague. TheCzech music history registers the six concerts given by Liszt

as a signicant inuence on Czech musical life, with particularinuence on the work of Bedich Smetana (Fig. 14.b).

At the turn of the 20th century the Czech, Vilm (Vilmos)Roubal (1877-1968) came to Budapest and played in theorchestra of the Hungarian State Opera. One of his sonsRezs Roubal (1907-85) played percussion instruments in theHungarian State Opera, the other son became a well knownHungarian conductor under the name Vilmos Rubnyi (1905-72). In the period before WW I the violinist Jan Kubelk came

to Hungary and married a Hungarian lady. Their son RafaelKubelk became a famous conductor. At that time a well knownCzech quartet played in Budapest.

After WW I, because of political contradictions, there wasno ofcial connection in culture, however, the HungarianPhilharmonic Orchestra played in Prague conducted by JenHubay (1858-1937). The Czech Philharmonic under VclavTalich presented in Budapest Bartks Dance Suite with greatsuccess.

Vclav Talich (1883-1961) introduced in Prague Bartkswork Music for Strings, Percussion and Celesta earlier thanin Hungary.

Before WW II the Hungarian conductor Gyrgy Szll

(1897-1970) was the leader of the German Opera in Praguefrom where he left for the USA.During this time there was little knowledge in both countries

about music of each-other. In Hungary only the New WorldSymphony by Antonn Dvok and Smetanas Vltava (Moldau)were known. Czech people were aware that Ferenc Liszt wasan international success.

Interest in Bartk developed at a later time. It wassignificant that Zdenk Nejedl (1878-1962) asked JurajSznt the musicologist living in Prague, whose origins arefrom Rimavska Subota (Rimaszombat), Slovakia and whounderstood Hungarian, to lecture on Bartk. Bartks musicwas widely known, but not his background and life.

Just after WW II when there was still no diplomatic linkbetween Czechoslovakia and Hungary, there developed astrong interest in each-others culture. There was already aconcept that after the conclusion of peace the ofcial cultural

connections should be rebuilt with emphasis on music. In1949 there was already formal diplomatic connection. Praguedespatched a cultural attach to the Budapest embassy whohad a personal contact to the minister of culture in Hungary atthat time, Dezs Keresztury (1904-96), and to state secretary,Lszl Bka (1910-64), who originated from Slovakia.

The rst result was a concert in Prague by Gza Bszrmnyi-Nagy, the violinist Gyrgy Garay (1909-88), and pianist IstvnAntal (1909-78). The Czech Trio, the conductor VclavSmetek (1906-86), the cellist Bohu Heran (1907-1968) were

sent to perform in Hungary. The latter learned the Solo Sonatafor violoncello of Zoltn Kodly (1882-1967) and played it inmany other countries.

There was a Liszt-Bartk festival in Hungary in 1949 towhich a ve member delegation came from Czechoslovakia,the members were Even Sucho, a Slovak composer whohad been learning in Prague; Alois Hba, a famous composer;scientist Vclav Holzknecht; the director of the Music Academy,tpn Luck; a young composer and Juraj Sznt.

During this period the two countries became acquaintedwith the music of each-other. The Hungarian radio orchestra

presented the Symphony in D Major of Frantiek Adam Maand in the Budapest Krolyi Garden the Hungarian StateConcert Orchestra (HZ) presented Forests and Fields partsfrom the Ma Vlst (Homeland) cycle of Smetana and theviolin concerto of Dvok that was previously unknown inHungary.

Following the signing of the peace treaty in May 1949,Bartks Concerto for Orchestra was performed at the Prague

Music Festival by the Hungarian State Orchestra, conductedby Jnos Ferencsik (1907-84) (Fig.15.a).

The rst tour abroad of the newly founded Hungarian

State Folk Ensemble was to Czechoslovakia. The performingensemble of the S Army had its first performance inHungary.

Previously unknown to the Czech public, the opera in Praguepresented the Ban Bnk written by the famous Hungariancomposer Ferenc Erkel (1810-93).

The Czech participants in cultural exchange were theCzech Philharmonia, Prague Symphony Orchestra, the PragueChamber Orchestra without conductor, and later the PragueChamber Philharmonia and the Brno Philharmonia.

The exchange of major ensembles commenced with thestaging of cultural festivals. Such famous Hungarian singersas Mihly Szkely (1901-63), Sndor Svd (1906-79), Mria

Mtys, (1924-1999), Mria Gyurkovics (1913-73), PaulaTakcs (1913-2003), Gyrgy Melis (1923-2009), JzsefGregor (1940-2006), Jzsef Simndy (1916-1997), JzsefRthy (1925-1973), Erzsbet Hzy (1929-82), va Marton,

Fig.14.a: Ferenc Liszt Fig. 14.b: Bedrich Smetana

Fig. 15.a: Jnos Ferencsik Fig.15.b: Karel Ancerl

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Sndor Slyom-Nagy, Ilona Tokody and others participatedin this exchange. The ballet ensemble of the Hungarian StateOpera, the ballet ensembles of Gyr and Pcs were also guestsin Czech cities. The ballet Handkerchief (Keszken) by JenKenessey; the The Transylvanian Spinning Room by Kodly;the three one act plays of Bartk etc. were all performed. Soloevenings of ballet dancers Gabriella Lakatos (1927-89) andViktor Flp (1927-97) were staged in Prague.

The Czechs sent such notable performers to Hungary asMarie Tauberov (1911-2003), Vra Soukupov and Milada

ubrtov. Czech productions were innovative and modern.Several works of Smetana were performed in Budapest and

several other Hungarian cities. The opera Jenufa and the Foxby Leo Janek (1854-1928) was performed in Hungary.

Hungarian conductors were active in SR namely JnosFerencsik, Vilmos Komor (1895-1971), Andrs Krdi (1922-86), Gyrgy Lehel (1926-89), Ivn Fischer, dm Fischer,Zoltn Kocsis and many pianists frequently performed beforethe Czech public.

Karel Anerl (1908-73) (Fig.15.b) must be mentioned. Hewas a very well known Czech conductor in Hungary and hisname was very frequently heard on Hungarian radio. Amongmany others he was highly regarded for his performances ofcontemporary music. For example he conducted the CzechPhilharmonic Orchestras performance of the Concerto of BlaBartk in the Dvok Hall in Prague. He was made popularin Hungary by his recordings of the Sinfonietta by Janaek.Czech music lovers could enjoy the Psalmus Hungaricus byZoltn Kodly.

Visiting musicians were: the pianists Zoltn Kocsis, AnnieFischer (1914-95), Istvn Antal, Mihly Bcher (1924-93),Dezs Rnki, Andrs Schiff; the violinists, Ede Zathureczky(1903-59), Eliz Cserfalvy, Dnes Kovcs (1930-2005), MiklsPernyi, Csaba Onczay. Pl Lukcs (1894-1971), cellist,

presented the last work of Bartk in Prague, being the Concerto

for Violoncello and Orchestra. He also presented the concertofor violoncello of the baroque classic Czech composer MaStamc.

There was a special evening held in Prague on the works ofGyrgy Kurtg. Hungarians frequently visited Prague, amongthem the Hungarian composers Ferenc Farkas (1905-2000),Andrs Mihly (1917-93), Ferenc Szab (1902-69), EmilPetrovics, Pl Kadosa (1903-83).

From the Czech side, the conductors Vclav Neumann(1920-95) and Zdenk Koler (1928-95) presented in Hungarythe Slavic Mass by Janaek.

Also playing in Hungary were the famous Czech artistsJaroslav Krombholc (1918-83), Leo Svarovsk, the conductor

Ji Blohlvek, the violinist Josef uk, harpsichordist ZuzanaRikov, the famous Czech Smetana String Quartet, thePrague Quartet, the Pro Arte Antiqua Quartet. The PanohaQuartet performed regularly at the concert halls of Hungary.

On the Hungarian side the Bartk Quartet, der Quartet,and the Ttray Quartet played in different Czech cities. Fromthe late 1950s the Hungarian Interkoncert and the CzechPragokoncert organized exchanges between Hungarian andCzech music world.

There were competitions for young musicians duringthe season of the Prague Spring; in Hungary there werecompetitions for conductors and pianists with mutual

participation. Jury members represented both countries.

Czech composers composed pieces for Hungarian artists,such as Lubomr elezn who wrote a violin concerto forDnes Kovcs and Oldich Flosman who composed for EndreGertler.

In the field of musicology, Jaroslav Volek (1923-89)published an analysis of Bartks Orchestral Concerts; inHungary a volume was published on the works of Nejedl.Musicologists and music critics held conferences. Twoexamples, Gyrgy Kro (1926-97) and Jzsef jfalussy (1920-2010), participated at such meetings in Prague.

A few words about light music:In 1970-78 the Hungarian Cultural Institute in Prague was

famous for recordings of LGT conducted by Gbor Presser.The LGT played in Prague to a crowded auditorium.

Following political changes in both Hungary andCzechoslovakia, music festivals spread throughout bothcountries. This provided an opportunity for sponsorship andthe states also added nancial support. These additional sourcesof funding facilitated the many exchanges.

We hope that the connection of both nations in musical lifewill be strong in the future and improve the links between thecountries.

3.2 LiteratureLast but not least is the theme of love and in this contextmention must be made of the literary connections between ourtwo nations. The list is so lengthy that only fractions and hintscan be cited: poems by Sndor Pet (1823-1849) and MihlyVrsmarty (1800-1855); novels by Mr Jkai (1825-1904)were translated into Czech and were warmly welcomed.

A great supporter of contemporary Hungarian literature wasJan Neruda (1834-1891) who not only revered the poems ofPet, but he considered the Hungarian poet to be a symbolof freedom. Some decades later Jan Nerudas poetry wasmasterfully interpreted for Hungarian readers.

The Tragedy of Man by Imre Madch (1823-64) wasperformed in Prague in 1894 so successfully that, during thescene of the French Revolution, a real demonstration against

the Habsburgs broke out in the theatre. This inspired translationwas made by the excellent Czech novelist, Frantiek Brbek(1848-1926). Later, the novels by Karel apek (1890-1938),Ivan Olbracht (1882-1952), Bohumil Hrabal (1914-97) andFranz Kafka (1883-1924) became enduring successes amongHungarian readers with numerous editions and the printing of agreat number of copies demonstrating the deep interconnectionand literary appreciation between the people of both countries(Kirly, 1984).

Returning to earlier times, after the fall of the movements forfreedom, many Hungarians, along with their Czech comradesin misfortune, were imprisoned. Friendships were born, such asin the prison of Olomouc, where the Hungarians Jnos Fldesi,

Jzsef Barsi-Naumann (1810-93), Jnos Fldy (1811-96),Jzsef Szlvy (1818-1900), Pl Szontgh (1820-1904), AnnaBor-Kenderessy (the only female prisoner) were interred.

The comrade-in-prison of Barsi-Naumann was the CzechKarel Sladkovsk (1823-80) politician, Karel Sabina (1813-77)writer and Karel Tuek.

Barsi-Naumann and Tuek collaborated on translations ofpoems of Pet.

There were Czech prisoners in prisons in Hungary, in suchplaces as Munkcs and Komrom (today Mukachevo andKomrno). The best known Czech prisoner was Fri (SeeChapter 2.5), who was later imprisoned in Ds (today Dej).

Pter Rkos (1935-2002) was a genius of literature who

added enormously to the intersection of Czech and Hungarianculture. He was author of the Hungarian encyclopaedia ofliterature in the Czech language and did much to introduceHungarian writers to the Czech public. He became professor

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of the Charles University in Prague and head of departmentteaching Hungarian language and literature. Rkos did hiswork with much enthusiasm and energy. Today the head ofthe Department of Hungarian is Jen Gal who does his bestto continue the work of Pter Rkos.

Regrettably the literature of each other was not taught insecondary schools. Perhaps this was due to rapid developmentof a new trend in style of literature and cinema during the1980s (e. g. the works of Hrabal and Kundera), and theHungarian school syllabus was not updated rapidly enough to

include this new generation of artists. Petra Hulova, JoachimTopol, Milo Urban were all contemporaries of the HungarianPter Esterhzy. These writers were in time translated intoHungarian. On the other hand, contemporary Hungarianauthors, such as Pter Ndas and Nobel laureat Imre Kertszwere relatively well known in the Czech Republic.

The dramas of Lajos Parti Nagy were published and playedin the theatres of Prague. The works of Gyrgy Konrd areknown in Czech circles as well as that of Sndor Mrai (1900-89) whose works were published in Czechoslovakia prior to

political changes. The writings of Antal Szerb (1901-45) werealso published in Czech.

There is an interesting parallel between the Hungarian Petand the Czech, Karel Hynek Macha (1810-1836). Macha, whohad the reputation of a romantic, also died at a very young age.Pet translated Macha into Hungarian, as did Attila Jzsef(1905-37) at a later time.

Jaroslav Haek (1883-1923) was best known in Hungary forhis series entitled Dobr vojk vejk. The novels of Karelapek are also well known.

Hungarians had greater exposure to Czech culture precedingHrabal. Jaroslav Seifert (1901-86) was awarded the Nobel Prizein 1984. His poems were published in Hungary.

Between 1980 and 2006 the Bohemia Festival was a regularcultural event in Hungary delivering diverse aspects of the

Czech culture. There was literature, music, discussions and alsogastronomy. There was always Czech beer and waiters.Hungarian movies are screened weekly at the Hungarian

Cultural Institute in Prague. There were literary evenings andexpositions.

Enik Eszenyi produced plays such as the Tts by Istvnrkny (1919-79) as well as Shakespearean plays in the Prague

National Theatre on many occasions. The Czech stage manager,Ivo Krobot frequently travelled to Hungary working on thestage of the New Theatre in Budapest.

During the past decades a prestigious Hungarian monthlyjournal called the Nagyvilg published translations ofCzech authors. E. g. Edgar Dutka, Ivan Jergl, Emil Hakl, Petra

Hlov were translated by Ottilia Barna. Some Czech writerswere introduced to the Hungarian public through condensedversions of their stories. Bohumil Hrabal was already popularin Hungary when this periodical presented sections of his newnovels. The novels of Ladislav Fuks were rst accessible in

Nagyvilg and the same can be said for Eduard Petiska. Onecould nd among the new authors names such as Vilm Zavad,Vladimr Holan, Miroslav Holub, Ludmila Pomportov andothers.

It is to be emphasized that interest was mutual. KamilBednar and Ladislav Hradsk were respected translators and

prepared translations of classical Hungarian lyric poetry.The above are only examples over a very long period of

cultural connection between these two nations.

4. CONCRETE

4.1 Traditional techniques inindustry and transportation

There has been a wide range of Czech-Hungarian connectionsin technology. The Czech Republic was instructed to becomethe heart of industry in the Habsburg Empire. In this paperwe will only mention a few examples of Czech achievements

from which Hungary had benet. Much heavy machinerywas exported to Hungary for manufacture in the textile andelectronics industries.

One of the most important elds of Czech export to Hungaryafter WW I was that of automobiles and motorcycles. Thekoda 110 cars could be seen on Hungarian roads as early as1925. Taxicabs were also imported. Tatra trucks and equipmentwere very popular. Export to Hungary after WW II expanded.The Tatra-148 trucks were running on Hungarian roads inrelatively large numbers. The Jawa 350 motorcycle was thedream of young Hungarians in the 1950s and 60s. Laterdifferent types of koda cars were widely used.

Even now in currently use there are more than 200 Czech

manufactured BZ motorised trains on the Hungarian railwaylines as well as many Tatra trams in Budapest and othercities.

4.2 Activity in concrete worksIn this paper we will concentrate on concrete technology.Collaboration in construction works was extensive andourishes even today. The links are multifaceted, so we canonly show some examples.

4.21 Bridges

In connection with railway and highway bridges, there were anumber of agreements between Hungary and Czechoslovakia.In 1954, post WW II, the rst important step was the exchangeof trade delegations. Common works in concrete bridgeconstruction utilised Czech experience (Dnes, 1955).

Towards the end of March 1945 the railway bridge acrossthe Danube between Komrom and Komrno was destroyed byHitlers troops as they withdrew. Reconstruction was started in1952 and the new structure was inaugurated in late 1954. Theconcrete substructure was completed by Hungarian authoritiesand rms, while the elements of the steel superstructure weremanufactured in the Czech part of the former Czechoslovakiaand transported to the construction site in Slovakia and Hungary

(Kmosk, 1956). The highway bridge was reconstructedalready in 1945, also by Czech engineers.There was a close cooperation between the Czech,

Slovakian and Hungarian engineers under the framework ofUIC (International Railway Union) and OSZhD (Organizationfor cooperation of railways). On the Czech side, under thechairmanship of Petr tpanek (Brno), jointly developedinstructions were published on maintenance and reconstructionof bridges (Nemeskri-Kiss, 1986).

Bridge experts were welcomed at the Technical Universityof Budapest by Lszl Szermi, where the Czech guests wereMilan Petr, Karel Chobot, Antonn Jlek, Milan Holick,Richard Bare, and Zdenk Kleisner.

There were many study tours organized by the HungarianScientic Society for Transport (KTE). E.g. in 1973 there wasa technical visit to the Nusle-bridge and the metro constructionin Prague. In the same year there was a meeting in Prague

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on concrete structures and the delegates had the opportunityto visit notable examples of Czech concrete highway bridgeconstruction (Tassi, 1973).

There was co-operation in concrete bridge construction.The rst Czech cable-stayed bridge was constructed under theleadership of Hynek Hlasivec in Tbor during the late 1980s

by the rm SS (Road and Railway Constructions, Prague).The fatigue test of the cable vibration damping devices and thecable splicing appliance was carried out in the experimentalresearch station of the Institute of Building Science (TI) atSzentendre near Budapest. The tests were managed by FerencGyks.

The first concrete bridge constructed in Hungary byincremental launching, the highway bridge across the BerettyRiver at Berettyjfalu (Fig.16) had signicant technical inputin 1988 from Hynek Hlasivec, SS, Prague. The equipment forthis system was also delivered by a Czech rm. The Hungarian

partner was the Hdpt Co., and among the Hungariansinvolved we should mention Jzsef Vrs.

It belongs to the essence of this review that the rm SS known today as Eurovia employs a colleague who has been,over many decades, responsible for collaborative projects

between this enterprise and other foreign companies, amongthem Hungarian partners of the rst order, Hdpt Co.

Petr Soml (Fig.17.a) was born in Hungary, started hisstudies at the Technical University of Budapest. He thencontinued his career in Prague and entered SS in early 1950swhere he is still active. It is noteworthy that he is now one of

the coordinators of the joint Hungarian-Slovak-Czech bridgeconstruction at Nitra (Slovakia).

4.22 Buildings and other structures

There have been a number of concrete technologies that weredesigned in Hungary and constructed in the Czech Republicof today and vice versa. Some notable examples in this eldfollow.

The LIFT-FORM technology was initiated at the HungarianTI in cooperation with the Czech Research Institute ofOstrava. Hungarian partners were Istvn Nagy, Ferenc Nagy,Andor Gbori, Istvn Pozsgai, and from the Czech part Ladislav

Majoro, Ladislav Vida, Ji Hudeka, Ivan Kapar.The method was worked out in the1980s for the factoryconstruction of multi storey concrete skeleton buildings.

For the production of the floor slabs of the building,formwork and its supports are mounted at ground level (Nagy,

1984ab, 87). Using specialised equipment this is movedvertically upwards along the previously assembled steel tubecolumns which are subsequently concrete lled. The formworkis lifted to the top oor, reinforcement is put into place andconcrete is cast there (Fig.18). After concrete hardening, theformwork is lowered to the next level down from the top. Wemay therefore say that the building is constructed from thetop to bottom.

The ground area of the buildings measured 1000 to 2000m2. The equipment can be reused many times. No scaffold isneeded and manpower is minimized.

The rst building that was constructed by the LIFT-FORMmethod was the institute for Geology in Ostrava in 1987.A structure in downtown Budapest, erected by the same

procedure, was shown at the construction site to the participantsof the FIP Symposium in 1992.

Fig. 19: Roudnice NATO base

Fig. 16: Beretty River Bridge

Fig. 18: LIFT-FORM method

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In the Czech Republic the Roudnice NATO base wasconstructed by the Hungarian Hdpt Co. The head ofmanagement was Ferenc Szalai. Large steel and concretereservoirs (Fig.19) and a large concrete industrial space wereconstructed.

We would draw your attention here to a type of hall structurewhich has a special though indirect Czech-Hungarian link. The

properties of the Oikos system are such that space structurescan be produced by beam elements crossing each-otheraccording a given rule (Soltsz, Varga 1962). The method ofconstruction was known previously, e. g. Pier Luigi Nervi andRudolf v. Halsz designed noteworthy halls using this principle.

Omitting other antecedents we will only reect here on thosewith Czech collaboration. In 1956 Hungarian engineers visitedan Oikos hall in Brno. Not long after, in the early 1960s otherlarge-span concrete bus garages, designed by rpd Varga,were built in Budapest and Szombathely.

In Hungary mass production of concrete railway sleeperswas developed (Beluzsr, 1990). From the early 1960sHungarian experience in this eld was shared with Czechspecialists. A great number of LM type prestressed concretesleepers produced by the Hungarian Concrete and ReinforcedConcrete Works (BVM) were exported. Additionally theIPARTERV bureau in Budapest designed railway sleeperfactories using the Hungarian BVM technology for installation

in the Czech localities of Uhersk Ostroh, Nov Hrady,erany and Doloplazy.Reecting on links in eld of civil engineering works, a

particular lady, who travelled from Budapest to Prague, mustbe mentioned. Being an excellent specialist in foundation andearth structures she has indirect, though denite, connectionto the construction of concrete structures. Mrta Doleov(Fig. 17.b) was born in Hungary and completed elementaryand secondary school there. She continued studies in civilengineering abroad, and after graduation she chose Pragueas her home.

She has a PhD degree and has been Professor at theUniversity of Arizona and at Charles University, Prague. The

Dolexpert rm in Prague was founded by her and is activein a wide range of civil engineering works, principally ingeotechnics and hydraulic structures. Among numerous highlevel works Mrta Doleov contributed to the constructionof the Prague metro network and she was invited as an expertto Hungary. She works closely with Hungarian institutions,especially with the University of Pcs.

4.3 Education: contact betweenuniversities

4.31 Hungarian students in Czechinstitutions

Between 1920 and the Nazi occupation of Bohemia manyyoung people in Hungary who were denied entry to universities

in their homeland found a haven in Prague, Brno and otherCzech cities where they could attend institutions of highereducation.

During the late 1940s both in Czechoslovakia and Hungarythere was much interest in sending Hungarian students toCzech institutions of learning and to rms. The main purposewas to educate specialists to know the language of the alliedcountry. In technical science there was another aim: to studythose elds that were not fully covered in the curriculum ofinstitutions of the other country.

In the eld of building science the rst noteworthy stepswere made in 1949. To Hungarian students who nished oneacademic year in their homeland a scholarship was offeredto continue studies mainly in Prague or Brno. After a veryintensive summer course in Czech, continuing studies in aforeign language was not easy, but by the second semester ata Czech university, the new language became quite familiar.The majority of Hungarian students have achieved very goodresults. Some of them after graduation and practice in Hungarycontinued studies in Bohemia aiming at PhD (CSc) degrees.

Two examples of outstanding Hungarian specialists whograduated from the Czech Technical University in Prague(VUT) and received scientic degree there:

Istvn Krti after his return from Prague worked in Hungaryin the eld of research and construction and then startedteaching at the Technical University of Budapest (BME).Later he was appointed as Head of Department of BuildingManagement and Organization.

A similar career was followed by Ott Lszl who wasalso a former student of VUT. After working for a time inHungarian building rms he came to teach at BME. He became

professor and director of the Institute of Building Constructionsand Equipment. He also was, for a period, dean of the Facultyof Architecture.

4.32 Exchange of staff members andstudents

There were several other types of mutual educational activitiesbetween Czech and Hungarian universities and colleges.Students practical exercises, study tours, exchange ofuniversity staff members and common research work wereregularly scheduled. Following are some examples.

The Author1 was fortunate as a student to have summerpractice placement in Havlkv Brod during 1948. The taskwas interesting: the structural control of the scaffold for theconcrete arch railway bridge between Havlkv Brod andPohled, under the supervision of the experienced Czech

engineer Vilm Moi. (It was a pleasant surprise to meethim much later at the headquarters of SS in Nrodn Tda,Prague.) The other work was the surveying of the concretedewatering system of the neighbouring tunnel. Weekendsoffered a possibility to visit Prague, Brno and other places ofBohemia.

Unfortunately after 1949 there was a partial isolationbetween the two countr ies. In this period there was nosignicant contact between Czech and Hungarian specialistsin the building industry, or in education and the sciences.

During the summer of 1956, prior to the HungarianRevolution in October, the separation between these twocountries eased a little. The rst exchange served as a basis

for further fruitful connections between the Prague VUT andBudapest BME technical universities.

A study tour, including staff members of Departments of

Bridge Construction No. I and II of BME and their counterparts

Fig. 17.a: Petr Soml Fig. 17.b: Mrta Doleov Fig. 17.c: Ludevt Vgh

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from the Department of Steel structures and Department of

Concrete Structures of VUT, took place in the summer of1956.

Czech colleagues visited the BME as well as signicant steeland concrete structures in the Hungarian capital. Additionallythey made a study tour of industrial construction works in

North-East Hungary.The Czech delegation was headed by Professor Frantiek

Faltus and organized by Zdenk Budinka and Ludevt Vgh.Ludevt Vgh (Fig.17.c) originated from Koice, Slovakia

and was uent in the Hungarian language. He graduatedfrom VUT Prague, and after working in the Czech buildingindustry he became staff member of his alma mater. To thisday he represents a worthy connection between Czech andHungarian experts in concrete construction. He became

professor of VUT and among others tasks, chairman of IASSWG 18. He contributed much to the Czech concrete industryand to science (Balzs, 2008).

Shortly after the study tour of Czech colleagues came thetrip of the Hungarian expert group, headed by Professor ImreKornyi and organized by Antal Szittner and Bertalan Juhsz.Professor Frantiek Faltus and colleagues, from the Departmentof Steel Structures joined by Professor Stanislav Bechyn

and his staff from the Department of Concrete Structures ofVUT in Prague, assisted Hungarian visitors to learn moreabout Czech engineering works and education. In focus werethe major achievements of the Czech bridge engineering andexperimental works in the Klockner Research Institute andother workshops of science and technology.

In 1958 the Author1 and Jen Megyeri led a group ofBME students to Prague. The host institution was the railwayuniversity (VS), represented by Professor Frantiek Klimeand his colleagues Karel Slach and Bohumil Kubt. TheHungarian student group had the possibility to study concreterailway bridges and other structures at various locationsthroughout the country.

It is difcult to enumerate all links in the eld of education.We will mention only a few examples. At the laboratoryexercises of students of BME, post-tensioning procedure andmeasurements were learned using the hydraulic jack developed

by the Czech engineer Ji Horel. Postgraduate students madeuse of the book of Vladimr Kstek (1979). The Author1 was inclose professional contact with Karel Zda and used his book(Zda, 1958) as a teaching resource.

Czech universities frequently invited Hungarian colleaguesto visit laboratories and other facilities. Czech colleagueswere invited to study Hungarian methods and equipment.Among others Jaroslav Prochzka, Ji Krtk and Ladislav

Hrdouek came from Prague. There were mutual invitationsto conferences. E. g. lectures at conferences in Prague werepublished in the periodical of the VUT (Tassi, 1983) and viceversa, at BME (Vgh, 2009).

Indeed, all this has been only a brief sample, and restrictedmainly to concrete, but hope that this gives an impression ofthe wide and substantial connections that exist.

4.4 Professional organisationsThere were many international professional organisationswhere productive cooperation between Czech and Hungarianengineers could be developed. The history in this territory is sorich that we can only mention some special events and data.

4.41fb=CEB+FIPFrom the early 1970s Czech and Hungarian specialistscooperated in the framework of CEB. A good example is

the Task Group VI/1 Anchorage Zones. The reporter wasRalejs Tepfers (Sweden) and one of the most active memberswas Vladimr Urban from Prague. On the Hungarian side

both Authors of this paper, as well as Andor Windisch, LszlErdlyi collaborated. There were task group meetings

between other countries in Prague and in Budapest. The resultof the collective work was a CEB Bulletin (Tepfers, 1987).

Among others the Plenary Session of CEB, which washeld in 1980 in Budapest, included several Czech participants

providing an opportunity to strengthen the cooperation between

specialists from both nations.Before the foundation of the Hungarian Group of FIP, there

were already events where Hungarian delegates could buildgood connections with Czech colleagues, e. g. with Ji Krchovat the FIP Congress 1962 held in Rome-Naples. This continuedat the FIP Congress 1966 in Paris, where a close friendship toKarel Zda (Brno), among others, was initiated.

The FIP Congress of 1970 in Prague was a milestone in thelife of the Hungarian Group of FIP. A Hungarian delegationof 16 members were present as registered participants, and 52Hungarian engineers, organized by the Hungarian ScienticSociety for Building (TE), visited the exhibition andconstruction sites. This was the rst signicant event afterthe foundation of the Hungarian Group of FIP. The Presidentof the Hungarian FIP Group, Lajos Garay chaired a plenarysession. He and Gyrgy Balzs Sr. were present at the generalassembly. Hungarian speakers presented on all topics ofoutstanding structures and seven papers were published forsection meetings. Additionally, a special issue of the periodicalMagyar ptipar was published on the occasion of thePrague Congress.

Authors of this paper attended 13 FIP/b congresses, andmany symposia, and it may be said that the Prague 1970Congress was one of the best organized, of highest scienticcalibre, with the most splendid social program meetings.

All other FIP events provided opportunities for good contactbetween Czech and Hungarian colleagues.There were several FIP commissions where Czech and

Hungarian engineers were in close cooperation, nevertheless,the strongest contacts were built up at congresses andSymposia. Ji Klime, FIP medallist, was one of the mostactive specialists in developing professional contacts. LuborJanda initiated relationships between Czech and Hungariancolleagues, in large part under the ag of FIP. It was ratherregrettable that in 1988 due to political reasons on theCzechoslovak side, Lubor Janda was denied the FIP medalat the Symposium. The president of FIP later handed him theaward in Prague at a scientic session that was also attended

by Hungarian delegates.The FIP Council Meeting took place in Prague in 1989.As well as the very good atmosphere the Author1 enjoyed theexcursion to the cable-stayed bridge that was designed by JiStrsk. This structure won the FIP award.

There was a significant event for the Hungarian FIPGroup at the FIP 1992 Symposium in Budapest with notable

participation and presentations from Czech delegates.The 1999b Symposium in Prague had the very impressive

title Structural Concrete The Bridge between People.Sixteen Hungarian engineers were pleased to participateat the symposium reinforcing the bridge between the twocountries. Five Hungarian presentations were given in Prague

on Hungarian projects and research results.We were delighted to celebrate at thefb Congress 2010

held in Washington the presentation of thefb Freyssinet Medalto Ji Strsk for his outstanding contribution to the eld of

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structural concrete. An important collaboration since 2010 intheb TG 4.1 Serviceability Models is for the convenorship

by Jan L. Vtek, successor to Gyrgy L. Balzs,We take also this opportunity to congratulate Vladimr

ervenka who receives the fib Medal of Merit for hisoutstanding contributions to structural concrete and to bduring the b Symposium 2011 in Prague for which thisJournal is prepared.

4.42 RILEM (International Union of

Laboratories and Experts inConstruction Materials, Systems

and Structures)

In 1961 a meeting of the union was organized in Prague. Atthe scientic sessions the presentation of Gyrgy Balzs Sr.was delivered. The Author1,among other Hungarian engineers,attended the conference.

The symposium of this organisation had its venuein Budapest in 1977. Many Czech experts in long-termobservation of structures were present. These people played asignicant role in the work of RILEM and involved Hungarian

engineers in their activities.

4.43 CCC (Central European Congress

on Concrete Engineering)

This international organisation was founded by Austria,Croatia, the Czech Republic and Hungary in 2004, and therehave been annual congresses held in different cities of themember countries.

In 2006 Czech colleagues hosted the very successfulcongress in Hradec Kralov. The topic of the Congresswas Concrete Structures for Trafc Network. The 2007Congress took place in Visegrd, Hungary. The Topic of theCongress was Innovative Materials and Technologies forConcrete Structures. The 2010 CCC Congress was held inMariansk Lazn, Czech Republic. The topic of the congresswas Concrete Structures for Challenging Times.

The Hungarian organizers look ahead to the 2011 CCCCongress to be held in Balatonfred, Hungary. Czechcolleagues are welcomed in the committees as well as expertsinterested in these topics.

4.44 IASS (International Association for

Shell and Space Structures)

Among many elds there was a special topic, being the problemof environmentally compatible structures and structuralmaterials (ECS), that was discussed by a working group,WG18, acting in the name of the Prague Technical Universityunder the chairmanship of Ludevt Vgh. The work started inearly 2000s and resulted in a book published in 2010 (Vgh,2010). The majority of seminars took place in Prague butsome sessions were held in Budapest. Represented amongnumerous contributors were Czech and other European andoverseas countries. Many Hungarian task group membersalso participated in the work, publishing their papers in theProceedings of the seminars and were authors of severalchapters in the book.

4.45 Other organizations

There are other professional organizations dealing withconcrete. Among them we mention IABSE, CIB, ACI,

UIC, ISO and others. Czech and Hungarian engineers meetfrequently at various points around the globe to carry out manycollaborative studies.

5. CONCLUSIONIn this paper it was our aim to show the close connection

between the countries ofb Groups, in this case focusingparticularly on Hungary and the host country of this yearsb Symposium, the Czech Republic. We are convinced thatknowing better the history and culture of our nations helpsto build better cooperation generally but also in the eld ofstructural technology.

It is our pleasure to have had the opportunity to presenton collaborations between the Czechs and Hungarians indiverse elds of life, among them concrete technology. Theabove examples give only a narrow fragment of links betweengovernments, businesses and diverse institutions. To show thedepth and frequency of joint activity we offer the followinglist of Czech colleagues with whom a single Hungarian (in

particular Author1) was in contact during his professional life.The list cannot be complete and there are names of colleagues

with whom there has been a long and lasting friendshipand cooperation and many others who have become knownby a single or infrequent meeting. The list below includesinternationally recognised scientists and honoured colleaguesof different rms and institutions:

StanislavBechyn, Petr Bouka, Zdenk Budinka, Jaroslavermk, Vladimr ervenka, Karel Dahinter, Ji Dohnlek,Jaroslav Feigerle, Adolf Fiala, Bedich Hacar, Jaroslav Hjek,Ji Hejnic, Rudolf Hela, Hynek Hlasivec, Jaroslav Hlava,Leo Hobst, Milan Holick, Ladislav Hrdouek, Ivo Hruban,Konrad Hruban, Ilja Hust, Lubor Janda, Milan Kaln,Eugenia Kiselov, Zdenk Kleisner, Frantiek Klime, JiKlime, Alena Kohoutkov, Miroslav Korenk, Ji Krtk,

Ludvik Kratochvl, Vladimr Kstek, Vladislav Kek,Bohumil Kubt, Rudolf Landa, Ferdinand Lederer, VladimrMeloun, Ji Meika, Vilm Moi, Ladislav Novaek,Jaroslav Novk, Ji Pechar, Jaroslav Prochzka, ZdenkRadkovsk, Jii Rojan, Frantiek imaek, Karel Slach,Bohuslav Slansk, Petr Soml, Zdenk petla, Josef prek,Anton tefanek, Ji Strsk, Josef vajcr, Bratislav Tepl,Milk Tich, Ji Tomek, Karel Urban, Vladimr Urban, JanValentin, Ludevt Vgh, Jan Vodika, Jan Vtek, Jan L. Vtek,Bohumil Voves, Karel Zda.

Author2 has the honour, due to the condence ofb membergroups, to be the current president of our internationalassociation. Beside our duty to improve technical developmentand to increase scientic knowledge and technology, it is ournoble aim to bring the member groups closer to each otherand to facilitate closer relationships with each other in diverseareas of our lives. In this context we wish to serve friendshipand cooperation within the members ofb.

Finally we express our hope that the b Symposium inPrague brings much success to our Czech colleagues, to the

benet of all participants, and to all engineers in the world ofconcrete.

6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authors express their gratitude to Eng. Dr. L. Bajzik(Kecskemt), Mr. J. Sznt (Prague), Mrs. O. Barna (Budapest-Prague) for the contribution to this paper. Our deep gratitudeis due to Mrs. K. Haworth-Litvai (Sydney, Australia) for therevision of the text.

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7. REFERENCESAradi, N. et al. (1983). History of art in Hungary (In Hungarian), Gondolat,

Budapest.Auction Catalogue Nr. 117 of the Central Second-Hand Bookshop (2010) (In

Hungarian), Budapest.Balzs, Gy. (2008): Concrete and reinforced concrete VII, What did create

Hungarians abroad (In Hungarian), Akadmiai Kiad, Budapest.Brdos, K. (1990): History of music in Hungary (In Hungarian), Akadmiai

Kiad, BudapestCronicon Pictum (facsimile), (1964), Magyar Helikon, Budapest.Beluzsr, J. (1990): Railway sleepers,Achievements in Prestressed Concrete

in Hungary. Special issue of Magyar ptipar, pp. 27-29.

Csapodi, Cs., Grdonyi, K. (1990) Bibliotheca Corviniana (In Hungarian),Helikon Kiad, Budapest.

Dnes, O. (1955):Design and construction of concrete railway bridges inCzechoslovakia (In Hungarian),Mlyptstudomnyi Szemle 10.

Drrenmatt, P. (1963) History of Switzerland (In German), SchweizerDruck- und Verlagshaus AG, Zrich.

Encyclopaedia of the Middle Ages (2003) (In German), DeutscherTaschenbuch Verlag, Munich, 2003.

Fitz, J. (1956): History of typography, Publishing and Booktrade in Hungary(In Hungarian), Akadmiai Kiad, Budapest.

Gyrffy, Gy. (1977): King Steven and his work (In Hungarian), GondolatKiad, Budapest.

Hman, B., Szekf, Gy. (1935): History of Hungary (In Hungarian), KirlyiMagyar Egyetemi Nyomda, Budapest.

Horvth, J. (1957): In the spirit of the Reformation (In Hungarian), GondolatKiad, Budapest.

Kirly, I. (editor in chief) (1984): Encyclopaedia of the world literature (InHungarian), Akadmiai Kiad, Budapest.Kiss, L (1980): Etymology dictionary of geographic names (In Hungarian),

Akadmiai KiadKmosk, K. (1956): The railway bridge at Komrom, (In Hungarian)

Mlyptstudomnyi Szemle, 5.Kovcs, E. (1952): Hungarian-Czech historical links (In Hungarian),

Kzoktatsgyi Kiadvllalat, Budapest.Kstek, V. (1979): Theory of box girders John Wiley & Sons, Chichester-

New York-Brisbane-Toronto.Magyary-Kossa, Gy. (1929): Hungarian medical memories (In Hungarian),

Magyar Orvosi Knyvkiad Trsulat, Budapest.Nagy, I. (1984a): LIFT-FORM building method, CIB International

Symposium, Mechanisation of concrete technologies, Prague.Nagy, I. (1984b): Erecting load-bearing structures with the LIFT-FORM

system,High-rise construction techniques & management for the 1990s,Proc. International CIB building conference, Singapore.

Nagy, I. (1987): The LIFT-FORM method, The Journal of CIB, 1-2.Nemeskri-Kiss, G. (1986): Activity of bridge expert group of OSZhD (In

Hungarian), Mlyptstudomnyi SzemlePilch, J. (editor) (1933) One thousand year from the heroism of the Hungarian

soldier (In Hungarian), Franklin Trsulat, Budapest.

Rkczi Album (1907) (In Hungarian), Pesti NaplRomsics, I. (2007): History of Hungary (In Hungarian); Akadmiai Kiad,

Budapest.Serdy, J. (editor) (1938): A memorial volume on the 900t anniversary of

the death of King Saint Steven (In Hungarian), A Magyar TudomnyosAkadmia Kiadsa, Budapest.

Soltsz, B., Varga, . (1962): Evaluation of experiments on Oikos structures(In Hungarian). UVATERV Report, Budapest.

Tassi G. (1973): Review-muster of prestressed concrete structures inCzechoslovakia (In Hungarian)A Jv Mrnke, XX. p.2.

Tassi, G. (1983): Behaviour of prestressed concrete beams under repeatedload, (In Russian) Acta Polytechnica. Prce VUT Series 1. CivilEngineering. (Prague), 1. pp. 109-117.

Tassi, G., Lenkei, P. (2003): FIP and CEB, the two antecedents ofb werefounded fty years ago, (In Hungarian) Vasbetonpts, 4, pp. 94-97.Tassi, G. (2003): History of the Hungarian FIP Group from the beginning to

1998. (In Hungarian), Vasbetonpts, Special issue.Tepfers, R. (reporter), Tassi, G., Balzs, L. G., Urban, V. et al. (1987):

Anchorage zones of pre st res sed concret e members. BulletindInformation No. 181. CEB, Paris.

Tth, Z. (1925): The foreign mercenary army of King Matthias Corvinus,called Black Army (In Hungarian), Stdium Sajtvllalat, Budapest.

Vvra, J. R. (1954) The Glass and the Ages (In German), Artia, Prague.Vgh, L. (2009): Analysis and application of the hexagonal patterns to

environmentally compatible concrete structures and brick wall systemsScientic Publications of the Department of Structural Engineering,Faculty of Civil Engineering, Budapest University of Technology andEconomics.pp. 141-152.

Vgh, L. (editor-in-chief) (2010): Concept of the theory of environmentallycompatible structures and structural materials (ECS), IASS WG18.Technical University Prague, Faculty of Civil Engineering,

Zda, K. (1958): Calculation of prestressed concrete structures, (In Czech),tatn Nakladatelstv Technick Literatury, Prague.

Prof. Gza Tassi (1925), Civil Engineer, PhD, D.Sc., FIP medallist, lifetimehonorary president of Hungarian Group offb, awarded at the rst congressoffb, holder of Palots Lszl award of the Hungarian Group offb. He isactive (semi retired) at the Department of Structural Engineering, BudapestUniversity of Technology and Economics. Main eld of interest: prestressedconcrete, bridges and other structures.

Prof. Gyrgy L. Balzs (1958), Civil Engineer, PhD, Dr.-habil., professorof structural engineering, head of Department of Construction Materialsand Engineering Geology at the Budapest University of Technology and

Economics. His main elds of activities are experimental investigation andmodelling of RC, PC, FRC structures, HSC, re resistance of concrete. Heis chairman of several commissions and task groups offb. He is presidentof Hungarian Group offb, editor-in-chief of the journal Concrete Structures.From 1st January, 2011 he is president offb.

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DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMNS

UNDER CENTRIC LOAD ACCORDING TO

EUROCODE 2

Bernt Csuka - Lszl P. Kollr

The paper presents a very simple method for the design and analysis of centric loaded, symmetrically rein-

forced concrete columns with rectangular or circular cross-sections. The concept of the capacity reduction

factor (or instability factor, buckling coefcient) is introduced, which was applied for steel, timber

and masonry columns in Eurocode 3, 5 and 6, respectively. The capacity reduction factor is determined

on the basis of Eurocode 2. It is shown numerically that the method is always conservative and reasonably

accurate. The usage of the method is demonstrated through numerical examples.Keywords: Reinforced concrete column, concentric compression, capacity reduction factor, simplified design, parametric calculation,Eurocode 2.

1. INTRODUCTIONConcentricly loaded RC columns are common structural

elements of braced building structures. In Eurocode 2 (2004)

unlike the previous Hungarian code MSZ these columns

must be designed the same way as eccentricly loaded columns,

with the only difference that the eccentricity of the load is set

equal to zero. In EC 2 there are two methods of calculation:

(1) Nominal Stiffness, (2) Nominal Curvature. The NationalAnnex (NA) has to decide which method must be used in a

country. In Hungary both methods are accepted.

There are several articles in the literature which deal with

the design procedures of columns according to Eurocode 2

(Bonet et al. (2007), Bonet et al. (2004), Mirza and Lacroix

(2002), Aschheim et al. (2007)), however none of these

treats the centric loaded columns separately. Other parts of

Eurocode contain simple methods, which can be used for

the calculation of centric loaded columns. For example, the

buckling coefcient, , the instability factor, kc,y

orkc,z

or

the capacity reduction factor, m,s

are introduced for steel-

(EC 3, 2004), timber- (EC 5, 2004) and masonry structures

(EC 6, 2006), respectively.

Our aim in this paper is to derive a similarly simple design

method for centric loaded RC columns. We wish to use the

following expression:

NRd

= Nu

(1)

whereNRd

is the ultimate load of a column, is the capacityreduction factor, and N

uis the plastic ultimate load of the

cross-section:

u cd c s yd

,N f A A f= + (2)

where Ac

is the cross-sectional area of concrete, As

is the

total cross-sectional area of the reinforcement, fcd

is the

design compressive strength of concrete, and fyd

is the design

yield strength of steel. The concrete cross-section and the

arrangement of the reinforcing bars is doubly symmetric

and hence the center of gravity of the reinforcement and the

concrete are at the same point.

In a previous paper Kollr (2004) presented a solution for

this problem applying an approximate interaction diagram ,

however the presented method has the following shortcomings:

it is valid only for rectangular columns and according to the

applied approximations the accuracy is not satisfactory.

2. THE PROCEDURE OFEUROCODE 2

Here we present briefly the method of the Eurocode for

calculating the design value of eccentricities for concentric

loading applying the method of Nominal Curvature.

These eccentricities are used in the cross-sectional design of

columns.

In the analysis the original eccentricity of the normal force

on the undeformed column (ee

= 0), the eccentricities due to

the imperfections (ei) and the (second order) eccentricities

due to the deformations of the column (e2) must be taken into

account (Fig. 1).

When the rst order bending moment along the column is

uniform, the cross-section of the column must be designed for

the eccentricity etot

:

e i 2

tot

0

sum of eccentricitiesmax

minimal value of eccentricities

e e ee

e

+ +=

(3)

where ee=M

0e/N

Edis the rst order eccentricity (for uniform

bending moment), ei is due to the imperfections and e2 isthe second order imperfection. The expression for ei

is as

follows:

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0

0i

0

, if 4 m400

2, if 4 m 9 m

400

2, if 9 m

3 400

l

l

le l

l

ll

=

Documents

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