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FOREWORD
Brussels, June 2011
Europe is in the midst of a dramatic energy transition, away from fossil fuels, and in some cases also
from nuclear power, to renewable energy. Bioenergy is the major renewable energy source,
accounting for almost 70 percent of European renewables, and showing steady growth.
This development didn’t start with the 20-20-20-goals formulated in 2007, or the Renewable Energy
Directive adopted in 2009. Already before these goals were in place renewable energy sources had
almost doubled their production from the early 1990.ies.
The national action plans presented by the EU member states will further stimulate this
development, particularly for the ”slow starters”. A requirement for success is, however, that the
governments come forward with strong incentives, not only for power production and for the
transport sector, but in particular for the heating sector. We need a price on carbon dioxide
emissions, a common European carbon tax, to give the extra push for conversion of heating from
fossil fuels to biomass.
Bioenergy statistics are often poor in quality, compared to statistics for fossil fuels and electricity.
This is certainly true for small scale and local use of wood for energy, but also for industrial use.
AEBIOM´s staff has done a tremendous job compiling existing statistics from a large number of
sources. During the last years, a number of EU projects have given us new statistics as well as
projections for the future.
Statistics are not dry numbers. Good statistics presented in a clear way help us to understand what is
going on around us, and to paint the big picture. Finally I would like to congratulate you to have
some interesting reading a head and ask you to help us in our efforts to keep up the trend and
continuously increase the use of Bioenergy. Your support and action is important - become an
Aebiom member!
Gustav Melin
President Aebiom
Table of Contents
1 General information ................................................................................. 1
1.1 Glossary .......................................................................................................................... 3
1.2 Energy content, calorific value, specific weight ................................................................ 6 1.2.1 Liquids ............................................................................................................................................. 6 1.2.2 Solid fuels: ....................................................................................................................................... 7 1.2.3 Gaseous fuels ................................................................................................................................ 10
1.3 Transformation coefficients, average yields ................................................................... 10
1.4 C02 emissions ................................................................................................................ 11
2 Introduction ............................................................................................. 13
2.1 Biomass for energy ....................................................................................................... 13
2.2 RES Directive................................................................................................................. 14
3 Overview about the European Energy System .......................................... 16
3.1 Generalities .................................................................................................................. 16
3.2 Bioenergy balance in Europe ......................................................................................... 18 3.2.1 Gross inland consumption ............................................................................................................. 19 3.2.2 Final energy consumption ............................................................................................................. 21
3.3 Targets for biomass/ bioenergy according to AEBIOM .................................................... 25
4 Biomass supply ......................................................................................... 27
4.1 General overview .......................................................................................................... 27
4.2 Biomass for agricultural land and by-products ............................................................... 28 4.2.1 Energy crops .................................................................................................................................. 34 4.2.2 Agricultural by products ................................................................................................................ 38
4.3 Biomass from forestry ................................................................................................... 40 4.3.1 Forestry biomass ........................................................................................................................... 40 4.3.2 Forestry residues ........................................................................................................................... 46
4.4 Biomass from waste sector............................................................................................ 47
4.5 Other ............................................................................................................................ 50 4.5.1 Paper and pulp mills ...................................................................................................................... 50 4.5.2 Contribution of peat to the European energy system .................................................................. 51
5 Heat from Biomass .................................................................................. 53
5.1 Generalities .................................................................................................................. 53
5.2 District Heating and Cooling .......................................................................................... 55
6 Electricity from biomass ........................................................................... 59
6.1 Generalities .................................................................................................................. 59
6.2 Combined Heat and Power (CHP) .................................................................................. 60
7 Biofuels for Transport .............................................................................. 63
7.1 Bioethanol and biodiesel ............................................................................................... 63
8 Pellets ...................................................................................................... 69
8.1 Pellets Production ......................................................................................................... 69
8.2 Pellets trade ................................................................................................................. 72
8.3 Pellets consumption ...................................................................................................... 75
9 Biogas ...................................................................................................... 79
9.1 Generalities .................................................................................................................. 79
9.2 Biogas for electricity...................................................................................................... 82
9.3 Biogas for heat .............................................................................................................. 83
10 Overview about the National renewable energy action plans .................. 84
10.1 Energy, bioenergy and other renewable ..................................................................... 84 10.1.1 Gross final energy consumption .................................................................................................... 84 10.1.2 contribution expected from bioenergy in EU27 in 2020 ............................................................... 85
10.2 Biomass supply .......................................................................................................... 87
10.3 Electricity sector ........................................................................................................ 89
10.4 Heat sector ................................................................................................................ 93
10.5 Transport sector ........................................................................................................ 95
Contact details are available on the AEBIOM web site: www.aebiom.org
1. ABA – Austria 2. ValBiom – Belgium 3. EUBA – Bulgaria 4. BGBIOM – Bulgaria 5. Croatian Biomass Association 6. CZ Biom – Czech Republic 7. INBIOM – Denmark 8. DI Bioenergy – Denmark 9. EBA – Estonia 10. FINBIO – Finland
11. FBE – France 12. BBE – Germany 13. CARMEN – Germany 14. HELLABIOM – Greece 15. ITABIA – Italy 16. AIEL – Italy 17. STBA – Italy 18. IrBEA – Ireland 19. LATbio – Latvia 20. LITBIOMA – Lithuania
21. NL-BEA – The Netherlands 22. NOBIO – Norway 23. POLBIOM - Poland 24. CEBIO – Portugal 25. SK-BIOM – Slovak Republic 26. ADABE – Spain 27. APPA – Spain 28. AVEBIOM – Spain 29. SVEBIO- Sweden 30. REA – United Kingdom
2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Report 1
1 GENERAL INFORMATION
Table 1.1 Country abbreviations and key general statistics
Total
Area (km2)
Population (1000
inhabitants)
GDP/inhabitants PPS (
1)
Inflation (2)
%
Unemployment rate (% of civilian working
population)
EU 27 4.281.550 499.700 23.600 1 9,4
AT Austria 83.870 8.355 28.800 0,4 4,7
BE Belgium 30.528 10.750 27.200 0,0 8,2
BG Bulgaria 111.002 7.607 9.700 2,5 8,6
CY Cyprus 9.251 797 23.200 0,2 6,2
CZ Czech Republic 78.865 10.468 19.000 0,6 7,5
DE Germany 357.104 82.002 27.300 0,2 7,4
DK Denmark 43.098 5.511 27.700 1,1 7,2
EE Estonia 45.227 1.340 14.800 0,2 15,6
EL Greece 131.982 11.260 22.300 1,3 10,2
ES Spain 505.365 45.828 24.500 -0,2 19,0
FI Finland 338.420 5.326 26.100 1,6 8,8
FR France 505.365 64.367 25.300 0,1 9,9
HU Hungary 93.034 10.031 14.900 4,0 10,7
IE Ireland 70.285 4.450 30.900 -1,7 12,9
IT Italy 301.323 60.045 24.000 0,8 8,4
LT Lithuania 65.300 3.350 12.500 4,2 15,9
LU Luxembourg 2.586 494 63.000 0,0 4,9
LV Latvia 64.589 2.261 11.400 3,3 19,9
MT Malta 316 414 18.400 1,8 7,2
NL Netherlands 37.355 16.486 30.700 1,0 4,4
PL Poland 312.679 38.136 14.300 4,0 9,0
PT Portugal 91.909 10.627 18.500 -0,9 10,2
RO Romania 238.391 21.499 10.700 5,6 7,6
SE Sweden 450.295 9.256 28.400 1,9 8,9
SI Slovenia 20.273 2.032 20.600 0,9 6,5
SK Slovak Republic 49.037 5.412 16.900 0,9 14,4
UK United Kingdom 244.101 61.595 27.400 2,2 7,8
(1) Purchasing power standard
(2) Harmonized indices of consumer prices
Source: European Commission, Agriculture and Rural Development “Agriculture in the EU: Statistical and Economic Information Report 2010”
2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Report 2
Table 1.2 Symbols and abbreviations
Symbol Meaning Symbol Meaning
, Decimal separator GDP Gross Domestic Product
. Thousand separator GIC Gross Inland Consumption
- / n.a. Not applicable, does not exist h Hour
% Per cent IEA International Energy Agency
€ Euro IRENA International Renewable Energy Agency
AEBIOM European Biomass Association J Joule
blank Data not available Kg oe Kilogram oil equivalent
BTL Biomass to Liquid m³ Cubic meter
ca. Circa = approximately m.c./MC Moisture content
CEPI Confederation of European Paper Industries
MSW Municipal solid waste
CHP Combined Heat and Power NCV Net Calorific Value
CO2 Carbon Dioxide Nm³ Normal m³
DH District Heating ODS Organic dry substance
DME Di-Methyl Ether ORC Organic rankine cycle
EE Energy efficiency PV Photovoltaic
E85 Fuel with ethanol content of 85 % RES Renewable Energy Sources
EEA European Environmental Agency RME Rape Methyl Ester
EREC European Renewable Energy Council
solid m³ Solid cubic meter
ESU Economic Size Unit
ETBE Ethyl Tertiary Butyl Ether toe Ton of oil equivalent
FAME Fatty Acid Methyl Ester UAA Utilized agricultural areas
FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation VAT Value Added Tax
GCV Gross Calorific Value W Watt
Table 1.3 Decimas prefixes
101 Deca (da) 10
-1 Deci (d)
10² Hecto (h) 10-2
Centi (c)
10³ Kilo (k) 10-3
Milli (m)
106 Mega (M) 10
-6 Micro (μ)
109 Giga (G) 10
-9 Nano (n)
1012
Tera (T) 10-12
Pico (p)
1015
Peta (P) 10-15
Femto (f)
1018
Exa (E) 10-18
Atto (a)
Table 1.4 General conversion factor for energy
to from
1 MJ 1kWh 1 kg oe Mcal
1 MJ 1 0.278 0.024 0.239
1 kWh 3.6 1 0.086 0.86
1 kg oe 41.868 11.63 1 10
1 Mcal 4.187 1.163 0.1 1
2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Report 3
1.1 GLOSSARY
Biodiesel
Biodiesel is a methylester derived from vegetable oils or animal fats by the process of trans-esterification.
Biodiesel has similar properties as fossil diesel and can be blended with fossil diesel or used as pure biofuel.
Bioethanol
Bioethanol is an alcohol – C2H5OH – derived from sugar by fermentation. The crops used for the production of
ethanol for energy purposes contain sugar (like sugar beets or sugar cane) or starch like cereals or corn. In the
latter case starch is hydrolyzed to sugar and then fermented to alcohol. . The conversion of lignin or cellulose to
sugar is a more complicated process and subject to research in pilot plants. These technologies are summarized
under the term advanced biofuels.
Biomass
The biodegradable fraction of products, waste and residues from biological origin from agriculture (including vegetal
and animal substances), forestry and related industries including fisheries and aquaculture, as well as the
biodegradable fraction of industrial and municipal waste
Biofuels
‘Biofuels’ means liquid or gaseous fuel for transport produced from biomass
Bioliquids
‘Bioliquids’ means liquid fuel for energy purposes other than for transport, including electricity and heating and
cooling, produced from biomass
Biogas
Biogas is a gas containing 50-70% biomethane. It is produced by micro-organisms under anaerobic conditions
from different sources of wet biomass such as manure, fresh crops, and organic waste. The process of biogas
production takes place in landfill sites and also in swamps and other places in the nature, where organic matter
is stored under anaerobic conditions.
Black liquor
Wood consists of cellulose, hemicellulose and to 30-35% of lignin, which cannot be used to produce pulp and
paper. Black liquor is a recycled by-product formed during the process of chemical pulping of wood in the
papermaking industry. In this process, lignin is separated from cellulose, with the latter forming the paper
fibres. Black liquor is the combination of the lignin residue with water and the chemicals used for the
extraction. It plays an important role as bioenergy carrier in the paper and pulp industry. An example: A pulp
mill consuming 1 million m³ wood per year can use 0.03-0.04 Mtoe primary energy in the form of black liquor.
By-products and waste of the forest- and wood industry
Further wood based fuels are by-products of the forest- and wood industry such as: Bark, saw dust, demolition
wood, branches, tops and other wood waste.
CO2eq (Carbon Dioxide Equivalent)
Carbon dioxide equivalent is the standard unit for comparing the global warming potential of any greenhouse
gas over a specified period of time. In this way, the relative severity of all greenhouse gas emissions can be
evaluated in terms of one agreed reference point.
2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Report 4
CHP (Combined Heat and Power)
Combined heat and power (CHP) or cogeneration is a technology used to improve energy efficiency through
the generation of heat and power in the same plant, generally using a gas turbine with heat recovery. Heat
delivered from CHP plants may be used for process or space-heating purposes in any sector of economic
activity including the residential sector. CHP thus reduces the need for additional fuel combustion for the
generation of heat and avoids the associated environmental impacts, such as CO2 emissions.
Energy crops
Energy crops are those annual or perennial plants that are specifically cultivated to produce solid, liquid or
gaseous forms of energy, including transportation biofuels. These can be traditional crops such as oilseeds,
(rape, soybean, sunflower) cereals (wheat, barley, maize) sugar beet and new dedicated perennial energy crops
– only planted for energy purposes – such as short rotation coppices (willows, poplars) miscanthus, red canary
grass and others.
Economic Size Unit
For each activity (‘enterprise’) on a holding, or farm (e.g. wheat, dairy cows or vineyard), a standard gross
margin (SGM) is estimated, based on the area (or the number of heads) and a regional coefficient. The sum of
all margins, for all activities of a given farm, is referred to as the economic size of that farm. The economic size
is expressed in European Size Units (ESU), 1 ESU being equal to 1 200 euros of SGM.
Final Energy Consumption
‘Gross final consumption of energy’ means the energy commodities delivered for energy purposes to industry,
transport, households, services including public services, agriculture, forestry and fisheries, including the
consumption of electricity and heat by the energy branch for electricity and heat production and including
losses of electricity and heat in distribution and transmission.
Note: According to the understanding of AEBIOM (taking into account the phrasing in the template of the RES
Directive) the share of RES electricity will be calculated in the following way:
Fire wood
Fire wood is the oldest form of woody biomass, yet in many European countries it is still the most used
biomass. The production and the use of firewood is labour intensive, explaining why firewood has lost market
shares in the past. New firewood boilers complying with high environmental standards, new technical
development of producing firewood and the increasing price of fossil fuels lead to a renaissance of firewood as
heating fuel in some regions
Gross Calorific Value (GCV)
The gross calorific value is the total amount of heat released by a unit quantity of fuel when it is burned
completely with oxygen and when the vapor produced during combustion is condensed to liquid water. GCV
includes the heat of condensation and is therefore independent upon the moisture content
Gross Inland Consumption (GIC)
Gross inland consumption is the quantity of energy consumed within the borders of a country. It is calculated
using the following formula: Primary production + recovered products + imports + stock changes – exports –
bunker (i.e. quantities supplied to sea going ships)
national gross electricity production without grid losses +imports −exports
2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Report 5
Net Calorific Value (NCV)
The net calorific value (or lower heating value – LHV) is the amount of heat released by a unit quantity of fuel,
when it is burned completely with oxygen, and when the water contained in the fuel is transformed to vapor
and not condensed to water again. This quantity therefore does not include the heat of condensation of any
water vapor. The net calorific value of a given biomass depends on the content of dry matter (excluding
minerals) and moisture. The higher the moisture content and minerals content (giving ashes) the lower the net
calorific value.
Organic Waste (renewable)
Renewable organic waste is the term used to describe those wastes that are readily biodegradable, or easily
broken-down with the assistance of micro-organisms. Organic wastes consist of materials that contain
molecules based on carbon, the carbon coming from the atmosphere via the green plants. This includes food
waste and green waste.
Pellets
Wood pellets are a clean, CO2 neutral and convenient fuel, mostly produced from sawdust and wood shavings
compressed under high pressure using no glue or other additives. They are cylindrical in shape and usually 6-10
mm in diameter. The average length is about 10-30 mm. Furthermore, due to their high energy content the
convenient delivery and storage features, pellets are the ideal fuel for fully automatic small scale heating
systems. With a rapidly growing share in the market, they are a key technology for increasing biomass
utilisation in Europe. In the last few years pellets are increasingly used in power plants for co-firing. Pellets are
also an excellent way of using local resources thus making a concrete contribution to environmental protection
and climate change prevention.
Refuse-derived fuel (RDF)
(Also solid recovered fuel or specified recovered fuel) RDF is produced by shredding and dehydrating municipal
solid waste (MSW). It consists largely of organic components of municipal waste such as plastics and
biodegradable waste.
RES = Renewable Energy Sources
‘energy from renewable sources’ means energy from renewable non-fossil sources, namely wind, solar,
aerothermal, geothermal, hydrothermal and ocean energy, hydropower, biomass, landfill gas, sewage
treatment plant gas and biogases
Round wood
Wood in its natural state as felled, with or without bark. It may be round, split, roughly squared or in other
forms. Normally measured in m3.
Ton of oil equivalent (toe)
The ton of oil equivalent is a conventional standardized unit for measuring energy, defined on the basis for a
ton of oil with a net calorific value of 41 868 kJ/kg.
Utilised agricultural area (UAA)
Total arable land,permanent grassland, land used for permanent crops and kitchen gardens. The UAA excludes
unutilised agricultural land, woodland and land occupied by buildings, farmyards, tracks, ponds, etc.
Wood chips
The importance of wood chips as heating fuel is increasing rapidly due to competitive prices and automatic
heating systems based on wood chips. Wood chips are either produced as by-products from saw mills and
other wood industries or from logs coming directly from the forests; in the latter case their price is higher. High
2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Report 6
quality wood chips can only be produced from optimal raw material with a minimum diameter of five
centimetres. Smaller diameters cause more ash, which means less convenience for the customer operating the
wood chip heating system. Rotten and musty wood, dirty wood, demolition wood, shrubs with small branches
and whole trees are not suitable to produce high quality wood chips for small wood chip heating systems. Such
raw materials can, however, be used to produce lower quality wood chips for larger biomass district heating
plants.
1.2 ENERGY CONTENT, CALORIFIC VALUE, SPECIFIC WEIGHT
1.2.1 LIQUIDS
Table 1.5 Average net calorific value, energy content
NCV (GJ/m³) Density (t/m³) NCV (GJ/t) 1 m³ = x toe 1 t = x toe
toe 41,868
Diesel 35,4 0,83 42,7 0,85 1,02
Biodiesel* 32,8 0,88 37,3 0,78 0,89
Rape oil 34,3 0,915 37,5 0,82 0,9
Gasoline 31,9 0,748 42,7 0,76 1,02
Ethanol 21,2 0,794 26,7 0,51 0,64
*also called RME for rapeseed methyl ester or FAME for fatty acid methyl ester. Calorific value can change according to raw material
used for biodiesel production Source: M. Kaltschmitt,H. Hartmann, Energie aus Biomasse, Springer 2001
2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Report 7
1.2.2 SOLID FUELS: Table 1.6 Net calorific value, moisture content and energy density for different biomass fuels
Fuel
Net calorific value, dry content
kWh/kg (moisture
content 0%) (qp,net,d)
Moisture content
w-% (Mar)
Net calorific value, as
received=actual value kWh/kg
(qp,net,ar)
Bulk density kg/loose m
3
Energy density
(MWh/loose m
3)
Ash content, dry, %
Sawdust 5,28-5,33 45-60 0,60-2,77 250-350 0,45-0,70 0,4-0,5
Bark, birch 5,83-6,39 45-55 2,22-3,06 300-400 0,60-0,90 1-3
Bark, coniferous
5,14-5,56 50-65 1,38-2,50 250-350 0,50-0,70 1-3
Plywood chips
5,28-5,33 5-15 4,44-5,00 200-300 0,9-1,1 0,4-0,8
Wood pellets 5,26-5,42 7-8 4,60-4,90 550-650 2,6-3,3 0,2-0,5
Steam wood chips
5,14-5,56 40-55 1,94-3,06 250-350 0,7-0,9 0,5-2,0
Lof wood (oven-ready)
5,14-5,28 20-25 3,72-4,03 240-320 1,35-1,95
Logging residue chips
5,14-5,56 50-60 1,67-2,50 250-400 0,7-0,9 1,0-3,0
Whole tree chips
5,14-5,56 45-55 1,94-2,78 250-350 0,7-0,9 1,0-2,0
Reed canary grass (spring harvested)
4,78-5,17 8-20 3,70-4,70 70 0,3-0,4 1,0-10,0
Reed canary grass (autumn harvested)
4,64-4,92 20-30 3,06-3,81 80 0,2-0,3 5,1-7,1
Grain 4,8 11 4,30 600 2,6 2
Straw, chopped
4,83 12-20 3,80-4,20 80 0,3-0,4 5
Miscanthus, chopped
5,0 8-20 3,86-4,06 110-140 1,72-2,19 2,0-3,5
Straw pellets 4,83 8-10 4,30-4,40 550-650 2,4-2,8 5
Olive cake (olive pomace)
4,9-5,3 55-70 1,00-3,10 800-900 1,46-1,64 2-7
Olive cake (olive marc)
4,9-5,3 <10 4,30-4,70 600-650 2,6-2,9 2-7
1kWh/kg = 1 MWh/ton = 3.6 GJ/ton Source: EUBIONET “Biomass fuel supply chains for solid biofuels”
2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Report 8
Calculation of net calorific value as received (CEN/TS 15234) The net calorific value (at constant pressure) as received (net calorific value of the moist biomass fuel) is calculated according to equation:
qp,net,ar is the net calorific value (at constant pressure) as received [MJ/kg]
qp,net,d is the ner calorific value (at constant pressure) in dry matter [MJ/kg] (net calorific value of dry fuel)
Mar is the moisture content as received [w-%, wet basis]
0,02443 is the correction factor of the enthalpy of vaporization (constant pressure) for water (moisture) at 25°C [MJ/kg per 1 w-% of moisture) Table 1.7 Typical moisture content of biomass fuels and corresponding calorific values as received
GCV NCV
Moisture content (%) kWh/kg GJ/t toe/t kWh/kg GJ/t toe/t
Green wood direct from the forest, freshly harvested
60% 2 7,2 0,17 1,6 5,76 0,14
Chips from short rotation coppices after harvest
50-55% 2,5 9 0,21 2,1 7,56 0,18
Recently harvested wood 50% 2,6 9,36 0,22 2,2 7,92 0,19
Saw mill residues, chips etc
40% 3,1 11,16 0,27 2,9 10,44 0,25
Wood, dried one summer in open air, demolition timber
30% 3,4 12,24 0,29
Wood, dried several years in open air
20% 4 14,4 0,34
Pellets 8-9% 4,7 16,92 0,4
Wood, dry matter 0% 5,2 18,72 0,45
Cereals as stored after harvest, straw, hay, miscanthus after harvest
13-15% 4 14,4 0,34
Silomaize 30%
Rape seed 9% 7,1 25,6 0,61
Chicken litter as received 68% 2,6 9,6 0,22
To compare with:
Hard coal 8,06 29 0,69
Brown coal 4,17 15 0,36
Peat 2,8 10 0,24
Source: M. Kaltschmitt,H. Hartmann, Energie aus Biomasse, Springer 2001; AEBIOM
qp,net,ar=qp,net,d x [(100 – Mar)/100] – 0,02443 x Mar
2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Report 9
The energy content of one ton of wood depends primarily upon the moisture content and not on the wood
species. This is not true on volume basis. The energy content of 1 m³ wood depends upon the species, the
water content and the form of the wood (logs, fire wood pieces, chips etc.).
In the practical use the NCV is of greater importance than the GCV, because normally the energy needed to
evaporate the water is not used. This energy needed to evaporate 1 kg of moisture is around 2,44 MJ (0,68
kWh). The GCV is only of importance in combustion plants, where the vapour is condensed and therefore this
energy can be used. The NCV of a given biomass fuel depends mainly on the mass, measured in units such as
tons or kg and the moisture content.
The moisture content is defined as follows:
m: total weight of a given biomass
d: weight of the dry matter of this biomass (after completely drying)
Moisture content, m.c. in % = 100 – d/m x 100
As it can be seen in table 1.8 the energy content per unit volume differs between different shapes for the same
specie.
Table 1.8 Examples for weight and energy content (NCV) for 1 m³ wood at different water contents, species and shape of the wood
Species Shape m.c. in % t/m³ GJ/m³ kWh/m³
Spruce Solid wood 0 0,41 7,7 2.130
Spruce Solid wood 40 0,64 6,6 1.828
Spruce Stapled wood 25 0,33 4,5 1.245
Spruce Chips 40 0,22 2,3 640
Beech Solid wood 0 0,68 12,6 3.500
Solid wood 40 0,96 9,2 2.547
Beech Stapled wood 25 0,5 6,3 1.739
Beech Chips 40 0,34 3,2 892
Pellets 9 0,69 10,8 3.300
Average figures
Average figures for different species
Solid wood 35 0,75 7,2 2.000
Average figures for different species
Chips 35 0,3 2,9 800
Source: M. Kaltschmitt,H. Hartmann, Energie aus Biomasse, Springer 2001
1.2.2.1 FREQUENTLY USED CONVERSION FACTORS FOR DIFFERENT UNITS OF SOLID BIOMASS
1 PJ = 0.278 TWh = 0.024 Mtoe = 139.000 m³ solid wood = 5.900 ha SRC*
1 TWh = 3.6 PJ = 0.086 Mtoe = 500.000 m³ solid wood = 21.400 ha SRC
1 Mtoe = 41.868 PJ = 11.63 TWh = 5.8 Mm³ solid wood = 248.500 ha SRC
1 Mm³ solid wood = 0.172 Mtoe = 7.19 PJ = 2 TWh = 42.800 ha SRC
2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Report 10
1 Mha SRC = 4 Mtoe = 168.3 PJ = 46.8 TWh = 23.4 Mm³ solid wood
*SRC = short rotation coppices, assumption 9 t dry matter/year and ha.
1.2.3 GASEOUS FUELS Table 1.9 Net Calorific value and density of gaseus fuels
NCV NCV NVC Density NCV
kWh/Nm³ MJ/m³ toe/1000m³ kg/Nm³ kWh/kg
Natural gas 9,9 36 0,86 0,73 13,6
Biogas (60% methane)
6 21,6 0,52
Biomethane (upgraded biogas)
9,5 36 0,86 0,73 13
1.3 TRANSFORMATION COEFFICIENTS, AVERAGE YIELDS
Transformation coefficients from biomass to final energy
The following coefficients describe the quantity of final energy in terms of toe that can be produced on the
basis of one ton of different forms of biomass and different conversion technologies.
Biodiesel:
conversion technology: transesterification
1 t rape seed 0,4 t rape seed oil 0,4 t biodiesel 0,45 m³ RME = 0,35 toe
These figures are valid for big installations.
Ethanol :
conversion technology: alcoholic fermentation
1 t corn (14% m.c.) 0,382 m³ ethanol = 0,194 toe
1 t wheat (14% m.c.) 0,378 m³ ethanol = 0,192 toe
1 t sugar beet (16% sugar content) 0,107 m³ ethanol = 0,054 toe
1 t sugar cane ( 14% sugar content) 0,085 m³ ethanol = 0,043 toe
Biogas:
conversion technology: anaerobic fermentation
1 t silo maize (30% dry matter) 180 m³ biogas 110 m³ biomethane = 0,088 toe
25% of this biogas is needed as energy source for the fermentation
1 t sugar beet (23% organic dry matter) 170 m³ biogas 100 m³ biomethane = 0,08 toe
1 t cattle manure (8-11% org. dry matter) 25 m³ biogas 15 m³ biomethane = 0,012 toe
1 t pig manure (7% organic dry matter) 20 m³ biogas 12 m³ biomethane = 0,01 toe
2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Report 11
1 t poultry manure. (32 % organ. dry matter) 80 m³ biogas 48 m³ biomethane = 0,04 toe
1 t organic waste from households 90m³ biogas 55 m³ biomethane = 0,05 toe
1 t glycerine (100% organic dry matter) 840 m³ biogas 500 m³ biomethane = 0,4 toe
Advanced biofuels:
1 t wood (dry matter) = 0,2 t BTL = 0.2 toe1
1 t wood (dry matter) = 0,2 t ethanol2
1 Choren Industries, www.choren.de 2 NILE project, www.nile-bioethanol.org
1.4 C02 EMISSIONS
Table 1.10 CO2 emissions for stationary combustion in the energy industries (1000 kg of CO2 per TJ on a net calorific basis)
Fuel CO2
Default Emission Factor
Lower Upper
Crude Oil 73,3 71,1 75,5
Orimulsion 77 69,3 85,4
Natural Gas Liquids 64,2 58,3 70,4
Gas
olin
e
Motor Gasoline 69,3 67,5 73
Aviation Gasoline 70 67,5 73
Jet Gasoline 70 67,5 73
Jet Kerosene 71,5 69,7 74,4
Other Kerosene 71,9 70,8 73,7
Shale Oil 73,3 67,8 79,2
Gas/Diesel oil 74,1 72,6 74,8
Residual Fuel Oil 77,4 75,5 78,8
Liquefied Petroleum Gases 63,1 61,6 65,6
Ethane 61,6 56,5 68,6
Naphtha 73,3 69,3 76,3
Bitumen 80,7 73 89,9
Lubricants 73,3 69,3 76,3
Petroleum coke 97,5 82,9 115
Refinery Feedstocks 73,3 68,9 76,6
Oth
er O
il Refinery Gas 57,6 48,2 69
Paraffin Waxes 73,3 72,2 74,4
White Spitir ans SBP 73,3 72,2 74,4
2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Report 12
Other Petroleum Products 73,3 72,2 74,4
Anthracite 98,3 94,6 101
Coking Coal 94,6 87,3 101
Other Bituminous Coal 94,6 89,5 99,7
Sub-Bituminous Coal 96,1 92,8 100
Lignite 101 90,9 115
Oil shale and Tar Sands 107 90,2 125
Brown Coal Briquettes 97,5 87,3 109
Patent Fuel 97,5 87,3 109
Co
ke Coke Oven Coke and Lignite Coke 107 95,7 119
Gas Coke 107 95,7 119
Coal Tar 80,7 68,2 95,3
Der
ived
Gas
es Gas Works Gas 44,4 37,3 54,1
Coke Oven Gas 44,4 37,3 54,1
Blast Furnance Gas 260 219 308
Oxigen Stell Furnance Gas 182 145 202
Natural Gas 56,1 54,3 58,3
Municipal Waste (non-biomass fraction) 91,7 73,3 121
Industrial Wastes 143 110 183
Waste Oils 73,3 72,2 74,4
Peat 106 100 108
Solid
Bio
fuel
s Wood/Wood Waste 112 95 132
Black Liquor 95,3 80,7 110
Other Primary Solid Biomass 100 84,7 117
Charcoal 112 95 132
Liq
uid
Bio
fuel
s
Biogasoline 70,8 59,8 84,3
Biodiesels 70,8 59,8 84,3
Other Liquid Biofuels 79,6 67,1 95,3
Gas
Bio
mas
s
Landfill Gas 54,6 46,2 66
Sludge Gas 54,6 46,2 66
Other Biogas 54,6 46,2 66
Oth
er n
on
-
foss
il fu
els
Municipal Wastes
(biomass fraction) 100 84,7 117
Source: IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories.
2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Report 13
2 INTRODUCTION
2.1 BIOMASS FOR ENERGY
Bioenergy refers to renewable energy coming from biological material using various transformation processes
such as combustion, gasification, pyrolysis or fermentation. Conversion paths:
Biomass originates from forest, agricultural and waste streams.
Forest and wood-based industries produce wood which is the largest resource of solid biomass.
Biomass procurement logistics from forest to bioenergy plants are subject to major improvements.
The sector covers a wide range of different biofuels with different characteristics - wood logs, bark,
wood chips, sawdust and more recently pellets. Pellets, due to their high energy density and
standardised characteristics, offer great opportunities for developing the bioenergy market
worldwide.
Agriculture can provide dedicated energy crops as well as by-products in the form of animal manure
and straw. Available land can be used for growing conventional crops such as rape, wheat, maize etc.
for energy purposes or for cultivating new types of crops such as poplar, willow, miscanthus and
others.
Biodegradable waste is the biomass that can cover several forms of waste such as organic fraction of
municipal solid waste, wood waste, refuse-derived fuels, sewage sludge, etc.
Each biomass resource has different characteristics in terms of calorific value, moisture and ash content, etc.
that requires appropriate conversion technologies for bioenergy production. These conversion routes use
chemical, thermal and/or biological processes.
Bio
mas
s
2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Report 14
2.2 RES DIRECTIVE
Beside the RES (20%) and renewable energy for transport targets (10%), the directive sets the national
renewable energy targets for all 27 members of the EU. The member states had to adopt national renewable
energy action plans with binding targets for heating and cooling, electricity and transport biofuels from
renewables by 3O June 2010 at the latest. It was up to member states, however, to decide on the mix of
contributions from these sectors to reach their national targets, choosing the means that best suit their
national circumstances. Nevertheless, each member state will have to achieve at least a 10% share of
renewable energy (primarily biofuels) in the transport sector by 2020.
For more information about the National Renewable Energy Action Plans, see chapter 9.
Table 2.1 National targets for the RES Directive
Target for share of RES in final consumption of
energy in 2020
Austria 34%
Belgium 13%
Bulgaria 16%
Cyprus 13%
Czech Republic 13%
Denmark 30%
Estonia 25%
Finland 38%
France 23%
Germany 18%
Greece 18%
Hungary 13%
Ireland 16%
Italy 17%
Latvia 42%
Lithuania 23%
Luxembourg 11%
Malta 10%
Netherlands 14%
Poland 15%
Portugal 31%
Romania 24%
Slovak Republic 14%
Slovenia 25%
Spain 20%
Sweden 49%
United Kingdom 15%
2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Report 15
Besides these binding targets (Annex 1A of the Directive), the member states should also fulfil interim
renewable energy targets given by these trajectories (Annex 1B of the Directive):
S2005 + 0,20 (S2020 – S2005), as an average for the two-year period 2011 to 2012;
S2005 + 0,30 (S2020 – S2005), as an average for the two-year period 2013 to 2014;
S2005 + 0,45 (S2020 – S2005), as an average for the two-year period 2015 to 2016;
S2005 + 0,65 (S2020 – S2005), as an average for the two-year period 2017 to 2018,
S2005 and S2020 are the respective shares of the member state in 2005 and 2020. According to this formula, two
thirds of the overall effort has to be done from 2015 until 2020.
The interim targets are only indicative, but the failure of meeting them will mean that the country has to re-
submit its national action plan. The failure to achieve the binding national RES target by 2020 gives the right to
the Commission to initiate the proceedings at the European Court against that member state.
2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Report 16
3 OVERVIEW ABOUT THE EUROPEAN ENERGY SYSTEM
3.1 GENERALITIES
The analysis of the future development of renewable energy sources is based on the European Renewable
Energy Council (EREC) “45% by 2030” published in May 2011.
Table 3.1 Contribution of Renewable Energy Technologies to final energy consumption (Mtoe)
2005 2010 2015
2020 2025 2030
Baseline Advanced Baseline Advanced Baseline Advanced
Wind 6 14,7 25,8 42,5 55,1 64,2 75 86 95
Hydro * 29 29,8 30,6 31,8 34 32,5 33,9 33 34,2
PV 0,2 1,7 4,5 7,2 11,5 21,9 27,5 36,6 44
Bioenergy 60 82,2 103,8 134,5 145 184,5 200,5 236 255
Geothermal 1,1 2,4 4,1 7,5 17,5 17,6 30,1 28,4 42
Solar Thermal
0,7 1,4 3 6,3 10,5 37 46 68 81
CSP 0 0,09 0,8 1,7 2,2 5 8,5 8,4 15
Ocean 0,09 0,09 0,8 0,5 0,7 1,3 3,4 2 6
Total RES 96 132,3 173,4 232 276,3 364 424,9 498,4 572,2
Total share of RES (%)
8,5% 11,3% 14,3% 19-20% 23-24% 30% 35% 41-42% 47-48%
Source: EREC, “45% by 2030” *excluding pumped storage Table 3.2 Contribution of Renewable Electricity Demand (TWh)
2005 2010 2015
2020 2025 2030
Baseline Advanced Baseline Advanced Baseline Advanced
Wind 69 171 301 495 641 746 872 998 1105
Hydro * 337 346 356 370 393 378 395 384 398
PV 2 20 52 83 134 255 320 426 506
Bioelectricity 67 114 169 323 251 262 314 292 377
Geothermal 6 6 7 11 38 42 118 74 198
CSP 0 1 9 20 25 59 99 98 173
Ocean 1 1 9 6 8 15 39 24 70
Total RES 481 659 902 1217 1490 1757 2157 2296 2827
Total share of RES (%)
14,7% 20% 25-26%
33-34% 39-42% 44-45% 54-55% 55-57% 67-69%
Source: EREC, “45% by 2030” *excluding pumped storage
2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Report 17
Table 3.3 Contribution of Renewable Heating Technologies to the heat demand (Mtoe)
2005 2010 2015
2020 2025 2030
Baseline Advanced Baseline Advanced Baseline Advanced
Bioheat 51 58,8 70,2 86,5 87 127 133 169 178
Solar thermal
0,69 1,4 3 6,3 10,5 37 46 68 81
Geothermal 1 1 9 6 8 15 39 24 70
Total RES-H * 52,29 62,1 76,7 99,4 111,7 178 199 259 284
Total share of RES (%)
9% 11% 13% 17-19% 21,5% 32-33% 35-36% 47-49% 52-54%
Source: EREC, “45% by 2030” *excluding aerothermal and hydrothermal heat pumps Table 3.4 Contribution of Renewable Heating Technologies to the heat demand (Mtoe)
2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
Baseline Advanced Baseline Advanced Baseline Advanced
Biofuels 2,9 13,6 19,1 28 36 35 40,5 42 45
Total RES Fuels
2,9 13,6 19,1 28 36 35 40,5 42 45
Total share of RES (%)
0,9% 4,3% 5,9% 8,6-9% 11,2-12% 11% 13% 13,6% 15%
Source: EREC, “45% by 2030” Table 3.5 Development of GHG emissions by sector in the EU 27 (Mtoe)
Total energy
Industrial processes
Solvent and other product
use
Agriculture Waste Total
emissions
2000 3.962,1 412,7 13,7 500,7 173,1 5.062,3
2001 4.046,2 400,2 13,1 492,1 165,4 5.117,0
2002 4.013,2 397,1 13,0 487,1 161,5 5.071,8
2003 4.095,5 404,7 12,7 480,8 155,1 5.148,7
2004 4.088,5 416,4 12,9 481,2 149,5 5.148,5
2005 4.062,3 420,2 12,9 475,2 146,1 5.116,7
2006 4.049,9 420,7 12,8 471,7 144,7 5.099,8
2007 3.978,0 434,5 12,5 472,3 141,5 5.038,8
2008 3.907,0 409,7 12,3 471,8 138,9 4.939,7
Source: Eurostat
2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Report 18
Table 3.6 GHG emissions of the energy sector in the EU27 (MT of CO2 Eq)
Energy industries
Manufacturing and construction
Transport Other sector Total energy
2000 1502,4 684,1 915,4 738,4 3962,1
2001 1534,7 677,5 928,3 788,5 4046,2
2002 1556,4 652,1 940,7 749,0 4013,2
2003 1609,6 659,4 949,5 765,6 4095,5
2004 1596,9 654,8 968,7 761,2 4088,5
2005 1587,5 646,3 967,6 757,2 4062,3
2006 1594,4 642,5 974,4 738,3 4049,9
2007 1606,3 629,7 979,4 666,3 3978,0
2008 1527,7 608,8 961,8 714,1 3907,0
Excluding international bunkers and LULUCF (Land - Use Land – Use Change and Forestry) emissions
Source: European Environment Agency.
3.2 BIOENERGY BALANCE IN EUROPE
Biomass as an energy carrier can only be understood within the framework of the total energy system.
Therefore, in this chapter basic information about the European energy consumption and the role of RES and
biomass is presented. Please refer to chapters 5, 6 and 7 for more detailed information for different bioenergy
sectors.
Most of the statistics are obtained from Eurostat’s online database. Especially for biomass (and its versatile use for energy) understanding the energy balance method used by Eurostat is essential. It works as follows (simplified structure):
Primary biomass
Input to electricity and CHP
Input to DH
Biomass for households and services
Biomass
for industry
Biofuels
Bioelectricity
Derived heat
Import Export
Gross inland
consumption
Eurostat structure
Heat
Electricity
Transport
Final energy consumption
Biomass
2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Report 19
Renewable electricity from biomass and waste is directly given in Eurostat as well as biofuels for transport.
Heating is the sum of "biomass and wastes" (as defined by Eurostat) available for industry, households and
services and biomass derived heat from CHP and heating plants. Note that due to the methodology of Eurostat
part of the inorganic waste is also included in the overall figures for biomass, thus leading to slightly higher
figures for biomass than in reality.
3.2.1 GROSS INLAND CONSUMPTION Gross final energy consumtion is defined in Directive 2009/28/EC as the sum of:
- final energy consumption, i.e. energy delivered to industry for manufacturing processes, to the transport
sector, including international aviation, and to other sectors (households, services, agriculture, etc)
- consumption of electricity and heat by the energy branch for electricity and heat generation (own use by
plant),
- losses of electricity and heat in transmission and distribution.
Table 3.7 Gross inland consumption by fuel in the EU27 (Mtoe)
All fuels Solid fuels Oil Natural gas Nuclear Renewables
2000 1.724,2 320,7 661,2 393,7 243,7 98,2
2001 1.762,7 321,9 675,3 404,4 252,5 101,4
2002 1.759,1 320,9 670,3 405,9 255,4 99,8
2003 1.802,9 331,9 675,0 425,9 256,8 107,8
2004 1.824,6 329,7 678,4 435,7 260,1 116,2
2005 1.825,2 318,3 667,9 445,9 257,3 120,9
2006 1.825,7 325,0 674,2 437,9 255,3 129,1
2007 1.807,8 329,0 658,6 432,5 241,2 143,1
2008 1.801,7 305,3 658,4 440,7 241,9 144,2
2009 1.702,7 267,9 622,8 416,7 230,7 152,6
Source: Eurostat
2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Report 20
Figure 3.1 Gross inland consumption of renewable 1995-2008 in EU27 (stacked, Mtoe)
Source: Eurostat
The consumption of RES has significantly increased in recent years. While hydro power stagnates solar and wind energy show impressive growth rates, but starting from a relatively small market share. Biomass is by far the most important source of RES energy in Europe. Biomass represented 68,6% of the consumption of RES in the EU, remaining stable compared to the previous year .
Table 3.8 Gross inland consumption of renewables in the EU 27 (Mtoe)
Year Renewables Biomass and waste
Solar Geothermal Hydro Power
Wind Energy
Biomass share
2000 98,2 59,5 0,4 3,4 30,4 1,9 60,6%
2001 101,4 60,4 0,5 3,6 32,0 2,3 59,6%
2002 99,8 62,1 0,5 3,9 27,1 3,0 62,2%
2003 107,8 67,8 0,6 5,3 26,3 3,8 62,9%
2004 116,2 72,5 0,7 5,3 27,8 5,0 62,4%
2005 120,9 77,5 0,8 5,3 26,4 6,0 64,1%
2006 129,1 83,5 1,0 5,5 26,5 7,0 64,7%
2007 143,1 91,8 1,2 5,7 26,6 8,9 64,2%
2008 144,2 98,2 1,7 5,7 28,1 10,2 68,1%
2009 152,6 104,7 2,4 5,8 28,1 11,4 68,6%
Source: Eurostat Note that the ‘waste’ part of biomass also includes non-organic material (due to the methodology of Eurostat).
200059,5 Mtoe
2009104,7 Mtoe
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Wind energy
Hydro Power
Geothermal
Solar energy
Biomass and waste
2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Report 21
3.2.2 FINAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION
Table 3.9 demonstrates that the industry has reduced its energy consumption, while households consume almost the same amount of energy as ten years ago. The growing demand of the transport sector changed the picture in the past decade.
Table 3.9 Final energy consumption by sector in the EU27 (Mtoe)
Year Total Industry Transport Households/Services
Mtoe Mtoe % Mtoe % Mtoe %
2000 1.120,1 329,3 29,4 341,3 30,5 449,3 40,1
2001 1.144,4 328,6 28,7 344,2 30,1 470,9 41,1
2002 1.131,8 325,2 28,7 347,6 30,7 458,8 40,5
2003 1.171,7 338,8 28,9 352,4 30,1 479,9 41,0
2004 1.186,2 336,5 28,4 363,5 30,6 486,1 41,0
2005 1.192,5 332,8 27,9 367,3 30,8 492,4 41,3
2006 1.193,3 326,0 27,3 375,0 31,4 492,2 41,2
2007 1.166,8 324,7 27,8 380,3 32,6 461,7 39,6
2008 1.175,2 315,8 26,9 377,9 32,2 481,4 41,0
2009 1.113,6 269,4 24,2 367,6 33,0 476,5 42,8
Source: Eurostat Table 3.10 Final energy consumption by fuel in the EU27 (Mtoe)
Year All fuels Solid fuels
Oil Natural gas Electricity Derived
heat Renewables
2000 1.120,1 61,6 482,2 255,3 216,3 43,8 48,2
2001 1.144,4 58,8 493,6 263,7 222,9 46,6 48,1
2002 1.131,8 55,2 487,2 260,1 223,5 45,2 48,3
2003 1.171,7 55,1 494,5 275,2 229,4 54,7 50,6
2004 1.186,1 55,5 498,9 275,4 234,1 57,1 52,6
2005 1.192,5 54,3 500,1 275,3 237,5 58,9 54,6
2006 1.193,3 55,0 498,6 268,2 242,5 58,9 58,4
2007 1.166,8 54,8 486,1 256,7 244,5 49,8 62,6
2008 1.175,2 53,5 486,8 261,0 245,5 49,4 67,4
2009 1.113,6 43,3 462,6 246,4 233,7 48,4 70,1
Source: Eurostat
2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Report 22
Note that in the previous table “renewables” are counted without electricity and derived heat from renewable sources due to the methodology of Eurostat! At EU level, in absolute terms, total gross final energy consumption fell from 1193,3 Mtoe in 2006 to 1113,6 Mtoe in 2009, while consumption of renewable energy rose from 58,4 Mtoe in 2006 to 70,1 Mtoe in 2009, i.e. an average increase of 7,3% per year in the period 2006 to 2008. As it can be seen in the following graph, the total share (gross final energy consumption) in final energy consumption was 10.3% in the EU-27 in 2008; the remaining was covered through the use of conventional fuels such as natural gas or oil products. The renewable energy share in final energy consumption was used for the production of heat (5.5%), electricity (4%) and for transport fuels (0.8%) The greater use of renewable energy and the lower overall final energy consumption in 2007 and 2008 compared with 2006, raised the share of renewable energy from 8.9% in 2006 to 10.3% in 2008. This share varies significantly among Member States.
Figure 3.2 EU27 breakdown of gross final energy consumption in 2008
Source: Eurostat
5,5%4,0%
0,8%
89,7%
renewable energy for heating
Electricity from renewable energy
Renewable energy for transport
Conventional fuels
2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Report 23
Table 3.11 Final energy consumption in the EU27 in 2009 (Mtoe)
Final Energy Consumption Total
Mtoe Final Energy Consumption Biomass
Mtoe Share of Biomass
EU-27 1.113,6 83,68 7,51%
Austria 26,2 4,15 15,84%
Belgium 34,5 1,23 3,57%
Bulgaria 8,6 0,69 8,02%
Cyprus 1,9 0,03 1,58%
Czech Republic 24,3 1,84 7,57%
Denmark 14,7 2,43 16,53%
Estonia 2,7 0,61 22,59%
Finland 24,0 6,95 28,96%
France 155,5 12,43 7,99%
Germany 213,2 15,73 7,38%
Greece 20,5 0,96 4,68%
Hungary 16,4 1,03 6,28%
Ireland 11,8 0,24 2,03%
Italy 120,9 3,45 2,85%
Latvia 3,9 1,05 26,92%
Lithuania 4,4 0,76 17,27%
Luxembourg 4,0 0,07 1,75%
Malta 0,4 0,00 0%
Netherlands 50,4 1,47 2,92%
Poland 60,9 4,80 7,88%
Portugal 18,2 2,87 15,77%
Romania 22,1 3,91 17,69%
Slovak Republic 10,6 0,58 5,47%
Slovenia 4,6 0,46 10,00%
Spain 88,9 4,63 5,21%
Sweden 31,6 8,92 28,23%
United Kingdom 137,5 2,38 1,73% Source: Eurostat and AEBIOM calculations
24
Table 3.12 Bioenergy balance in Europe in 2008 (ktoe)
Primary energy
Production Import Export
Gross inland consumption
6. Input to power plants
7. Input to heating plants
1. Final use by
industry
2. Final use by households/
services
3. Biofuels for transport
4. Bio-
electricity
5.
Derived heat
1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 =
Final energy consumption
4/6 = Efficiency
for electricity
(4+5)/(6+7) = Efficiency for
electricity and heat
EU27 102.315 5.854 2.690 105.228 34.912 4.046 20.423 35.583 10.598 9.274 7.802 83.680 26,56% 43,83%
BE 4.699 767 470 4.980 1.488 371 827 1.872 422 398 636 4.155 26,74% 55,62%
BG 1.704 542 175 2.071 1.215 0 513 243 114 343 15 1.228 28,22% 29,45%
CZ 711 0 23 688 0 1 27 658 4 0 1 690 - 100,00%
DK 17 13 0 30 0 0 7 9 14 1 0 31 - -
DE 2.256 101 299 2.061 358 69 394 1.123 111 125 85 1.838 34,99% 49,25%
EE 2.528 518 81 2.966 1.347 403 165 1.045 13 337 875 2.435 25,00% 69,25%
IE 742 0 104 632 6 93 118 414 0 3 79 614 51,59% 82,92%
EL 7.677 70 92 7.655 2.645 305 3.320 1.310 75 909 1.335 6.949 34,38% 76,08%
ES 13.651 394 56 13.989 2.168 234 1.988 7.309 2.291 506 332 12.426 23,36% 34,90%
FR 23.473 25 150 23.348 10.482 791 3.544 5.363 3.543 2.482 799 15.731 23,68% 29,10%
IT 970 6 0 976 34 0 264 610 69 16 0 959 48,30% 48,30%
CY 1.520 66 88 1.499 669 6 99 553 165 176 34 1.027 26,32% 31,13%
LV 224 43 0 268 38 0 139 37 53 14 0 243 36,20% 36,20%
LT 4.451 849 101 5.152 2.602 0 243 1.584 723 647 255 3.452 24,86% 34,66%
LU 1.509 11 382 1.110 23 138 129 816 2 4 101 1.052 16,82% 65,14%
HU 837 74 101 802 46 169 83 442 61 6 164 756 12,90% 79,04%
MT 66 37 0 102 50 0 0 16 37 9 6 68 18,74% 30,74%
NL 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - -
AT 2.733 838 386 3.085 2.165 184 136 306 320 571 137 1.470 26,38% 30,15%
PL 5.186 157 0 5.344 945 51 826 3.080 441 297 158 4.802 31,47% 45,72%
PT 3.143 0 18 3.127 438 0 1.395 1.164 132 183 0 2.874 41,87% 41,87%
RO 3.914 111 4 3.979 6 23 208 3.570 107 2 18 3.905 34,39% 69,18%
SI 697 46 78 655 140 37 299 53 126 46 52 576 32,55% 55,13%
SK 490 15 0 505 76 6 75 326 22 25 12 460 32,58% 44,83%
FI 5.567 315 84 5.798 1.521 0 1.496 2.181 610 347 0 4.634 22,82% 22,82%
SE 9.931 0 0 9.931 3.494 1.164 3.863 1.038 352 962 2.708 8.923 27,52% 78,78%
UK 3.620 857 0 4.476 2.956 0 267 463 790 864 0 2.384 29,24% 29,24%
Source: Eurostat, AEBIOM calculation of efficiency
2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Report 25
* RHC platform
3.3 TARGETS FOR BIOMASS/ BIOENERGY ACCORDING TO AEBIOM
The RHC-Platform expects biomass use to more thatn double by 2020 and to reach around 370 Mtoe of primary energy in 2050 (table 3.13), mostly to meet heat demand (231 Mtoe total contribution to heat demand in 2050) By 2020 the biomass supply should be increased significantly to meet the demand of all sectors of heat, electricity and transport biofuels. Such developments in the biomass supply should be realised taking into account the need for the other sectors like food as the priority for agriculture and materials production. Table 3.14 shows the expectation abailability of future biomass as derived by the biomass experts in the RHC-Platform. The greatest contribution to increasing the biomass supply is due to energy crops, by-products from agriculture and the use of forest logging residues.
Primary biomass 102 315 ktoe
Input to electricity and
CHP 34 912 ktoe
Input to DH 4046 ktoe
Biomass for households and
services
35 583 ktoe
Biomass for industry
20 423 ktoe
Biofuels 10 598 ktoe
Bioelectricity 9 274 ktoe
Derived heat 7 802 ktoe
Import 5 854 ktoe Export 2 690 ktoe
Gross inland consumption 105 228 ktoe 220 Mtoe
20 Mtoe (227 000 GWh)
14 Mtoe
32 Mtoe
30 Mtoe
80 Mtoe
Targets 2020
Losses 13 790 ktoe Biomass in
2008
Figure 3.3 Bioenergy balance in 2008 (ktoe) and AEBIOM targets* for 2020 (Mtoe)
2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Report 26
Table 3.13 Summary of biomass/bioenergy targets (Mtoe) 2007 2020 2030 2050
Primary biomass 93,2 200 270 330
Imports 4,2 20 30 40
Exports 1,9 - - -
Gross inland consumption
98,4 220 300 370
Input to Electricity and CHP
33,3 65 80 95
Input to DHC 3,3 10 20 15
Input to Biofuels 2G/Biorefineries
0 5 10 30
Biomass use by households and services
35,0 80 115 130
Biomass use by industries
18,6 30 35 45
Total electricity (TWh)
8,8 (102) 20 (227) 35 (404) 56 (645)
Total biomass for heat
53,6 110 150 175
Total bioheat (or derived heat)
7,7 14 32 56
Total biofuels 7,9 32 45 70
Total final energy consumption from biomass
78,0 175 261 357
Source: RHC platform Table 3.14 Expectation of biomass supply in 2020-2030-2050.
2007 2020 2030 2050
Surface (Mha)
Biomass (Mtoe)
Surface (Mha)
Biomass (Mtoe)
Surface (Mha)
Biomass (Mtoe)
Surface (Mha)
Biomass (Mtoe)
Agriculture Energy crops
5,2 10 20 43 25 75 30 129
By-products 4 20 30 30
Other 5 15
Forestry Residues 18 40 55 55
Industry by-
products 54 65 65 66
Waste 10 32 40 35
Imports 2 20 30 40
Total 5,2 98 20 220 25 300 30 370
Source: RHC platform
2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Report 27
1%3%
7% 0%3%
1%
12%
23%
2%4%
12%
26%
6%
dry manure
wet manure
straw
verge grass
prunings
animal waste
organic waste industry
paper cardboard waste
common sludges
dedicated cropping
Additional harvestable roundwood
primary forestry residues
black liquor
4 BIOMASS SUPPLY
4.1 GENERAL OVERVIEW
In order to understand the future role of bioenergy in Europe, it is important to analyze the potential of biomass. The following tables deliver basic data to understand the European situation for this issue. There are three sectors relevant for biomass: agriculture, forestry and waste. Under these main sectors there are categories of dedicated biomass production such as biofuel crops, agricultural byproducts or primary and secondary forestry residues. The figures below summarize the relative contribution every category can make to the total EU biomass potential and the contribution of every country in the whole EU potential. Forest (41%) and waste (38%) sectors can contribute the lion share of the potential. The remaining 21% may come from the agricultural sector and is scattered over many different small categories. Within the agricultural group the largest contribution may come from straw, dedicated cropping and prunings.
Figure 4.2 Overview of total EU potential per country
Source: Biomass Futures Project
AT 3%
BE 1% BG 2%CZ 2%
DE 15%
DK 1%EE 1%EL 1%
ES 5%
FI 7%
FR 11%
HU 1%
IT 13%LT 1%LV 1%
NL 3%
PL 7%
PT 2%
RO 5%
SE 8%
SI 1%SK 1%
UK 7%
Figure 4.1 Summary of present EU biomass potential (Ktoe) over categories
2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Report 28
Table 4.1 shows the production potential for biomass in the EU 25 as calculated by the European
Environmental Agency (EEA). The figures for EU 27 can be estimated as 10% higher. The main growth is seen in
the sector of “waste and residues” and “energy crops from agriculture”.
Table 4.1 environmentally compatible bioenergy potential (Mtoe) in the EU25.
2003 2010 2020 2030
Total 69 187 228 284
Wood direct from forest - 43 43 55
Wastes and residues 67 100 100 102
Energy crops from agriculture 2 44 85 122
Source: EEA: How much bioenergy can Europe produce without harming the environment
4.2 BIOMASS FOR AGRICULTURAL LAND AND BY-PRODUCTS
Utilised Agricultural Area (UAA) represents 38 % of the whole EU-27 territorial area. The share of UAA in the
total area varies greatly from country to country, from only 2% in Latvia or 7 % in Finland and Sweden to 65 %
in the United Kingdom.
As part of UAA, arable land represents almost one quarter of the whole EU-27 territory. Denmark has the
highest share of arable land (57 %).
Permanent grassland represents 14 % of EU-27 territory. While more than 45 % of the land in Ireland and the
United Kingdom is used for permanent grassland, extreme northern and southern countries (Finland and
Cyprus) have less than 1 % of their land under permanent grassland.
Land under permanent crops represents less than 3 % in the EU-27. However, several southern European
countries have a higher share of land under permanent crops: 10 % in Spain, 9 % in Greece and Italy and 8 % in
Portugal).
2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Report 29
Table 4.2 Agricultural land use, 2009
UAA-utilized
ag. areas UAA Arable land
Land under permanent
crop
Land under permanent grassland
(Mha) (% of Total land area)
EU 27 178,44 38 24 3 14
Austria 3,17 38 16 1 21
Belgium 1,37 45 28 1 16
Bulgaria 5,10 46 28 2 16
Cyprus 0,15 14 10 3 0
Czech Republic 3,54 45 33 0 12
Denmark 2,69 63 57 0 5
Estonia 0,80 15 11 0 4
Finland 2,30 7 7 0 0
France 29,39 54 33 2 18
Germany 16,90 47 33 1 13
Greece 3,82 30 16 9 2
Hungary 5,78 62 48 2 11
Ireland 4,19 60 16 0 44
Italy 13,33 44 24 9 11
Latvia 1,83 2 2 0 10
Lithuania 2,69 41 29 0 11
Luxembourg 0,13 51 24 1 26
Malta 0,01 33 25 4 0
Poland 15,62 50 38 1 10
Portugal 3,68 40 12 8 19
Romania 13,74 62 39 2 20
Slovak Republic 1,93 39 28 0 11
Slovenia 0,47 24 9 1 14
Spain 23,10 16 16 10 16
Sweden 3,06 7 6 0 1
The Netherlands
1,92 52 28 2 22
United Kingdom
17,71 65 23 0 42
Source: Eurostat – Statistical pocketbook 2010
The following graph shows that there has been a tendency for a decrease in the number of holding in the last
years (the reduction has reached 6.5% between 2005 and 2007). The results for 2007 show that 76 % of the
7.31 million agricultural holdings over 1 ESU in 2007 are held by 6 MS: Italy (19 %), Poland (15 %), Spain (13 %),
Romania (12 %), Greece (10 %) and France (7 %).
2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Report 30
Source: Eurostat – Statistical pocketbook 2010 *With at least 1 ESU
When comparing the average UAA per holding the countries show a very high discrepancy. The average UAA
per holding in Czech Republic is 100 times bigger than in Malta. The average size of a holding for EU27 is 22 ha.
Apart from the countries with the highest UAA per holding (UK, Denmark, France, Luxembourg and the Czech
Republic) there is a general tendency for an increase of average area of the farms, related mainly with the
decline in the number of holdings.
IT 1.383
PL 1.128
ES 939RO 866EL 711
FR 491
DE 348
PT 181
UK 178
Others 1.082
7.932.390 7.822.7007.310.750
1000000
2000000
3000000
4000000
5000000
6000000
7000000
8000000
2003 2005 2007
Figure 4.3 Total number of agricultural holdings* in EU27
2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Report 31
Table 4.3 Utilised Agriculture Area per holding in 2007
Source: European Commison (Eurostat and Agriculture and Rural Development DG), FAO and UNSO
In the EU-27, the main crops grown on arable land are cereals (including rice). Cereals are followed by forage
plants, the volume of which varies considerably from country to country, due to different natural conditions,
production and consumption behaviour, historical reasons, etc.
Vegetable and fruit crops are becoming increasingly important in terms of food consumption and of value.
The following table delivers basic information about the main crops in member states in 2009.
UAA per holding in 2007
(ha)
EU 27 12.6
Austria 19.3
Belgium 28.6
Bulgaria 6.2
Cyprus 3.6
Czech Republic 89.3
Denmark 59.7
Estonia 38.9
Finland 33.6
France 52.1
Germany 45.7
Greece 4.7
Hungary 6.8
Ireland 32.3
Italy 7.6
Latvia 16.5
Lithuania 11.5
Luxembourg 56.8
Malta 0.9
Poland 6.5
Portugal 12.6
Romania 3.5
Slovak Republic 28.1
Slovenia 6.5
Spain 23.8
Sweden 42.9
The Netherlands 24.9
United Kingdom 53.8
2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Report 32
Table 4.4 Harvested production of some of the main crops in 2009 (1000 tonnes)
Area Under Crops (1000 t)
Cereal (total
incl. rice)
Field peas and
others Sugar beet Rape Sunflower
EU 27 295828 1394 110992 21399 6934
Austria 5144 35 3083 171 71
Belgium 3221 4 4569 42 -
Bulgaria 5273 7 0 231 1301
Cyprus 57 0 - - -
Czech Republic 7832 52 3038 1128 61
Denmark 10200 14 2011 637 -
Estonia 879 8 - 136 -
Finland 4261 11 559 140 -
France 70000 550 33146 5562 1676
Germany 49748 166 25550 6307 57
Greece 4820 6 902 - 16
Hungary 13571 33 708 565 1306
Ireland 2384 - 45 29 -
Italy 15892 29 3308 51 280
Latvia 1663 3 0 209 -
Lithuania 3806 50 682 416 -
Luxembourg 189 1 - 18 -
Malta - - - - -
Netherlands 2089 6 5735 12 -
Poland 29827 33 10849 2497 4
Portugal 1057 0 137 - 14
Romania 14934 29 685 572 1083
Slovak Republic 3330 12 899 387 187
Slovenia 533 1 262 10 0
Spain 17833 165 4089 29 876
Sweden 5249 50 2406 302 -
United Kingdom
22036 132 8330 1951 2
Source: Eurostat – Statistical pocketbook 2010
France, Germany and Poland together produce approximately half of the cereals in the EU-27.
For field peas production, France accounts for 39 % of the EU-27, followed by Germany and Spain
(approximately 12 % each). For sugar beet and rape seed, France and Germany are the largest producers,
together accounting for 54 % and 55 % of EU-27 production. Most of the sunflower seed production is
concentrated in Eastern Europe. Even if the largest producer is France (24 % of EU-27 production), Hungary and
Bulgaria (19 % each) and Romania (16 %) represent together more than half of EU production.
2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Report 33
As shown in Figure 4.4, wheat is the cereal most grown in the European Union, with a production level of
approximately 139 million tones, which represents almost half of all cereal production. Barley and grain maize
production levels are similar (62 and 58 million tonnes respectively).
Figure 4.4 Production of cereals, EU27, in 2009 (%, based on tones)
Source: Eurostat – Statistical pocketbook 2010
A comparison between 2008 and 2009 shows that EU27 production of cereals (excluding rice) fell by 6.46%,
although the production of cereals remained 6.5% higher than in 2000.
Table 4.5 Area, yield and production of total cereals (excl. rice)
Source: European Commission, Agriculture and Rural Development “Agriculture in the EU: Statistical and Economic Information Report 2010”
Grand maize19,5%
Barley21,0%
Wheat47,0%
Others11,5%
Rice1,0%
Area (1000 ha) Yield (100 kg/ha) Production (1000 t)
2006 2007 2008 2009 2006 2007 2008 2009 2006 2007 2008 2009
EU 27 57.021 56.985 60.281 46,7 45,5 52,1 266.444 259.114 314.004 293.697
AT 777 811 841 835 57,4 58,7 68,3 61,6 4.460 4.758 5.748 5.144
BE 330 330 363 345 83,2 84,5 91,0 96,4 2.742 2.787 3.307 3.324
BG 1.544 1.527 1.706 - 35,7 20,8 40,9 - 5.512 3.171 6.977 5.273
CY 65 44 44 31 10,3 14,6 14,6 18,2 67 64 64 57
CZ 1.532 1.580 1.559 1.542 41,7 45,3 53,7 50,8 6.386 7.153 8.370 7.832
DE 6.702 6.572 7.039 6.908 64,9 61,8 71,2 72,0 43.475 40.632 50.105 49.748
DK 1.494 1.448 1.498 1.488 57,8 56,8 60,4 68,0 8.632 8.220 9.041 10.117
EE 280 292 309 316 22,1 30,1 27,9 27,8 619 880 862 879
EL 1.046 1.018 1.166 1.143 34,6 36,9 43,3 40,3 3.623 3.762 5.043 4.609
ES 6.198 6.143 6.609 5.909 29.6 38.8 35.2 28.7 18.368 23.820 23.269 16.934
FI 1.153 1.168 1.251 1.203 32,9 35,4 33,8 35,4 3.790 4.137 4.229 4.261
FR 9.031 9.072 9.662 9.357 68,2 65,5 72,8 74,7 61.613 59.382 70.378 69.862
HU 2.836 2.762 2.915 2.885 51,0 34,9 58,1 47,0 14.460 9.643 16.938 13.561
IE 280 279 314 293 74,7 71,9 76,0 58,7 2.090 2.006 2.384 1.721
IT 3.575 3.701 3.794 3.215 52,6 50,8 53,2 49,4 18.787 18.811 20.201 15.892
LT 963 1.003 1.022 1.104 19,3 30,1 33,5 34,5 1.858 3.017 3.422 3.806
LU 29 29 31 30 56,1 52,1 61,0 62,0 162 148 190 189
LV 512 522 544 541 22,6 29,4 31,0 30,8 1.159 1.535 1.689 1.663
MT
NL 219 222 243 228 79,8 73,1 84,8 91,5 1.750 1.623 2.063 2.089
PL 8.381 8.353 8.599 8.583 26,0 32,5 32,2 34,8 21.776 27.143 27.664 29.827
PT 348 284 338 278 29,3 31,6 34,3 32,3 1.020 898 1.159 898
RO 5.073 5.100 5.174 5.343 31,0 15,3 32,4 27,8 15.741 7.789 16.750 14.864
SE 962 982 1.082 1.032 42,9 51,5 48,2 50,9 4.128 5.058 5.211 5.249
SI 96 99 107 101 51,3 53,6 54,4 52,8 494 532 580 533
SK 740 784 799 769 39,6 35,6 51,0 43,3 2.929 2.793 4.078 3.330
UK 2.857 2.860 3.273 - 72,8 67,7 74,2 - 28.805 19.354 24.282 22.036
2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Report 34
The following table shows the EU cereals trade balance.
Table 4.6 EU imports and exports in agricultural products
Products IMPORTS (1000 t) EXPORTS (1000 t)
2006 2007 2008 2009 2006 2007 2008 2009
Total cereals
11882 20467 20607 9319 24011 18787 27944 26779
Sugar 2487 3086 3308 3056 6153 1496 1364 1488 Source: European Commission (Eurostat and Agriculture and Rural Development DG)
4.2.1 ENERGY CROPS Biomass produced from fields consists of residues (straw, etc.) and specifically cultivated crops (for example,
miscanthus, poplar, willow, reed canary grass, rapeseed and maize).
The European Commission (2008) calculated that 17,5 mln hectares of land would be required to reach the 10%
biofuels target, which would amount to about 10% of the total Utilised Agricultural Area (UAA) in EU27.
The area needed for food production in the EU27 is calculated to be about 111 million ha of arable land and
about 69 million ha of permanent grassland. Taking into account the increase of the population in the near
future and considering a moderate diet (mixed vegetable-animal products) 62% of the arable land would be
needed to feed the population of EU27. Therefore, according to this calculation, we could use 10-30% of arable
land for bioenergy crops in EU27.On the other hand, there are also a number of energy crops that can
potentially be grown on marginal land (i.e. land that is not suitable for food production) to provide feedstocks
for bioenergy, non-food products and biofuels (micanthus, swithgrass, sweet sorghum…)
In Europe, it is estimated that we have approximately 5.5 million hectares of agricultural land on which
dedicated bioenergy cropping takes. Practically all of this land is used for dedicated biofuel cropping mostly oil
crops (82% of the land used for biomass production). These are processed into biodiesel; the remainder is used
for the production of ethanol crops (11%), biogas (7%), and perennials go mostly into electricity and heat
generation (1%).
An overview of the potential for bioenergy cropping is given in the Figure 4.5. This regional distribution of
dedicated cropping patterns is based on the assumption that the bioenergy crops are distributed over regions
in the same proportion as similar crops are used for feed and food purposes.
2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Report 35
Figure 4.5 Biofuel cropping situation in the EU27 (average 2006-2008 situation)
Source: Biomass Futures Project According to the map at present dedicated cropping is only important in a selection of EU countries of which
France and Germany are the most important. Significant areas of oil crops for biodiesel are also found in the
UK, Poland and Romania. Dedicated cropping with perennials is still taking place at a very small scale. The
countries that have the largest areas are Finland (reed canary grass), Sweden (willow, reed canary grass), UK
(mainly miscanthus and willow), and Poland.
According to investigations of AEBIOM and ENCROP project (www.encrop.net) about 85.000 ha land were used
for short rotation forests and other energy crops for combustion purposes in 2008.
2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Report 36
Table 4.7 Woody energy crops in the EU27 in 2008
Hemp Reed Canary grass Willow Poplar Miscanthus
Austria 250-400
Denmark 2.500
Finland 18.700
France 500 1.500
Germany 300 - 1000 300
Ireland 2.000
Italy 6.000 7.500
Lithuania 550
Poland 5.000 - 9.000 300
Spain
Sweden 390 780 13.000
UK 4.000 - 7.000 10.000 – 17.000
Total 390 19.480 25.500 – 32.500 6.600 – 7.300 21.500 – 28.700
Source: ENCROP project and AEBIOM estimations.
The following table shows the potential of energy crops from agriculture under different price assumptions
The figures might be 10% higher including Bulgaria and Romania.
2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Report 37
Table 4.8 Potential of energy crops by Member State (EU27), assuming high/low energy prices and high yields (Mtoe)
High energy prices
Low energy prices
2010 2020 2030 2010 2020 2030
EU 27 46,9 95,7 142,3 43,8 78,2 104,8
Austria 0,6 1,4 2,1 0,6 1,4 2,1
Belgium 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1
Bulgaria - - - - - -
Cyprus - - - - - -
Czech Republic 0,8 1,3 1,6 0,8 1,3 1,6
Denmark 0,4 0,1 0,1 0,4 0,1 0,1
Estonia 0,4 1,1 1,3 0,4 1,1 1,3
Finland 1,9 1,8 1,3 1,9 1,8 1,3
France 2,6 7,8 17 2,7 3 1,6
Germany 5 13,7 23,4 1,8 1 1,3
Greece 0 1,7 2,2 0 1,7 2,2
Hungary 1,2 2,2 3,1 1,2 2,2 3,1
Ireland 0 0,1 0,1 0 0,1 0,1
Italy 4,1 8,9 15,2 4,1 8,9 15,2
Latvia 0,4 1 1,5 0,4 1 1,5
Lithuania 2 5,6 7,9 2 5,6 7,9
Luxembourg - - - - - -
Malta - - - - - -
Poland 14,5 24,1 30,4 14,5 24,1 30,4
Portugal 0,7 0,8 0,8 0,7 0,8 0,8
Romania - - - - - -
Slovak Republic 0,2 0,6 1,2 0,2 0,6 1,2
Slovenia 0 0,1 0,2 0 0,1 0,2
Spain 7,8 12,9 16 7,8 12,9 16
Sweden 0,6 1,1 1,4 0,6 1,1 1,4
The Netherlands 0,2 0,5 0,7 0,2 0,5 0,7
United Kingdom 3,4 8,8 14,7 3,4 8,8 14,7
Source: Estimating the environmentally compatible bio-energy potential from agriculture; EEA Technical Report No. X/2007
2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Report 38
4.2.2 AGRICULTURAL BY PRODUCTS
4.1.2.1 MANURE
The primary source of biogas from anaerobic digestion is manure from animal production, mainly from cattle
and pig farms. In the EU-27 more than 1500 mill tonnes of animal manure are produced every year. When
untreated or managed poorly, manure becomes a major source of ground and fresh water pollution, pathogen
emission, nutrient leaching, and ammonia release. If handled properly, it turns out to be renewable energy
feedstock and an efficient source of nutrients for crop cultivation.
The potential from manure is expected to be roughly the same in 2020. However for both, dry and wet manure,
it is expected a stronger concentration in a limited number of regions.
Table 4.9 Total energy potential from manure (ktoe) in EU in 2004 and 2020
Wet manure (ktoe) Dry manure (ktoe)
2004 6941.1 30328.3
2020 5928.5 31299.4
Source: Biomass Futures Project
4.1.2.2 AGRICULTURAL BY-PRODUCTS
In agriculture the main sources of residues come from arable crops in the form of straw and from maintenance
of permanent crop plantations like fruit and berry trees, nuts, olives, vineyards, and citrus.
The theoretical amount of resources of straw for energy purposes can be calculated from the yield per hectare
and the amount of hectares of grain with deduction of loss and the amount of straw used in agriculture. The
results show that the total straw potential amounted to 16.475 ktoe in 2004 but is expected to increase to
28.272 ktoe in 2020. This increase is likely to be related to an increase of straw producing crops for which land
will be used in 2020.
2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Report 39
Source: Biomass Futures Project
Not only straw but also other primary residues from agriculture are expected to deliver a large potential.
Woody material from prunnings and cuttings in plantations like soft fruit, citrus, olives and vineyards should be
mentioned. The results show that especially in the south of Europe this by-product could be an important
resource. The total EU potential could amount to 6734 KTOE per year. The largest potential is delivered by
vineyards and olives because of their large extent.
Figure 4.6 Economic and environmentally sustainable straw potentials in 2004 and 2020 (KTOE)
2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Report 40
4.3 BIOMASS FROM FORESTRY
Forests provide a livelihood for millions of workers, entrepreneurs and forest owners, and contribute
significantly to the economic growth, especially in rural areas. Forests are not only an important source of raw
materials for forest-based industries, but they also provide energy. In the majority of Member States, wood
and wood waste was the main renewable energy resources. Wood and wood waste accounted for more than
three quarters of gross inland energy consumption from renewable in 2009 in Estonia (97%), Lithuania (87%),
Poland (83%), Finland (82%, Latvia (80%) and Hungary (78%) The lowest shares in 2009 were recorded in
Cyprus (16%), Italy (23%), the United Kingdom (27%) and Luxembourg (28%).
The area covered by forest continues to increase and over the past 20 years, forests have increased by 5% -
approximately 0.3 % per year - although the rate varies substantially between countries.
We can make use of this asset for energy without compromising its other functions; indeed only sixty percent
of the net annual increase in forest available for wood supply is currently harvested in the EU.
4.3.1 FORESTRY BIOMASS In 2010, forest and other wooded land covered almost 178 million hectares in the EU27, or around 40% of its
lans area. In the EU27, three quarters of forest area was available for wood supply in 2010.
Around 60% of the EU´s forests are in private hands, with about 16 million private forest owners. Private forest
holdings have an average size of 13 hectares, but the majority of privately-owned forests are smaller than five
hectares. Nevertheless, forest ownership in the EU is changing and forest owners are becoming less dependent
on forestry as a main source of income. It means that, increasingly, the EU´s forests are owned by urban
dwellers, who may have different management objectives, compared with traditional rural forest holders.
Public forest ownership dominates in most of the eastern and south-eastern EU MS. The average size of public
forest holdings is more than 1000 hectares, with considerable variation among countries.
41
Table 4.10 Basic forest resources
Forest and other wooded land in 2010
(1000ha)
Ownership of forest (%) in 2005
Forest available for wood supply Roundwood production (1000m3
underbark)
Public in 2005
Private in 2005
% of total forest area
Of which (in million m3 over back) Total in 2008 Fuelwood in 2008
Industrial roundwood in 2008 Growing
stock Increment Fellings
EU 27 177.758 42,3 57,6 75 21.750 768 484 419.907 85.428 334.479
Austria 4.006 19,6 80,4 83 1.107 25 24 21.795 5.024 16.772
Belgium 706 44,1 55,9 95 164 5 4 4.700 700 4.000
Bulgaria 3.927 97,0 0,9 73 435 15 8 6.071 2.692 3.379
Cyprus 387 47,0 59,3 11 3 0 0 20 7 13
Czech Republic 2.657 75,6 24,4 88 738 23 18 16.187 1.880 14.307
Denmark 591 26,6 68,8 98 112 6 2 2.786 1.106 1.680
Estonia 2.350 38,5 61,5 86 398 11 6 4.860 1.152 3.708
Finland 23.269 32,4 67,6 85 2.204 91 59 50.670 4.705 45.965
France 17.572 24,4 75,6 86 2.453 94 64 56.827 29.176 27.651
Germany 11.076 52,8 47,2 95 3.466 107 60 55.367 8.561 46.806
Greece 6.539 77,5 22,5 55 170 5 2 1.261 754 507
Hungary 2.029 59,4 40,6 85 259 11 7 5.276 2.561 2.715
Ireland 789 64,0 36,0 - 74 4 3 2.232 52 2.180
Italy 10.916 35,0 65,0 74 1.285 33 13 8.667 5.673 2.994
Latvia 3.467 53,9 46,0 91 584 18 12 8.806 598 8.207
Lithuania 2.240 66,1 33,8 84 408 11 9 5.594 1.382 4.213
Luxembourg 88 44,8 55,2 98 0 1 0 353 21 332
Malta 0 100,0 0,0 - 0 0 0 0 0 0
Netherlands 365 50,4 49,6 81 56 2 2 1.117 290 827
Poland 9.337 82,7 17,3 91 2.092 68 41 34.273 3.804 30.470
Portugal 3.611 7,3 92,7 50 154 19 14 10.866 600 10.266
Romania 6.733 94,3 5,7 77 0 34 17 13.667 4.150 9.517
Slovak Republic
1.933 51,5 48,5 92 478 13 10 9.269 555 8.714
Slovenia 1.274 24,5 75,5 92 390 9 3 2.990 928 2.062
Spain 27.748 30,0 70,0 54 784 46 17 17.027 2.600 14.427
Sweden 31.247 30,6 69,4 66 2.651 96 81 70.800 5.900 64.900
United Kingdom
2.901 34,6 65,4 83 340 21 11 8.425 558 7.867
Source: European Commission, Agriculture and Rural Development “Agriculture in the EU: Statistical and Economic Information Report 2010 Eurostat
2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Report 42
Six Member States had more than half of their land area covered by forest and other wooded land in 2010: Finland
(77%), Swaden (76%), Slovenia (63%), Latvia (56%), Spain (55%) and Estonia (54%). The lowest shares were found in
Malta (less than 0.5%), the Netherlands (11%), Ireland and the United Kingdom (both 12%) and Denmark (14%).
The largest present round wood production is in Sweden, France, Germany and Finland, but also in smaller countries
like Austria, Czech Republic and Latvia have a large present production. It should be mentioned that most of this
production is going to wood-industry for non-energetic use.
Primary forestry residues (e.g., logging residues, early thinnings and extracted stumps) will be available proportional to
the amount of round wood harvested. The regions with a relatively large contribution to the primary forest residues
are concentrated inFrance, Italy, Finland, Germany and Sweden. This potential is generally much smaller than the
additional harvestable potential.
Figure 4.7 Wood flow in EU27
Source: VTT, EUBIONET
2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Report 43
Table 4.11 Country summary of potentials from forestry and from primary residues
Country
Current roundwood production
(ktoe)
Additional harvestable roundwood
(ktoe)
Primary forestry
residues (ktoe)
EU 27 74156,3 53649,9 24890,9 Austria 3193,6 2031,4 802,0
Belgium 839,1 70,4 138,7
Bulgaria 878,1 555,9 381,0
Cyprus 1,9 13,1 1,0
Czech Republic 3090,4 483,1 875,8
Denmark 324,1 110,8 85,1
Estonia 927,9 1242,6 202,3
Finland 7952,4 5088,5 2635,8
France 10330,4 6064,8 2495,5
Germany 10812,6 7321,3 4398,7
Greece 332,8 1142,6 91,8
Hungary 1001,2 982,5 346,2
Ireland 448,5 75,2 60,5
Italy 1447,4 13018,5 2813,1
Latvia 1987,3 781,8 430,3
Lithuania 1042,3 679,7 303,4
Luxembourg 52,3 148,4 29,5
Malta 0,0 0,0 0,0
Netherlands 194,0 90,2 27,0
Poland 6611,4 1243,6 1223,9
Portugal 1177,3 0,0 325,0
Romania 2397,3 3543,9 896,6
Slovak Republic 1734,9 101,9 414,6
Slovenia 559,4 1205,1 147,3
Spain 2768,5 1442,5 953,6
Sweden 12428,9 4904,8 4322,6
United Kingdom
1622,3 1307,3 489,6
Source: Biomass Futures Project In the following table the total forest potential is compared to the present renewable energy production.
The total forest potential is considered as total present round wood production plus additional harvestable wood
potential and plus primary forestry residues (domestic potential). It can be seen that countries like Denmark, The
Netherlands and Portugal base their large wood processing industry on imported wood. Contrary, there are countries
like Slovenia, Slovakia,Italy, Sweden or UK with a large growth potential in use of wood. Finally, other countries like
Austria, Belgium and Spain are already using a large part of their potential for energetic uses.
2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Report 44
Table 4.12 Total and relative production of renewable energy from wood and wood residues and total forest potential in 2007
Production of renewable
energy from forestry (ktoe)
Total forest potential (ktoe)
% renewable production from total potential
EU 27 68.206 152.697 44,7%
Austria 3.930 6.027 65,2% Belgium 649 1.048 61,9% Bulgaria 709 1.815 39,1% Cyprus - 16 0,0% Czech Republic 1.948 4.449 43,8% Denmark 1.441 520 277,2% Estonia 731 2.373 30,8% Finland 7.149 15.677 45,6% France 9.234 18.891 48,9% Germany 10.578 22.533 46,9% Greece 1.005 1.567 64,1% Hungary 1.146 2.330 49,2% Ireland 169 584 28,9% Italy 1.707 17.279 9,9% Latvia 1.532 3.199 47,9% Lithuania 732 2.025 36,1% Luxembourg 16 230 7,0% Malta n.a. n.a. n.a. Netherlands 524 311 168,4% Poland 4.550 9.079 50,1%
Portugal 2.808 1.502 186,9% Romania 3.304 6.838 48,3% Slovak Republic 484 2.251 21,5% Slovenia 429 1.912 22,4% Spain 4.206 5.165 81,4% Sweden 8.441 21.656 39,0% United Kingdom 784 3.419 22,9% Source: Biomass Futures Project
2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Report 45
One aspect of a sustainable forest is to avoid the over-exploitation. It means that a stable wood stock should be permanently ensured in the forest. Such forest is a carbon neutral forest. In European forests this objective is over achieved as it can be seen in the following figure. The forest area and the wood stock are significantly increasing year after year with a sequestration of roughly 400 million tons of CO2 annually. Thus the European forest is not only producing wood for different purposes but is also an important pool for storing carbon. Figure 4.8 Forest area (million ha) and growing stock volume (billion m
3)
Source: Rautinen A. and al.
18,7
20,822,2
144,6151,0
155,6
0
3
6
9
12
15
18
21
24
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
1990 2000 2005
Gro
win
g stock vo
lum
e (b
illion
m3)
Fore
st a
rea
(mill
ion
ha)
Growing stock volume Forest area
2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Report 46
4.3.2 FORESTRY RESIDUES
Forestry residues will be available proportional to the activity in the wood industry. Futhermore, these forestry residues
are already accounted for in the current round wood production. This implies that they cannot be summed up, but their
quantification is very interesting as their use as feedstock for bioenergy is more likely than the use of roundwood as
feedstock because it’s a by-product from wood processing and its use is more competitive.
Secondary forest residues in wood wastes include mostly, according to Eurostat, the following categories: manufacture
of wood and of products of wood and cork, except furniture, manufacture of articles of straw and plaiting materials,
manufacture of paper and paper products, printing and reproduction of recorded media, manufacture of furniture,
jewelry, musical instruments, toys, repair and installation of machinery and equipment. The shares of these categories
to the total production levels are estimated in the following table. Countries with the largest wood waste production
are Finland by far followed at some distance by France, Austria, Sweden, Poland and Germany.
Table 4.13 Wood wastes according to Eurostat Environmental Data Centre on Waste (NACE_R2 categories list)
Source: Biomass Futures Project
Country Secondary forest residues in
wood wastes (ktons)
EU 27 38.829,3
Austria 4.782,1
Belgium 458,8
Bulgaria 260,4
Cyprus -
Czech Republic 156,5
Denmark 11,3
Estonia 1.140,8
Finland 8.880,6
France 5.332,6
Germany 2.607,9
Greece 100,3
Hungary 259,9
Ireland 84,7
Italy 1.671,7
Latvia 64,1
Lithuania 131,1
Luxembourg 31,2
Malta 0,129
Netherlands 382,5
Poland 2.882,8
Portugal 1.253,8
Romania 1.513,6
Slovak Republic 537,1
Slovenia 339,8
Spain 432,5
Sweden 4.042,5
United Kingdom 1.461,9
2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Report 47
4.4 BIOMASS FROM WASTE SECTOR
Waste management has a twofold involvement in climate change. On one hand it is the source of climate change gases
(e.g. CH4 from landfilling, CO2 from incineration and recycling). On the other hand it provides raw materials and
avoiding processes that consume primary resources. Presently recycling of waste is already a relevant source of
secondary raw materials.
In 2005 around 95 million tonnes of waste have been recycled in the European Union. This means that 37% of the
municipal solid waste has been recycled in EU27, 18% has been incinerated and 45% has been landfilled. However,the
recycling rate differs significantly between the Member States: the recycling rate of Poland is 7% and the rate of
Netherlands according to the same source is 63%. The following figure summarises the share of general waste
management options (recycling, incineration, landfilling) in the Member States and for EU27.
Figure 4.9 Municipal waste treatment in2009
Source: CEWEP based in Eurostat data.
2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Report 48
Table 4.14 Energy recovery waste (tonnes) in 2008
Waste for energy recovery (ktonnes)
EU 27 81.600
Austria 3.904,3
Belgium 4.452,5
Bulgaria 94,3
Cyprus 8,0
Czech Republic 555,7
Germany 23.315,9
Denmark 3.319,5
Estonia 257,2
Greece 135,1
Spain 2.551,8
Finland 9.630,9
France 12.055,8
Hungary 766,5
Ireland 103,6
Italy 2.459,0
Lithuania 194,0
Luxembourg 38,3
Latvia 18,2
Malta 0
Netherlands 2.455,5
Poland 3.121,7
Portugal 1.431,8
Romania 1.247,4
Sweden 8.411,2
Slovenia 313,7
Slovak Republic 586,3
United Kingdom 170,8
Source: Eurostat
The following map shows the number of plants per country in Europe and the amount of waste thermally treated in those plants (in tonnes).
2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Report 49
Figure 4.10 Waste-to-Energy plants in Europe operating in 2008 and termally treated waste in millions tons/year
Source: CEWEP.
2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Report 50
4.5 OTHER
4.5.1 PAPER AND PULP MILLS
4.4.1.1 BLACK LIQUOR Black liquor is the spent cooking liquor from the kraft process when digesting pulpwood into paper pulp removing
lignin, hemicelluloses and other extractives from the wood to free the cellulose fibers. The pulp industry creates an
important amount of secondary residues in the form of black liquor. This by-product of pulp mills is almost completely
used for energy production in the pulp and paper industry.
The paper and pulp industry uses more than 350 Mm³ wood; one part of this wood – the lignin fraction (black liquor) –
and also other by-products such as bark are used to produce energy: heat and electricity. More than 20% of the total
contribution of bioenergy is produced in the paper and pulp industry.
Table 4.15 Estimated black liquor production
Source: Biomass Futures Project
Country Black liquor
production (ktons)
EU 27 60.582,1 Austria 3.216,6 Belgium 1.083,5 Bulgaria 233,4 Cyprus - Czech Republic 1.073,7 Denmark 110 Estonia 234,6 Finland 16.144,5
France 4.298,5 Germany 4.384,6 Greece - Hungary - Ireland - Italy 712,6 Latvia - Lithuania - Luxembourg - Malta - Netherlands 190 Poland 1.706,6 Portugal 3.034,2 Romania 243,8 Slovak Republic 818,8 Slovenia 267,2 Spain 4.242,7 Sweden 17.336,4 United Kingdom 1.249,7
2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Report 51
4.4.1.2 BIOMASS USE IN PAPER AND PULP MILLS Table 4.16 Raw materials used in papermaking in CEPI countries (kt) 2008 2009 Share of total % % Change 2009/2008
Woodpulp 47.564 41.047 40,4 -13,7
Pulp other than wood
1170 1207 1,2 3,2
Recovered paper 48.624 44.941 44,2 -7,6
Non-Fibrous Materials
16.889 14.421 14,2 -14,6
Total Raw Materials 114.247 101.616 100,0 -11.1 Source: CEPI, key statistics 2009
The energy supply of paper and pulp industry is largely based on biomass use, in the form of black liquor (dominating
bark and other wood residuals) as can be seen in the following graph.
Table 4.17 Biomass use as fuel in paper and pulp mills (Mtoe)
2008 2009
% of fuel consumption in 2009
Austria 0,75 0,74 48,57
Belgium 0,28 0,27 54,64
Finland 4,39 3,34 74,68
France 1,15 0,97 55,96
Germany 1,03 1,03 24,76
Italy 0,006 0,01 0,28
Netherlands 0,02 0,02 3,64
Norway 0,37 0,27 72,68
Portugal 0,94 0,96 73,62
Spain 0,59 1,00 35,96
Sweden 5,01 4,94 91,59
Total 11 CEPI Countries 14,57 13,55 54,34
Source: CEPI -Confederation of European paper industry, 2010
4.5.2 CONTRIBUTION OF PEAT TO THE EUROPEAN ENERGY SYSTEM Peat is an intermediate fuel, part way between the biomass of which it was originally composed and the fossil fuel
(coal) that it would eventually become, given appropriate geological conditions. Peat’s intermediate status has been
recognised by the IPCC, which has reclassified it from a fossil fuel to a separate category (‘peat’) between fossil and
renewable fuels.
Peat is not recognized as biomass by the European Commission and therefore is also not considered a renewable
source of energy. However, peat is an important source of energy for many northern European countries and is often
co-fired with biomass.
Peat has many applications. In the energy field, it is used as a fuel for the generation of electricity and heat, and directly
as a source of heat for industrial, residential and other purposes. At the present time, the principal producers (and
consumers) of fuel peat are Ireland, Finland and Sweden. Despite the widespread distribution of peat resources,
2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Report 52
consumption for energy purposes outside Europe is essentially negligible. Global consumption is around 17 million
tonnes per annum, derived from a very small proportion of the total area of peatland: in the EU, only some 1 750 km2
(0.34% of total peatland) is used for energy peat production.
Only six countries have a significant peat for energy industry in EU27: Estonia, Ireland, Latvia, Lithuania, Finland and
Sweden. The total use of fuel peat in EU was about 3,3 Mtoe (in 2006) of which 45% is used for CHP (Combined heat
and power) production and 38% for production of condensing power. The share of peat in district heating was about
10% and in residential heating about 8% of the total. Around two million people were supplied with heating energy
from peat.
Table 4.18 Primary production, imports, exports and gross inland consumption of peat for energy in 2009 (ktoe)
Source: Eurostat The average annual
(2006-2009) use of fuel
peat in EU is about
3735 ktoe (43.4 TWh)
of which 44% is used
for CHP (Combined heat and power) production and 38% for production of condensing power. From the total use about
8% is used in district heating and about 10% in residential heating (Figure 4.9).
Figure 4.11 Peat use in different categories in EU (ktoe)
Source: VTT report “Peat industry in the six EU member states”, updated 2010
1402
304377
1653
CHP
Condensing power
District heat
Residential heat
Primary
production Imports Exports
Gross inland consumption of peat for energy (in 2008)
EU 27 12.854 586 73 3.255
Estonia 328 0 13 65
Ireland 2.771 0 0 864
Latvia 25 0 7 2
Lithuania 53 0 7 11
Finland 8.965 116 45 1.939
Sweden 702 435 0 366
2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Report 53
5 HEAT FROM BIOMASS
5.1 GENERALITIES
Biomass used for heat covers 55% of all renewable energy sources. Biomass for heat holds a large potential as a source
of renewable energy and greenhouse gas emission reductions.
In the figure below, it can be seen that the EU’s official scenarios for renewable energy supply assume heat and power
production from biomass to be more than double from today’s level of 800 TWh in 2020.
Figure 5.1 Heating potential by renewable energy source in EU
Source: RHC platform AEBIOM calculates the share of heat as part of the final energy consumption. About 48% of the final energy demand is
heat. According to this data households are the biggest consumer of heat, followed by industry and services. Heat
comprises of space heating, hot water and heat for industrial processes.
Table 5.1 Final energy consumption in the EU27 in 2007 and contribution of heat (Mtoe)
Source: AEBIOM calculation
Sector Final energy in Mtoe Of which heat
Mtoe % Mtoe
Industry 323 55% 178
Households 285 86% 245
Commerce Services & Agriculture 173 76% 132
Transport 377 0% 0
Total 1158 48% 554
2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Report 54
The sale of new heating household systems is well documented for some countries but reliable data on the existing
stock of biomass fired boilers and stoves is especially hard to come by. Therefore, AEBIOM has gathered the following
data from many different sources and we want to point out that there are slight contradictions between different data
sources.
Table 5.2 Solid fuel boilers in Europe in 2008 (number of pieces)
Solid Fuel Boilers
Fossil Fuel/ Universal
Logwood Woodchips Pellets Others
EU 27 277.300 111.700 16.100 56.850 50.130
Austria 1.400 7.300 5.000 11.500 300
Belgium 100 800
400
Bulgaria 10.000 1.500
300
Cyprus
Czech Republic 35.000 5.000
1.700 200
Denmark 1.400 700
3.000
Estonia 2.200 600
200
Finland 1.700 1.400 600 900 100
France 1.600 18.000 1.300 6.000 600
Germany 1.000 16.000 3.000 22.000
Greece 100 500 100 50 50
Hungary 23.000 2.000
300 30
Ireland 3.500 600 300 1.000 50
Italy 200 5.800 600 1.700 1.200
Latvia 7.000 900
500
Lithuania 14.000 2.400
200
Luxembourg
Malta
Netherlands
200 100 100
Poland 120.000 11.000 300 2.000 47.000
Portugal 100 400
100
Romania 30.000 24.000
400 100
Slovak Republic 15.000 4.000 600 900 200
Slovenia 4.600 700 3.200 1.200 200
Spain 400 2.500 700 700
Sweden
5.200 200 900
United Kingdom 5.000 200 100 800 100
Source: Data from various sources and AEBIOM estimation
The Lot 15 EuP preparatory study on solid fuel small combustion installation (SCIs) done by the European Commission,
DG TREN, has stimated the general market shares of majority of appliances subjected to analysis in this study. It can be
seen in the following figures that these shares will not change significantly.
2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Report 55
Source: EuP Preparatory Study Lot15
5.2 DISTRICT HEATING AND COOLING
District heating enables the large scale use of renewable energy sources, while at the same time reducing the demand
of primary energy and reducing greenhouse emissions. While having an average market share of 10 percent in Europe,
it is particularly widespread in North, Central and Eastern Europe, where market shares often reach 50 percent and
more. On average, over 80 per cent of heat supplied by district heating originates from renewable energy sources or
heat recovery (i.e. from electricity production or industrial processes).
The Directive on the promotion of renewable energies is expected to have a strong impact on the heating and cooling
sector as ir addresses for the first time in Community law not only electricity bur also the heating and cooling markets.
After 2014, the Directive indicates that Member States shall allow for ( new and renovated buildings) minimum levels of
renewable energy sources to be supplied by District Heating and Cooling networks using a “significant proportion” of
renewable energy sources.
Figure 5.2 Market share changes for different appliances
2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Report 56
Table 5.3 District heating and cooling statistics in some EU member states in 2007
Number
of DH utilities
Total installed DH
capacity (MWth)
Annual turnover in
the DH sector
(Mio.Euro)
Total district
heat delivered
(TJ)
% of DH used to satisfy heat demand in the
residential and services and other sectors
Austria 588
(2006) 7.500 810 (2006) 60.828 18% (residential only)
Croatia 9 1.800 87 9.119 9,50%
Czech Republic
655 (heat
producer) 36.070 2.840 144.773
Denmark 450 17.266 2.500 102.806 29%
Estonia 2.760 63.866 mill.
EEK 26.042
Finland 150 20.390 1.370 108.360 49%
France 412 17.442 1.246 80.078
Germany 57.000 16.000 267.171 13%
Greece 5 445 15,47 1.879 0,26%
Italy 79 5.129 199 Mm3
Latvia 40 200 24.390 28,70%
Lithuania 32 8.263 317 28.678 50%
Netherlands 17 5.325 292 21.264 3,60%
Norway 55 1.400 164,7 11.313 4,8%
Poland 540 62.752 2.240 425.000 47%
Romania 104 53.200 940 67.050 29,60%
Slovenia 48 22.411 100 12.244 9,29%
Sweden 140 29 bjn. Sekr. 169.200 55%
Switzerland 42 1.900 15.450 2,82% Source: Euroheat and Power Figure 5.3 Energy supply composition for District Heat generated in 2009
Source: Euroheat and Power
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
- Others
- Direct Renewables
- Recycled heat
2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Report 57
Table 5.4 District heat deliveries in the EU27 in 2007 and combustible RES used in DH.
Heat Sales in
2007 Heat sales per capita in 2007
Combustible RES for DH in 2007
Mtoe toe/capita Biomass Waste
EU 27 72,72 0,15
Austria 1,46 0,18 4% 8%
Belgium 0,00 0,00 - -
Bulgaria 0,00 0,00 - -
Cyprus - - - -
Czech Republic 3,47 0,33 - -
Denmark 2,47 0,45 17% 20%
Estonia 0,63 0,48 28% -
Finland 2,60 0,49 12% -
France 1,92 0,03 27% -
Germany 6,41 0,08 10% -
Greece 0,05 0,00 - -
Hungary 1,08 0,11 - -
Ireland 0,00 0,00 - -
Italy N.A. N.A. 18% -
Latvia 0,59 0,26 15% 0.1%
Lithuania 0,69 0,20 16% -
Luxembourg 0,00 0,00 - -
Malta - - - -
Netherlands 0,51 0,01 - -
Poland 10,20 0,96 5% -
Portugal 0,00 0,00 - -
Romania 1,61 0,30 - -
Slovak Republic 0,35 0,18 2% -
Slovenia 0,29 0,01 4% -
Spain - - - -
Sweden 4,06 0,25 47% 17%
United Kingdom 0,00 0,00 - -
Source: Euroheat & Power 2009, Eurostat 2009
2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Report 58
5.2.1 DISTRICT COOLING All over Europe the demand for cooling, especially in new buildings with high standards, is growing and therefore the
market for District Cooling is enlarging. The cooling market is dominated presently by packaged air conditioning systems
and the cooling related consumption is embedded in electricity consumption. It can be estimated that approx. 260 TWh
of electricity are currently consumed for cooling in Europe. Given the rapid increase of cooling demands, the potential
for savings is enormous. However, there is a need for more reliable statistics and an estimation of the biomass share in
district cooling is not yet possible.
Table 5.5 District Cooling capacity and production in some MS Country DC capacity (MWth) DC production (ktoe)
Austria 15 0,6 Czech Republic 30 2,6 Denmark 1,5 - Finland 121 4,8 France 620 81,1 Germany 185 17,5 Hungary 8 0,7 Ireland 145 - Poland 97 5,2 Slovenia 1 - Sweden - 55,3
Source: Euroheat & Power 2009
2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Report 59
Geothermal; 0,2% Wind; 4,1%Biomass; 3,4%
Non-renewable
waste; 0,6%
Solar; 0,5%
Hydraulic; 11,1%
Nuclear; 27,9%Fossil; 52,3%
6 ELECTRICITY FROM BIOMASS
6.1 GENERALITIES
The European Union primarily uses fossil fuels to produce its electricity (52.3% in 2009). Over the past decade, biomass
power output has been the second driver (after wind energy) for renewable electricity growth. Biomass electicity
output has increased by 13.5% on average since 1999, which equated to an additional contribution of 78.3 TWh. The
development of solid biomass and biogas sectors has been particularly significant, as they have made an additional
contribution of 44,1 TWh and 20,7 TWh respectively.
Biomass electricity generation is based on three fuel types: solid biomass, biogas and biodegradable fraction of MSW.
Figure 6.1 Structure of electricity production in 2009 in EU27
Source: Observ´ER, “Renewable origin of electricity production”, Edition 2010
Figure 6.2 Growth rate 2008-2009 in EU27
Source: Observ´ER, “Renewable origin of electricity production”, Edition 2010
-3,2%10,4%
16,0%11,6%
95,9%
-1,3% -4,3% -5,0% -8,7%
-0,2
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1
1,2
2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Report 60
Table 6.1 Electricity production (TWh) by biomass in 2009 in EU27
Electricity production
(TWh) by biomass
Biomass 109,0
Solid biomass share 63,3
Biogas share 25,5
Liquid biomass share 4,2
Municipal waste share 15,9
Source: Observ´ER, “Renewable origin electricity production”, Edition 2010
6.2 COMBINED HEAT AND POWER (CHP)
The two-thirds of input energy lost globally in traditional power generation (see figure 6.3) represent significant missed
opportunities for savings on both energy costs and CO2 emissions. Implementing co-generation does not, in itself,
increase the power supply for a given plant; rather it increases overall energy efficiency by supplying useful heat
alongside useful electricity. By making more efficient use of fuel inputs, co-generation allows the same level of end-use
energy demand to be met with fewer energy inputs. When these energy inputs are fossil-based, this leads not only to
less reliance on these CO2- generating fuels, but also preserves such exhaustible materials for applications where they
can less easily be substituted. Co-generation is, thus, a low-carbon energy solution.
Figure 6.3 Energy flows in the global electricity system (TWh)
Source: International Energy Agency
2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Report 61
The share of electricity produced by cogeneration processes in the EU-27 rose to 11 % in 2008, a moderate increase of
0.5 percentage points from 2004.
Large differences can be observed amongst Member States (see figure below) with variations of the shares between 0.3
% in Cyprus and 46.1 % in Denmark. Between 2004 and 2008, Romania recorded the highest decrease in its CHP share
from 26.4 % in 1998 to 9.6 % in 2008. For the same period, Slovakia reported an increase of 8.7 percentage points and
in 2008 its CHP share reached 24 %.
Figure 6.4 Combined heat and power generation, 2008 (% of gross electricity generation)
Source: Eurostat, Pocketbook “Energy, transport and environment indicators” At present, installed CHP capacity in the EU-27 is about 95 GWe, which accounts for about 11% of electricity demand.
As a fuel, natural gas dominates the CHP market (about 40%), followed by coal at 27%. Renewables, mainly biomass,
but also combustible waste, are becoming increasingly important having reached 10%. CHP systems have significant
penetration in the EU industry, producing approximately 16% of final industrial heat demand.
CHP plants, which produce heat and electricity concurrently, account for almost 63% of EU-27’s bioenergy production
from solid biomass.
2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Report 62
Table 6.2 Fuel input to CHP plants in the EU-27 in 2007
Fuel input into CHP
(ktoe)
Solid fuels
Oil and oil products
Natural gas
Renewables Other fuels
EU-27 200.922,03 34,6% 5,9% 38,4% 11,9% 9,2%
Austria 5.617,66 11,4% 9,0% 38,6% 27,2% 13,9%
Belgium 3.511,04 1,5% 2,5% 65,0% 8,9% 22,2%
Bulgaria 2.720,46 55,7% 5,0% 34,4% 0,0% 4,9%
Czech Republic 9.329,32 83,5% 1,7% 4,4% 4,0% 6,5%
Denmark 7.616,80 55,0% 3,6% 21,9% 16,3% 3,2%
Germany 31.503,79 23,4% 4,5% 46,1% 15,0% 11,0%
Estonia 573,23 60,9% 0,4% 31,6% 7,0% 0,0%
Ireland 518,30 3,7% 0,1% 93,1% 0,6% 2,6%
Greece 2.087,51 89,1% 0,6% 0,6% 0,3% 9,5%
Spain 9.921,66 1,6% 8,8% 77,0% 0,0% 12,7%
France 9.033,16 4,4% 2,1% 56,2% 22,3% 14,9%
Italy 23.729,35 0,5% 19,1% 67,9% 5,2% 7,3%
Cyprus 7,17 0,0% 100,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0%
Latvia 477,69 0,9% 2,2% 93,8% 3,0% 0,0%
Lithuania 941,05 0,7% 16,7% 78,6% 4,0% 0,0%
Luxembourg 97,93 0,0% 0,0% 89,9% 10,1% 0,0%
Hungary 2.493,55 6,3% 0,2% 82,0% 3,4% 8,1%
Malta 0,00 - - - - -
Netherlands 13.979,66 14,7% 2,5% 70,7% 5,1% 6,9%
Poland 36.027,53 91,1% 2,9% 2,5% 1,9% 1,6%
Portugal 2.534,16 0,0% 33,9% 23,8% 37,7% 4,7%
Romania 5.288,05 52,1% 6,2% 40,8% 0,0% 0,9%
Slovenia 1.533,39 86,6% 0,4% 9,6% 3,3% 0,2%
Slovakia 5.803,96 24,1% 1,8% 9,8% 1,2% 63,1%
Finland 12.207,42 31,8% 1,9% 20,0% 43,9% 2,4%
Sweden 5.763,35 7,6% 7,4% 5,3% 72,8% 7,0%
United Kingdom 7.607,25 4,1% 2,1% 69,9% 2,4% 21,6%
Source: European Environmental Agency
The highest share of biomass in CHP plants are in Scandinavia (Sweden, Finland and Denmark), in France, Austria and
Portugal. Usually solid biomass CHP plants are located in countries of considerable forest industry thus woody biomass
is the predominant fuel. Regarding scales, smaller capacities (<1 MWe) exist in central Europe, while larger plants (>20
MWe) are located in Northern Europe. Important growth is assumed in biomass-based CHP, mainly in district heating
(DH) but also in industry. The assumption is that biomass CHP installations represent approximately 2/3 of the total
installed capacities of biomass based power plants.
2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Report 63
7 BIOFUELS FOR TRANSPORT
7.1 BIOETHANOL AND BIODIESEL
Over the last decade, significant changes were observed in the fuel mix consumed by the EU-27 transport sector. In
2008, gas/diesel oil accounted for 52 % of the total, an increase of almost 10 percentage points from 1998. Over the
same period, in absolute terms, motor spirit consumption decreased by 26 % between 1998 and 2008. On the other
hand, the consumption of all other fuels increased. Gas/diesel oil consumption recorded a 39% increase, kerosenes
consumption grew by 33 % and the consumption of biofuels grew 26 times.
Table 7.1 Final energy consumption in transport in 2009, by fuel (ktoe).
All products (ktoe)
Share of biofuels in total final energy
consumption in transport (%)
EU-27 367.636 3,92%
Austria 8.628 6,93%
Belgium 11.131 3,02%
Bulgaria 2.927 0,20%
Czech Republic 6.615 3,70%
Denmark 5.194 0,23%
Germany 61.736 5,70%
Estonia 744 0,00%
Ireland 4.693 2,07%
Greece 9.218 0,93%
Spain 37.837 3,34%
France 50.400 5,79%
Italy 42.289 3,25%
Cyprus 1.019 1,67%
Latvia 1.027 0,58%
Lithuania 1.501 4,33%
Luxembourg 2.488 1,89%
Hungary 4.785 2,86%
Malta 245 0,00%
Netherlands 15.104 3,17%
Poland 16.569 4,68%
Portugal 7.340 3,11%
Romania 5.363 3,47%
Slovenia 1.765 1,98%
Slovakia 2.379 8,45%
Finland 4.807 2,48%
Sweden 8.534 5,74%
United Kingdom 53.298 2,19%
Source: Eurostat
2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Report 64
It has been a growth of 18.7% in biofuel consumption for transport in the EU between 2008 and 2009. It means that
European biofuel use for transport reached the 12 Mtoe (4% share of biofuels consumed in road transport in the EU in
2009). Which is, however, long way short of the 18 Mtoe goal for 2010.
Source: Eurobserver, “Biofuels Barometer 2010”
Figure 7.2 Breakdown of total EU 2009 biofuel consumption for transport by biofuel type and energy content
Source: Eurobserver, “Biofuels Barometer 2010”
Figure 7.1 Evolution of the European Union (EU27) biofuels consumption for transport thend (ktoe)
Vegetable oil 0,9%
Biogas0,3%
Bioethanol19,3%
Biodiesel79,5%
2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Report 65
Table 7.2 Biofuels consumption for transport in the European Union in 2009 (ktoe)
2009
Bioethanol Biodiesel Other Total consumption
EU27 2.339,24 9.616,13 137,25 12.092,62
Austria 64,24 424,90 13,37 502,52
Belgium 37,57 221,25 – 258,82
Bulgaria 0 6,18 – 6,18
Cyprus 0 15,02 – 15,02
Czech Republic 51,09 119,81 – 170,90
Denmark 3,91 0,243 – 4,15
Estonia – – – –
Finland 79,32 66,28 – 145,60
France 455,93 2.055,55 – 2.511,49
Germany 581,68 2.224,35 88,37 2.894,40
Greece 0 57,44 – 57,44
Hungary 64,48 119,30 – 183,79
Ireland 19,73 54,26 – 73,99
Italy 118,01 1.048,98 – 1.167
Latvia 1,12 3,57 – 4,69
Lithuania 14,09 37,77 – 51,86
Luxembourg 0,74 39,91 0,49 41,15
Malta 0 0,583 – 0,58
Netherlands 138,65 228,88 – 367,53
Poland 136,04 568,99 – 705,04
Portugal 0 231,47 – 231,46
Romania 53,27 131,32 – 184,60
Slovakia 6,82 55,04 – 61,86
Slovenia 1,86 27,99 – 29,85
Spain 152,19 894,33 – 1.046,52
Sweden 199,44 159,77 35,01 394,23
United Kingdom 159,00 822,87 – 981,87
Source: Eurobserver, “Biofuels Barometer 2010”
The EU-biofuels directive from 2003 set a goal of 5.75% green fuel of total fuel consumption in Europe by 2010.
However, most MS are a long way from this target.
2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Report 66
Table 7.3 Capacity and production of biofuels in 2009 in EU MS
Country Capacity (million tons) Production (million tons)
Austria 0,707 0,310
Belgium 0,700 0,416
Bulgaria 0,435 0,025
Cyprus 0,020 0,009
Czech Republic 0,325 0,164
Denmark 0,140 0,233*
Estonia 0,135 0,024
Finland 0,340 0,220
France 2,505 1,959
Germany 5,200 2,500
Greece 0,715 0,077
Hungary 0,168 0,133
Ireland 0,080 0,017
Italy 1,910 0,737
Latvia 0,136 0,044
Lithuania 0,147 0,098
Luxembourg - -
Malta 0,008 0,001
Netherlands 1,936 0,323
Poland 0,580 0,332
Portugal 0,468 0,250
Romania 0,307 0,029
Slovakia 0,247 0,101
Slovenia 0,100 0,090
Spain 3,656 0,859
Sweden 0,212 0,233
United Kingdom 0,609 0,137 * including Sweden Sources: European commission/national biofuels reports, UFOP/European Biodiesel Board
In Europe most biofuel used in transport is essentially sourced from biodiesel (see graph below) which accounts for
79.5% of the total energy content, as opposed to 19.3% for bioethanol. The vegetable oil fuel share is becoming
negligible (0.9%) and for the moment the biogas fuel share is specific to Sweden and a few places in Germany.
Advanced biofuels are under development in different research and pilot plants in Europe but are not yet on the
market.
2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Report 67
The following table shows the production of biodiesel and bioethanol in 2009.
Table 7.4 Biofuel production in the EU member states in 2009
Biodiesel
(kt) Biodiesel
(ktoe) Bioethanol
(kt) Bioethanol
(ktoe)
EU27 9.046 8.050,9 3.673 2350,72
Austria 310 275,9 180 115,2
Belgium 416 370,2 143 91,52
Bulgaria 25 22,3 0
Cyprus 9 8,0 0
CzechRepublic 164 146,0 112 71,68
Denmark/Sweden 233 207,4 175 112
Estonia 24 21,4 0
Finland 220 195,8 4 2,56
France 1959 1.743,5 1250 800
Germany 2539 2.259,7 750 480
Greece 77 68,5 0
Hungary 133 118,4 150 96
Ireland 17 15,1 1,6 1,024
Italy 737 655,9 72 46,08
Latvia 44 39,2 15 9,6
Lithuania 98 87,2 30 19,2
Luxembourg 0 0,0 0
Malta 1 0,9 0
Netherlands 323 287,5 0
Poland 332 295,5 165 105,6
Portugal 250 222,5 0
Romania 29 25,8 0
Slovakia 101 89,9 118 75,52
Slovania 9 8,0 0
Spain 859 764,5 437 279,68
UnitedKingdom 137 121,9 70 44,8
Source: EurObserv'ER Biofuels Barometer 2010
2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Report 68
Since diesel has been the dominating fuel in final road transport consumption in the EU over the past decade, biofuel
production has largely been focused on biodiesel.
Biodiesel continued to be the leading biofuel in the EU with 79.5% of biofuel production in the year 2009. However,
European production of biodiesel only rose by 16.6% in 2009. This is well below the previous year-on-year growth rate
recorded (35.7%).
Figure 7.3 EU Biodiesel Trade Balance (extra-EU trade only)
Source: Article “International bioenergy trade—A review of past developments in the liquid biofuel market” ( Patrick Lamers, CarloHamelinck, Martin Junginger, André Faaij) Table 7.5 Types of feedstock for biodiesel production in the EU-27
Feedstock 2005 2006 2007 2008
Rapeseed 84% 70% 66% 64%
Sunflower 13% 4% 4% 5%
Soybean 1% 18% 17% 16%
Palm 1% 3% 7% 7%
Others 1% 6% 5% 8%
Source: USDA Foreign Agricultural Service, May 2008 ; Soy consumption for feed and fuel in the EU, Profundo.
2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Report 69
8 PELLETS
8.1 PELLETS PRODUCTION
Table 8.1 Pellets production in EU27 (kt)
Country 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
EU 27 2.628 3.520 5.782 6.294 6.669 9.241
Austria 450 617 700 625 695 850
Belgium - - - 485 223 286
Bulgaria - - 13 27 - 40
Czech Republic - - 27 168 - 223
Denmark 187 134 149 70 - 180
Estonia - - 383 - - 381
Finland - - - - 299 300
France 71 121 190 240 346 495
Germany 270 470 1.100 1.460 1.600 1.750
Greece - - 79 - - 33
Hungary - - 12 15 81 162
Ireland - - 15 15 - 27
Italy 240 300 600 700 550 600
Latvia - - 130 - - 223
Lithuania - - - - - 133
Netherlands 110 110 108 120 - 120
Poland 200 280 329 378 - 410
Portugal - - - - 400 430
Romania - - 108 111 - 157
Slovak Republic - - 100 117 - 117
Slovenia - - 115 - - 154
Spain - 30 95 163 900 120
Sweden 1.100 1.458 1.400 1.405 1.575 1.645
United Kingdom - - 129 194 - 138
Source: Pro Pellets Austria; Pelletsatlas, 2009; EPC
2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Report 70
Table 8.2 Pellets production capacity in EU27 (Kt)
Country 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
EU27 4.169 6.643 8.583 11.283 13.694 14.845
Austria 460 793 902 978 1.100 1.200
Belgium 15 60 215 550 550 550
Bulgaria - - 23 62 62 70
Czech Republic - - 118 258 258 300
Denmark 400 370 370 349 349 313
Estonia - 300 380 438 438 485
Finland 450 560 - - 700 650
France - - - 1.392 1.040 1.040
Germany 385 900 1.995 2.333 2.500 2.600
Greece - - 77 - 77 87
Hungary 0 0 - 110 125 200
Ireland - - 70 70 70 78
Italy 200 300 700 750 750 725
Latvia - 540 - 313 313 744
Lithuania - 120 - - 120 153
Netherlands 110 125 125 130 130 130
Poland 300 416 545 644 644 640
Portugal - - - - 875 875
Romania - 0 214 241 241 260
Slovak Republic - 87 - 142 142 142
Slovenia - - 165 - 165 185
Spain - 75 160 435 500 700
Sweden 1.400 1.716 2.032 2.200 2.300 2.500
United Kingdom - - 176 245 245 218
Source: Pro Pellets Austria; Pelletsatlas, 2009
2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Report 71
Table 8.3 Pellet producers
Country Number of producers
Austria 29
Belgium 7
Bulgaria 25
Czech Republic 14
Denmark 12
Estonia 6
Finland 27
France 61
Germany 47
Greece 5
Hungary 10
Ireland 2
Italy 27
Latvia 11
Lithuania 4
Netherlands 6
Norway 8
Poland 25
Portugal 15
Romania 21
Slovakia 14
Slovenia 4
Spain 39
Sweden 80
United Kingdom 15
EU27 499
Source: Pro Pellets Austria; Pelletsatlas, 2009
2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Report 72
8.2 PELLETS TRADE
Figure 8.1 Major wood pellet markets in Europe in 2009 (Kt)
Source : Sikkema, Steiner, Junginger, Hiegl, Hansen and Faaij, 2011. In BioFPR 5(3): 250-278 Table 8.4 Pellets export to EU27
2009 2010
Argentina 10 9
Australia 9 63
Belarus 75 90
Bosnia 54 44
Canada 520 926
Croatia 73 95
New Zealand
21
Norway 10 4
Russia 379 396
Serbia 18 26
South Africa 42 25
Switzerland 6 15
Ukraine 30 57
USA 535 736
total import to EU27 1,771 2,523
Source: Eurostat
-2000
-1500
-1000
-500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
Production Import Consumption Export
2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Report 73
Table 8.5 Pellets export within EU27
2009 2010 Main target country
Austria 159 285 IT
Belgium 119 47 FR
Bulgaria 11 8 IT
Czech Republic 72 100 AT, DE, IT
Denmark 20 112 DE, SE
Estonia 300 391 DK, SE
Finland 146 195 DK, SE
France 59 66 BE, DE, IT
Germany 350 554 AT, DK, IT,SE
Hungary 33 13 IT
Ireland 0 0
Italy 2 4
Latvia 194 448 DK, SE, EE, DE
Lithuania 74 157 DK, IT
Luxemburg 7 13 FR
Netherlands 67 113 BE
Poland 81 143 DK, IT
Portugal 123 240 DK, SE, UK
Romania 62 139 AT, IT
Slovakia 46 63 HU, IT
Slovenia 75 81 IT
Spain 59 138 FR, PT
Sweden 98 67 DK
United Kingdom 6 67 DK, SE
trade within EU27 2,164 3,445
Source: Eurostat
2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Report 74
Table 8.6 Pellets imports
Import from outside EU27 Import within EU27 total imports
2009 2010 2009 2010 2009 2010
Austria 2 1 202 284 204 285
Belgium 326 172 128 159 453 330
Bulgaria
0 0 1 0 1
Czech Republic 1 4 5 10 6 14
Denmark 132 327 602 1,250 734 1,576
Estonia 5 6 40 45 45 51
Finland 47 11 3 7 50 18
France
1 102 142 102 143
Germany 18 88 53 167 71 255
Hungary 1 2 26 42 27 43
Ireland 0 0 3 7 4 7
Italy 107 153 365 662 472 815
Latvia 2 4 4 5 5 9
Lithuania 63 28 2 16 66 44
Luxemburg
5 3 5 3
Netherlands 792 909 167 27 960 936
Poland 11 29 50 6 61 35
Portugal 0
24 64 24 64
Romania 0 0 0 3 0 3
Slovakia 1 2 2 2 3 4
Slovenia 55 68 2 3 57 71
Spain 0 0 2 13 2 13
Sweden 205 210 332 486 537 696
United Kingdom 3 511 42 40 45 551
EU27 1,771 2,523 2,164 3,445 3,935 5,968
Source: Eurostat
2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Report 75
8.3 PELLETS CONSUMPTION
Table 8.7 Total consumption of pellets in EU27 (kt)
Country 2005 2006 2007 2008 2010
EU 27 3.835 4.603 6.028 7.021 9.817
Austria 303 392 450 513 660
Belgium 730 735 920 920
Bulgaria - - - - 12
Czech Republic - - - - 3
Denmark 818 892 993 n.a. 1600
Finland 59 100 n.a. n.a. 213
France 40 90 135 n.a. 400
Germany 240 470 600 900 1200
Greece n.a. n.a. 1,31 n.a. 11
Hungary 10
Ireland n.a. 33 6 n.a. 30
Italy 270 340 567 850 850
Latvia n.a. 540 n.a. 312 39
Lithuania 20
Netherlands 487 486 705 912 913
Poland 25 30 32 35 300
Portugal 10
Romania n.a. n.a. 0,01 25 25
Slovakia 18
Slovenia n.a. n.a. 102 n.a. 112
Spain n.a. n.a. 4 10 95
Sweden 1.490 1.685 1.715 1.850 2200
United Kingdom n.a. n.a. n.a. 760 176
Source: Pro Pellets Austria; Pelletsatlas, 2009 Table 8.8 Pellets consumption for heat/power in Europe (kt)
Consumption sectors 2009 2010
Heat 1520 1520
Power 5025 5284
Only these countries are included: AT, BE, DE, FI, FR, HU, IT, PT, SE AT, BE, DE, FI, FR, HU, IT, PT, SE
Source: EPC The leading countries in the use of pellets were Sweden, Denmark, Italy, Germany and Austria.
2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Report 76
Table 8.9 European markets for residential pellet heating 2005 – 2008 (kt)
Country 2005 2006 2007 2008
Germany 240 470 600 900
Italy 270 340 567 850
Sweden 590 609 635 700
Austria 275 340 450 513
Latvia - 540 - 312
Belgium 40 30 35 120
Netherlands 36 37 40 37
Poland 25 30 32 35
Romania - - 0,01 25
Spain - - 3,5 10
United Kingdom - - - 10
Denmark 309 469 505 -
Finland 59 80 - -
France 40 90 135 -
Greece - - 1,305 -
Hungary - - 0,004 -
Ireland - 33 5,467 -
Slovenia - - 102 -
Source: Pro Pellets Austria ;Pelletsatlas 2009 As the following table and graph demonstrate the annual number of installed new pellets boilers is steadily increasing
year by year, with Italy having the strongest growth over the last years.
The main reasons for the growth in those countries are due to financial support programs for private households
(Germany, Austria, Sweden, Denmark) and/or high taxes on heating oil (Italy, Sweden) and electricity (Denmark).
Please note that different sources than in the previous tables were used here and therefore the data varies. In any case
more reliable statistics for small scale heating in Europe are needed.
2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Report 77
Table 8.10 Totally installed small scale pellet boilers in the leading countries 2001-2008
Country 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Austria
Small Boilers 22.000 28.000 36.900 47.400 51.300 62.400 - -
Stoves 2.950 5.250 9.550 15.190 16.940 19.990 22.000 26.000
Belgium
Small Boilers - - 282 1.100 - - 5.512 -
Stoves - - 1.671 6.972 - - 24.889 -
Denmark Small Boilers 39.000 50.000 42.000 46.000 47.000 50.000 - -
Finland Small Boilers 2.120 3.000 - - 10.000 - 21.000 23.000
France
Small Boilers 1.300 2.000 3.500 9.800 19.100 - - -
Stoves 10.200 13.050 22.050 35.550 45.050 - >70.000 -
Germany Small Boilers 18.150 27.250 44.000 70.000 83.000 105.000 122.500 137.000
Italy
Small Boilers 100.000 125.500 - - - - - -
Stoves 170.000 295.000 385.000 605.000 740.000 - 988.676 1.138.676
Spain Small Boilers - - 25 100 650 1.000 3.000 6.000
Sweden
Small Boilers 54.700 67.200 76.000 110.000 116.000 -
Stoves 6.200 8.400 10.600 14.000 - -
Source: Pro Pellets Austria; AIEL; Pelletsatlas 2009, EPC
In some countries pellets are used to produce electricity in order to comply with the directive on RES electricity
Table 8.11 Pellets use in power plants in Europe 2005-2008 (kt)
Country 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Netherlands 451 449 665 876 - -
Belgium - 700 700 800 820 820
Sweden 815 820 800 800 700 700
United Kingdom - - - 750 - -
Denmark 432 289 344 - - -
Source: Pro Pellets Austria; Pelletsatlas 2009, EPC
2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Report 78
Based on the target 20% RES and on the sub-target 25% RES heat and on the assumption that one third of the
additional biomass for heat is provided by pellets ca 50 Mt pellets would be needed in 2020, adding the use in power
plants the total demand for pellets might be between 50 to 80 Mt.
Table 8.12 Scenario pellets consumption 2020
Mt Mtoe
2000 1,4 0,56
2008 6,3 2,50
2020 50 – 80 20 -32
Source: AEBIOM Overview of world wide pellet production and woody biomass availability Figure 8.2 Pettets production (Mt) and woody biomass availability
Source : Sipilä, VTT; Pöyry
2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Report 79
9 BIOGAS
9.1 GENERALITIES
Biogas production has the advantage of reconciling two European Union policies: Renewable Energy Directive and the European organic waste management objectives in European regulations that require Member States to reduce the amount of biodegradable waste disposed of in landfills and to implement laws encouraging waste recycling and recovery. These policies have prompted a number of Member States to encourage biogas production. The biogas sector is gradually deserting its core activities of waste cleanup and treatment and getting involved in energy production: 8.3 Mtoe of primary biogas energy and 25.2 TWh of biogas electricity were produced in 2009 in EU. Across the European Union, the sector´s progress is as clear as daylight, as in 2009, primary energy growth leapt by a further 4.3%. Table 9.1 Primary production of biogas in the EU 27 in 2008 and 2009 (ktoe)
Source: Eurobserver, Biogas barometer 2010
2008 2009
Countries Landfill
Gas Sewage sludge
gas Other biogas
Total Landfill
Gas Sewage sludge
gas Other biogas
Total
EU25 2891,1 952,8 4155,3 7999,3 3001,6 1003,7 4340,7 8346,0
Germany 291,7 384,7 3553,1 4229,5 265,5 386,7 3561,2 4213,4
United Kingdom
1416,9 208,6 0,0 1625,4 1474,4 249,5 0,0 1723,9
France 379,3 45,5 28,3 453,1 442,3 45,2 38,7 526,2
Italy 339,8 3 67,2 410,0 361,8 5,0 77,5 444,3
Netherlands 44,4 48,8 132,5 225,7 39,2 48,9 179,8 267,9
Spain 157 19,7 26,6 203,2 140,9 10,0 32,9 183,7
Austria 4,8 21,9 147,8 174,5 4,9 18,9 141,2 165,1
Czech Republic
29,4 33,7 27,0 90,0 29,2 33,7 67,0 129,9
Belgium 46,7 1,5 39,4 87,6 44,3 2,1 78,2 124,7
Sweden 32,9 56,3 13,3 102,4 34,5 60,0 14,7 109,2
Denmark 6,4 20,2 67,2 93,8 6,2 20,0 73,4 99,6
Poland 34,2 59,4 2,6 96,1 35,5 58,0 4,5 98,0
Greece 28,3 5,1 0,2 33,6 46,3 12,2 0,2 58,7
Finland 34,1 10,9 0,0 45,0 30,6 10,7 0,0 41,4
Ireland 25,9 8,1 1,4 35,4 23,6 8,1 4,1 35,8
Hungary 2,1 8,0 11,7 21,8 2,8 10,3 17,5 30,7
Portugal 0,00 0,00 23,0 23,0 0,0 0,0 23,8 23,8
Slovenia 8,2 3,1 2,7 14,1 8,3 3,0 11,0 22,4
Slovakia 0,2 9,5 0,6 10,3 0,8 14,8 0,7 16,3
Luxembourg 0,0 0,0 9,2 9,2 0,0 0,0 12,3 12,3
Latvia 6,6 2,2 0,0 8,8 7,0 2,7 0,0 9,7
Lithuania 0,40 1,70 0,90 3,00 1,30 2,10 1,20 4,70
Estonia 2,00 0,90 0,00 2,80 2,00 0,90 0,00 2,80
Romania 0,00 0,00 0,60 0,60 0,10 0,70 0,50 1,30
Cyprus 0,00 0,00 0,20 0,20 0,00 0,00 0,20 0,20
2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Report 80
51,527,8
24,519,7
1816,2
12,411,711,5
10,98,187,77,4
5,24,34
3,13
2,62,22,1
1,40,20,1
16,7
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Germany
United Kingdom
Luxembourg
Austria
Denmark
Netherlands
Czech Republic
Sweden
Belgium
Slovenia
France
Ireland
Finland
Italy
Greece
Laatvia
Spain
Hungary
Slovakia
Poland
Portugal
Estonia
Lithuania
Cyprus
Romania
European Union
Figure 9.1 Primary biogas energy production per inhabitant for each European Union country in 2009 (toe/1000 inhab.) Source: Eurobserver, Biogas barometer 2010 Germany has opted to develop agricultural methanisation plants by encouraging the planting of energy crops. As a
result of this strategy, Germany is the leading European biogas producer, alone accounting for half of European primary
energy output (50.5% in 2009) and half of biogas-sourced electricity output (49.9% in 2009).
Table 9.2 Germany biogas statistics at a glance
End of 2009 End of 2010 Forecast for 2011
Number of plants
(there of feeding biomethane) 4.984 (30) 6.000 (50) 6.800 (80)
Installed electric capacity (MW) 1.893 2.280 2.560
Household supplied with electricity
from biogas (m) 3,5 4,3 4,9
Turnover in Germany (€) 4,44 m 4,70 m 4,71 m
Jobs 16.000 19.000 20.000
Export rate in % 10 16 23
Cultivated area for biogas (hectar) 650.000 750.000 810.000
Source: German Biogas Association
2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Report 81
Based on different studies and the experience of member countries the realistic potential for biogas until 2020 can be
calculated for the EU 27 as follows:
AEBIOM assumes that 25 Mio ha agricultural land (arable land and green land) can be used for energy in 2020 without
harming the food production and the national environment. This land will be needed to produce raw materials for the
first generation fuels, for heat, power and second generation fuels and for biogas crops. In the AEBIOM scenario
15 Mio ha land is used for first generation biofuels (wheat, rape, sugarbeet, etc.)
5 Mio ha for short rotation forests, miscanthus and other solid biomass production and
5 Mio ha for biogas crops
On this basis the potential for biogas in 2020 is estimated as follows:
Table 9.3 Biogas potential for 2020 in the EU27
Origin(according to template for National Renewable Energy Action Plans)
Potential Billion m³
Biomethane
2020
Assumed percentage of
use until 2020
Primary energy
Billion m³ Biomethane
Primary energy Mtoe
Agriculture 58,9 62% 36,4 31,3
Agricultural crops directly provided for energy generation (5% of arable land; calculation in annex)
27,2 100% 27,2 23,4
Agricultural by-products / processed residues
31,7 28% 9,2 7,9
straw 10,0 5% 0,5 0,4
Manure 20,5 35% 7,2 6,0
rest (landscape management) 1,2 40% 0,5 0,4
Waste 19,0 50% 9,5 8,2
Biodegradable fraction of municipal solid waste including biowaste (biodegradable garden and park waste, food and kitchen waste from households, restaurants, caterers and retail premises, and comparable waste from food processing plants) and landfill gas
10,0 40% 4,0 3,4
Biodegradable fraction of industrial waste (including paper, cardboard, pallets)
3,0 50% 1,5 1,3
Sewage sludge 6,0 66% 4,0 3,4
Total 77,9 59% 45,9 39,5
The realistic potential of methane derived from animal manure and energy crops and waste lies in the range of 40 Mtoe in 2020 as compared to a production of 5,9 Mtoe in 2007. The use of catch crops for biogas production was not considered in the calculation and offers an additional potential. Source: AEBIOM biogas roadmap 2009
2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Report 82
9.2 BIOGAS FOR ELECTRICITY
Biogas energy is mainly recovered in the form of electricity (table below). In 2009, 25.2 TWh was produced from biogas,
which is an increase of 17.9% on 2008. The bulk of biogas electricity (53.4%) is produced in methanisation plants,
followed by landfills (37.2%) and water treatment plants (9.4%). Increasingly cogeneration plants produce this
electricity and, at the same time, also supply heat.
Table 9.4 Gross biogas electricity output in the European Union in 2008 and 2009 (GWh)
Source: Eurobserver, Biogas barometer 2010
2008 2009
Countries Electricity plants CHP Total Electricity plants CHP Total
EU 17.365 3.992 21.356 20.397 4.773 25.170
Germany 8.837 1.142 9.979 11.325 1.237 12.562
United Kingdom 4.845 460 5.305 5.065 527 5.592
Italy 1.291 309 1.600 1.374 366 1.740
Netherlands 83 651 734 82 833 915
France 606 95 700 671 175 846
Austria 557 45 602 602 36 638
Spain 540 44 584 479 48 527
Belgium 174 159 333 175 287 462
Czech Republic 63 204 267 242 200 441
Denmark 2 297 299 1 324 325
Poland 0 252 252 0 319 319
Greece 171 20 191 184 34 218
Ireland 110 17 127 100 17 117
Hungary 0 68 68 0 95 95
Portugal 63 8 71 73 10 83
Slovenia 10 46 56 10 59 69
Luxembourg 0 44 44 0 53 53
Latvia 2 37 40 3 42 45
Sweden 0 30 30 0 34 34
Finland 0 29 29 0 31 31
Slovakia 1 14 15 1 20 21
Lithuania 0 9 9 0 15 15
Cyprus 0 12 12 0 12 12
Estonia 9 0 9 10 0 10
Romania 1 0 1 1 0 1
2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Report 83
9.3 BIOGAS FOR HEAT
Table below shows the heat production in the European Union. This was 173.8 ktoe in 2009, which is 8.3% up on 2008.
This figure only includes the heat sold to heating networks, no the heating produced that is used in the process itself.
Table 9.5 Biogas heat output in the European Union in 2008 and in 2009 in the transformation sector (ktoe)
Source: Eurobserver, Biogas barometer 2010
2008 2009
Heat plants only CHP plants Total heat Heat plants only CHP plants Total heat
Germany 8,2 10,9 19,1 15,2 15,4 30,6
Denmark 5,4 19,5 24,8 4,6 21,8 26,4
Finland 21,8 1 22,8 18,7 1,2 19,9
Poland 0,4 21,7 22,1 0,5 19 19,5
Italy 0 16,4 16,4 0 19,4 19,4
Sweden 10,9 8 18,8 6,5 9,2 15,7
Austria 4,3 5,3 9,5 5,3 5,3 10,5
Belgium 0,2 7 7,2 0,2 8,1 8,4
Luxembourg 0 6 6 0 6 6
Netherlands 0 2,5 2,5 0 5,3 5,3
Czech Republic 0 3,8 3,8 0 4 4
Slovakia 0,6 3,3 3,9 0,6 3,4 4
Slovenia 0 2 2 0 2,6 2,6
Romania 0,5 0,2 0,6 0,5 0,2 0,6
Lithuania 0 0,4 0,4 0 0,5 0,5
Latvia 0 0,5 0,5 0 0,4 0,4
Hungary 0 0,02 0,02 0 0,02 0,02
EU 27 52,2 108,3 160,5 52 121,8 173,8
2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Report 84
10 OVERVIEW ABOUT THE NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY ACTION PLANS
By June 2010 all the Member States (MS) were required to submit national renewable energy action plans (NREAP).
These plans, prepared in accordance with the template published by the Commission, provide detailed roadmaps of
how each MS expects to reach its legally binding 2020 target for the share of renewable energy in their final energy
consumption. These NREAP are indeed giving the main framework that gives trajectories and plans that will be followed
up by the Commission in the coming 10 years.
AEBIOM has compiled data from all these NREAPs, focusing in bioenergy sector, in order to contribute to a better
understanding of the bioenergy development in all EU countries, allowing easy comparison for further analysis. It has
been also considered the additional information in response to the Commission´s questions.
However, the data have been entered into the database manually, therefore, although checked, it is possible that
typing errors have occurred. The original NREAP documents remain the authentic versions and are available in
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/renewables/transparency_platform/action_plan_en.htm
10.1 ENERGY, BIOENERGY AND OTHER RENEWABLE
10.1.1 GROSS FINAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION
The Renewable Energy Directive addresses various subjects related to the development of renewable energies in the
European Member States, among others the legally binding share of renewable energy in gross final energy
consumption.
The NREAPs all provide projections for gross final energy consumption in the period 2010 –2020. Most MS have
specified two scenarios: a ‘reference scenario’ and an additional ‘energy efficiency scenario’. In the reference scenario
the EU-27 target of 20% renewable energy in the year 2020 is not being met; this is a logical result of the fact that all
projections have been designed to meet the target for the additional energy efficiency scenario.
On the other hand, the gross final energy consumption according to these two scenarios for some MS has been reduced
in order to compensate for a relatively large share of aviation in their gross final consumption of energy. This results in
a value ‘after aviation reduction’ in which the overall renewable share increase by 0.1% point.
In conclusion, for the purpose of calculating the overall renewable share the relevant parameter is the gross final
energy consumption in a reference scenario and after aviation reduction. In this graph it can be seen that in 2020 the
overall share of renewable, under these specifications, will reach 20.7%.
2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Report 85
Figure 10.1 Total gross final energy consumption in the energy efficiency scenario in EU27 and contribution from renewable sources (RES)
Source: Energy Research Centre of Netherlands The consumption of RES has significantly increased in recent years. On average this projection results in a growth for
overall renewables of approximately 12% for the period 2005 - 2020. Biomass is by far the most important source of
RES energy in Europe.
Figure 10.2 RES in EU27 and contribution from bioenergy
Source: Energy Research Centre of Netherlands
10.1.2 CONTRIBUTION EXPECTED FROM BIOENERGY IN EU27 IN 2020 Bioenergy is considered as the gross final energy consumption, made up of the sum of bioelectricity, biomass for heat,
bioheat and transport biofuels.
According to the NREAPs, biomass delivered in 2010 more than 85 Mtoe to the EU’s energy consumption, with 12%
electricity, 16% as transportation fuels and 72% as heat. Heating will continue being by far the most important sector
for bioenergy in 2020. Taking into account that heat covers more than half of the final energy consumption in Europe,
biomass should be a key sector for EU members to meet the 2020 targets.
8,5% 11,6%20,7%
1162 11841180
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
2005 2010 2020
Mto
e
Gross final energy consumption
RES
62,0% 62,3%
56,5%99
137
244
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
2005 2010 2020
Mto
e RES
Out of which bioenergy
2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Report 86
Table 10.1 Estimation of total contribution expected from bioenergy (ktoe)
Bioelectricity Biomass for heat and bioheat * Biofuels
2005 2010 2015 2020 2005 2010 2015 2020 2005 2010 2015 2020
EU27 5.936 9.737 14.344 19.697 52.522 61.782 72.882 89.756 2.821 13.819 19.460 28.859
Austria 243 406 415 443 3033 3415 3463 3607 35 330 370 490
Belgium 154 259 512 949 477 682 1178 2034 0 329 497 789
Bulgaria 0 0 56 75 724 734 929 1073 0 30 115 196
Cyprus 0 3 7 12 4 18 24 30 0 16 22 38
Czech Republic 62 166 414 531 1374 1759 2248 2517 3 243 438 623
Denmark 279 324 519 761 1759 2245 2526 2643 0 31 247 261
Estonia 3 21 30 30 505 612 626 607 0 1 35 89
Finland 831 696 850 1110 5490 4990 5810 6610 0 220 420 560
France 328 378 902 1476 9153 9953 12760 16455 403 2715 2925 3500
Germany 1206 2818 3619 4253 7260 9092 10388 11355 1742 3429 3070 5300
Greece 8 22 43 108 951 1012 1128 1222 1 107 386 617
Hungary 0 168 193 286 0 812 829 1277 5 144 250 506
Ireland 10 30 76 87 183 198 388 486 1 134 299 481
Italy 402 743 1179 1615 1655 2239 3521 5670 179 1016 1748 2480
Latvia 4 6 57 105 1114 1020 1147 1392 3 39 39 46
Lithuania 1 13 65 105 686 663 879 1023 4 55 109 167
Luxembourg 4 6 17 29 19 23 50 83 1 42 81 216
Malta 0 1 12 12 0 1 2 2 0 0 0 0
Netherlands 433 514 1148 1431 609 684 778 878 0 307 567 834
Poland 125 518 851 1223 0 3911 4227 5089 43 966 1327 1902
Portugal 170 206 289 302 2507 2179 2339 2322 0 281 429 477
Romania 0 0 0 0 3166 2794 2931 3876 0 224 363 489
Slovakia 3 52 116 147 358 447 576 690 0 82 137 185
Slovenia 10 26 54 58 445 415 495 526 0 41 79 192
Spain 228 388 513 861 3477 3583 4060 4950 258 1703 2470 3500
Sweden 651 914 1177 1441 7013 7978 8622 9426 144 340 528 716
UK 783 1060 1229 2249 560 323 958 3914 nm 996 2510 4205
Electricity12%
Heat72%
Transport16%
Total contribution of bioenergy in 2010 in EU27: 85,3 Mtoe
Electricity14%
Heat65%
Transport21%
Total contribution of bioenergy in 2020 in EU27: 138,3 Mtoe
Figure 10.3 Estimation of total contribution expected from bioenergy in EU27
2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Report 87
* Biomass for heat means the energy content of biomass before conversion (considered as final energy when used in
households, services and industry), while bioheat is the energy content of heat after conversion (considered as final
energy in DH and CHP plants).
* AEBIOM estimation, RHC vision document- “Biomass for heating and cooling”
10.2 BIOMASS SUPPLY
By 2020 the biomass supply in Europe should increase to meet the demand of all sectors of heat, electricity and
transport biofuels, rising from around 84 Mtoe in 2006 to around 129 Mtoe in 2020.
Forest and forest based industries are contributing the most to the biomass supply, and this should still be the case in
2020 (more than 53% of biomass supply), however the biggest increase should come from agriculture. Both increases
show that the potential for the further development of bioenergy in Europe is big.
20.000
124.000
32.000
19.697
89.756
28.859
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
Electricity Heat Transport
Kto
e AEBIOM´s estimation
NREAP
Figure 10.4 Estimation of bioenergy contibution in electricity, heat and transport sector in 2020 in EU27
88
Table 10.2 Estimated biomass domestic supply in 2006, 2015 and 2020 (ktoe)
Biomass from forestry Biomass from agriculture and fisheries Biomass from waste Total biomass supply
2006 2015 2020 2006 2015 2020 2006 2015 2020 2006* 2015** 2020**
EU 27 60.094 65.088 72.692 15.420 29.183 40.555 9.397 12.190 16.366 84.913 106.462 129.614
Austria 3.725 3.588 3.870 337 420 730 52 100 150 4.114 4.108 4.750
Belgium 814 732 869 87 1.670 1.030 368 561 536 1.269 2.963 2.435
Bulgaria 736 830 892 0 130 169 59 64 84 795 1.024 1.145
Cyprus 9 5 5 1 1 2 1 7 12 11 13 19 Czech Republic 1.536 2.529 2.716 32 286 358 76 113 183 1.644 2.928 3.257
Denmark 1.252 922 1.006 515 621 705 561 632 704 2.328 2.175 2.415
Estonia - - - - - - 2 - 2 2 - 2
Finland 7.078 6.980 8.060 67 279 397 137 160 196 7.283 7.419 8.653
France 11.029 13.455 15.229 1.193 3.005 4.210 1.345 1.890 2.290 13.567 18.350 21.729
Germany 9.792 12.218 11.966 7.357 7.847 9.133 955 2.126 2.317 18.104 22.190 23.416
Greece 729 164 164 202 1.268 1.659 33 36 36 964 1.468 1.859
Hungary 594 587 639 43 654 1.135 0 0 0 637 1.241 1.775
Ireland 122 170 258 60 598 1.397 8 235 435 190 1.002 2.090
Italy 880 1.600 4.000 1.033 2.600 6.500 711 940 2.350 2.624 5.140 12.850
Latvia - - - - - - - - - - - -
Lithuania 728 684 612 - 159 335 - 55 70 728 898 1.017
Luxembourg 23 49 107 10 25 39 16 23 27 49 97 173
Malta - - - - 5 5 - 5 5 - 10 10
Netherlands 462 376 559 8 1.201 2.050 0 2.198 2.677 470 3.775 5.286
Poland 4.173 2.002 2.081 461 1.763 2.929 227 1.151 1.758 4.861 4.916 6.768
Portugal 2.731 2.946 2.894 7 302 326 99 163 236 2.837 3.411 3.456
Romania 1.200 1.560 1.800 817 1.586 1.604 1.391 0 0 3.408 3.146 3.404
Slovakia 453 979 1.222 152 2.180 2.194 20 64 90 625 3.223 3.506
Slovenia 442 324 333 0 0 0 0 0 1 442 324 334
Spain 2.800 3.261 3.783 1.712 2.262 3.240 378 743 1.006 4.890 6.266 8.029
Sweden 8.205 9.128 9.628 617 322 408 764 926 1.202 9.586 10.376 11.238
UK 582 - - 709 - - 2.196 - - 3.487 - -
* Gross inland consumption ** Primary biomas
2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Report 89
Figure 10.5 Estimated primary biomass in 2020
* AEBIOM estimation, RHC vision document- “Biomass for heating and cooling”
10.3 ELECTRICITY SECTOR
Bioelectricity is expected to represent 19,5% of all renewable electricity in 2020 and it is expected to increase by 116
TWh between 2010 and 2020
On average 70% of bioelectricity should be produced from solid biomass and 24% from biogas in 2020.
129.614
200.000
20.000
0
50.000
100.000
150.000
200.000
250.000
NREAP AEBIOM*
Kto
e
Imports
15,3 % 18% 19,2% 19,5%
450627
865
1175
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
2005 2010 2015 2020
TWh
Renewables in electricity sector
out of which biomass
Figure 10.6 Estimation of total contributionof RES (installed capacity, gross electricity generation) expected in electricity for EU 27
2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Report 90
Table 10.3 Estimation of total contribution of RES (installed capacity, gross electricity generation) expected in electricity sector in 2020 (GWH)
Total renewable
electricity Out of which
biomass Solid Biogas Bioliquids
2010 2020 2010 2020 2010 2020 2010 2020 2010 2020
EU 27 627898 1175742 113249 229078 76706 159556 28720 63028 8633 12753
Austria 45383 52377 4720 5147 4131 4530 553 581 36 36
Belgium 4663 23120 3007 11038 2580 9575 393 1439 33 25
Bulgaria 3879 7537 2 871 - 514 2 357 - -
Cyprus 68 1175 30 143 - - 30 143 - -
Czech Republic 5072 11679 1930 6171
1306 3294 624 2871 - 6
Denmark 12412 20595 3772 8846 3578 6345 194 2493 - 8
Estonia 604 1913 241 346 - - - - - -
Finland 22660 33420 8090 12910 3930 7860 40 270 4120* 4780*
France 87369 155284 4391 17171 4506 13470 935 3701 - -
Germany 104972 216935 32778 49457 17498 24569 13829 23438 1450 1450
Greece 7838 27269 254 1259 73 364 181 895 - -
Hungary 2843 5597 1955 3324 1870 2688 85 636 - -
Ireland 5866 13909 347 1006 28 687 320 319 - -
Italy 66791 98885 8645 18780 4758 7900 2129 6020 1758 4860
Latvia 3036 5191 72 1226 8 642 64 584 - -
Lithuania 876 2958 147 1223 98 810 50 413 - -
Luxembourg 256 780 70 334 25 190 44 144 - -
Malta 15 433 9 135 - 85 9 50 - -
Netherlands 10636 50317 5975 16639 5103 11975 872 4664 - -
Poland 10618 32400 6028 14218 5700 10200 328 4018 0 0
Portugal 22751 35584 2400 3516 1092 8074 138 525 1170* 1523*
Romania 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Slovakia 5481 8000 610 1710 540 850 70 860 0 0
Slovenia 4510 6126 298 676 150 309 148 367 0
Spain 84034 150030 4517 10017 3719 7400 799 2617 0 0
Sweden 83635 97258 10632 16754 10513 16635 53 53 65 65
UK 31630 116970 12330 26160 5500 20590 6830 5570 0 0
* Finland and Portugal have listed black liquor as bioliquid in their National Action Plans.
2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Report 91
Table 10.4 Projected total biomass electricity generation [Gwh] for the period 2005-2020, all biomass input categories
2005 2010 2015 2020
EU 27 69041 113249 166821 229078
Austria 2823 4720 4826 5147
Belgium 1791 3006,9 5952,4 11038,5
Bulgaria 0 2 656 871
Cyprus 0 30 84 143
Czech Republic 721 1930 4820 6171
Denmark 3243 3772 6035 8846
Estonia 33 241 346 346
Finland 9660 8090 9880 12910
France 3819 4391 10496 17171
Germany 14025 32778 42090 49457
Greece 94 254 504 1259
Hungary 0 1955 2250 3324
Ireland 116 347 887 1006
Italy 4675 8645 13712 18780
Latvia 41 72 664 1226
Lithuania 7 147 761 1223
Luxembourg 46,1 70 200 334
Malta 0 8,68 139,8 135,48
Netherlands 5041 5975 13350 16639
Poland 1451 6028 9893 14218
Portugal 1976 2400 3358 3516
Romania 0 0 0 0
Slovakia 32 610 1349 1710
Slovenia 114 298 623 676
Spain 2653 4517 5962 10017
Sweden 7571 10632 13693 16754
UK 9109 12330 14290 26160
2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Report 92
Table 10.5 Calculated average annual growth for generation from biomass electricity [%/year] for four periods, all biomass input categories
2005-2010 2010-2015 2015-2020 2010-2020
EU 27 (average) 11,2 8,1 6,6 7,3
Austria 10,8 0,4 1,3 0,9
Belgium - 14,6 13,1 13,9
Bulgaria - 218,5 5,8 83,6
Cyprus - 22,9 11,2 16,9
Czech Republic 21,8 20,1 5 12,3
Denmark 3,1 9,9 7,9 8,9
Estonia 48,8 7,5 0 3,7
Finland -3,5 4,1 5,5 4,8
France 7,3 14 10,3 12,2
Germany 18,5 5,1 3,3 4,2
Greece 22 14,7 20,1 17,4
Hungary
2,9 8,1 5,5
Ireland 24,5 20,6 2,5 11,2
Italy 13,1 9,7 6,5 8,1
Latvia 11,9 55,9 13 32,8
Lithuania 83,8 38,9 10 23,6
Luxembourg 8,8 23,4 10,8 16,9
Malta
74,3 -0,6 31,6
Netherlands 3,5 17,4 4,5 10,8
Poland 33 10,4 7,5 9
Portugal 4 6,9 0,9 3,9
Romania - 98,2 7,2 45,8
Slovakia 80,3 17,2 4,9 10,9
Slovenia 21,2 15,9 1,6 8,5
Spain 11,2 5,7 10,9 8,3
Sweden 7,1 5,2 4,1 4,7
UK 6,2 3 12,9 7,8
69,6%
27,5%
5,5%Gross final consumption
of electricity300126 ktoe
Bioelectricity 6,56 %solid biomass
biogas
bioliquids
Figure 10.7 Estimated bioenergy consumption in electricity sector in 2020 in EU27
2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Report 93
10.4 HEAT SECTOR
Biomass for heat and bioheat are expected to be increased by 27 Mtoe between 2010 and 2020 Figure 10.8 Estimation of total contributionof RES expected in heating and cooling for EU 27
Source: Energy Research Centre of Netherlands For renewable heating and cooling the largest share in the year 2020 is from biomass (77.6%), notably solid biomass
(69.2%).
Figure 10.9 Estimated bioenergy consumption in heat sector in 2020 in EU27
90,5 %86,9 %
82,9 %
77,6%
55
68
85
111
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
2005 2010 2015 2020
Mto
e
Renewables in heating and cooling sector
out of which biomass
90%5%
5%Gross final consumption of energy in the heating
and cooling sector502059 ktoe
Biomass from heat and bioheat 18%
solid biomass
biogas
bioliquids
94
Table 10.6 Estimation of total contribution (final energy consumption) expected from biomass in heating and cooling sector (ktoe) 2005 2010 2015 2020
Biomass solid biogas bioliquid Biomass solid biogas bioliquid Biomass solid biogas bioliquid Biomass solid biogas bioliquid
EU 27 52.523 47.689 600 1.134 61.783 56.718 1.476 3.643 72.883 66.156 2.657 4.093 89.757 80.993 4.416 4.416
Austria 3.033 3.025 8 0 3.415 3.400 15 0 3.463 3.447 16 0 3.607 3.591 16 0
Belgium 477 475 2 0 682 669 9 4 1.178 1.138 26 14 2.034 1.947 55 32
Bulgaria 724 724 0 0 734 734 0 0 929 916 13 0 1.073 1.053 20 0
Cyprus 4 4 0 0 18 16 2 0 24 20 5 0 30 24 6 0
Czech Republic 1.374 1.351 23 0 1.759 1.706 53 0 2.248 2.137 110 0 2.517 2.350 167 0
Denmark 1.759 1.714 45 0 2.245 2.178 59 8 2.526 2.426 92 8 2.643 2.470 165 8
Estonia 505 505 0 0 612 612 0 0 626 626 0 0 607 607 0 0
Finland 5.490 5.450 40 - 4.990 2.710 30 2.240 5.810 3.300 30 2.470 6.610 3.940 60 2.610
France 9.153 9.067 86 0 9.953 9.870 83 0 12.760 12.500 260 0 16.455 15.900 555 0
Germany 7.260 6.794 154 313 9.092 7.516 912 664 10.388 8.389 1.312 688 11.355 8.952 1.692 711
Greece 951 951 - - 1.012 1.012 - - 1.128 1.128 - - 1.222 1.222 - -
Hungary - - - - 812 812 0 - 829 800 0 - 1.277 1.225 56 -
Ireland 183 176 7 0 198 188 10 0 388 362 26 0 486 453 33 0
Italy 1.655 1.629 26 0 2.239 2.206 26 7 3.521 3.404 83 33 5.670 5.254 266 150
Latvia 1.114 1.113 1 - 1.020 1.013 7 - 1.147 1.109 38 - 1.392 1.343 49 -
Lithuania 686 685 1 0 663 657 6 0 879 851 28 0 1.023 973 50 0
Luxembourg 19 16 3 - 23 19 5 0 50 39 12 0 83 70 13 0
Malta 0 - - - 1 0 1 - 2 0 2 - 2 0 2 -
Netherlands 609 540 69 - 684 573 111 - 778 604 174 - 878 650 228 -
Poland - - - - 3.911 3.846 65 - 4.227 3.996 231 - 5.089 4.636 453 -
Portugal 2.507 1.785 10 713 2.179 1.514 10 655 2.339 1.515 23 801 2.322 1.484 37 801
Romania 3.166 0 0 0 2.794 2.793 1 0 2.931 2.919 10 2 3.876 3.845 20 11
Slovakia 358 357 1 - 447 443 4 - 576 540 36 - 690 630 60 -
Slovenia 445 401 0 43 415 415 0 0 495 483 0 12 526 497 0 28
Spain 3.477 3.441 36 0 3.583 3.550 33 0 4.060 3.997 63 0 4.950 4.850 100 0
Sweden 7.013 6.992 21 65 7.978 7.961 17 65 8.622 8.607 14 65 9.426 9.415 11 65
UK 560 493 67 - 323 305 18 - 958 904 54 - 3.914 3.612 302 -
2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Repot 95
Table 10.7 Calculated average annual growth for energy from biomass heat [%/year] for four periods, all biomass input categories
2005-2010 2010-2015 2015-2020 2010-2020
EU 27 (average) 3,6 3,6 4,3 3,9
Austria 2,4 0,3 0,8 0,5
Belgium 7,4 11,5 11,5 11,5
Bulgaria 0,3 4,8 2,9 3,9
Cyprus 34,2 5,7 4,5 5,1
Czech Republic 5,1 5 2,3 3,6
Denmark 5 2,4 0,9 1,6
Estonia 3,9 0,5 -0,6 -0,1
Finland -1,9 3,1 2,6 2,9
France 1,7 5,1 5,2 5,2
Germany 4,6 2,7 1,8 2,2
Greece 1,3 2,2 1,6 1,9
Hungary
0,4 9 4,6
Ireland 1,6 14,4 4,6 9,4
Italy 6,2 9,5 10 9,7
Latvia -1,7 2,9 3,4 3,2
Lithuania -0,7 5,8 3,1 4,4
Luxembourg 4,8 16,3 10,2 13,2
Malta
17 -4,9 5,5
Netherlands 2 6,5 9,2 7,8
Poland
1,6 3,8 2,7
Portugal -2,8 1,4 -0,1 0,6
Romania
Slovakia 4,5 5,2 3,7 4,4
Slovenia -1,4 3,6 1,2 2,4
Spain 0,6 2,5 4 3,3
Sweden 2,2 2 1,8 1,9
UK -10,4 24,3 32,5 28,3
10.5 TRANSPORT SECTOR
Following table shows the contribution of the renewable transport energy carriers.
Biofuels are expected to be increased by 15 Mtoe between 2010 and 2020, this should represent more than 88% of the
renewable energies used in transport by 2020.
Following graph also presents the share of renewables in transport according to the Directive definition. For the year
2020 the target largely surpasses the target of 10%: a share of 11.3% is being reached.
2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Repot 96
Table 10.8 Estimation of total contribution expected from each renewable energy technology in 2020 in the transport sector (ktoe)
Total renewables energies
Biofuels Hydrogen Renewable electricity
Others
EU 27 32.715 28.859 2 3.110 743
Austria 856 490 0 272 94
Belgium 886 789 0 97 0
Bulgaria 205 196 0 5 4
Cyprus 38 38 0 0,56 0
Czech Republic 691 623 0 19 49
Denmark 290 261 0 29 0
Estonia 90 89 0 0,6 0,3
Finland 600 560 0 40 0
France 4.062 3.500 0 402 160
Germany 6.140 5.300 0 667 173
Greece 634 617 0 16,5 0
Hungary 535 506 0 24 5
Ireland 519 481 0 37 0,9
Italy 2.899 2.480 0 369 50
Latvia 83 46 0 6 31
Lithuania 170 167 0 2 0
Luxembourg 226 216 0 10 0
Malta 37 - 0 37 0
Netherlands 905 834 0 71 0
Poland 2.018 1.902 0 50 66
Portugal 535 477 0 58 0
Romania 551 489 2 52 6
Slovakia 207 185 0 17 5
Slovenia 203 192 0 10 0
Spain 3.855 3.500 0 351 4
Sweden 1.008 716 0 198 94
UK 4.472 4.205 0 267 0
2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Repot 97
1
A
* Art 21 of RES directive (2009/28/EC) According to NREAPs data, biodiesel has the largest contribution in 2020 (66%), followed by bio-ethanol (22%). Figure 10.11 Contribution of bioethanol and biodiesel in the transport sector in EU27
528
2869
7283
2368
10951
21575
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
2005 2010 2020
kto
e
Bioethanol
Biodiesel
9%
Gross final consumption of energy in the
transport sector314792 ktoe
Biofuels
Hydrogen
Renewable electricity
Others
Figure 10.10 Estimated bioenergy consumption in transport sector in 2020 in EU27
9%
Biofuels
of which advanced biofuels (Art. 21)*
2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Repot 98
Table 10.9 Estimation of total contribution expected from biofuels in 2020 (ktoe)
Biofuels
of which advanced biofuels (Art 21)
EU 27 28.859 2.622
Austria 490 0
Belgium 789 127
Bulgaria 196 162
Cyprus 38 37,8
Czech Republic 623 244
Denmark 261 131
Estonia 89 0
Finland 560 180
France 3.500 0
Germany 5.300 572
Greece 617 0
Hungary 506 22
Ireland 481 0
Italy 2.480 350
Latvia 46 33
Lithuania 167 0
Luxembourg 215 0
Malta 0 13
Netherlands 834 155
Poland 1.902 176
Portugal 477 8
Romania 489 105
Slovakia 185 55
Slovenia 192 0
Spain 3.500 252
Sweden 716 0
UK 4.205 0
2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Repot 99
Table 10.10 Projected total bioethanol in transport [ktoe] for the period 2005-2020
2005 2010 2015 2020 2020 [%]
EU 27 528 2794 4840 7121 100
Austria 0 54 61 80 1
Belgium 0 37 47 91 1
Bulgaria 0 0 15 42 1
Cyprus 0 0 3 15 0
Czech Republic 0 50 91 128 2
Denmark 0 13 95 94 1
Estonia 0 0 14 38 1
Finland 0 70 120 130 2
France 75 550 550 650 9
Germany 144 639 996 857 12
Greece - 43 256 414 6
Hungary 5 34 106 304 4
Ireland 0 40 90 139 2
Italy 0 148 374 600 8
Latvia 0 14 19 18 0
Lithuania 1 13 30 36 1
Luxembourg 0 5 9 23 0
Malta - - - - -
Netherlands 0 168 218 282 4
Poland 28 279 334 451 6
Portugal 0 0 24 27 0
Romania - - - - -
Slovakia 0 15 30 75 1
Slovenia 0 4 8 19 0
Spain 113 232 301 400 6
Sweden 144 251 358 465 7
UK 18 135 692 1743 24
Source: Energy Research Centre of Netherlands
2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Repot 100
Table 10.11 Projected total biodiesel in transport [ktoe] for the period 2005-2020
2005 2010 2015 2020 2020 [%]
EU 27 2378 10802,7 14258,8 21250,2 100
Austria 35 276 309 410 2
Belgium 0 292 449 698 3
Bulgaria 0 30 100 154 1
Cyprus 0 15,7 19,8 23,2 0
Czech Republic 3 193 347 495 2
Denmark 0 18 152 167 1
Estonia 0 1 21 51 0
Finland 0 150 300 430 2
France 328 2165 2375 2850 13
Germany 1598 2790 2074 4443 21
Greece 1 64 130 203 1
Hungary 0 110 144 202 1
Ireland 1 94 209 342 2
Italy 179 868 1374 1880 9
Latvia 3 25 20 28 0
Lithuania 3 42 79 131 1
Luxembourg 1 37 72 193 1
Malta - - - - -
Netherlands 0 139 350 552 3
Poland 15 687 993 1451 7
Portugal 0 281 405 450 2
Romania - - - - -
Slovakia 0 67 107 110 1
Slovenia 0 37 72 174 1
Spain 145 1471 2169 3100 15
Sweden 9 89 170 251 1
UK 57 861 1818 2462 12
Source: Energy Research Centre of Netherlands
2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Repot 101
Table 10.12 Projected other biofuels in transport [ktoe] for the period 2005-2020
2005 2010 2015 2020 2020 [%]
EU 27 199 211 269 780 100
Austria 8 63 71 94 12
Belgium 0 0 0 0 0
Bulgaria 0 0 0 4 1
Cyprus 0 0 0 0 0
Czech Republic 0 0 0 49 6
Denmark 0 0 0 0 0
Estonia 0 0 0 0 0
Finland 0 0 0 0 0
France 0 0 30 160 21
Germany 177 102 35 173 to 261 28
Greece - - - - -
Hungary 0 0 1 5 1
Ireland 1 1 1 1 0
Italy 0 5 27 50 6
Latvia 0 0 10 31 4
Lithuania 0 0 0 0 0
Luxembourg 0 0 0 0 0
Malta - - - - -
Netherlands - - - - -
Poland - - 26 66 8
Portugal 0 0 0 0 0
Romania - - - - -
Slovakia 0 0 0 5 1
Slovenia - - - - -
Spain 0 0 1 4 1
Sweden 13 40 67 94 12
UK 0 0 0 0 0
Source: Energy Research Centre of Netherlands
2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Repot 102
2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Repot 103