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NURUL HIDAYAH BT MANSORD20091034826

MOHD HELMEE BIN HUSSIN D20091034828

WIJAYANTI BT AKHMAD D20091034833

NORIZA BT ISHAKD20091034845

NABILAH BT YUSOFD20091034854

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They grow crops such as oil palm, rubber tree and rice

• oil palm, rubber tree and rice are commercial crops•They live in rural areas which have fertile soil•Because of dry seasons, the production of crops will decrease. So effect the farmers income•The land in the village is suitable for growing crops

•Why the farmers choose to grow these types of plants?•Which crops can survive during the drought seasons?why?•What condition that allow that plants to grow?•Does the photorespiration occur in C3 crops during drought?•What are the differences between crops that the farmer grow?

•Surfing the internet•Analyse journal

Why farmers choose to grow these types of

plants?

Paddy plant

Palm oil plant

Rubber tree

Grow mainly in Asian – Swamp plant

Main source of food for nearly half the worlds’s population

The paddy are planted with aluvium soil and at low land areas and some at upland

The soils have dark colour ,loamy texture, high humus, high water holding capacity, high base exchange capacity, neutral to saline pH, humid or swampy nature and rich in potassium in most of the areas. The soils are suitable for crops that require humid soils

Minimum temperature 20 ⁰C

Grown partly submerged in paddy fields

Fields are flooded and then ploughed

Young rice plants are planted in the rich mud

with high rainfall minimum 1 600 mm/yr in tropical climates within 10° of the equator

Water table : at least 1m from the surface

Topography : flat lands to gently undulating

Temperature : 28 ⁰C -33⁰C

Suitable soil for oil palm

•Oil palm can be grown on a wide range of soils. •The most suitable soil would be one with a deep, well drained and well structured with unrestricted rooting medium of reasonably good water holding capacity. •flat or undulating land is more preferred •Oil Palm grow on a wide range of soil types, provided good drainage and pH between 4 and 7. The plant tolerates periodic flooding or a high water table; many soils are alluvial in nature. Irrigation is generally not practiced.•the oil palms are normally planted on terraces as a means of soil conservation measure to prevent soil erosion

Climate : tropical rain forest

Sunshine : at least 5 hours per day

Soil : water-retaining alluvial soil

Soil- laterite, lateritic types, sedimentary types, nonlateritic red or alluvial soils

Rainfall- 250 cm evenly distributed without any marked dry season and with at least 100 rainy days per year

Temperature - about 20°C to 34°C with a monthly mean of 25°C to 28°C

Suitable soil for rubber tree•The soil requirement of the plant is

generally well-drained weathered soil consisting of laterite or alluvial soils

•Alluvial soil from which forests have been cleared is best suited for the growth of rubber plant.

•Rubber also is cultivated on porous, well-drained laterite soil.

high atmospheric humidity of around 80%

bright sunshine amounting to about 2000 hours per year at the rate of 6 hours per day throughout the year

absence of strong winds

Does the photorespiration occur in c3

crops during the drought??

Light dependent reaction

Light independent reaction

As its name suggests, RUBISCO catalyzes two different reactions: adding CO2 to ribulose bisphosphate — the

carboxylase activity adding O2 to ribulose bisphosphate — the

oxygenase activity.

Which one predominates depends on the relative concentrations of O2 and CO2 with high CO2, low O2 favoring the carboxylase

action, high O2, low CO2 favoring the oxygenase

action.

The light reactions of photosynthesis liberate oxygen and more oxygen dissolves in the cytosol of the cell at higher temperatures. Therefore, high light intensities and high temperatures (above ~ 30°C) favor the

second reaction

The uptake of O2 by RUBISCO forms: the 3-carbon molecule 3-phosphoglyceric

acid — just as in the Calvin cycle the 2-carbon molecule glycolate.

The glycolate enters peroxisomes where it uses O2 to form intermediates that

enter mitochondria where they are broken down to CO2.

So this process uses O2 and ATP and liberates CO2

O2 + RuBP phosphoglycolate + glycerate 3-phospahate

WHAT ARE DIFFERENCES

BETWEEN CROPS THAT THE FARMER

GROWTH?

C3 PLANT C4 PLANT

PALM OIL BROMELIAD

RUBBER TREE CACTUS

LET US NOW TAKE A CLOSELY LOOK AT C3 AND C4 PLANT..

• C3 plants-more than 95% of earth's plant species, use rubisco to make a three-carbon compound as the first stable product of carbon fixation.

• C3 adapt in where light levels may be low, because the metabolic pathway is more energy efficient, and if water is plentiful, the stomata can stay open and let in more carbon dioxide.

• However, carbon losses through photorespiration are high.

• C4 plants possess biochemical and anatomical mechanisms to raise the intercellular carbon dioxide concentration at the site of fixation

• This reduces, and sometimes eliminates, carbon losses by photorespiration.

• C4 plants, which inhabit hot, dry evironments, have very high water-use efficiency, so that there can be up to twice as much photosynthesis per gram of water as in C3 plants.

• C4 metabolism is inefficient in shady or cool environments. Less than 1% of earth's plant species can be classified as C4

C3 PLANT C4 PLANT

dicotyledon plants monocotyledon

stem are much more wider (2nd growth)

Less than C4 (no 2nd growth)

Short but wider leaf Leaves are much more longer

more stomata particularly in the lower leaf surface (abaxial)

C4 plants can have them on both surfaces

In cool, wet, and cloudy inhabit hot, dry environments

TEMPERATURE: C3 (10-25 °C) C4 (30-45 °C)

C3 PLANT C4 PLANT

bundle sheath cells do not contain chloroplasts

bundle sheath cells contain chloroplasts

carbon fixation and Calvin Cycle reactions occur in mesophyll cells ( presence of oxygen )

carbon is fixed in mesophyll cells, then transported to bundle sheath cells where Calvin Cycle reactions occur in the absence of oxygen

C3 plants are more adapted to environments with more carbon dioxide

C4 plants are more adapted to environments with more oxygen

Less thicker than C4 plant C4 plants have thicker bundle sheath cell layers

ANATOMY OF THE C3 AND C4 PLANT

THANK YOU..