2010 - Craig a. Evans - Prophet, Sage, Healer, Messiah, And Martyr. Types and Identity of Jesus

7/27/2019 2010 - Craig a. Evans - Prophet, Sage, Healer, Messiah, And Martyr. Types and Identity of Jesus

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PROPHE, SAGE, HEALER, MESSIAH, AND MARYR:YPES AND IDENIIES OF JESUS

Craig A. Evans

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b. Hw, h hll l l lb h J hm-l m h . I, h hh w bbl h ; h h - w m . F xml, b IlMh l wh h h ml-wk hl m, l - m, J h lklh h h h l wk Jlm. I h, J l

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1218 craig a. evans

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J I b h m. S l J lmG l, l h J hml mh Il, l wh h l, J w l . B lk h l h l b h .

O J mb - l b h h m l q w h l mx . m w xml: T lw M l h (D 18:1519; 34:10). D h k h (.

11QP XXVII, 211, . l 11 [D m hh h-]; A 1:16; 4:25; Epistula Apostolorum 19 [h h hh D], 35; P. Ox. 5 ). H Slm hl w m (. Sol. 3.5; Jh, Ant. 8.4549), wll h(g. P 72:1 [m b Slm, h]). M Elh mm lk hll x (Mk 9:4;Deut. Rab. 3.17 [ D 10:1]; Pesiq. Rab. 4.2); h Mh Elh mm lk (Mk 9:1113; b. Erubin 43b; Pesiq.Rab. 35.3; g. Ps.-J. D 30:4; Exod. Rab. 18.12 [ Ex 12:42]); h Mh mm lk wh M (Frag. g. [ hNeo.] Ex 12:42; g.Song4:5 Mh D . . . lk M).Sm h wk ml (.., Elh Elh, Ih).

Sm Ol m m h . Ohk Mlhzk, wh bh k (G14:1824), wll h Sml, wh w bh h (1 Sm 2:35; 3:20) , l h Sl h

Bm, m l Il de acto k (1 Sm8:49). J hml, hh ll Rbb h mm kwl h, m q-l m, l m l (Mk 1:41), (Mk 2:5; Lk 7:4748), (M 5:2324; 23:1820; Mk 12:3234), m h ml z h l (Mk 11:1518,wh l I 56:7 J 7:11, bh wh mlm).

I h h llw I hll J - : h, , hl, mh, m. I


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types and identities o jesus 1219

hm h q, b I hk h hw, m, Jw b h l bl b h l llw.

1. Jesus as Prophet

T h J w hml h mll.1 I ml h lm h l G, ll , w m (Mk 1:15; Lk 4:43; 11:20). Jm h Il l h, whlkw lm h l G.2 I J lm w

ll bbl b Ih lm, ll - h h Am-k .3 A h l h,4 wll Jh h B (M 3:2, 8, 11; .),J l ll Il (M 11:2021; 12:41; Mk 6:12;Lk 5:32; 13:3; 15:7, 10).

D h J hml h h l: A h wh h [ ], x h w , m h wk, h w h (Mk 6:4; . M 13:57: Jh 4:44).5

b , h bl, ll h Gk-k

1 F , M. D. Hk, Te Signs o a Prophet: Te PropheticActions o Jesus (Hb: P Il, 1997); M. R, Jesus andJudgment: Te Eschatological Proclamation in Its Jewish Context (Ml: F-, 1997); D. C. All J., Jesus o Nazareth: Millenarian Prophet (Ml:F, 1998); W. R. Hz II, Prophet and eacher: An Introduction to the His-torical Jesus (Lll: Wm Jh Kx P, 2005).

2 S I 6:5; 33:22; 43:15; 44:6; J 8:19; 10:10; Ezk 20:33; . P 5:2; 44:4; 47:7;68:24; 74:12; 84:3; 95:3; 145:1.

3

T lm, Bhl G! (I 40:9), h Am ,T km [or l] G l! S l I 52:7 Hbw Am. F m h km G Am Ih, B. D. Chl,Te Glory o Israel: Te Teology and Provenience o the Isaiah argum, JSOS 23(Shl: JSO P, 1982), 7781. F l h Ol m bk, G. R. Bl-M, Jesus and the Kingdom o God (G R: Em,1986); B. D. Chl, T Km G R D, Studying theHistorical Jesus: Evaluations o the State o Current Research, . B. D. Chl C.A. E, NS 19 (L: Bll, 1994), 255280.

4 S I 1:27; J 5:3; 8:6; 9:5; 26:19; 34:15; Ezk 14:6; 18:30; Zh 1:6; . 1 K8:4748; 2 Ch 6:3738.

5 T Lk m h (l, I , h bl [] h w ) lkl l, lk J - wh h l h q m Ih 61 ( lm hbl [] h L. Cm Lk 4:19 wh 4:24.


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1220 craig a. evans

wl,6 b h hl h h h .G h xl m J h -E ,

hl hl x h whh J (l) h, , h h h ll whh h w .7

T h h l h m . Jlm b Jlm, lm Q, wh lm h, ml h J b wh hh b Il: O Jlm, Jlm, kll hh h wh ! Hw f wl Ih h hl h h h h b

h w, wl ! (M 23:37 = Lk 13:34).T bl m h J w h (. Mk 6:1415;8:2728, h h) l bbl.

T l w whh J hll h -b h h h. I (Mk8:1112) Ph q J m h ( ), whh J : Wh h k ? l, I , hll b h -. T q m h wh hml. O hk Ih l Ahz: Ak [ /] h L G; l b Shl hh h (I 7:11; . . 14, h L hml wll ).S Ih, Jmh, Ezkl, Dl. T - wh h lm mlz h M lw(.., D 13:1 I h m , m m, [ / ] . . .). I h -, wh h q h (Mk 11:2733), J

m hml wh Jh h B, b h Jwh -l h (. 32). T l J -q h,

6 A D Chm, Disc. 47.6 ( h ll h hlh hl l h hm ); All , Ep. 44 (l w mw l m); h.

7 T l h , m h w k, h w h,m wll b l l, h h x h l Chmm. S l h h Tm (. Gos. Tom. 31: . . . h-

hl h wh kw hm), wh l l , Lk (. Lk 4:23, Ph, hl l), wll h, h l S x whh Tomas wm.


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lk Jh, J h wh h m h m hm.

T h ml, wh q h l. Af J h ww (Lk 7:1117), h w l G, , A h h m ! G h h l! (. 16). Wh h l l b h, h bbl Lkl.8 I h h l wm (Lk 7:3650), Sm hPh : I h m w h, h wlh kw wh wh wm h wh hhm, h (. 39). Alhh h h h -

l, l ll l, h q J h wh J wb m b m b h. Ubl m h llw bl h J w h, whl m . T l Lk h , wh h- l . Af w m Ph,J l: Nhl I m m w m-w h llw; b h h hlh w m Jlm (Lk 13:33).9

T l wll m b mm b h ml h h Il. I - (Mk 6:4) J l h h wh h x h hm . I h (M 23:37 = Lk 13:34) hlm h Jlm kll h h; h h h h h w m Jlm (Lk 13:33). Th h h w hm hll J l-. H h h

wh lm h l G, ll Il , x hm ll Jlm.10

8 T Lk l h hm ( /); . Lk 1:68, 78; 7:16; 19:44.

9 F l m h h , J. A. Fzm, Te Gos-pel according to Luke XXXIV, AB 24A (G C: Dbl, 1985) 1028; I. H.Mhll, Te Gospel o Luke, NIGC (G R: Em, 1978) 56970.

10 Oh , whh h h J m, h - l m b h l. Am h -

h l h w, h Jlm: T hh J m Nzh Gll (M 21:11). N h h ml , h Mh l h l h ml-, b h hl hm b h (21:46). I h -E ,


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1222 craig a. evans

O m lk h mk h J hh h m h . Af h l-

Jwh l m J, h h,k hm, k hm h (Mk 14:65), h , m- h l b wh h k hm, hh h bll (M 26:68 = Lk 22:64). T m h J h mk l J m hmwh h b h.

Sm J ml ll ml wh Ilh. T Lk l xl m h , - bw J h h Elh

Elh. J m wl l, whh l h wh h ml Il (.., h wl b Il), m h bh h m m h l h Elhbl wh wl , h mb h b h Jb, whm h w h L m, , Ilhll b m (1 K 18:31; . Ex 28:21; 39:14). Wh wh h h mlm l. l l lJ l h Jh, wh l m, l J h h. S lwh J w h m h mb h l Nh, wh h h Jh(M 12:39, 41 = Lk 11:30, 32).

S b J wh lm h, wll mb h , l h J hml h.11 T - w b h llw bbl mb h wh w l m h llw, b

w hll b , , m.

Lk h h l h b z J: CJ Nzh, wh w h mh w b G llh l (Lk 24:19). T m h Fh Gl J b a the h (Jh 4:19; 7:40; 9:17). E h , Sh wll h h m Gll (Jh 7:52), ml h m J h, h .

11

J h bbl h bl h V(Mk 12:19), wh h m (l b J hml) lk b h h (l b - Il h).


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2. Jesus as Sage (or Rabbi)

B Chl h h J bb .12

Af ll, J ll bb b h l h (M 26:25,49; Mk 9:5; 10:51; 11:21; 14:45; Jh 1:38, 49; 3:2, 26; 4:31; 6:25;9:2; 11:8).13 T mb w l wh J h (h , ;. Mk 4:38; 5:35; 9:17, 38; 10:17, 35; 12:14, 19; m m).T h b h m bb xll (Jh 1:38; 20:16; . M 23:8; Jh 3:2).14 T mb h w l m

(), whh h Lk l (. 5:5; 8:24,45; 9:33, 49; 17:13).15

N l J bb h, h l l-lw ll l (),16 wh Hbw/Amql ,17 h , l (m , l). T l wh hml l bb Jm, hh h mh l.18

T m lll bw J h h bb, wll h m m bw J h bb , m h

12 B. D. Chl, A Galilean Rabbi and His Bible: Jesus Use o the InterpretedScripture o His ime, GNS 8 (Wlm: Glz, 1984); m, Profles o a Rabbi:Synoptic Opportunities in Reading about Jesus, BJS 177 (Al: Shl P,1989); m, Rabbi Jesus: An Intimate Biography. Te Jewish Lie and eaching thatInspired Christianity (Nw Yk: Dbl, 2000); W. E. Ph, Te Wisdom andWit o Rabbi Jesus (Lll: Wm/Jh Kx P, 1993); B. Wh,

Jesus the Sage: Te Pilgrimage o Wisdom (Ml: F, 1994); B. H. Y,Jesus the Jewish Teologian (Pb: Hk, 1995); m, Meet the Rabbis:Rabbinic Tought and the eachings o Jesus (Pb: Hk, 2007).

13 I h Gk l w m h z , whhl , w w (Mk 10:51; Jh 20:16), whh -l . T ll m h Gk Am m h l.

14 Rbb lll m m .15 P 70 CE h Rbb ml, m, lk

h l ml , whh b mmf h Jlm h ml.

16 Mk 2:15, 16, 18, 23; 3:7, 9; 4:34; 5:31; Q: Lk 6:20; 10:23; 12:22; 14:26.27.17

F xml, m. Abot1:1, 11; 2:8; 5:12; 6:6.18 T, , h lw [], b whh w l[] m l hm (4 M1:17).


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1224 craig a. evans

J bb.19 J q h h , whh wh h bb h

(M 4:23; 9:35; Mk 1:21; 6:2; Lk 4:15; 6:6; 13:10; Jh 6:59). Ih l h bb h , J w wh hh (M 5:1; 26:55; Mk 12:41; Lk 4:20; 5:3; . M 23:2,wh J h b Ph wh h M [ ], wll h b.Meg. 21 wh ). M, J m- m hm wh b, wh w :A h w h h h, h h hm wh h h, h b (Mk 1:22). O

J hml . H k Ph wh -z h l lk h Sbbh: H wh D , wh h w w h . . .?(Mk 2:25; . M 12:3). I h lml x, J kh l l: H h : T

whh h bl h bm h h h . . .? (Mk 12:10). L h k h S, wh h q b : A h b, h h bk M h bh bh, hw G hm, I m h G Abhm, hG I, h G Jb? (Mk 12:26). I wh ll x (), wh h k wh m h l l, J k : Wh w h Lw?Hw ? (Lk 10:26). J l b whwh w bb l: Smll (.., b. Sabb.97; b. Ketub. 111, 111b); Hw wl h ? (..,b. Ketub. 81b; b. Qid. 22, 40, 81b).

J l h wh bb -. Rbb hl h mh w llw- l ( mm, m middot) Hlllh El (. t. Sanh. 7.11; Baraita R. Ishmael 1; Abot R. Nat. [A]37.10).20 Sl, h ll, h l l xm-

19 R. R,Jesus als Lehrer, WUN 2.7 (b: Mh Sbk, 1981; 4h .,1994); B. D. Chl C. A. E, J Il S, Studying the

Historical Jesus: Evaluations o the State o Current Research, . Chl E,281335, h 285298.20 A Sipre Deut. 2 ( 1:3) M h h l

h l.


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hm w ml b J. H xml m h hm:21

A h l qal wa-homer(l. lh h, m () wh lbl lh ( l m l lbl h ( m m). Sh l wk wh J h l(. M 6:26 = Lk 12:24) h b G h b(= lh), h (. P 147:9; Pss. Sol. 5:819), h b h h hm (= h). A ml b Rbb Sm b Elz: H wlml b f? h h h

wh w h l b m?B I w m Mk. Hw mh m h h I h m wh ? B I h wh l, [] m [h ] [wh ] (m. Qidd.4:14). Alhh Sm b Elz l ml l, h hw m h m. Am ,h hm m l . T w bJ m h h bl h wh h w h k-m l l xm h h x h ll.22 Oh ml xml l h: I G lh h h l . . . (M 6:30 = Lk 12:28; . Mek. Ex 16:4 [Vayassa3]: H wh h wh h wll ,Wh hll I mw, bhl, h m lk h); I h, wh l, kw hw f hl . . .(M 7:11 = Lk 11:13; . y. Seb. 9.1: Rbb Sm b

21

Sm h xml h b k m J. D, Jewish Hermeneutics inthe Synoptic Gospels and Acts (A: V Gm, 1954), 91118; A. Fkl, TePharisees and the eacher o Nazareth: A Study o Teir Background, Teir Halachicand Midrashic eachings, the Similarities and Dierences, AGSU 4 (L: Bll,1964), 123128, 155175; E. E. Ell, Bbll I h Nw mChh, Mikra: ext, ranslation, Reading and Interpretation o the Hebrew Biblein Ancient Judaism and Early Christianity, . M. J. Ml, CRIN 2.1 (Phll-h: F, 1988), 691725, . 700702; m, Te Old estament in EarlyChristianity, WUN 54 (b: Mh Sbk, 1991), 130132; R. Kh, TI S Rbb L, Mikra, . Ml, 547594;H. L. Sk G. Smb, Introduction to the almud and Midrash (M-l: F, 1992), 2123. F h h middot, S. Zl, Hl-

ll h Hml Rl, JQR 54 (196364), 16173.22 S D. C. All J. W. D. D, Matthew, 3 l., ICC (Ebh: &Clk, 198897), 1:648651; S. . Lh, A Rabbinic Commentary on the New esta-ment: Te Gospels o Matthew, Mark and Luke (Hbk: K, 1987), 132.


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1226 craig a. evans

Yh . . . : A b m h wll h, hw mhl (h) (h) m!; Lev. Rab. 34.14 [ 25:25]: I h m,

wh h bl, l bl [h w]m, w ll wh m h h [whh ], hw mh m hl b ll wh m wh h hl hl, Abhm, I Jb, m!).23

A h l gezera sawa (l. ql l-, m ) m b xl b h, ml w h (m. Betza 1:6). Wh J k h ml , h q h m I 56:7

J 7:11: I w, M h hll b ll h ll h ? B h m bb (Mk11:17).24 Wh h w h w h h wh, whh h q w m I 56:7 l h J 7:11 q: H h h, whh ll b m m, bm bb ?Jmh 7 ql h hll x x Ih 56. T l gezera sawa m h l bh Jl h xml D, wh l hSbbh (Mk 2:2328). A m, whm h km hb m (D 7:1314), J m hll lm h - m b D, whm h km w l m,

23 C. All D, Matthew, 1:656, 683685; Lh, Rabbinic Commentary,133, 142143. A ml b Yh b Zkk b. Ber. 28b.F h b Sm b Yh, Chl, Profles oa Rabbi, 91103.

24 Sm h lm h Mk 11:1517 h, l , b J 7:11 bb (), h (). A- E. P. S, Jesus and Judaism (L: SCM; Phllh: F, 1985),66: bb lw m , wl. S w wh J

wl h lk b bb, wl. G wh J-h b h bh h - l (Ant. 20.179181;20.205206; bb m h l , t. Menah. 13.1822; t.Zebah. 11.16; b. Pesah. 57), S b hl .


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wh h h m h b (1 Sm 21:16).25Exml gezera sawa mm m h bb.26

A h l binyan ab mikkatub ehad(l. - h [.., l l] m [], m ) l l m b blh m h. Oh , whh h k h, b w bl ml. J h l h l. S G h G h , b h l, h l h b bh, I m h G Abhm (Ex 3:1415), ml h Abhm b .Fm h x m h , J

(Mk 12:26),27 h h h l . Smll,

25 Sm bl h Mk 2:2526 w b h l hh l h Sbbh w h Ph m m b .O hl h w wh h l hh, w - l h l J, hl h l S (whh wh h hh ll ), b l Abh h hh , whh h l hh wll h h m- hh m (. M 12:4 = Lk 6:4). T , H ,

l Ol m h h h wh Sbbh lw Sitz im Leben Jesu h h l mm .P. Sl (Te Halakah o Jesus o Nazareth according to the Gospel o Matthew

[Lhm: U P Am, 1986]) h l h h -m Ex 31:14 (A hll k h Sbbh, hl : T m: h Sbbh b - h Sbbh) m ll m J (. Mek. Ex 31:1217[Sab. 1]).

D. M. Ch-Shbk (A Al J Am h Plk G h Sbbh, JSN 2 [1979]: 3141) kwl h Mk 2:2328 h J w ml wh bb hm, b h hkh J m w l m bb w, h h

m bb hl b h h h Gl h J w kll h l h Ph- S (40). B b J x l m- bb Ch-Shbk l hm h bb . J x l l wh m l .Sh m wh w wh b l - Jwh x-l . Ch-Shbk m l bb h -70CE Ph S.

26 Alhh m l , h Rb Ah ll h m- h bb h gezera sawa: D lhl gezera sawa, h whh h b l l lw h h, S- h (m hm) bgezera sawa (b. Ker. 5). F m xml, b.

Pesah. 66; Gen. Rab. 27.3 ( G 6:5); Pesiq. R. 4.2.27 Sm b h h h , h bb-l m h h l hh whJm. T l b. F ll, h mm


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1228 craig a. evans

m (h ) h bb h w h w- lw q, h mm

xml Dm 17 (Sipre Deut. 148 [ 17:2]). T m h xml.28

3. Jesus as Healer

T hl m J m w , l l hl, b xm, , , m. A h hw, h l bw ml, m,

m w ll w q.29

Hw l f m h h .

m hl h J m w hm wk ml. A h l, h J h h h h hm h w l . I hl z h h h-

h b Ch Ph (bh bl h ) h h wh h Ph h l Ch ql, wh w h h ml ? A, l, h l hh l - h h h l , hw w ll- J (whh w h l b bw Ch -Ch)? T h h h ll Ch h h h wh J.

28 Am h, b. Mak. 5b; Sipra Lev. 209 ( L 20:1316).29 F ml bblh, D. E. A, M El

Ch, ANRWII 23.2 (1980): 15071557: E. E, Te Jewish Context o JesusMiracles, JSNS 231 (L Nw Yk: Shl Am P, 2002);

C. J. Hm, M h Nw m Wl, Medicine and the BibleB. Plm, . (Ex: P P, 1986), 4383; J. M. Hll, Hellenistic Magicand the Synoptic radition, SB 2.28 (L: SCM, 1974); H. C. K,Miracle in theEarly Christian World (Nw H: Yl U P, 1983); m, Medicine,

Miracle and Magic in the Roman World (B: B U P, 1985);m, Medicine, Miracle and Magic in New estament imes, SNSMS 55 (Cm-b: Cmb U P, 1986); M. Lbh B. J. L Pbl,., A Kind o Magic: Understanding Magic in the New estament and its ReligiousEnvironment, LNS 306 (L Nw Yk: & Clk Il, 2007);J. J. Plh, Healing in the New estament: Insights rom Medical and Mediterranean

Anthropology (Ml: F P, 2000); J. Sbh, M, Civilization o the Ancient Mediterranean,.M. G R. Kz (Nw Yk:

Sb S, 1988), 12271248; M. Smh, Jesus the Magician (S F:H & Rw, 1978); G. T, Miracle Stories o the Early Christian radition(Phllh: F P, 1983); G. H. wlf, Jesus the Miracle Worker: AHistorical and Teological Study(Dw G: IV P, 1999).


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m wh h mhl l , xl wh

J m h w x. I q wh J hw l wh h h l h q bl h h h .30

I h J wh w h w blm. T w m m J h h wk w. T b. T mbl x h l wh h ml J m l l h h

h . O wl hk h , l hk llbl, wl J w w mbl lh, w f h l l l-lk w, whh h bl lk w m. B h lh bl h ml J mx f -mml.

I J x w l h l wh hm: Wh h? A w h-! Wh h h mm h l , hb hm (Mk 1:27). W w h lk h! (Mk2:12). N h h m h m l- , b h hl -m J l h h m.31

Oh h b . Af h wl - wh h G m, h ll b J (Mk 5:17). T hl Ch l .

Af h h Nzh mbl m m wk w ( h ll x ), k: Wh hm ll h? Wh h wm hm? Wh mhwk wh b h h! I h h , h M bh Jm J J Sm,

30 F m h , B. Sl, Sl W C,Ethos 5 (1977), 2133; C. Bw, Miracles and the Critical Mind (G R:

Em, 1984).31 S h m b G. H. wlf, Jesus the Exorcist: A Contribution tothe Study o the Historical Jesus, WUN 2.54 (b: Mh Sbk, 1993; .Pb: Hk, 1993).


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1230 craig a. evans

h h wh ? (Mk 6:2b3). T l :A h k hm . . . A h ml b h

bl (Mk 6:3b, 6).32

I Lk l h Nzh, J h h w hm: Ph, hl l! Dh wh h Cm (Lk 4:23). A h l h w h h hll;33 h ll, , h.

T h h l Nzh wh x b J ml. T l ll h wh w h (bbl b hl xm), h ml, h , w z

hm, h w , H b hml (Mk 3:21). TGk l: : . T RSV l hml. Lll m h b hm. I l h l. S h l h w (3:20) mmb h ml. T h blm wh kh w, H b hml (). Gmmll -xll hl hk h h b h w () . I , h l m b hmmb J ml m z J, h (mmb h ml) w h J w . B Mk -x mm l h l. H h l m b h J ml m z hm b h (.., people h w h RSV) w h J w . Ih w, J ml w J.Hw h x , lf wh h mh J h ll h ml (. Jh 7:5,

h bh bl hm). T wkw hml l h h J hl x.34

32 O h Mk l ml h, M. E. Gl-wll, T U Ml h Mk Gl, Miracles: Cambridge Studies intheir Philosophy and History, . C. F. D. Ml (L: Mwb, 1965), 151162.

33 J. Nll, Cll Rbbl Plll Ph, Hl Yl (Lk.

IV 23), Nov21 (1979): 193209.34 T wh J ml, l wh bq,ll h h J wk ml. Ibl h q , wh h b l


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J hl h h h h Gll, H A. Alhh J ,

H, l wh h, hk h h Jh h B, whh b bh, m h (Mk 6:1416). Slh h wl h m l h. F, h J h w l. Th h ,H J mlm, h J w

w h b xl l m h , whh h h redivivus h bhbk w m h mml lm. S, h m whJh m, wl x h h k J l,

h h k Jh l. T, , wh w l Lk (13:31; . 23:711).

M ml, w l h b m Jlm ll h J, : H bBlzbl b h m h h m(Mk 3:22). Sh h l h hl x-m J, m l b l M h wh l h, wh, hh h m , l Il, h l wh h (D 13:111). Tl l h h. E h h ml k hm (13:69). T l h b kll(13:10). I m h h Mk 3:22 h, b b h Jwh m J h l mm ll Dm 13.35

b E E, M, Ml Mll A, JSHJ3 (2005): 2345. I h wh Jh M : m : h hl h J -m x m b hml h b ml - m ml b h mll m h h. T ml b J bl m l wl l m b h h Ch h l b b h l hh , llk, mbl. S J. P. M, A Marginal Jew: Rethinking the Historical

Jesus, II: Mentor, Message, and Miracles, ABRL (Nw Yk: Dbl, 1994), 630.E m h h h w m l bh h Nwm l. O h , S. Bk, Story as HistoryHistory as Story,WUN 123 (b: Mh Sbk, 2000); R. J. Bkhm, Jesus and the Eyewit-

nesses: Te Gospels as Eyewitness estimony(G R: Em, 2006).35 A J M, Dial. ryph. 69.7; b. Sanh. 43, 107b. F h bl Dm 13 l bh h , G. N. S,J Nzh: A M Fl Ph Wh D G Pl?


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1232 craig a. evans

J hl x w m l h mmzm mm. H xll m

h h b: A h w h h h, hh hm wh h h, h b (Mk1:22). T w w h, b J k h- m, , ml hl.H mm h l , . Tk w w h l mb mlx, w h m wh h l x , m- l . O h m hll -

b Jh.

A Jh (Ant. 8.4649), Elz, whml b k Slm, l w m hh l, hh h B ( h b War 7.18085) l() h w, l Slm b l (. . Sol. 1:6 ). Jh ll h Elz h V, h , b, mb l, l l b m. H l h b Slm hm b whh ll l, lfbh m xm wh whh h b m hm , (Ant. 8.4546).

T Slm x xll w w l q. I b h Bbl l wh Slm b kwl (1 K 4:2934). H kwl- b l (1 K 4:3233) b ll h h h m h hb ll. A

wh h kwl hb ll h k h w -. A h Wm Slm G h mhkwl h w [ ] h - m, h l h ; [h]l wh bh wh m (W 7:1721).

Jesus o Nazareth: Lord and Christ. Essays on the Historical Jesus and New esta-ment Christology, . J. B. G M. (G R: Em, 1994),

164180. S l h wl b m b [J] l h, h wh Dm 13 m (180).S l P. W. Hllbh, J, Dm, Pbl Ah: A S-H-l S,JAAR 49 (1982): 56788.


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Slm w m w l , h b hw b Am Hbw m

h l h Cmm E. I h hJh m Elz.T Slm m hl x w wll

kw Ch l. O h wh mxm h ll w b Slm (Comm.Matthew 33 [ M 26:63]). T hl estament oSolomon, bbl w b Gk-k Ch h - h , hh b l Jwh ml, whll h hm.36

T m Slm w k Jwh hm -. I Am bwl w : B hm . . . wh h b El Sh wh h l KSlm, [ D] . . . Am . . .37 Slm m h Am Plm 91, lm h l q w m m.38 E h m Slm k: I b hl [ ] h Slm l h Jmh (PGM IV.30073086, l 3941). T l ()m h h m Jh estament oSolomon.39

T l ll h lh hSlm . T J : Bhl, mh

36 D. C. Dl, T Elz Ml Slm Ml Wm FlJhAntiquitates Judaicae 8.4249, HR 78 (1985): 125.

37

Fm C. H. G, Am I Bwl, Orientalia 10 (1991): 116141, 272280, 273276 (. 11, l 1718).38 S . 3, whh : F h wll l , Slm m , m h

h bl, m h , . 9, whh : Slm w : F m , O L . . . Slm m h Hbw Gk Plm 91. T m h Am . 56, whh : B h m wh wlk h, h w h l h h h l h ; h h h wlk k, h b m h k , . 10, whh : T l h wl h h :N hm hll h ; l m hll m .

39

F m h , C. C. MCw, T Ch hMl Wm Slm, Journal o the Palestine Oriental Society 2 (1922):124; D. C. Dl, Slm, Exm, h S D, HR 68 (1975):235252.


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Mk 9 -E .41 O, wll f h mm h bk A, h m

J k, l b Ch, b b (.., PGMIV.30193020: I b h G h Hbw, J) -Ch Jw (t. Hullin 2.22; . b. Sanh. 43; b. Gittin 57,m M).

T ml x: Pl x hm J k h m, mh h k h m Slm, wh m l q w hhl. Ph h h J , ml, h h Slm w h.

B l h J hl x,mh b b h ml m- h l m. I bk h l llm J B Chl h l Jwh Merkabah(Ch) mm h bbl bk J mm h mwm.42 Fw kw hJwh wl J wll Chl h bk ll whhll, l h, l h m J mamzer, bh. Alhh h Merkabah mm h lm J h bhll,43 h h m l b .44

41 F m Mk 9:3840, G. H. wlf, In the Name o Jesus: Exorcismamong Early Christians (G R: Bk Am, 2007), 125127.

42 Chl, Rabbi Jesus.43 S C. L. Ql, J Merkabah M,JSHJ3 (2005): 522.44

T q Merkabah mm h m J l . T m b q, m h DS Sll h h l Ch w. O hk Pl h h h, wh h h h h b (2 C12:17), h Cl wh, h h, h l l (Cl 2:18), h Qm, wh h q l- h h h ql h (4Q491). F h -l , . Ekl, Messiah and the Trone: Jewish Merkabah Mysticism andEarly Christian Exaltation Discourse, WUN 2.142 (b: Mh Sbk, 2001).F h bl l Mkbh h D S Sll,h LXX, Ch , D. J. Hl, Mkbh Mh h S-, JBL 101 (1982): 351363; J. M. Bm, T Qm Sbbh Sh

Rbb Mkbh , RevQ 13 (1988): 199213; J. Shb, Mk14.62: El Ch Mkbh Im? Apocalyptic and the New estament:Essays in Honor o J. Louis Martyn, .J. M M. S, JSNS 24 (Sh-l: JSO P, 1989), 6994; D. Dm, T Mkbh V S Ezkl


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1236 craig a. evans

J h (Mk 1:1011; 9:28; Lk 10:1819), - wh h hm b, m, D 7:1314

(Mk 2:10), wll h bl b h hh G hml (Mk 14:6162), h ml - m. M, J wh S h wl- m (Mk 1:1213; M 4:111 = Lk 4:113) hl, I w S ll lk lh m h (Lk10:18), h m J hl, x, m.

4. Jesus as Messiah

F J h b h m bbl b h l m Ih. H h h h-l w wh wh h S G. Hm, T m lll, h km G h; , bl h l (Mk 1:15), h l- I 40:9 52:7, whh h Am h x : Tkm G l. Ih l ( =) b h l h km (l) G.45

J ql q lm h m, bh h h b h S h L. W h h Lk h Nzh Sm (Lk 4:1630), wh I61:12 q (h S h L G m, b hL h m b w) b lll (Lk 4:21). Alhh m h x -

(4Q385 4), RevQ 14 (1990): 33148; B. Nz, T Mkbh D 4QBkh, Proceedings o the Eleventh World Congress o Jewish Studies. Division

A: Te Bible and its World, . D. A, (1994), 8794 (Hbw); M. G. AbJ., Wh A H? 4Q491, 4Q427, h h Rh, Eschatology, Messianism, and the Dead Sea Scrolls, . C. A. E P. W. Fl,D S Sll Rl L 1 (G R: Em, 1997), 6173.Ql (J Merkabah M) x b h lh m h .

45 T l hm h bw J lm h A-

m h Ih h b ql l b B. D. Chl-, A Galilean Rabbi and His Bible: Jesus Use o the Interpreted Scripture o Hisime, GNS 8 (Wlm: Glz, 1984); m, T Km G RD, 255280.


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b h h h J lm Nzh (. Mk 6:16), h ll km wh

h ll Ih J l h mJh h B (M 11:26 = Lk 7:1923).46 T J ll w h m Ih h b ll b h m ll m Qm.

4Q521 k Mh, whm h h wll b.T x b h x k l: GS wll h h , h wll w h hl whh h. H wll , h h h bl,hl h w, mk l h , lm w

h . T lll J l h m Jh hB h b (M 11:5 = Lk 7:22).47 J l, h 4Q521, hl w hw m I 26:19; 35:56; 61:12.48 T lll h l h J l wl h b ml lm m l (hh whh ll l h m b l h m).

46 I m , wh Mk b J l, A h wh h, x h w . . . (Mk 6:4), ll bbl h hll I 61:1, whh h Am , T h , A h- b h L G m . . ., h x h l Lk (Lk 4:1719). O h hll I 61:13 Jwhl q, 11Q13.

47 F l l, . Ph, U l mq (4Q521),RevQ 15 (1992): 475522; J. D. b M. O. W, O R hS Gl : A Plm S, JSP 10 (1992): 150161; R. B-m, Bbh z 4Q521 2, 113, ZDMG 145 (1995): 3848; J. J. Cl-

l, T Wk h Mh, DSD 1 (1994): 98112; m, Te Scepter and theStar: Te Messiahs o the Dead Sea Scrolls and Other Ancient Literature, ABRL (NwYk: Dbl, 1995), 117122; M. Bk, 4Q521 Glb, RevQ 18(1997): 7396; K.-W. Nbh, D Wk hlh Fb(4Q521 Jbl), Te Scriptures in the Gospels, . C. M.k, BEL 131 (L: P, 1997), 637647; E. Ph, Sm Rmk 4Q246 4Q521 Qm Mm, Te Provo International Conerenceon the Dead Sea Scrolls: echnological Innovations, New exts, and ReormulatedIssues, . D. W. P E. Ulh, SDJ 30 (L: Bll, 1998), 545565;M. Lbh, T S S Lk 7:2223 h Lh Ih 61 h Messianic Apocalypse, From Prophecy to estament: Te Function o the Oldestament in the New, . C. A. E (Pb, MA: Hk, 2004), 146168.

48

T h h xh bw J Jh hl b b.N lbl xl b wh Ch wl - bw J Jh, wh h l l x b b h - m h m.


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1238 craig a. evans

R h hll h -l h m D. A l m-

, l q D w w h. N hl x l hm D, D hml, whm h S h L m mhl (1 Sm 16:13), l w l (1 Sm 16:23), , l w b, h m Slm w x xll.

Al, w hl b h J, wll kwh, hl, x, w hl D b blBm (Mk 10:4748), wh h Jlm,

m h l ml (Mk 11:711; . 1 K 1:3248), w wh h w P 118:2526, b hAm , Bl h km hD h m! (Mk 11:10).

J l m l- m h l h hh . Ch k J l: A h Ch,h S h Bl? T h Mh, S G, mll h DMh (2 Sm 7:14; P 2:1, 7; 89:20, 2627; 4Q174 I, 11; Rm1:34). J l m h h h Mh, S G ( l h w [Y,] I m), h mb D mlwh h l- h S m P 110:1 D 7:13: wll h S m hh h Pw, m wh h l h (Mk14:62). Bh Plm 110 Dl 7 m G m.49 T, l h w h J h- Ch h ll wh m, m h wll

m b wh J h h h h hl h. T hh bl h, h m h blhm.

T Rm h h l ml Jlm h bq x k h Jw(Mk 15:2, 18, 26), h l Il l bRm (Jh, War 1.282; Ant. 14.36; 15.373, 409). J lllw h m m D mm

49 S M. Hl, S M Rh H!, Studies in Early Christology(E-bh: & Clk, 1995), 119225, . 181189.


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wll. J hl m D kwl, wh -l ll mh ( ll Rm 1:3), J

mml Mh (.., Ch Gk) h hl k h m.

5. Jesus as Martyr

T l h h J m-m hml m h llw. T b l b wh J ml h h (..,

Mk 8:31; 9:31; 10:3234, m h).50

O , m lhl lm h h P h f h, wh mm ll vaticinia ex eventu (hm h ). I m b m h h h ml l (h b mk, , ) h kwl wh h -ll h J. B kwl h h P- h b h lh wh h, h l m h J h

h, h ll b x. Wh h h ml P h h J ll h?

F, J w h h wh wh llw hm h bb k h (Mk 8:34). Jh Dm Chk h bbl h, b ml C!51 T m hl mll, lb J w C. Wh mk h lkl - h h J w bl k h

h l x. Sm l h (Mk15:21). Wh -E llw J wl h l h J hml l lll?

k wl h - hb hRm Em ll m h m h

50 H. F. B, Jesus Predictions o Vindication and Resurrection: Te Provenance,Meaning and Correlation o the Synoptic Predictions, WUN 2.20 (b: Mh

Sbk, 1986).51 J. D. C, Te Historical Jesus: Te Lie o a Mediterranean Jewish Peasant(S F: HCll, 1991), 353. C E, Diatr. 2.2.10: I w b , w. T wll m.


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1240 craig a. evans

h l x.52 Cx w mm h Pl l (. Jh, Ant. 17.295) h w hk

J m h l lwh. B h hl. I bb l l k h k h, h k h mmm (.. m.Abot 3:5; m. Ber. 2:2); k h . J mmwl h k mb, mb h h.

Cll l J xh w h h b h m h -l q h mbl (Mk 9:4248):

Wh h ll wh bl m , wl b b hm mll w h h k h w hw h . A h , ; b l mm h wh w h hll, h qhbl . A , ; b l lm h wh w b hw hll. A , lk ; b h km G wh h wh w b hw hll, wh h wm , h qh.

T m b (m lmb, )lll h h b 2 Mb 67 hhl wh mm h m A-h IV. T m, Wh h ll wh bl m , m ll h m h h l Elz (2 M 6:1831). Wh k l k hb h, h ,

Sh wh m l, h , l m h hl h Elz h h h l l, hh m , h k l b mm l, h hl b l b m, whl Il m l . F h I hl h hm m, whh I l I hll hh h Almh.

52 M. Hl, Crucifxion: In the Ancient World and the Folly o the Message othe Cross (L: SCM; Phllh: F, 1977), 62: Pl w ll w wh m b h hh h h b l .


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T w Elz h wh h h J hm. J w h llw h ll

wh bl m , Elz ll h m h hwll , hh , h b l . I h , h hm m (whh w 2 Mb 7 l m lmb ), h wll h h h Almh.53

S, h q h J Jm Jh bk h l h m-m (Mk 10:3839):

A bl k h h I k, b bz wh hbm wh whh I m bz? A h hm, W bl. A J hm, T h I k wll k; wh h bm wh whh I m bz, wll b bz.

T l mk h. Wh h l l h q Jm Jh ( h h lf Jwh h l) h . T l- h Zb h h h l hl

53 I mb wh mm h, m hm h Mb m. F l , K. G, Am Mm, Early Christian Tought in its Jew-ish Context: Festschri M. D. Hooker, . J. Bl J. Sw (Cmb: Cm-b U P, 1996), 250263; J. W. H, Te Maccabean Martyrsas Saviours o the Jewish People: A Study o 2 and 4 Maccabees , JSJS 57 (L:Bll, 1997); D. B, Mm h Mk Ch Jm,

Journal o Early Christian Studies 6 (1998): 577627; J. W. H, M Mm: Sm Rmk b Nbl Dh Jh, Internationales

Josephus-Kolloquium Brssel 1998, . J. U. Klm, M h S4 (M: L, 1999), 124141; S. A. Cmm, Paul and the Crucifed Christ inAntioch: Maccabean Martyrdom and Galatians 1 and 2, SNSMS 114 (Cmb:Cmb U P, 2001); . Rk, D h Lw: T M P- Jwh-Gk L, Te Jewish Dialogue with Greece and Rome: Stud-ies in Cultural and Social Interaction, AGJU 48 (L: Bll, 2001): 99133; P. B.M, J, h Mkh, Mm El Ch ,JBL 121(2002): 30325; J. W. H F. Am, Martyrdom and Noble Death:Selected exts rom Graeco-Roman, Jewish and Christian Antiquity(L NwYk: Rl, 2002); S. M. Pmk, T Jwh M Mm:L Ill h Hlkhh, HUCA 74 (2003): 215241; J. W. H,Jwh Mm J Dh, Deutungen des odes Jesu im Neuen esta-

ment, . J. F, WUN 181 (b: Mh Sbk, 2005): 13968; K. R. Ak-, x Mm h Rl h N h m M:Iml U h Rl Oh Im F, JBL 125(2006): 45376.


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J l llw. B wh ll h h J bl lll h w w. H k

Jm Jh h w bl k h h h wll k h h h w bl. Y, Ghm,hl b h , J ll h b G kh m hm (Mk 14:3336). T h -E m. I h ml, wkw .

T, J wl W I (Mk 14:2225;1 C 11:2325; Did. 9:15), h h J - h mm h . H w ll

l m (Ex 24:8; J 31:31; Zh 9:11). Ih h h bl, J h h h km G. Lk w, h w (Lk 22:20), m wll Ch , b llbbl l h J w. T w hk bk h m h h l :Bhl, h m, h L, wh I wll mk w wh h h Il h h Jh (J 31:31).T w b blh l h bl G S,Il Mh, h.

T h b h m h hll h Jwh wl, h M wl -l h m. T l x h bl hh h h h wll b, , G l (..,1 M 6:44; 4 M 1:11; 17:2122; 18:34; . Moses 910; P.-Phl,L.A.B. 18:5). Am h m m wh h h h l m Mb m-

, wh h BCE bl h S Ah IV: I l L ll whl, bk l , h wll b l wh h w . . . I, lk m bh, b l h lw h, l G hw m . . . through me and my brothers b hwh h Almh whh h l ll whl (2 M 7:33, 3738, RSV, wh mh ). Smll, J


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bl h G w wh h l h hm. W h J w h (Lk 19:4144;

M 23:3739 = Lk 13:3435) h m ll hhh Zh 13:7, whm G wl k w.

6. Conclusion

T l l m l z J h h xhb h l h - hml l. B J bbl xhb

h ll hm, h w b mm hllw m h h llw h, ,hl, Mh, m, l mb h -. T h mm l Mh h l S G h l mhl l l h h m J k hl l h ,bbl h -E f E, - m l m . I h l w h, wl x m, -

J. J Mh bq h . I, J h Mh h h (.., 1 Jh2:2223).


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2010 - Craig a. Evans - Prophet, Sage, Healer, Messiah, And Martyr. Types and Identity of Jesus