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Pediatric Pharmacology Recommendations for children prescribing Dept. Pharmacology & Therapeutic School of Medicine Universitas Sumatera Utara

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Pediatric Pharmacology

Recommendations for children prescribing

Dept. Pharmacology & TherapeuticSchool of Medicine

Universitas Sumatera Utara

“Remember that is “Remember that is child is a child, child is a child,

and and NOTNOT a miniature of adult”a miniature of adult”

Faktor-faktor Individual Yang

Mempengaruhi Dosis Dan Tindakan Obat

• Umur dan berat badan

• Body surface area

• Jenis kelamin

• Waktu dan faktor tempat

• Faktor fisiologik

• Toleransi– Toleransi kongenital– Toleransi perolehan– Toleransi silang– Takifilaksi (toleransi akut)

• Kumulasi• Faktor fisiologik

• Faktor patologik

• Faktor farmakogenetik

(idiosinkrasi)

• Faktor imunologik (alergi

obat)

• Faktor psikologik dan

lingkungan

• Kumulasi

• Faktor farmakokinetik:

Half-life (11/2)

• Kombinasi obat:– addisi– potensiasi– sinergisme– antagonisme– interaksi obat

Anak vs DewasaAnak vs Dewasa

• anak bukanlah miniatur dewasa• masih dalam proses tumbuh kembang, sehingga

fungsi organ dan keadaan fisiologis lainnya jugamasih berkembang– imaturitas fungsi organ-organ tubuh

• respons anak terhadap pemberian obat• respons anak terhadap pemberian obat– kejadian efek samping lebih nyata

• perlu penghitungan dosis– Banyak obat yang digunakan pada orang dewasa

belum dikaji secara tuntas

• formula obat, – mencakup cara pemberian

Adverse drug reaction surveillance in pediatric and adult patients in an emergency room

Munoz et al. Med Clin (Barc) 111(3):92-8,1998

Drugs Children Adults

NSAID 10.4% 28.2%

Dangerous DrugsDangerous Drugs

NSAID 10.4% 28.2%

CV drugs ? 15.9%

Antimicrobials 49.5% 14.5%

GIT drugs ? 11.1%

Respiratory drugs 19.9% ?

Vaccines 9.2% ?

NSAID ADR-related hospitalizationsCooper JW. South Med J 92(5):485-90,1999

One year post exclusivity

Pediatric drug development

• Must include all aspects of general drug

development (usually referenced)

• Plus must evaluate:

– Differences in absorption, distribution, – Differences in absorption, distribution,

metabolism, elimination • PK profile for age

– Differences in side effect profile

– Differences in therapeutic effect

Efek umur, sex dan tipe tubuh terhadap komposis tubuh

Umur BB rata (kg) Air tubuh total Lemak

(th) (% BB) (% BB)

Bayi < dari 3 bulan 3,5-8,3 70

Balita 1 10 57

Pria 20-30 72 58 19

40-50 77 56 25

60-70 77 54 25

Wanita 16-30 58 52 29

40-50 62 49 35

60-70 64 42 45

Pria gemuk 31 100 49 33

Pria langsing 26 69 70 7

Ontogeny of Body CompositionOntogeny of Body CompositionKaufman, Pediatric Pharmacology (Yaffe & Aranda, eds) pp. 212-9, 1992

EC H2O IC H2O

Protein Other

Fat

Premature

Newborn

4 mo

% of Total Body Weight

0 20 40 60 80 100

4 mo

12 mo

24 mo

36 mo

Adult

PharmacokineticOral Drug Absorption

Drug Absorpsion

ParaPara--

metermeter

NeoNeo--

natusnatus

InfantInfant ChildChild

Gastric Acid Secretion

ReduceDecreaseReduce

NormalIncreasedNormal

NormalIncreasedNormal

Neonate vs. Older Children

DrugDrug Oral AbsorptionOral Absorption

Acetaminophen Decreased

Ampicillin Increased

Diazepam NormalSecretionGastric Emptying timeIntestinal MotilityBilliaryFunctionMicrobial Flora

ReduceReduceAcquiring

NormalNormalAdult Pattern

NormalNormalAdult Pattern

Diazepam Normal

Digoxin Normal

Penicillin G Increased

Phenobarbital Decreased

Phenytoin Decreased

Sulfonamides Normal

CYP3A Ontogeny LaCroix D et al. Eur J Biochem 247:625, 1997

FetusPostnatal Age

CYP3A7 CYP3A7 CYP3A4 CYP3A4

1

1.5

0.1

0.15

<3

0w

>3

0w

<2

4h

1-7

d

8-2

8d

1-3

mo

3-1

2m

o

>1

yr

Ad

ult

CYP3A7 CYP3A7

ActivityActivity

CYP3A4 CYP3A4

ActivityActivity

0

0.5

0

0.05

0.3

G:S

Acetaminophen MetabolismAcetaminophen MetabolismMiller et al., Clin Pharmacol Ther 19:284-94, 1976

0.15

kel

Newborn

Acetaminophen

Glucoronide

Sulfate

0.75

1.6

1.8

0.17

0.19

0.18

% of Dose

0 20 40 60 80 100

3-9 years

12 years

Adults

Why are children at greater risk of Why are children at greater risk of medication errors?medication errors?

• Drug doses calculated individually– Based on age, weight, surface area– More calculations– Weights change rapidly (esp neonates)– 10-fold errors

• Inadequate information• Inadequate information

• Incorrect use of dose information resources

• Lack of suitable dosage forms and concentrations

• Need for complex calculations & dilutions by medics/nurses

• Children can’t always tell us – if we’re about to make a mistake – if they suffer adverse effects

• Children have less internal reserves with which to ‘buffer’ the effects of errors

Most common error typeMost common error type

� Dosing errors 28 %

� Route of administration 18 %

� MAR transcription 14 %

� & documentation� & documentation

� Wrong date 9.9 %

� Frequency 9.4 %

Calculation of Pediatric Drug Dosage

based on age• Young :

– n / [n + 12] x dosis dewasa (n = umur tahun)– berlaku untuk anak: 1 – 8 tahun, tidak cock untuk diatas 12 tahun

• Dilling: – n / 20 x dosis dewasa (n = umur tahun)– berlaku untuk anak : 8 – 20 tahun

• Cowling: • Cowling: – [n + 1] / 24 x dosis dewasa (n = umur tahun)– di Indonesia rumus ini tidak banyak dipergunakan.

• Rumus Ausberger: rumus ini agak tepat untuk anak umur– 2 – 12 bulan: (m + 13) % dari D– 1 – 11 tahun: (4n + 20) % dari D– 12 – 16 tahun: (5n + 10) % dari D– m = umur dalam bulan; n = umur dalam tahun; D = dosis dewasa

• Fried : – m / 150 x dosis dewasa ( m = umur bulan)– Rumus ini dipakai untuk bayi 1 tahun kebawah.

Calculation of Pediatric Drug DosageCalculation of Pediatric Drug Dosagebased on body weight

Clark’s ruleKg

weight (kg)

Ped. dose = ––––––––––––––––––––– X adult dose

70

pound Weight (pound)

Ped. dose = ––––––––––––––––––––– X adult dose

BSABody

surface area

neonate BSA

Ped. dose = ––––––––––––––––––––– X adult dose

adult BSA

150

• Luas permukaan badan dari anak:– Cara ini sebetulnya paling tepat, tetapi kurang praktis

Calculation of Pediatric Drug Calculation of Pediatric Drug Dosage based on BSADosage based on BSA

Weight(kg)

Age BSA(m2)

% adult dose

3 Born 0,2 12

6 3 month 0,3 18

10 1 year 0,45 2810 1 year 0,45 28

20 5,5 year 0,8 48

30 9 year 1 60

40 12 year 1,3 78

50 14 year 1,5 90

60 Adult 1,7 102

70 Adult 1,76 103• Luas permukaan badan dari anak:

– Cara ini sebetulnya paling tepat, tetapi kurang praktis

Calculation of Pediatric Drug Dosage

� Young’s rule:dose = adult dose x (age in years)/(age + 12)

� Clark’s rule:dose = adult dose x weight (kg)/70dose = adult dose x weight (lbs)/150

� Body surface area

(neonate BSA/adult BSA) x 100 = % of adult dose needed

Young’s Rule (untuk anak-anak 2-12 tahun)

mg100123

500 x 3 thn 3umur untuk

mg) 500 :oral dewasa (dosis lParasetamo :Contoh

12 Umur

dewasa dosis x (thn)Umur anak -anak Dosis

=

+

=

+

=

Contoh menghitung dosis PARASETAMOL untuk anak

123+

Hamburger’s Rule (didasarkan pada berat badan dengan berat

Badan dewasa 70 kg.

mg10070

500 x 14 dosis

mg); 500 :oral dewasa (dosis kg 14berat dengan

anak-anakuntuk lparasetamo dosis menghitung :Contoh

70

dewasa dosis x (kg)Berat Dosis

==

=

Body Surface Area Rule. Meski penentuan dosis

berdasarkan berat bdan lebih akurat ketimbang umur,

namun banyak variasi berat yang berkaitan dengan umur.

Jadi untuk menentukan dosis yang paling tepat untuk

anak-anak adalah dengan body surface area (BSA),

formula:

7,1

M

1,7

dewasa dosis x anak)-anak(MBSA anak-anak Dosis

2

2

−=

=

=

dewasaorangpadaratarataBSA

BSAsangkarbujurmeter

mg307,1

6,51

1,7

60 x 0,86 dosis );M 0,86 : nomogram dari(BSA

nomogram dariBSA tentukan mg, 60 dewasa dosisdan inci) 47 (tinggi

pounds 50berat dengan anak -anakuntuk dosis menghitung :Contoh

)(

7,1

2==

−=

dewasadosisuntukdigunakansamayangformula

dewasaorangpadaratarataBSA

Semua formula di atas hanya prakiraan saja, yang selanjutnya Perlu disesuaikan secara individual pada pasien. Tidak ada formula yang betul-betul tepat untuk menghitung dosis untuk bayi prematur dan neonat <2 minggu.

Timbangan dan Cara Menimbang

Special Dosage Forms for Pediatrics

• Elixirs • Suspensions

– Sweeteners• Induce infection

and dental carries

– Alcohol

• Chewable tablets• Patient

Compliance• Measured spoon– Teaspoon

– 1 Cth = 5 ml

– 1 C = 15 ml

SendokSendok MakanMakan & & SendokSendok TehTehdidi Hotel Hotel -- RumahRumah TanggaTangga

• Ukuran volume 1 sendok makan: tidak ada

ukuran 15 ml

• Ukuran volume 1 sendok teh (seharusnya 5 ml)

sangat bervariasi

KETEPATAN SENDOK TAKAR 5 (LIMA) MILLILITER SEDIAAN CAIR (SYRUP) DARI

BERBAGAI PERUSAHAAN FARMASISake Juli Martina, Aznan Lelo, Dayat S Hidayat (2007)

3

4

5

6

vo

lum

e (

ml)

0

1

2

< cth cth > cth

classification of "cth"

vo

lum

e (

ml)

• Dari 70 sendok takar yang berbeda dari 38 Perusahaan Farmasi didapatkan hasil bahwa : – 4,3 % volume < 5 ml (4,4 ± 0,2 ml);

– 75 % volume = 5 ml ;

– 20 % volume > 5 ml (5,66 ± 0,28 ml)

Distribusi Volume (ml) sendok takar dari Distribusi Volume (ml) sendok takar dari berbagai perusahaan Farmasiberbagai perusahaan Farmasi

Perusahaan Farmasi

Jumlah Sendok

Volume (ml)

terkecil terbesar

Ethica 1 4,2

Sampharindo perdana 1 4,4

Bufa Aneka 1 4,6

Kimia Farma 9 5 5

Mutifa 1 5,6

Nufarindo 1 5,6

Universal 3 5 5,8

Sanbe Farma 8 5 6

Phapros 2 5,2 5,4

Improving Medical Products for Improving Medical Products for Children Children

• It’s important to use the measuring device that comes with a that comes with a child’s medicine.

Drug

administration

Suggested dosages of some NSAIDs Suggested dosages of some NSAIDs for postoperative pain managementfor postoperative pain management

NSAID Dose Route

Diclofenac 0.7 - 2 mg/kg Oral, Rectal, IM

Ibuprofen 5 - 10 mg/kg Oral

Flurbiprofen 1 mg/kg OralFlurbiprofen 1 mg/kg Oral

Ketorolac 0.3 – 0.5 mg/kg IM, IV

Ketoprofen 1 – 2 mg/kg IV

Naproxen 4 - 6 mg/kg Oral

Nimesulide 1.5 mg/kg Oral

Tenoxicam 0.75 mg/kg IMKokki H. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for postoperative pain.

A focus on children. Pediatr Drugs 5(2):103-23,2003

Bahan aktif yang ditambahkan

pada obat-obatan untuk anakObat racikan

– Saccharum lactis

Obat jadi

• Syrup

• Alcohol, as a

solvent

• Fluoride• Syrup

– Flavors

– Alkohol

• Tablet kunyah

– Flavors

– Pemanis rasa

• Fluoride

• Thimerosal in vaccinations

AnakAnak: 4 : 4 tahuntahun & & beratberat badanbadan 15 kg15 kg

diclofenac• Dosis per- hari adalah:

– (0,7 – 2) mg/kg x 15 kg = (10.5 - 30) mg

– dosis terbagi 3 kali sehari,

ibuprofen• Dosis per- hari adalah:

– (5 – 10) mg/kg x 15 kg = (75 – 150) mg

– dosis terbagi 3 kali sehari, – dosis terbagi 3 kali sehari, (3.5 – 10) mg per-kali

R/ Diclofenac mg 5

Saccharum lactis qs

m f pulv dtd No X

S 3 dd pulv I

– dosis terbagi 3 kali sehari, (25 – 50) mg per-kali

R/ Ibuprofen mg 50

Saccharum lactis qs

m f pulv dtd No X

S 3 dd pulv I

IBUPROFEN DOSAGE CHART

CATAFLAM DROPSCATAFLAM DROPS((DiclofenacDiclofenac resinateresinate))

Dosis : 1 tetes/ 1 kg BB/ 1 X pemberian

� Children are at greater risk of medication errors

� Several aspects that need attention in children’s drug administration are physiological development, pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, desired therapy result

� Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic affect the drug dosage, route and frequency of administration, and duration of treatment

� Newborn babies need special attention in drug administration due � Newborn babies need special attention in drug administration due to their immature physiological function

� Accurate Dosage calculation is essential in children drug therapy. It can be acquired from three formulas : based on body weight,body surface area, and age

� Several drug administrations are via oral route, rectal route and parenteral route

� Improving medical products for children is needed

� Convenience in calculating doses for children, such as one drop/kg body weight/administration

Terima kasih

Dep. Farmakologi & Terapeutik,

Fakultas Kedokteran

Universitas Sumatera Utara