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Countries of East Asia

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REGIONS OF EAST ASIA CHINA PROPER- Eastern half XIZANG (TIBET)- Mountains and high plateaus;

sparsely populated XINJIANG- Desert basins and mountains; a cultural contact zone with Islam MONGOLIA- A desert; buffer between Russia

and China THE JAKOTA TRIANGLE

Japan, South Korea, Taiwan

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Cultural Characteristics of East Asia

WORLD’S MOST POPULOUS REALM-1.28 Billion people (1/5 of world)

One of the world’s earliest cultural hearths

Population concentrations in the East

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CHINA’S RELATIVE LOCATION

ISOLATION Natural Protective Barriers

EFFECTS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN A history of emperors who restricted the use of

the coastline. Today the ocean is playing a major role in the

economic transformation of COASTAL CHINA.

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Historical Perspectives: ChinaContinuous civilization for over

4,000 yearsView of China as the center of the

civilized world.Historically China is a closed

society

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CONFUCIUS

China’s most influential philosopher and teacher 551-479

Emphasized that human virtues, rather than godly connections, should determine a person’s place in society.

Teaching have dominated Chinese life and thought for more than 20 centuries.

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Buddhism Taoism

Lao-tzuBuddha

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The Great Wall

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CHINA’S POLITICAL MAP

4 CENTRAL-GOVERNMENT-ADMINISTERED MUNICIPALITIES BEIJING (CAPITAL); TIANJIN (PORT CITY);

SHANGHAI (LARGEST CITY); CHONGQUING (INTERIOR RIVER PORT)

5 AUTONOMOUS REGIONS NEI MONGOL (INNER MONGOLIA); NINGXIA HUI;

XINJIANG UYGUR (NW); GUANGXI ZHUANG (SOUTH); XIZANG (TIBET)

22 PROVINCES LARGER IN THE WEST

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Chinese Leaders in the 20th Century Chiang Kai-shek (Nationalists) Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung)- leader of

Communist Party Deng Xiao Ping- replaced Mao- created

the Chinese socialist market economy Hu Jintao (2002 - )

Present leader

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MAO’S CHINA: COMMUNISM RISES

1950s- 1976 Communist Regime launched massive programs of reform

Farming was collectivized Industries were reorganized as

state-owned enterprises Dramatic social changes-

education, religion, population growth

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DENG XIAOPING ERA Took power in 1979 Attempted to unite Communist political rule with

capitalist economic practices = Socialist Market Economy

Decentralized decision-making

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ECONOMIC INITIATIVES SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES

6 SEZs ESTABLISHED; 3 IN GUANGDONG PROVINCE

INVESTMENT INCENTIVES: LOW TAXES, IMPORT/EXPORT REGULATIONS LESSENED

OPEN CITIES INCLUDED 14 COASTAL CITIES NATIONAL INVESTMENT FOCUSED ON

SHANGHAI OPEN COASTAL AREAS

ALSO DESIGNED TO ATTRACT FOREIGN INVESTMENTS

CONCENTRATED ALONG PACIFIC COAST DELTAS AND PENINSULAS

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SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES INVESTOR INCENTIVES LOW TAXES EASING OF IMPORT AND EXPORT

REGULATIONS SIMPLIFIED LAND LEASES HIRING OF CONTRACT LABOR

PERMITTED PRODUCTS MAY BE SOLD IN

FOREIGN MARKETS AND IN CHINA (UNDER CERTAIN RESTRICTIONS)

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ETHNIC GROUPS

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Chinese is one of the world’s oldest active languages.

Spoken Chinese varies dialect to dialect although the characters (over 50,000) used to represent the language remain the same.

Since Chinese is written in characters rather than by a phonetic alphabet, Chinese words must be translated so foreigners can pronounce them.

LANGUAGES

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PINYIN

THE MOST ACCEPTED SYSTEM OF ROMANIZING CHINESE

Chinese TranslationBei NorthNan SouthXi WestDong EastJing CapitalShan MountainHe River (in the north)Jiang River (in the south)

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XIZANG (TIBET) A harsh physical environment Sparsely populated Came under Chinese control during the

Manchu Dynasty in 1720 Gained separate status in the late 19th century China’s communists regime took control in the

1950s Cornerstone of Buddhism, The Dalai Lama,

and monasteries Now an autonomous region

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The Potala Palace in Lhasa, Tibet, is the ceremonial home of the 14th Dalai Lama, now in exile in India.

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XINJIANG Comprises one-sixth of China’s total

land area A region of high mountains and basins Chinese only account for 40% of the

population Muslims accounts for half of the

population Has extensive reserves of oil and

natural gas

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MONGOLIA

Steppe and desert environment Sparsely populated with an

estimated 2.5 million inhabitants Part of the Chinese Empire from

Late 1600s until 1911 Functions as a buffer state Economy is focused on herding

and animal products

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JAPANESE HISTORY 600 - 800 Chinese cultural influence 1000 -1300 War, Medieval society

arises, shoguns evolve 1600 -1867 Tokugawa Shogunate,

isolation, foreigners and Christianity expelled, individualistic culture, emphasis on Shinto belief system

1868: Meiji Restoration

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MEIJI RESTORATION 1868 Rebellion brought in reformers. Reinstated the emperor and began to transform

Japan from a Feudal society with pre-machine age technology to an industrial power.

Focus was on industrialization and education system.

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EXPANSIONIST JAPAN TAIWAN 1895 KOREA 1910 MANCHURIA 1931 CHINA 1937 HONG KONG 1939 SOUTHEAST ASIA 1941

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SHINTOISM

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JAPANESE POPULATION Population: 127.4 million Birth rate: 8 births/1,000 Death rate: 8 deaths/1,000 Growth rate: 0.0% Life expectancy: 78 (M), 85 (F) Urbanization: 78%

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KOREA The size of “Idaho” but with a

population of 73 million Turbulent political history:

A dependency of China A colony of Japan Divided along the 38th parallel by

Allied Powers > WWII (1945) Cease-fire line established in 1953

(DMZ) separates North Korea and South Korea

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NORTH-SOUTH CONTRASTS

NORTH KOREA 55% of the land, 1/3 of the population, extremely rural Antiquated state enterprises Inefficient, non-productive agriculture Limited trade – former Soviet Union and China

SOUTH KOREA 45% of the land, 2/3s of the population, highly urbanized Modern factories Intensive, increasingly mechanized agriculture Extensive trade – US, Japan, and Western Europe

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THE KOREAS- COMPARED

POPULATION 23,600,000 49,200,000

GNP (BILLIONS) $ 21.3 $ 508.3

GNP/CAPITA $ 920 $ 17,300

AGRICULTURE

(as % of GNP) 25 % 8 %

(% work force) 36 % 21 %

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TAIWAN

Chiang Kai-shek Memorial

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TAIWAN Historical background:

A Chinese province for centuries Colonized by Japan in 1895 Returned to China > WWII 1949 – Chinese Nationalists (supported by the US)

fled from the mainland and established the Republic of China (ROC)

Population – 22.7 million 77% urbanized