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8/9/2019 2009 Hsc Exam Biology
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2009H I G H E R S C H O O L C E R T I F I C A T E
E X A M I N A T I O N
Biology
GeneralInstructions
•Readingtime–5minutes
•Workingtime–3hours
•Writeusingblackorbluepen
•Drawdiagramsusingpencil
•Board-approvedcalculatorsmay
beused
•WriteyourCentreNumberand
StudentNumberatthetopof
pages9,13,17and21
Totalmarks–100
SectionI Pages2–22
75marks
Thissectionhastwoparts,PartAandPartB
PartA–15marks•AttemptQuestions1–15
•Allowabout30minutesforthispart
PartB–60marks
•AttemptQuestions16–27
•Allowabout1hourand45minutesforthispart
SectionII Pages23–32
25marks•AttemptONEquestionfromQuestions28–32
•Allowabout45minutesforthissection
104
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SectionI75marks
PartA–15marks
AttemptQuestions1–15
Allowabout30minutesforthispart
Usethemultiple-choiceanswersheetforQuestions1–15.
1 Howarenewallelesformed?
(A) Bycrossingoverduringmeiosis
(B) Bycloninganewvarietyinapopulation
(C) BymutationintheDNAofagene
(D) ByproductionofanewphenotypefromthesameDNA
2 Which scientist’s work contributed to our understanding of the causes of infectious
diseases?
(A) FrankMacfarlaneBurnet
(B) LouisPasteur
(C) JamesWatson
(D) MauriceWilkins
3 Whichofthefollowingprevententryofpathogensintothehumanbody?
(A) Theskinandphagocytosis
(B) Theskinandchemicalbarriers
(C) Inflammationresponseandphagocytosis
(D) Inflammationresponseandchemicalbarriers
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4 Thepotentialfordiseasetospreadthroughanimalpopulationsinintensivefarmingis
heightenedbecausetheanimalsarekeptclosetogether.
Adiseasehasbeenidentifiedinanimalsinoneenclosureonafarm.
Which procedure would best prevent the spread of the disease to animals in otherenclosuresonthefarm?
(A) Isolatediseasedanimalsfromhealthyanimalsthenvaccinateallhealthyanimals.
(B) Vaccinateallanimalssothathealthyanimalsdonotdevelopthediseaseandspread
itfurther.
(C) Move the diseasedanimals into another enclosure toquarantine them from the
healthyanimals.
(D) Washallanimalswithantisepticsolutionsothatthepathogencausingthedisease
cannotbespreadfromdiseasedanimalstohealthyanimals.
5 WhywastheimportanceofMendel’sworknotwidelyaccepteduntilsometimeafterhe
completedhisexperiments?
(A) Mendeldidnotrealisetheimportanceofhisownwork.
(B) Mendeldidnotrepeathisexperimentssotheywerenotseenasimportantbyother
biologists.
(C) Mendelpublishedhisresultsinalocalscientificpublicationnotaccessedbymany
biologists.
(D) Mendel’sdescriptionof sexlinkagetoexplainhisresultswasnotunderstoodby
otherbiologists.
6 Whatisaroleofthekidneyintheexcretorysystemofmammals?
(A) Toremovesaltfromthebodyandtokeepwaterinthebody
(B) Toremovewaterfromthebodyandtokeepsaltinthebody
(C) Toremovenitrogenouswastefromthebodyandtomaintainwater levelsin thebody
(D) Toremovewaterfromthebodyandtomaintainlevelsofnitrogenoussubstancesin
thebody
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7 Thirtypercent(30%)ofthenucleotidebasesinhumanDNAareadenine(A).
Whatisthepercentageofguanine(G)basesinhumanDNA?
(A) 20%
(B) 30%
(C) 40%
(D) 70%
8 Inhumans,browneyecolourisdominantandblueeyecolourisrecessive.Abrown-eyed
boyandablue-eyedgirlhaveablue-eyedmother.
Whateyecolourdoesthefatherhaveandwhy?
(A) Brown,becausethegeneforbrowneyecolourissexlinked.
(B) Brown,becauseatleastoneoftheparentsmusthavebrowneyes.
(C) Blue,becauseatleasttwoothermembersofthefamilyhaveblueeyes.
(D) Blue,becauseatleastoneoftheparentsmustbeheterozygousforeyecolour.
9 Whichalternativebestdescribeswhathappenstooxygenandcarbondioxideasblood
travelsthroughthelungsandmuscles?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Lung Muscle
Oxygendissolvesinblood. Carbondioxidedissolvesinblood.
Oxygenbindsstronglytohaemoglobin.Carbondioxidebindsstronglyto
haemoglobin.
Oxygenbindsstronglytohaemoglobin. Carbondioxidedissolvesinblood.
Carbondioxidebindsweaklyto
haemoglobin. Oxygenbindsweaklytohaemoglobin.
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10 Amylase is an enzyme that catalyses the breakdown of starch.
As the temperature rises, the activity of this enzyme will
(A) increase until the enzyme begins to denature.
(B) decrease until the substrate begins to denature.
(C) increase until the optimum pH level is reached.
(D) decrease until the substrate reaches a maximum concentration.
11 Experiments were carried out on plants living in different environments to measure the
size of the leaf stomata at different times of the day. Previous investigations had shown
that plants transpire more water when the size of the stomata is larger.
Which graph best represents a plant living in a dry environment?
(A)
stomatasize
Midnight Noon Midnight
Time of day
KeyLight
Dark
(B)
stomatasize
Midnight Noon Midnight
Time of day
KeyLight
Dark
(C)
Noon
Time of day
stomatasize
MidnightMidnight
KeyLight
Dark
(D)
Noon
Time of day
stomatasize
MidnightMidnight
KeyLight
Dark
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12 Astudentconductedan experimentwherecarbondioxidewasbubbled throughwater.
ThestudentrecordedthepHmeterreadingevery5seconds.
Time (s) pH meter reading
5 7.5
10 7.2
15 7.0
20 6.8
Whatwouldbethemostvalidconclusionthestudentcoulddrawfromtheseresults?
(A) ThechangeinpHwastoosmalltobesignificant.
(B) ThewaterbecamelessacidicastheamountofCO2 inthewaterincreased.
(C) ThewaterbecamemoreacidicastheamountofCO2 inthewaterincreased.
(D) ThechangeinpHmightnotberelatedtotheCO2beingbubbledthroughthewater.
13 Whydoorgantransplantpatientsneedanti-rejectionmedication?
(A) Tominimiseinfection
(B) TopreventT-lymphocytegrowth(C) TostimulatetheinteractionofB-andT-lymphocytes
(D) Topreventtherecipient’sbloodtypechangingandadoptingtheimmunesystemof
thedonor
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14 Thediagramshowsphenotypicchangesinapopulationoveranumberofgenerations.
1stgeneration
5thgeneration
10thgeneration
12thgeneration
Whichevolutionaryconceptisdemonstratedinthediagram?
(A) Convergentevolution
(B) Divergentevolution
(C) Transitionalforms
(D) Punctuatedequilibrium
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15 Apatientwasbeingtreatedforaninfectionusinganantibiotic.Atsevendayintervalsa
swabwastakenfromthemouthandculturedontoafreshagarplate.
Day1plate Day8plate Day15plate
Key Species1 Species2
Whatisthemostlikelycauseofthechangeinmouthmicroflorashownintheseculture
plates?
(A) Species1wasafoodsourceforSpecies2allowingmoreofSpecies2togrow.
(B) Species1andSpecies2arebothfungi,butSpecies1iskilledbytheantibiotic
whileSpecies2usestheantibioticasfood.
(C) AsthenumbersofSpecies2 increased,theychangedthechemicalconditionsof
theagarplatestoppingthegrowthofSpecies1.
(D) Thereisnormallyabalancebetweenthenumbersofeachspeciesbuttheremoval
ofSpecies1bytheantibioticallowedmoreofSpecies2togrow.
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CentreNumber
2009 HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION
Biology
SectionI(continued)
PartB–60marksAttemptQuestions16–27
Allowabout1hourand45minutesforthispart
Answerthequestionsinthespacesprovided.
StudentNumber
Question16(3marks)
Completethefollowingtable.
Pathogen Distinguishing characteristic
of the pathogen
Disease caused by this type of
pathogen
Bacteria
Fungi
Protozoans
105 –9 –
3
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Question17(6marks)
As part of an independent research project, a student studied a genetic condition
sufferedbymembersofhisfamily.Thestudentwrotethefollowingsummary:
• IammaleandIhavethecondition.
• Mymotherdoesnothavethecondition.
• Myfatherandhisbrotherhavethecondition.
• Myfather’ssisterandmyfather’smotherdonothavethecondition.
• Myfather’sfatherhasthecondition.
(a) Constructapedigreeofthisfamily. 3
1
2
(b) Whyarediagrams,suchaspedigrees,usefulinanalysingdata?
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
(c) Thestudentmadethefollowingconclusionfromhisstudy.
“Asonlymaleshavethecondition,itmustbeasex-linkedgeneticcondition.”
Assess thevalidity of thestudent’s conclusion,andprovidesupport foryour
assessment.
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5
Question18(5marks)
Onashipatseathereisanoutbreakofadiseaseaffectingthehumandigestivesystem.
Explainhowcleanliness in food,water andpersonalhygienepracticesontheship
couldassistincontrollingthisdisease.
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6
Question19(6marks)
Drawadiagramofamammaliankidney.
Onyourdrawing,labelTHREEregionsinvolvedintheexcretionofwasteproducts
ANDindicatethemainprocessthatoccursineachofthethreeregions.
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CentreNumber
2009 HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION
Biology
SectionI–PartB(continued)
StudentNumber
Question20(5marks)
(a) Outlinethestepsyouwouldfollowinafirst-handinvestigationofpathogensand
insectpestsinplantshootsandleaves.
3
2
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(b) DescribeONEpossibleriskinthisinvestigationandONEprecautionneededto
maintainsafety.
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Question21(6marks)
Thedatainthetableshowstheresultsfromaninvestigationthatmeasuredgrowthin
aspeciesofwheat.
Temperature(°C)
−5 0 5 10 12.5 15 17.5 20 22.5 25 27.5 30 35 40
Relative
growth (%)0 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 75 50 25 0 0 0
(a) Usethedatatodrawanappropriategraph.
(b) Fromthegraph,describehowthegrowthofwheatrespondstotemperature.
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4
2
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3
Question22(3marks)
ConstructatabletoidentifyTHREEtypesofT-lymphocytes,andoutlinetheroleof
eachtypeintheimmuneresponse.
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BLANKPAGE
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CentreNumber
2009 HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION
Biology
SectionI–PartB(continued)
StudentNumber
Question23(5marks)
(a)AwomanrecentlyconceivedBritain’sfirstbabyguaranteedtobefree
fromhereditarybreastcancer.Doctorsscreenedforanembryothatwas
freefromagenethatcancausebreastcancer.
Thescreeningwasperformedduetothelonghistoryofthisformof
cancerinthefamilyandthefactthatanydaughterbornwiththegenewouldhavea50%–80%chanceofdevelopingbreastcancer.
Explain the possible impact of this reproductive technology on the genetic
compositionofthepopulation.
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2
3(b) Describethepotentialimpactoftheuseofreproductivetechnologiesonthepath
ofevolutionusingONEnamedplantoranimalthathasbeengeneticallyaltered.
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Question24(6marks)
Anexperimentwas conducted todetermine the effectsonbody functionof
increasingambienttemperature.Participants(100individuals)wereaskedtolie
downandremainasstillaspossibleduringtheentireexperiment.Thefollowing
observationsweremade:
• Thestartingtemperatureoftheroomwas22°C.
• The meanbody temperatureofall participants at the startof the
experimentwas37.1°C.
• Asthe room temperature increased, sweatingand heart ratealso
increased.
• Astheroomtemperaturereturnedto22°C,sweatingandheartrate
returnedtonormal.
Inacontrolgroupof100participantswhowerelyingdowninaroomwhere
theambienttemperaturewasmaintainedat22°C,nochangesinsweatingand
heartratewereobserved.
(a) Identifythedependentandindependentvariablesinthisexperiment. 2
1
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(b) Identify the body system that monitors and responds to changes in external
temperature.
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Question24continuesonpage19
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2
2
Question25(4marks)
Afishermanprickedhisfingeronafishhook.Soonafterhenoticedthattheinjured
fingerwasredandswollen.Sometimelaterhefeltathrobbingsensationinhisarm.
Hisdoctorprescribedacourseofantibiotics.
(a) IdentifyTWOdefenceadaptationsusedbythebodyinresponsetotheinjury.
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(b) Identifytheroleoftheantibioticsinthemanagementofthisinjury.
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CentreNumber
2009 HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION
Biology
SectionI–PartB(continued)
StudentNumber
Question26(3marks)
Describehowprocessessuchasenantiostasisandhomeostasisareusedtomaintain
metabolic functions when salt concentration varies in plants living in estuarine
environments.
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3
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8
Question27(8marks)
Mostoffspring resembletheirparents inanumberofcharacteristics,but thereare
oftensomecharacteristicsintheoffspringthatareunexpected.
Explain,usingexamples,howgeneticsandtheenvironmentcanaffectthephenotypeofindividuals.
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2009 HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION
Biology
SectionII
25marksAttemptONEquestionfromQuestions28–32
Allowabout45minutesforthissection
Answerthequestioninawritingbooklet.Extrawritingbookletsareavailable.
Pages
Question28 Communication..........................................................................24
Question29 Biotechnology ......................................................................25–26
Question30 Genetics:TheCodeBroken? ...............................................27–28
Question31 TheHumanStory.................................................................29–30
Question32 Biochemistry ........................................................................31–32
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3
1
3
5
2
4
7
Question28—Communication (25marks)
(a) DrawadiagramofthehumaneyeandlabelTHREEsitesofrefraction.
(b) (i)
(ii)
OutlineONEtechnologythatcanbeusedtotreatorpreventblindness.
What are the possible implications for society of the use of this
technology?
(c) The graph shows the voltage changes recorded in a neurone when it was
stimulatedatdifferentintensities.
Stimulusintensity
Actionpotential
0
1
2
Time
Voltage
Time
Explainwhyallthestimulidonotgenerateanactionpotential.
(d) (i)
(ii)
Why is the process of accommodation important in visual
communication?
Describe how you would use lenses to model the process of
accommodation.
(e) Explainhowanunderstandingofhearingmechanismshasbeenusedtodevelop
technologiestoovercomehearingdifficulties.
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Question 29 — Biotechnology (25 marks)
(a) (i)
(ii)
What is used to cut DNA in recombinant DNA techniques?
Outline the role of ligases in recombinant DNA techniques.
1
2
1
3
1
4
(b) Before the 18th century, fermentation was a ‘cottage’ industry carried out in
homes or small shops in villages. Early in the 18th century, fermentation began
to develop into a large scale industry.
(i) Identify ONE fermentation product made prior to the 18th century.
(ii) Describe ONE scientific discovery that has led to the expansion of
fermentation since the 18th century.
(c) The diagram represents a model of protein synthesis.
Awaiting copyright
(i) Name TWO types of RNA.
(ii) Describe the role of RNA in the processes occurring at locations 1 and 2
in the diagram.
Question 29 continues on page 26
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Question29(continued)
(d) (i) DescribehowyouwouldextractDNAfromcells.
(ii) OutlinehowyouwouldidentifytheDNAyouextracted.
(e) Explainhowapplicationsofmodernbiotechnologyhaveproducedproductsthat
areusefultohumans.
5
1
7
EndofQuestion29
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Question30—Genetics:TheCodeBroken? (25marks)
(a) (i) WhatarethemultipleallelesintheinheritanceofABObloodgroups? 1
2
1
3
5
(ii) Usingadiagram,showhowparentswithbloodgroupsAandBcouldhaveachildwithbloodgroupO.
(b) (i) IdentifyONEexampleofcloningananimalorplant.
(ii) DescribeONEpossiblebenefitforsocietyoftheuseofthiscloning.
(c) Thediagramrepresentsamodelofproteinsynthesis.
Awaiting copyright
Describe the processes occurring at each of the locations 1, 2 and 3 in the
diagram.
Question30continuesonpage28
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6
7
Question30(continued)
(d) Theinheritancepatternsoftwogenesindicatethattheyarelinked.
Describehowyouwoulduseamodeloflinkagetoexplainthis.
(e) Explain how our understanding of genetic mutation could lead to the
managementofsomediseasesusinggenetherapy.
EndofQuestion30
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Question 31 — The Human Story (25 marks)
(a) Copy and complete the following table in your writing booklet.
Classification level Human classification Identifying feature
Primate
Hominid
Homo
3
1
3
5
(b) (i)
(ii)
Identify ONE method used to date fossils.
Outline the problems associated with relying only on the fossil record to
interpret the past.
(c) The diagram shows two different models of human migration and evolution.
Awaiting copyright
Describe the evidence that can be used to support each of the theories shown in
the diagram.
Question 31 continues on page 30
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Question31(continued)
(d) (i)
(ii)
Name TWO species (other than Homo erectus and Homo sapiens)
known from fossil evidence that have been used to trace human
evolutionaryrelationships.
Outline the similarities and differences you would look for when
studyingfossilsofthesespecies.
1
5
7(e) Explainthebiologicalevidence,otherthanfossils,thatcanbeusedtoimprove
ourunderstandingoftheevolutionofhumans.
EndofQuestion31
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Question 32 — Biochemistry (25 marks)
(a) Outline how plants help to reduce greenhouse gases.
(b) (i) Name one person who made a significant contribution to the discovery
that plants were able to produce oxygen.
(ii) Describe the evidence that the person you named in part (b) (i) used for
demonstrating that plants were able to produce oxygen.
(c) The diagram shows a chloroplast.
(i) Which numbered feature in the diagram is the location of DNA? What is
the name of this feature?
(ii) Describe the photosynthetic processes occurring at locations 3 and 5.
Question 32 continues on page 32
3
1
3
1
4
1
23 4
5
6
7
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Diagram of a Chloroplast, Senior
Biology, Knight and Sullivan,
Longman Australia, 1991.Reproduced with the permission
of Pearson Education Australia
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Question32(continued)
(d) ItwasshownbyEngelmanin1882thatwhatwenowknowasphotosynthesis
occurredinSpirogyraonlyforvioletandredwavelengthsoflight.
6
7
Studentslookingatarangeofgreenplantsfromtheirgardensfoundthatformostplants,photosynthesisoccurredacrossthefullvisiblelightrangeincluding
greenandyellow.Thisisduetotheplantshavingpigmentssuchascarotenesin
additiontochlorophyll.
Describehowmodernlaboratorytechniquescanbeusedtodeterminethenature
ofthepigmentsandwheretheyarelocatedintheplantcells.
(e) Theideathatplantsobtainnourishmentfromwater,lightandairtooknearlytwo
centuriestodevelop.
Explainhowtheuseofisotopesinthelatterpartofthe20thcenturyenhanced
earlierdiscoveriesaboutphotosynthesis.
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