2008 Tocqueville on Civilian Society

7/23/2019 2008 Tocqueville on Civilian Society

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\fzkn Wfnkxei

ROHV[KQINNK OD HIQINIFD XOHIKRYF Pocfdrih Qixiod oa rmk Bihmorocih Xrp{hr{pk oa Xohifn Pkfniry

Ir ix f |fpfbo} rmfr Rohv{kqinnk ix rpkfrkb fx f hnfxxih oa ni`kpfnixc id Apfdhk.zmkpkfx id rmk [dirkb Xrfrkx fx f hnfxxih oa pk|{`nihfdixc$ Rmk hfdodiwfriod oaRohv{kqinnk fx f |pidhi|fn aij{pk oa rmk dko#ni`kpfn xibk oa rmk Apkdhm |onirihfn.xhkdk ix fnpkfby zknn bkxhpi`kb$& Rmk |pkxkdr fprihnk ix idrkdbkb ro `k f |pknicidfpy fdfnyxix oa rmk ohh{ppkdhk oa f`xop|riod oa Rohv{kqinnk `y dko#hodxkpqfriqkx id Fckpihf$Rmk rmo{jmr oa Fnk}ix bk Rohv{kqinnk mfx pkkdrkpkb zirm f dkz ic|kr{x fhf

bkcih hnfxxpoocx fnn fpo{db rmk zopnb b{k ro Po`kpr \{rdfc$ Id 6998 id f òoefò{r hiqih niak id Irfny. \{rdfc mfx idhn{bkb f xmopr hirfriod apoc f pocfdrihzpirkp ro zmoc mk pkakppkb rmk zopbx rmfr hiqin fxxohifriodx hodrpi`{rk ro rmkkaakhriqkdkxx fdb xrfìniry oa bkcohpfrih joqkcckdr. ir ix fpj{kb. òrm `khf{xkoa rmkip #idrkpdfn# kaakhrx od idbiqib{fn ckc`kpx fdb `khf{xk oa rmkip #k}rkcfnkaakhrx od rmk zibkp |oniry#$x Hoc|fpidj ro rmk xhfnk oa |o|{nfpiry oa mix idrkp|pkrfriod. f v{orfriod apoc Rohv{kqinnk kc|noykb `y \{rdfc zfx v{irk xmopr7

Fckpihfdx oa fnn fjkx. fnn xrfriodx id niak. fdb fnn ry|kx oa bix|oxiriod fpk aopkqkp aopcidj fxxohifriodx$ Rmkpk fpk dor odny hocckphifn fdb idb{xrpifn fxxohifriodx id zmihm fnn rfek |fpr. `{r ormkpx oa f rmo{xfdb biaakpkdr ry|kx # pknijio{x.copfn. xkpio{x. a{rink. qkpy jkdkpfn fdb qkpy nicirkb. icckdxkny nfpjk fdb qkpycid{rk U$$$ S$8Rmkpk fpk rzo cfid o`gkhriodx ro \{rdfc*x zope7Rmk aipxr odk ix xhikdriaih$Mk

bib dor fdfnywk rmk rk}r op cfek pkakpkdhk ro fdyòby zmo mfx bodk xo `kaopk$Rmk xkhodb o`gkhriod ix hodrk}r{fn$ \{rdfc*x idrkp|pkrfriod ic|{rkx rmfr Rokv{kqinnk {dbkpxroob rmk rkpc hiqin xohikry id f hoc|nkrkny biaakpkdr zfy rmfdmix didkrkkdrm hkdr{py hodrkc|opfpikx. rmfr ix Mkjkn fdb Cfp}$ I r ix rmk kaakhr oabkhodrk}r{fniwkb pkfbidj # id mixropihfn fdb nidj{ixrih rkpcx$Rmkxk o`xkpqfriodx o|kd rmk |oxxiìniry oa pkfbidj rmk opijidfn rk}r zirm f

nirrnk ìr oa xhp{|{no{xdkxx. nidj{ixrih f||pofhm. xkcfdrih dkrzopex fdb bixho{pxk

6 Hnfipk Nk Xrpfr.Zinny \knnkrikp7 Nf Hfdodixfriod ni kpfrk bk Rohv{kqinnk -\fpix 0


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Rohv{kqinnk od Hiqinifd Xohikry 016

fdfnyxix ro hmkhe rmk qfnibiry oa rmk dozfbfyx bocidfdr idrkp|pkrfriod oa Rokv{kqinnk*x Bk Nf bkcohpfrih kd Fckpiv{k$Rmk aipxr rmidj ro aoh{xk frrkdriod od ix rmfr id rmk bix|{rkb v{orfriod Rok

v{kqinnk. id rmk aipxr |nfhk.ckdriodkb fxxohifriodx hocckphifnkx kr idb{xrpiknnkx$Bib mk bo xo id opbkp ro k}hn{bk rmkc. fx \{rdfc zfdrx {x ro rmide? I r ix pfrmkpbo{`ra{n$ Rohv{kqinnk bib ir id rmk aipxr |nfhk$Rmfr ckfdx rmfr zmkd zpiridj fò{rfxxohifriodx mk rmo{jmr fòqk fnn fò{r `{xidkxx opjfdiwfriodx$ Dkqkprmknkxx. mkkqkd fbbkb f{}v{knnkx ro{x |pkddkdr |fpr$ Rmfr ix nirkpfnny7 kqkpyòby id rmk[dirkb Xrfrkx |fprihi|frkx id xock eidb oa `{xidkxx kdrpk|pkdk{pxmi|$Rmkpkaopkzmink pkfbidj fxxohifriod xmo{nb zk dor rmide id rmfr hfxk oa hoc|fdy? Opfr nkfxr oa |fprdkpxmi|? Ir xmo{nb `k {dbkpnidkb rmfr rmpo{jmo{r rmk hodb{hroa rmfr hmf|rkp. Rohv{kqinnk zfx hodhkpdkb zirm òrm. fxxohifriodx oa hocckphifn fdb idb{xrpifn hmfpfhrkp od rmk odk mfdb. fdb fxxohifriodx hfnnkb `y micidrknnkhr{fn fdb copfn# od rmk ormkp mfdb # fx a{dbfckdrx oa hiqiniwfriod$Rmk xkhodb biaaih{nry ix rmk xkdrkdhk aonnozidj rmk apfjckdr hirkb `y \{rdfc$

Id rmk rpfdxnfriod {riniwkb `y \{rdfc. cfbk `y Jkopjk Nfzpkdhk. rmkpk odkhfd pkfb7 Fpdkpihfdx hocìdk ro jiqk akrkx. ao{db xkcidfpikx. `{inb hm{phmkx.bixrpi`{rk òoex. fdb xkdb cixxiodfpikx ro rmk fdri|obkxq$4 Zmkpkfx rmk opijidfnxkdrkdhk ix f nirrnk pihmkp id k}fc|nkx7 Nkx Fpdkpihfidx x*fxxohikdr |o{p boddkpbkx akrkx. aodbkp bkx xkpdidfipkx. `frip bkx f{`kpjkx. knkqkp bkx kjnixkx. pk|fdbpkbkx Iiqpkx. kdqoykp bkx cixxioddfipkx f{} fdri|obkx$ Rmk rpfdxnfrop ocirrkbrmk zopbx ro `{inb iddx. zmihm odk hfd aidb id ormkp rpfdxnfriodx$ Ir ix xyc|rocfrih rmfr rmk apfjckdr zirm rmk coxr khodocihfn ckfdidj zfx k}hn{bkb id rmkhmf|rkp \{rdfc pkfb$Rmk rmipb hodhkpd ix rmk rirnk oa rmk hmf|rkp rmk v{oridj hockx apoc7 Bk

I*{xfjk v{k nkx Fckpihfidx aodr bk I *fxxohifriod bfdx nf qik hiqink? # |nfhkb idrmk xkhodb |fpr oa rmk xkhodb qon{ck$ \po`nkcfrih ix mkpk rmk rpfdxnfriod cfbkid 6=2< `y rmk f{rmop*x apikdb Mkdpy Pkkqk. zmkpk zk hfd pkfb Oa rmk {xkxzmihm rmk Fckpihfdx cfek oa |{`nih fxxohifriodx id hiqin niak. Rmk biaakpkdhk ixhnkfp # rmk rpfdxnfropx fbbkb rmk zopb |{`nih$ Rmky mfqk bodk xo id rmk rirnk oarmk dk}r hmf|rkp. roo$k Rmkpk ix do x{hm f hodxrp{hr fx fxxohifriodx |{`niv{kxid rmk zmonk oa rmk opijidfn rk}r fr fnn$

Rm{x. Kdjnixm pkfbkpx fpk cixnkb. `khf{xk |{`nih op |onirihfn niak zfx aop didkrkkdrm#hkdr{py rmo{jmr xockrmidj hoc|nkrkny biaakpkdr rmfd |piqfrk op hiqin niak$

2 Oa zmihm mk zpork |picfpiny id rmk aipxr qon{ck7 aop rmk aipxr rick id f hmf|rkp od |onirihfnfxxohifriodx fdb aop rmk xkhodb rick id f hmf|rkp od fbqfdrfjkx oa bkcohpfrih joqkpdckdr$zmkpk mk fdfnywkb qiqib fhriqiry zirmid rmk |onirihfn òby oa Fckpihf # mkdhkaoprm rmix ry|k oafxxohifriodx zfx rpkfrkb `y Rohv{kqinnk |picfpiny fx |onirihfn$

; F$ bk Rohv{kqinnk7 Bkcohpfhy id Fckpihf -Hmihfjo 6991) 0:;$1 F$ bk Rohv{kqinnk7 Bk nf bkcohpfrik kd Fckpiv{k. r$ 0$ -K{qpkx hoc|nkrkx. kb$ |fp I#\$

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3/7

010 \fzkn wfnkxeiId rmfr hfxk. zk xmo{nb {dbkpxrfdb hiqin fx hiqinifd pfrmkp rmfd hiqih. fx\{rdfc fxx{ckb$ Rohv{kqinnk bib dor {xk fr fnn rmk zopb hiqiv{k. xo apkv{kdrnyid {xk `y \{rdfc$ Zmink id Kdjnixm rpfdxnfriodx zk hfd ckkr rmk zopb hiqih.id rmk opijidfn rk}r rmkpk ix dormidj niek rmfr$ Rmix ix hoda{xidj `khf{xk rmk {xkoa rmk zopbx |{`nih fdb hiqih id rmk hodrk}r oa f{rmop*x bixho{pxk x{jjkxrx|onirihfn ixx{kx # id |nfhkx zmkpk rmky fpk dor$ Rmkpk ix fdormkp v{kxriod fò{rrmk zopb hiqin. zmihm id Apkdhm {x{fnny ckfdx hiqinifd `khf{xk rmkpk ix doormkp aopc aop rmfr rkpc$

Idxrkfb oa zpiridj fò{r |{`nih fxxohifriodx.Rohv{kqinnk bixridj{ixmkb rzoormkp eidbx oa fxxohifriodx7 |oniriv{kx fdb hiqinkx$Mk zpork fò{r rmk |onirihfn odkx qkpy apkv{kdrny. kx|khifnny id rmk aipxr qon{ck. x|khiaihfnny id rmk hmf|rkpBk n*fxxohifriod |oniriv{k f{} Krfrx#[dix? Mozkqkp. fò{r hiqin-ifd) odkx idodny odk xidjnk hmf|rkp7 Pf||oprx bkx fxxohifriodx hiqinkx kr bkx fxxohifriodx|oniriv{kx id rmk xkhodb |fpr oa rmk xkhodb qon{ck$ I r xmo{nb `k {dbkpnidkbrmfr id rmk zmonk hk{qpk rmix ix rmk odny hmf|rkp id zmihm rmk f{rmop bkhibkbro {xk rmk rkpc hiqinifd fxxohifriodx# -fxxohifriodx hiqinkx)$nO Id rmk hmf|rkpzmkpk Rohv{kqinnk zpork fò{r hiqinifd fxxohifriodx fdb hoc|fpkb rmkc zirm|onirihfn odkx rmkpk pkqkfnx irxkna f bihmorocy oa rmk pocfdrih qixiod oa xohifnpkfniry$

Apoc rmfr hmf|rkp hockx fdormkp |o|{nfp v{orfriod fò{r idan{kdhk oa fxxohifriodx. fx jpfdb apkk xhmoonx# oa bkcohpfhy${ Rmk opijidfn xkdrkdhk p{dxfx aonnozx7 Nkx fxxohifriodx |oniriv{kx |k{qkdr bodk krpk hodxibkpkkx hocckbk jpfdbkx khhnkx jpfr{irkx. O[ ro{x nkx hiroykdx qikddkdr f||pkdbpk nf rmkopik jkdkpfnk bkx fxxohifriodx$60 Fx odk hfd xkk. Rohv{kqinnk bib dor zpirk mkpkfò{r fxxohifriodx id jkdkpfn. `{r |fprih{nfpny fò{r |onirihfn fxxohifriodx. rmfr ix.id hodrkc|opfpy rkpcx. fò{r |onirihfn |fprikx$ Aop mic. |onirihfn fxxohifriodx fpkdor apkk `{r jpfr{iro{x$ Nirkpfnny7 |ko|nk hfd nkfpd aop dormidj fò{r rmk jkdkpfnrmkopy oa fxxohifridj zmink |fprihi|fridj id |onirihfn fxxohifriodx$ Rmkd rmky hfdcfek pkfn `{xidkxxkx id hiqinifd fxxohifriodx # kdjfjidj fdb pixeidj rmkip |oxxkxxiodx fdb codky$ I r ix ic|oprfdr `khf{xk fx rmk f{rmop zpork f akz xkdrkdhkxkfpnikp7 N*od dk |k{r x*kdjfjkp bfdx nf |n{|fpr bkx fxxohifriodx hiqinkx v{*kd k}|oxfdr {dk |opriod bk xod |frpicoidk5 in kd kxr fidxi |o{p ro{rkx nkx hoc|fjdikxidb{xrpiknnkx kr hocckphifnkx$68Mkdhk aop Rohv{kqinnk |onirihfn fxxohifriodx fpkdor odny joob aop |onirihx. zmihm mk bkxhpi`kb id aipxr qon{ck oa mix zope. `{r fnxoaop khodocy$ Rmkpkaopk rmky fpk hodxibkpkb mkpk pfrmkp fx xhmoonx oa kdrpk|pkdk{pxmi| rmfd bkcohpfhy. hoo|kpfriod pfrmkp rmfd hodxkdr$ Fx rmk rirnk oa rmk

9 Rohv{kqinnk Uxkk d$ 1S qon$ 666 -\fpix 6+6) 692#0


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Rohv{kqinnk od Hiqinifd Xohikry 018hmf|rkp x{jjkxrx. Rohv{kqinnk bib dor fdfnywk pknfriodx `krzkkd fxxohifriodx fdb|onirihx$i# `{r `krzkkd rmk |onirihfn h{nr{pk fdb rmk a{dhriodidj oa rmk cfpekr |onirihfn x{|kpxrp{hr{pk fdb khodocih `fxix. fx Kdjknx fdb Cfp} nfrkp r{pdkb{|xibk bozd Mkjknifd rmo{jmr$i4

@{r moz bo hiqinifd fxxohifriodx idan{kdhk |onirihfn niak? Id rmk xfck hmf|rkpRohv{kqinnk zpork. fò{r nkx jo{qkpdkckdrx bk dox go{px7 Inx odr. f{ hodrpfipk. {dk ìkdqkinnfdhk dfr{pknnk |o{p nkx fxxohifriodx hiqinkx. |fphk v{*inx odrfixkckdr bkho{qkpr v{k hknnkx#hi. f{ nik{ bk bipijkp n *kx|pir bkx hiroykdx qkpx nkxfaafipkx |{`niv{kx. xkpqkdr 66 n *kd bixrpfipk. kr. nkx kdjfjkfdr bk |n{x kd |n{x bfdxbkx |pogkrx v{i dk |k{qkdr x*fhhoc|nip xfdx nf |fi} |{`niv{k. nkx bkro{pdkdr bkxpkqon{riodx$xrk Rohv{kqinnk*x bixho{pxk ix |fpfbo}ihfn mkpk$ Id rmk xmopr p{d |onirihfn fxxohifriodx bixr{p` |onirihx fdb khodocy$@{r id f nodjkp |kpx|khriqk rmkyxrpkdjrmkd hiqinifd fxxohifriodx fdb rmk khodocy. fdb f xrpodj khodocy id r{pd|fhiaikx |onirihx$ Od f xkcfdrih nkqkn ir xkkcx rmfr Rohv{kqinnk xmo{nb `k hodxibkpkb fx f ni`kpfn pfrmkp rmfd f pk|{`nihfd$

Fx odk ho{nb xkk. rmk hiqin xohikry id rmk fjk oa pocfdrihixc xmo{nb `k {dbkpxroob id f xicinfp zfy fx id rmk dk}r hkdr{py rmk Dkz Nkar xrfprkb ro hodhk|r{fniwk rmk #pdfpekr xohikry#$ Rmix ibkf mfx dormidj ro bo zirm rmk |oxrcobkpdhodhk|r oa hiqin xohikry. kx|khifnny id hocc{dirfpifd rmo{jmr$

I r ix o`qio{x rmfr zmink zpiridj fò{r bkcohpfhy id Fckpihf Rohv{kqinnk zfxhodhkdrpfrkb od |onirihfn ixx{kx # od |onirihfn xohikry fdb |onirihfn fxxohifriodx$Mozkqkp. id rmk xkhodb qon{ck mk bkhibkb ro zpirk xockrmidj fò{r fxxohifriodx hiqinkx. roo$ Zmfr Rohv{kqinnk mfb id cidb zmink zpiridj fò{r fxxohifriodx id hiqinifd niak. xmo{nb `k k}|nfidkb coxr kfxiny `y fd idxrir{riod dkz fr rmkrick oa Rohv{kqinnk*x niak. idrpob{hkb fdb ic|oxkb {|od rmk zmonk hodridkdrfnK{po|k `y @odf|fprk fdb {dedozd ro rmk Fdjno#Xf}od zopnb # Hobk Hiqink$rrFdkhborfnny ir cfy `k xfib. rmfr \{rdfc hoda{xkb |onirihfn zirm hiqin fxxohifriodx `khf{xk @odf|fprk mfb afinkb ro idqfbk Jpkfr @pirfid$ra @{r rmkpk ix rmkcopk a{dbfckdrfn |po`nkc rmfr cobkpd Fckpihfdx bib dor pkhojdiwk rmk bixridhriod. `fxih aop hodridkdrfn K{po|k. `krzkkd |onirihfn fdb hiqinifd. |{`nih fdb

62 Rmfr ix bkcohpfhy id f |o|{nfpiwkb idrkp|pkrfriod$ix Cfp} bkqorkb c{hm copk frrkdriod ro rmk ixx{k oa pknfriodx `krzkkd #|onirixhmk

Jkxknnxhmfar# fdb #`{pjkpnihmk Jkxknnxhmfar# rmfd Rohv{kqinnk. cfidny id W{p Epirie bkp Mkjkn#xhmkd Pkhmr|minoxo|mik$

61 Rohv{kqinnk Uxkk d$ 1S qon$ nIII. 60;$6: Hiqin Hobk pk|nfhkb rmk hmfox oa nohfn fdb h{xrocfpy ak{bfn nfzx idrpob{hidj f xidjnk

{diqkpxfn g{bihifpy xyxrkc$ Ir jpfdrkb kv{fniry ro hiriwkdx `kaopk rmk nfz.ni`kpry oa |oxxkxxiod oa|piqfrk |po|kpry. fdb apkkboc oa kdrkpidj hodrpfhrx. idhn{bidj `{xidkxx |fprdkpxmi|x$

6= Rohv{kqinnk hoc|fpkb xrpfijmr rmfr fnrmo{jm |onirihfn nfzx zkpk c{hm `krrkp id rmk [dirkbXrfrkx hiqinifd odkx zkpk copk bkqkno|kb id Apfdhk7 Kd hknf hocck bfdx |pkxv{k ro{r Ikpkxrk. in kxr afhink bk pkcfpv{kp v{k. xi nf nkjixnfriod |oniriv{k bkx Fpdkpihfidx kxr `kf{ho{| |n{xbkpdohpfriv{k v{k nf dorpk. dorpk nkjixnfriod hiqink kxr idaidickdr |n{x bkcohpfriv{k v{k nf nk{p$Hknf xk hodhkir xfdx |kidk$ -Bk nf bkcohpfrik kd Fckpiv{k Uxkk d$ 1S 0


5/7

012 \fzkn Wfnkxei|piqfrk # `khf{xk oa rmk qkpy rpfbiriodfn. fncoxr ckbikqfn `fxix oa rmk Fckpihfd|onirihfn xyxrkc$r?Id hodrkc|opfpy hiqin nfz id Apfdhk rmkpk ix xrinn rmk |oxxiìniry oa k}ixrkdhk

oa cfdy eidbx oa hoc|fdikx {dbkp rmk dfck oa #xohikrk hiqink# k$j$7 #xohikrkhiqink |poakxxioddknnk. #xohikrk hiqink bk coykd$. #xohikrk hiqink iccoìnikpk#.#xohikrk hiqink bk hodxrp{hriod#qkdrk b*icck{`nkx#. #xohikrk hiqink bk |nfhkckdriccoìnikphwq Hoccod Nfz bokx dor edoz rmk hodxrp{hriod oa f #hiqin nfz hoc|fdy#5 afcinifp ro hodridkdrfn K{po|k # id Apkdhm7 #xohikrk bk bpoir hiqie. id Jkpcfd7 $Jkxknnxhmfar `ripjkpnihmkd Pkhmrx# op 4@J@#Jkxknnxhmfar>$Rmfr ix zmy idApkdhm bihriodfpikx odk hfd kfxiny aidb rmk rkpc #xohikrk hiqink# zirm irx Mkjknifdckfdidj. zmink nooeidj aop #hiqin xohikry# id Kdjnixm bihriodfpikx ix id qfid$ Idrmk Rohv{kqinnkfd bixho{pxk #fxxohifriod hiqink# zfx f eidb oa hoc|fdy$ Fdb irzfx hoc|nkrkny |piqfrk dor |{`nih. fx rmk Kdjnixm rpfdxnfrop zfdrkb {x ro rmide$Rohv{kqinnk bib dor zpirk fò{r |{`nih fxxohifriodx. `{r fò{r fxxohifriodx idhiqinifd niak$06Rmfdex ro Cfdapkb Pikbkn. zk edoz rmfr Mkjkn id mix \minoxo|my oa Pijmrx

mfb hoc|nkrkny hmfdjkb rmk ckfdidj oa rmk rkpc #hiqin xohikryh#* Id rmk hnfxxihfn zopnb |onirihfn fdb hiqin xohikry ckfdr rmk xfck rmidj$ Farkp rmk ApkdhmPkqon{riod rmky `khfck o||oxirkx$ Aop Efdr #`{pjkpnihmk Jkxknnxhmfar# fdb#Xrffr# zkpk xydodycx. aop Mkjkn rmky `khfck fdrodycx$ Aop Po{xxkf{ #I*krfrhiqin# zfx f xopr oa xrfrk oa hiqiniry op |onirkdkxx. zmink aop Rohv{kqinnk #qikhiqink# zfx f hiqinifd. |piqfrk niak$ Id f xicinfp zfy. zk hfd hoc|fpk Efdrifd#`{pjkpnihmkp W{xrfdb# zirm Mkjknifd #`{pjkpnihmkx Nk`kd#. Rmk jpkfr |o|{nfpiry oa Mkjkn *x zope kxrf`nixmkb f dkz xrfdbfpb oa hoc|pkmkdxiod od rmk hodridkdr -hoc|nkrkny {dedozd id rmk Fdjno#Xf}od hodxrir{kdhy)$

Aop Mkjkn hiqin xohikry `khfck f x|mkpk pkj{nfrkb `y Hiqin Hobk. apkxmny kxrf`nixmkb `y @odf|fprk fdb ic|oxkb od K{po|k. f x|mkpk oa |piqfrk idrkpkxrx.|piqfrk ozdkpxmi| # id hodrkc|opfpy rkpcx. f x|mkpk oa rmk cfpekr khodocy$Rmix qixiod ix c{hm hnkfpkp zmkd zk pkfb Cfp} op Kdjknx. kx|khifnny zmkd rmkrkpc #`{pjkpnihmk Jkxknnxhmfar# ix rpfdxnfrkb fx #ò{pjkoix xohikry# id onbkp ixx{kx oa rmkip zopex$ w8 Fdb zk xmo{nb rfek ir aop jpfdrkb rmfr f|fpr apoc cfdyormkp biaakpkdhkx Rohv{kqinnk {dbkpxroob rmk hodhk|r id f xicinfp zfy `khf{xkmk bib dor edoz rmk |mkdockdf oa f rmipb xkhrop fdb rmk dod#joqkpdckdrfn

69 Xfc{kn M{dridjrod7 \onirihfn Opbkp id Hmfdjidj Xohikrikx -Dkz Mkfqkd 691=) 98#682$0< [xka{n id rmix pkjfpb ho{nb `k f jnfdhk fr rmk fprihnk do$ 6=2; oa rmk Apkdhm Hobk Hiqink$06 Fnrmo{jm odk xmo{nb dorihk rmfr rmk Kdjnixm nfdj{fjk bixridj{ixmkx hiqin hop|opfriodx fdbknkkcoxydfpy hop|opfriodx$00 C$Pikbkn7 @ripjkpnihmkJkxknnxhmfar {db Xrffr$Jp{db|po`nkc {db Xrp{er{p bkpMkjknxhmkd

Pkhmr|minoxo|mik -Dk{zikb 69:


6/7

Rohv{kqinnk od Hiqinifd Xohikry 01;opjfdiwfriodx. fx odk hfd pkfb apoc \{rdfc$ Aop rmk pocfdrih fjk hiqin xohikry.op pfrmkp #hiqinifd xohikry#. zfx f |fpr oa f bihmorocih qixiod oa xohifn pkfniry idzmihm rmk |onirihfn x|mkpk zfx xkr id o||oxiriod ro hiqinifd odk. #xohikrk |oniriv{k# id o||oxiriod ro #xohikrk hiqink# # dor f qkpy hoc|nihfrkb xkcfdrih aiknb$4Mozkqkp. Rohv{kqinnk bib dor bkqork mix ok{qpk ro xr{bikx oa hiqin `{r kxxkdrifnnyro |onirihfn xohikry$0;Xcfnn cixrfekx id rmk Kdjnixm rpfdxnfriodx f||kfp xijdiaihfdr kdo{jm ro aophk{x ro rmide rmfr Rohv{kqinnk {dbkpxroob rmk rkpc #hiqin xohikry# id f hoc|nkrknybiaakpkdr zfy rmfd mix hodrkc|opfpikx. rmfr ix Mkjkn fdb Cfp}$ Rmk bihmorocihdfr{pk oa Rohv{kqinnk*x bixho{pxk. xibk `y xibk zirm Mkjkn fdb Cfp}. g{}rf|oxidjrmk khodocih zirm rmk |onirihfn zfx dor dorihkb `y \{rdfc fdb ormkp pk|pk#xkdrfriqkx oa Fckpihfd hocc{dirfpifdixc `khf{xk oa rmk dfr{pk oa rmkip |onirihfn |pogkhr$ [dbkpxrfdbidj hiqin xohikry fx rmk rmipb xkhrop ix f qkpy |oxrcobkpd|mkdockdod xrkccidj apoc ci}idj rmk |onirihfn zirm rmk f|onirihfn$ Rmk dodjoqkpdckdrfn opjfdiwfriodx mfqk dozfbfyx `khock qkpy ic|oprfdr |poqibkpxoa xohifn xkpqihkx codo|oniwkb kfpnikp `y rmk zknafpk xrfrk$ Irx pkxrp{hr{piwfriodid pkx|odxk ro rmk khodocih mfqoh oa rmk 69:; oin hpixix jfqk ic|kr{x ro k}rkpdfniwfriod oa |{`nih xkpqihkx ro |nkrmopf oa fxxohifriodx fdb ao{dbfriodx$ 01Frrmfr rick id Apfdhk rmk rikpx xkhrk{p zfx hodhk|r{fniwkb fx xkr `krzkkd -xih&)#xohikrk |oniriv{k$ fdb #xohikrk hiqinkhw? Fr rmk kdb oa rmk kijmrikx hiqin xohikry`khfck zibkny ibkdriaikb zirm rmk rmipb xkhrop fx f |onirihfn |pogkhr oa bkaididjrmk f|onirihfn$

Id rmk kfpny didkrikx rmk ibkf oa hiqin xohikry `khfck idhn{bkb id hocc{dirfpifd rmo{jmr. `khocidj f hopk oa rmkip bohrpidk$ @kaopk rmfr. rmky zkpk aoh{xkb od |onirihfn |minoxo|my id hnfxxihfn zpiridjx {x{fnny rmk fdhikdr Jpkkex opHnfxxihixc$Fr rmfr rick rmkip |pogkhr zfx hnkfp zmink rmky zkpk hodhkpdkb zirm|po`nkcx oa rmk |onirihfn hocc{diry id rmk hnfxxihfn zfyx oa {dbkpxrfdbidj rmkhodrpfhr{fn. hodxkdx{fn. fxxohifriodfn hmfpfhrkp oa pk|{`nihfdixc$ Bixhoqkpidjrmk |mkdockdf oa fxxohifriodx. hocc{dirfpifdixc r{pdkb ro f hoc|nkrkny dkz

02 Apkdhm Hiqin Hobk id fprihnk do$ : hnkfpny biaakpkdrifrkx rmoxk rzo x|mkpkx od rmk nkqkn oarmk nfz7 N*k}kphihk bkx bpoirx hiqinx kxr idbk|kdbfdr bk n*k}kphihk bkx bpoirx |oniriv{kx. nkxv{knxx*fhv{ikpkdr kr xk hodxkpqkdr hodaopckpdkdr f{} noix hodxrir{rioddknnkx kr knkhropfnkx$

0; Xicinfp fnrmo{jm dor qkpy |o|{nfp idrkp|pkrfriodx oa Rohv{kqinnk fpk |pkxkdr id W`ijdikz\$knhwydxei7 Xonibfpiry fdb #Rmk Pk`iprm oa Hiqin Xohikry* id \onfdb$ Id7 Gomd Ekfdk -Kb$)7 HiqinXohikry fdb rmk Xrfrk7 Dkz K{po|kfd \kpx|khriqkx -Nodbod 69==) 8:9. Epixmfd E{cfp7 Hiqinxohikry$ Fd idv{ipy idro rmk {xka{ndkxx oa fd mixropihfn rkpc$ Id7 Rmk @pirixm Go{pdfn oa Xohionojy22 -6998) 8:;#89;5@pyfdr Uxkk d$66S 628$Ir ix fnxo zoprm doridj rmfr f nor oa |oxrcobkpd bixho{pxkod hiqin xohikry ro{hmkx id afhr od ixx{kx oa |onirihfn xohikry id rmk Rohv{kqinnkfd xkdxk$

01 \fzkn Wfnkxei7 Jno`fn Dod#joqkpdckdrfn Fbcidixrpfriqk Xyxrkc$ Jkoxohionojy oa rmkRmipb Xkhrop$ Id7 Bfpi{xw Jfzid. \iorp Jnidxei -Kb$)7 Hiqin Xohikry id rmk Cfeidj -Zfpxwfzf0


7/7

011 \fzkn Wfnkxeix|mkpk oa |kphk|riod oa xohifn pkfniry$ Rmkd. b{k ro \{rdfc. rmky idhop|opfrkbrmk ni`kpfn rmo{jmr oa Rohv{kqinnk idro rmkip dkopk|{`nihfd |pogkhr$0= \{rdfcrm{x `khfck f afrmkp oa f dkz rpfbiriod oa dod#joqkpdckdrfn opjfdiwfriodx$

Zirmid f rpihmorocih qixiod oa xohifn zopnb hocc{dirfpifdx xkr rmkcxknqkx`krzkkd rmk krfrixc oa xrfrk xohifnixc fdb apkk cfpekr ni`kpfnixc fx wkfnorxoa hiqin xohikry$ Mozkqkp. zirmid rmk Fckpihfd |onirihfn xhkdk. `kjiddidj zirmrmk hnfxm zirm rmk ni`kpfnx. rmky kxrf`nixmkb rmkcxknqkx od rmk xibk oa hodxkpqfrixc$ \po`nkcfrih mkpk ix dor rmk bockxrih `{r jno`fn |kpx|khriqk oa f |pogkhr oa#`{inbidj fdb xrpkdjrmkdidj# hiqin xohikry fx f roon oa jno`fn |onirihx$ Dod#joqkpdckdrfn opjfdiwfriodx zopeidj o{rxibk rmk JKHB ho{drpikx fpk zmonny aidfdhkb`y JKHB joqkpdckdrx$ Fx nodj fx hocc{dirfpifdixc bokx dor hoc|pkmkdb rmkbiaakpkdhk `krzkkd |po`nkcx oa rmk nohfn hocc{diry fdb cobkx oa o|kpfriod oarmk jno`fn xyxrkc oa dod#joqkpdckdrfn opjfdiwfriodx irx bohrpidk zinn `k ibkfniwidj f xyxrkc hoc|kridj id pkfniry zirm nohfn rpfbiriodx fdb dor fhho{drf`nk ronohfn f{rmopirikx. pkjfpbnkxx oa zmkrmkp op dor rmky fpk bkcohpfrih$k*

Rohv{kqinnk ix joob aop hodhk|r{fniwidj rmk |onirihfn fppfdjkckdrx oa f cobkpd dfriod#xrfrk. `{r ir ix v{kxriodf`nk ia mk ix f||po|pifrk ro jpfx| rmk dkzjno`fn xrp{hr{pkx oa |ozkp ibkfniwkb fx f zopnbzibk hiqin xohikry$ \kpmf|x rmk|onirihfn |minoxo|my fdb rkpcidonojy oa rmk r{p`{nkdr rickx oa Hnfxxihixc fpkdozfbfyx c{hm copk x{irf`nk fdb hocc{dirfpifdixc xmo{nb pkr{pd ro rmk qkpyopijidx oa irx bohrpidk. rmfr ix |po`nkcx oa |onirihfn hocc{diry zmihm Rohv{kqinnkzfx fdfnywidj zirmid rmk xfak ni`kpfn fppfdjkckdrx j{fpfdrkkb `y rmk cobkpddfriod#xrfrk fx rmk apkkboc oa |onirihfn fxxohifriodx fdb |onirihfn xohikry$ Rmk|oxrcobkpd hodhk|r oa hiqin xohikry ix hoccodny hoda{xkb zirm rmk ibkf oa |onirihfn xohikry$ Mozkqkp. rmk ibkf oa |onirihfn xohikry bokx dor k}hn{bk pfbihfnfdb a{dbfckdrfnixr fnrkpdfriqkx fx rmk ibkfniwkb hodhk|r oa hiqin xohikry bokx$Mkdhkaoprm |onirihfn xohikry ix f copk o`gkhriqk fdb nkxx dopcfriqk ibkf apoc rmk|oxrcobkpd hodxrp{fn oa hiqin xohikry$

0= Zmkpkfx od rmk Apkdhm |onirihfn xhkdk. farkp bocidfriod oa Cfp}ixc. kx|khifnny id didkrkkd#xi}rikx. n i`kpfn pijmr pkbixhoqkpkb fdb hfdodiwkb Rohv{kqinnk fx fdri#Cfp} ykfpx `kaopk\{rdfc -xkk7 Nk Xrpfr ! \knnkrikp. xkk d$ 6)$

09 Xkk Wfnkxei. Udo 01S 68:#68=$

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2008 Tocqueville on Civilian Society