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.;.

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.

.' . .... '.',:w o m e n' : ' .' '.. ',-" ,,',... ,.

; 'deve lopm en lJ~~ctipn~~ies', '." , : " . : ' i ' . ' . . . . . ' a r e c hj f n I J i n 9 " . . ' ' ' " ' ., ; , ' : : ,' . ' t h e '. .f u r a t - : ; s c e n e ; ; . . . . . .' .

'~.,~stu~~......., . : ~ . : l.. . -: .. . ~

.

~

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liandloom industry is among

the biggest employers of

labour in the country.

'The new20-point programme: Industrial, policy.

Indian carpets command

an enviable market inthe country and abroad.

Point No: 18 Libetalise iovestment procedores and streamline iodns-

triai policies to 'ebsure timely completion of projects.

Give boodierafts, ho~dl;'om" small and village '.iodostries

all. facilities to grow andtonpdate their teehno.logy.

.In order that the targets and objectives envisaged in the Sixth Plan are

realised, a number of steps have already been taken to liberalise investment. ,p"licies and streamline industriill policies-during the last two years. In order

/0 ensure speedy establishment of 100 per cent export oriented units, a special

board has been set up to accord single-point clearance to these units in regard

to industriill licensing, foreign collaboration, import of capital goods and raw

materials, etc. .

. .

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3/24

(India's Journal of rural development)

CONTENTS

,~Huruk5hltra

,yol. XXXI

No.6

December 16, 1982

Agrabayart 25, 1904 '

Editoriali

T HE DEVELOPMENT of rural'areas has always beengiven high priority in our developmental strategy.

A number of programmes have been introduced to

meet the specific needs of the various segments of rural

'population i.e. small farmers, agricultural labourers,

runil artisans, landless labourers, women and children

ele: To daim that these programmeshave solved all the

problems as far as these groups are concerned would

sound jarring. Yet no one can deny that these pro-

grammes have been able to m'ake some dent into the

monolith of backwardness and poverty that our rural

areas personify., To bring our rural people into the

, mainstream of national development is not an easy

task particularly when rural women, constituting about

half of the rural population are not able to contribute

their mite because of known historical handicaps.

At cthe village level we have the village level workers

who are the incharge of carrying ihe message of change

to the' villages and interpreting it to the villagers ill:. 'their, 'own language and idiom. But hesitation as well '

as social customs have proved an obstade, to ,these

functionaries:-who .are qui.te .successful in' their work

of motivating--to t a l l < - to the womenfolk, and motivate

them 10 change their .attitudes as well as their methods

of living and work. That'is what prompted the women

develop~ent functipnaries to ,come in and motivate

this 'major segment of popuh;tion which holds the key

to fundamental transformation of ,our 'villages to

modernity:' The' rurill development functionaries play

a very d m nfr ia r i t rol~in "transforming the r u r a l warnen's'attit~de to~aid; health, ed~~ation, 'family planning;'

marriage, work .oPP9rtunitics and house-keeping etc.

iherefor~ th'

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-,"Co ,"

,

. .

H ow W DF s are chang ing ,. . .'the rural scene

. .. ODEYAR D. MEGGADE

Lecturer , -Department o f Economics , l \1anga lore UDivl~r~~

WOMEN DEVELOPMENT FUN:CTIONARIES (WDF's)

, are the new genre of profession'als ~volved for the

specificpurpose. of promoting socio-ecoilOmic develop-

ment of women and to 'increase the receptivity of.

women for modernization . .Hence women development

functionaries .work in both rural and urban areas of

our country. 1)1e number of WDF's is gradually in-

creasing, though not in the required manner..

. .The women development -functionaries in .rural India .constitute an ,important component of our rural deve.

lopment personneL It is observed. that an "obvious

. consequence of the era of planning after Independence

.has' been to widen considerably the range of functions

uridertaken by the State, r~qniring more and newer

types of 'village-based personneL'" The growth of

rural WUF'sis the direct consequence of the widening

state,partieipation in rural transformation in India.

Role of WDF's

T.HE WDF'S IN RURAL AREAS can playa very domi-nant role in 'transfornring the women's attitnde to-

wa~ds health, education, family planning, marriage,

family consumption, work opportunities and house-

keeping etc. Therefore the "WDF's can 'be a 'potent

prOfessional group highly indispensable for 'promotipg

women participation in socio,economic development.

Moreover, the WDF's .can also be very helpful in pre-

paring the social inputs necessary f~r the. upliftme~t

. of rural women. Rural women bemg hIghly tradl-

1. V. M. R~o; Rural Development. PerSonnel Location,

Sta'tus and Development Characteristics; Economic alld

Political WPekly; Vol. XVII No, 42; Bombay; 16 Oct.

1982 p, 1691.

4

tional and custom ridden are the most exploited, dE,pre-'

ssed and weaker section of our socie1y. Hence these!

women shall be transformed as the necessary chang~

agents for promoting rapid rural socio-economic

change. The primary functions of women development

functionaries are to provide a number of social ser-

vices. Therefore WDF's are an important adjunct fei-.

the implementation .of a number of women and child

welfare programmes in a developing country like India.

There are at pre~ent two approaches to create i L net-

work of rural WDF's to implement social. welfare;'

'programmes in developing countries. They are: (a)

training the women who are known for practising'

'health care within traditional framework in modern

medicine and nursing and thereby using them as medi-

cal personnel for promoting the growth of rural

health facilities; and (b) recruiting and training wo-

men exclusively .to act as multipurpose and unifunc-

tional WDF's _for the benefit of rural women." India.is following the second' approach to improve :the lot

of her womenfolk.

The worne!, development functionanes (VI~F's)

in Iridia is a heterogenous group. It is an uP

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10pment, especia1ly~t1te rutai poor.;" Even in case

of women too, we find full-time as well as ,part-time

WDF's in rmal India. Hence it is pointed out that

"Women de~elopment functionaries are ni'lt a homo- '

gep.ous group. There are field functionaries at village '

evel, .;md supervisory personnel, at the district

and. block levels. Apart from regular employees,

iher~ are ,another set' of workers such as Community

Health Vol.mteers,Adult Education Instructon; etc.

who are. paid a nominal stipend to carry on develop-

ment' work at the village level. Important women.'

develop;;'ent f~nctionaries in rural areas are auxiHary

nmse midwives; family planning w(lrkers and school

fe'acher; besides the Gram Sevikas and Mukhya Sevi---- - .,.. - - -.

ka~. 1)Ie dev~19pment functionaries dealing with

social.services are dispersed among departments deal-

ing '';'ith education, public health, women welfare,

Imrijan welfare, social welfare etc."3

I:.N ALL DEVELOPING COl:iNTRIES -increased emp-

.,.hasis is placed on' creating a network of women

de~elopment functionaries for the, benefit of women.

This is 'true with countries like Nigeria, Somalia and

Afghanist,an. It is repOlted that. "Many traditional

health personnel are women' who, if their skills are

upgraded, can be incorp,?rated into modern health

services. HOperation Midwives" was a,'Rrogramme sup.;.

erimpoSed on the existing institution.of tradition~l

midwivesin Nigeria. Midwives are tramed not ouly m

mproved and more hygienic delivery practices, but

als,?,to. advise new. mothers on child care and nutn-

io D ;.

Similarly m Somalia, traditional . midwives who

have' received', training are effectively working to

change society's attitudes toward women. The Zapi

rural. development project in Cameroons includes thetraining of traditional midwives as part of its social

infrastructure component. It is also dealing with, thl>

particular health problems of women in 'the area-

early menopause and' miscarriages due to venereal

disease, back problems caused by carrying heavy loads,

and constant bending, and problems due to poor obste-iric care and, poor \lUtrition. The special problems!

of women have also been studied in the onchocerciasis

c,

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.

rural development. The problems atid difficulties laced

by women development functionaries vary cOnsiderab-

ly with the"type of jobs they hold, their marital status;

tjJe type of people they deal with and the atmosphere

at work and at home. There are broadly two types

of probl~;"s; socio-psychological and practical ones.

Notable among these are, lack of specialized educa-

tion and training prejudice of employees; prejudices

of men, women and' society confusion and ambiguity

regarding work; role .conflict; sex exploitation of wo-

'men workers and lack of facilities outside home and

at work A major sociolo-

gical problem is the, difficulty, in, finding edncated,

'womeriwho are willing to work and can work effec-

tively in a village, environment. Generally these func-

'iion'aries hail from urban areas. They lack sound

'knowledge of rural areas and an aptitudefor working

with' rural people. There are practical problems like

lack of' suil!1ble living accommodation in their places

of work, lack of proper educational facilities for theirchildren, inadequate 'medical care and risks involved in

commuting to and from the villages which in turn have

an adverse effect" on their serving the community."G

In addition to these socia-economic problems of WDF's

these personnel are also confronted with psychological

problems. In: other works, the WDF's are prone to

conflicting roles viz working as a breadwinner, that

to 'a 'change agent outside and the usual traditional

working women, within the family. Thus the WDF's'

often fail rillserably to discharge their responsibili-

ties fully as development agents. All these problems

invariably reduce their capability to create the neces-

sary social inputs" for rural development.' .

Moreover, the WDF'~ have been concentrating

their activities' in large villages and also such villages

which are close to their places of residence. As a

result.' the smaller villages and the villages far away

from 'their residences- are often neglected. Therefore

the WDF's have ;lOt been adequately employed il1

i~ral India. In order to improve the efficacy of

WDF's as the change agents for rural transformation

the necessary policy measures should be undertaken

with all earnestness and sincerity.

A policy f;amework for future

T'' ; E POLICY FOR EFFECTIVE development of WDF's

in rural areas shall be diteetly linked to the over-

all policy for rura!. development. .The optima!. utilisa-

tion O f WDF'sin rural areas ultimately depends upon

the .GoVernment's commitment to rural development

and the'innovativeness of the rural development prog-. ra'inmes implemented in due q)"urse: In view .of

changing needs of' the rural development. programmes

the WDF's shall' be motivated, ' and recreated anddeployed in their jobs. Thus the policy for recruiting

and trainin" the WDF'sin India shall be invariablye __ _

6. [bid" p. 16.

the inJegral.partot1le' ov~rall_pollc)dot,rural.:de"c~lopment persQ.nnel: '.

Under ,each successive 'Five, Year Plans "the ,ji,:ld

of women and children development sooms to have

been relegated to a lower priority. Julinal analysis 111eI

low scales of pay'muong Gram Sevikas' and Mukltya-

,Sevikas and the all embracing length,but,not so cleat

job charts do not offer adequate incentives 10 attraCt

well qualified candidates to serve as women develiJp-

ment functionaries in ruarl areas: There is an urg~nt

,need for ,appointment of a .high powered Commission

.to enquire into the \vorking conditions- of women

development functionaries in rutal areas to assess'tlleii

capacities, perfmTIlanCe and programme t~ effectim-

provements in selection criteria, trai~ing needs, job .\.-content, job performance, remuneration .package" ,p.nd

other service conditions in the light of contemporary

. developmental nc.eds."

The present Sixth Plan outlines a new approach to

recruit 'the '\VDF's for health, services. The emphasis

is.on selecting girls "from local areas, relax minim:um

educational qmililieations, raise upper-~ge .linlit .and

give preference to widows and des"rted' women.. ,In

almost all the hospitals,' the nursin,g, personnel are

mainly female. The training facilities for them will be

expanded." Furthermore: the Sixth Plan alsoempha-

sis tile need for streamlining the' admission process to

technical education Witll a' view-to promote .women enrolment. And during the plan period 1980-s5,

efforts are being made to construct living quarters for

WDF's ill rura.l.areas like, .midwives, -teachers, etc.

THE STATE GOVERNMENTS' which are concernedwith recruitme~i, trainilig, role identification. andplacement of WDF's should have a comprehe.nsive

policy in this regard. The WDPs for promoting the

growth and welfare of women ,belonging to weaker

sections- is necessary. -Therefore~'t~e total number. of-

WDF's shall be increased. Those recruited for the pur-

pose shall be appropriately trained not only in terms

of job content but also in self-defence. The, WDPs

shall be trained periodically. and thereby their skills

shall be upgraded. Ther''- shall be some kind of built"in incentive scheme to extract more qu~itativework

from WDFs which' is necessary for promoting rural

development. _

A modern network of- WDF's' can' be a -"ita!

source of inputs necessary for rapid rural soc}o-eco-:-~"

nomic development.' Therefore, the WDF's' should be

-given proper development orientation and used, as

vital chang~ agents, in.rural modernizati.on

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'.

"

THE PACE' OF' Indian .economic development 'in

tJW post-independel)ce period has been im-

pressive~ compared not only with its own colonial

period', but also with other low incom~ coun-

tries.Ill .As against 0.1 per cent increase- per year

in the last five decades of. the colonial period,

the growth rate for feodgrain production shot

upto 3.1 per cent perye_ar . during the First and

Second Five Year Plans and the population

grew at a. rale of only 1,9 per cent: IntroduC!-

tion of -high yiel

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.of other indicators of quality of life viz., medical

.care, education, drinking water, etc., also we are. lag-

ging very much behind most of the developing coun-

-tries.

BUT THERE IS N O need to panic and pessimistic

and to concede to the words of Cassandaras. Itis good to remember how economic and political sys-

tem has failed to provide social welfare within

today's industrialized countries in the eighteenth or

nineteenth century. "The writing of Charles Dickens

remind us of how social welfare painfully lagged

behind promise within indusirialising England of the

last century. Fro.nce had to go tJlrough a revolution

and so also the U:S.S.R. in this century''': Brandt

Report. highlighted that "in many countries there are

people excluded from economic growth as well as

from participation in shaping their own enviro'nment,

they live in conditions of absolute poverty and misery

unworthy of mankind'."7 The need of the hour is

commitment of the Government to benefit the poor

through all possible ways.

V!e have not succeeded in reaching the poor

people through proliferation or 'trickle-down'. Then'

the logic alternative would seem to be' di~ectJy reach-

ing them with appropriate programmes. Raj Krishna

opined that 'poverty will have to be attacked in India

by direct measures, because the weak multipliers of

growth can a lone never absorb the vast Indianlabour surplus nor raise hundreds of millions of poor

people above the povery line"'. Brandt Commission

recommended that "development' strategies which

used to aim at increasing production as a whole will

have to be modified and supplemented in order to

achieve a fairer distribution of incomes taking into.

account the essential needs of poorest strata and

urgency of providing. employment for them"O, So,

,'we. have to create adequate economic opportunities

of the poor, encourage them to learn skills and

knowledge to use such opportunities and also we

have to provide adequate funds, equipment and faci-

lities.

Plan' efforts

SEVERAL ATTEMPTS have been made in thi's

~:.Jirectionin the successive plans and programmes

like . Community development programme, Public

works' programme, Food-for-work programme etc.,

have been implemented." But the past experience

sho,,:"s. that their success h'a~ rather been limited.

This was so because of the faulty implementation

of the programmes and lack of sinCerity both m;"ong

.the functionaries and the beneficiaries. The evalua- .

ti~n of the programmes has been based on the

amount of credit disbursed,' subsidy distribution and

8

no .attempt was made "to assess the impact of these

programmes. Further, lack of coordination among'

different agencies .involved' in these programmes

impeded the progress and c aused waste of huge

financial resources. In fact, we have created a r n a , ,: (.~

baap psychology in the minds of rural population by

doling out the 'money while not making them

accountable for their p erformance. So, any pro-gramme aimed at ameliorating the conditions of the

rural poor, in the light of past experience, should

be preceded by lot of preparatory work, Also .we

have to correct our approach and commitment to the

cause, both on the part of officials and beneficiaries,

is urgently needed. But i t seems that the pro-

grammes of the Sixth Plan are not well conceived '1

and hence, their progress is again being Jiamperr~d

by the same problems.

Poverty amelioration is, quite deserving!y, theprime objective of the Sixth Plan. Three specific

programmes viz., Integrated Rural Developriu:nt

Programme (IRDP), Minimum Needs Programme

and National Rural Employment Programme are

proposed by the plan to help the iural poor. A sum

total of Rs:. 9,000 crores is allotted to these'

special pwgrammes and coupled with the loan as!;is-

. tance under IRDP, it amounts to Rs. 12,000 crores.

Besides these special programmes, agriculture and

allied activities, and village and. small industries ,,~th

. outlays of Rs. 5,695 crores and Rs. 14,400 crores

respectively will offer employment opportunities to

the rural poor. Planning Commissio~ has estimated

that poverty will be reduced to 30 per cent if these

prognlmmes are accompanied by a modest re-dintri-

bution of 5 per cent of cultivated area. But. the'

report from various states about jmplementation 'of

these programmes are not very encouraging. Some

of the problems that are arising in the implemen-

tation of these programmes have been discussed

below:

Problems of implementation

EVEN THOUGH the plan itself calls for detailed

micro-level planning of manpower development

and employment generation and emphasized the need

for coordination among different agencies, it appears

that in a hurry to implement the programme we have

not been' a ble to take the resources inventory or

preparation of the. plans.

Identification of the beneficiaries under lRDPmust be made keeping in view that the programme

is specifically meant for benefiting the poor and not

for putting up an impressive figure of expenditure per

se,

- I'

KURUKSHETRA December 16,' 1982

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Eecause of the inier-reiationships and inter-

dependenciesamong the programmes a master con-

trol network has to be prepared as envisaged by the

plan. For example," the relationship between the

Dairy Programme under" IRDP, normal. dairy pro-

_ gramme and .operation Flood II is not clearly spelled

out, "althoughthey are closely inter-related.

Without providing adequate supplies of inputs andraw materials, diversion of funds on such a large

scale and concomitant le~ages may stoke. the

inflationary pressures in"the economy.

In "order to curb the leakages in disbursing sub-

sidy, it may be good to Teploce the qlpital subsidy

by interest sul1.sidy.. III fact, it has "been suggested

that interest-cum-repayment subsidy has such merit. It

will facilitate the refinancing which is ,denied under

D.R,r. and also redu~e the effective rate of interest.

By crediting the subsidy amount to the borrowerssavings account it can be utilized for transfer of

interest and also to adjust the instalments -during the

years of natural calamities,

Since these programmes are all household-oriented,

it is appreciable if credit and subsidy are madeiJ"vail-

able for the total package of production and con-

sumption requirements of each beneficiary family.

The programmes may be properly integrated and

guided with the help of carefully prepared mastercontrol networks and supervised and constantly

monitored by a strong a1l-India cadre of the peopl

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,.:, "(._ ,~ ",-' -',

Dairying ,:need toincnease pr,oducti vit)i

G.S, KAMAT

V.'M. National Institute of. Cooperative Management, ,~une (Maharas~tJ~a)

D..-:"AIRYAC!,Iy.n; HAS.assunled special s.i.gnificancet

in tenns of both, productivity and as a source .of

income for the rural. households. On the one hand;

.milk .is'an ,impontant ingradient ,of ,nourishm"nt of .the

,consumers '

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per .cattle.. It is true that this is a matter b.asically

c

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Another important reason requiring price increase is

the rise in cost of the animal itself. Some recent

experiences have shown that milk producers would

prefer to sell a young good female cross-bred calf,

about two aild half years old; at a price of Rs. 3,000

because a good cow, yielding about 5 litres of milk '

a day after feeding and' managing would fetch about

the same value at the prevailing purchase price if milk

and his labour may not be fairly rewarded. 'This only

shows 'that earnings at current rates are not enough

to meet the needs of the milk producers. This is parti-

cularly true of small, farmers on whom we depend for,

dairy development. In sum,' the price of milk would

need a constant review as in case of pricing' o f other

agricnltural commodities. 'We are inforrn'ed that in

other developed countries representative commissions'

consisting of producers, administrators, distributors etc.

do consider aspects of supply,and demand of milk in

relation to the costs and provide direction to price at

which milk can'be purchased from the producers. Per-

(Contd. from p. 9) , '

haps, some kiild of arrangement of this type' may be

necessary in each State, in place of the' present ad-ho~

approach to pricing :with which neither the producers

nor the consumers are satisfied. At any rate, impolt

of ~ilk products from abroad to meet deficit cannot be

a solution to, the problem. .It will not encourage milk ;i

production 'at home. .

Tb CONCLUDE, it may be stated that the important

cons'raints on productivity.are essentially due to :

(i) absence of institutional set-up and systems; (ii)

paradox of high ilumber', of animals' having low lev,~l

of productivity; and (iii) regional and seasonal varia-

tioris in production 'and in consumption of 'milk. ,Pro-'

ductivity can be increased particnlarly. at the small and . I

marginal produc'ers' level by involving them in tILe

.process of continuOus modernisation in upkeep,

management and' marketing. The answer lies in colle,o-

five bargaining and colleCtive economic strength throul~

suitable organisational structure.

REFERENCFS

1". MELLOR, J. W., 'India: A Rising Middle' Power'West View Press, London, 1981.

:;2. Kurien,' .C.T., Dyna~ics ~fRural Transforynation-

A Study Of Tainil Nadu: 1950-1975, Orient Long-

.man" Ltd:, 198L

~ 3. Ahluwalia, M. S., 'Rural Poverty and Agricultural

Performance in India', Traumal Of Development

Studies, VoL 14, No.3, 1978.

4. Griffin, K. B. and Ohose, A. K., "Growth and Im-

poverishment in the Rural Areas of Asia", Wofld

.Development; VOl. 7, J.'.los.4-5, 1979.

5. Saith, A., 1981: 'Production, Prices and Poverty ,inRural . India'. Journal of Developme:nt Studies

VoL 17, No.2.

6. Sethna, H. N., Key Note' Address to I.e.s.w. A~ia

and. Western Pacific Regional Conference, publishe4

in 'The In4ian Journal .of Soci~l Work,' January,

1982, VoL XLII, NO.4.

7. The Independent Commission on International Deve-

lopment Issues.: North-South ': A Prognlmme for Sur-

vival, London, Pan Bex;ks, 1980. .~" .

8. Raj Krishna., "'Eradicating Mass Poverty' Seminar ]~o.253. ' ,'"

- '9 : Op .~it. .(Brandt Commission Report) .

> ' t.,,;'

12. KDRUKSHETRA December 16, 1982,

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Relevance of rural survey~. ;

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areas-post office, bank, shops of various types; popu-

lation of Villages-incomewise, castewise, sexwise,

occupationwise, religionWise and literacywise; trans-

portation and co=unication facilities-n.ature. of

roads, bus facilities, postal and telegraph and telephone

facilities; occupational patterns; agricultural conditions

of different regions---;;ize of the land holdings, totalarea of the land cultivable, &9nded labour comntitment,

population of landless people, nse of hybrid seeds, -

insecticides, chemical fertilizer_s, use of machinery in

agriculture, animal sacrifice in agricultural operations,

avarlability of permanent irrigation facilities, important

crops and productions of different ~egions, quality and.

quantity of food production; industrial conditions of

different regions-'-small scale, cottage and large scale

industries, their way of worki-ng, quality and quantity

of goods produced, marketi-ng, facilities; and poverty

and standard.of living of people in different rural areas.

Furthermore surveys conducted to know the econontic.conditions of villagers in different areas should also

inquire about the activities .of block development office

keepl", the actual .implementation of the ~arious pro-

grammes with the resultant impact produced on the

rur~l people.. In addition to understand the econontic

aspects of rural people better attitudes of villagers

sho~ld also be known towards modern developments in

economic iostitutions by which one can also trace the'

gulf o r the gap between the attitudinal response and

'actmil behaviours,. with the reasons for holdi-ng or not

holding modern attitudinal and behavioural patterns.Political aspects include adult francise (awareness

'arid actual practice), party system, 'kinship groups,

working ,conditions, ot pa.ncp.ayat.to"mrds the develop-

mc~t of the villages,' with' the' typ~ Of the leadership in

different areas.

Health and sanitary conditions include aspects such

as cleanliness of roads, streets, drainages, water tanks,

w~lls,. their, surroundi-ngs, houses of different castes;

disoases--deaths .of men and animals i-n various parts

.due to the diseas~ of various ki-nds including epide-

mic diseases; availability of health and medical facili-ties-hospital, primary health centre, doctors, with

other needed staff members, lady doctors, maternity

section, medical shops and transportation facilities to

places where medical facilities do exist; veterinary dis~.

pensary, ayurvedic dispensary and indigenous dispen-

saries; and food habits .of different caste groups in

different regions .. By studying the. actnal health and

sanitary practices, with. the regions' for not adopting

the modern ways of improving health conditions of

the villagers, one can get an idea to pla'n for the im,

provement of health and sanitary conditions of villagers

with suitable programmes. .

Important cultural activities

THE CULTURAL CONDITIONS of life include aspectslike jatra, melas, exhibitions, sammelans, harikatha,14

synthetic art "ctivities like dance, drama, group si-ng-

ing; plastic art activities like carvi-ng, model)ing;

graphic art activities like drawing and painting; folk-

lore-myths, legends, faples or tales, proverbs, riddles, .

puzzles, lavams; festivals and sanskaras and sports,)

games and wrestli-ng matches conducted as a part of

cullural activities i-nrural areas, Surveys conducted toI..'nowthese also reveal the imporlance of cultural acti-

vities .i-nthe life of the rural people (social values

.religious values, moral, values). In addition, one can

also see the artistic, aesthetic, creative and cO!lstruc-

tive abilities present in the rural people. By knowing

the traditional values present in cultural aspect of life,

efforls could be made to change them towards the

desirable direction,

Aspects of life such as the importance the people.

hold towards Gods and Goddesses, the type and the

frequency of poojas offer~d during different events andoccasions, belief in the idea of ~ visiting pilgrimaJ~s,

animal sacrifices, belief in ghosts, wi~ches, auspicious

;nd inauspicious days and siluations,. belief in Gods

and Goddesses as the sources of creating natural

havocs reveal the reiigious and the belief patterns of

different people with the extent of their influence on

Ihe life of the rural people. By knowing the present

conditions of religious practices, values and beliefs of

other types, suitable efforts could be made to change

the rural people towards the positive directions.

SURVEYS CAN also identify pathological conditions

of, different villages which may. inClude crimes,

'disputes, conflicts, thefls, murders, robbery, daeoity,

smuggling, drug addiction, beggary, prostilution and

such other activities. .The identification of these ,con-

ditions.iIi different communities gives us 'Some clue to

pay more attention togroups which have severe patho-

logical constraints' in development activities after

thoroughiy knowing the. reasons for. snch pathological

conditions .

In all it can be said ~hat, rural surveys conducted

on the above mentioned aspecls reveal the actual prae-

'Iices of the people, their aUilude lowards various as-

pecls of social change with causes for either resistance

or acceptance of modern values. In other words rural

surveys will give us an ide~ of the extent of th~ gulf

presenl between the attitudes' and practies. of our vil- ..

lagers on various aspects .of life. On (he basis of these

surveys, short-term and long-term de

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Pig-rearing can bea''''promising occupation

A. R. PATEL

Bank of Baroda, CentralO ffic e , 'Bombay

R " ' :CENT ;EC~NOLOG!CAL breakthrough in the area" oE plggery dcvelopment has dempnstrated that

even a' small unit involving 10 sows and 1 boar can

produce 150 piglets oE 7 kg, each and yield Ii net pro-

fit of Rs. 6500 por year. However, piggery develop-

ment has not been accepted as an enterprise or an in-

dustrv This is because oUhe faCt that,the pig-breed-

ing 'h~s mostly bee:u" confine4 to.non

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ing and managemeni. 'the pigs are kept under most'

unhygienic conditions. The animals thrive on garbage

and waste. Losses due to diseases are substantial.

Being poor, the pig-breeders do not have capacity to

invest in this activity arid pigs are reared mainly to

.meet their own requirements, (2) No systematic and

scientific effort has been made to develop this activity

as an integral part of agriculture and animal husbandry

programme, (3) Except in the North Eastern States,there appears to be an in-built resistance to rearing of

pigs and the consumption of bacon and pork, "-ven.

among the meat consumers ..

Need for a well-defined programme

THE UNION GOVERNMENT has recently initiated

certain steps for development of this hitherto

neglected activity. A coordinated piggery development

including the establishment of 7 bacon factories, 27

.pig-breeding farms' and 105 piggery development

blocks has been undertaken in different states. TheFifth Plan has envisaged to establish an intensive pig-

gery development project around bacon factories and

pork processing plants. The nine regiOIjalpig-breed-

ing-cum.bacon factories set up during the Third and

.Fourth Plans are being strengthened So that they are

able to undertake genetic upgrading of indigenous

stock and solve some of the problems of low produc-

'tion and controlling the disease by evolvingapackage

of practices. In recent years, a number of swinebreed-

ing farms have been set up in Haringhata (Karnataka),

Aligarh (U.P.), Ambala (Punjab), Hissar (Haryana),

etc. where genetic npgrading of indigenous stock is

undertaken. Also, experiments are being conducted

to raise them on scientific lines.,

Selection'of the breed plays a significantrole in this

. enterprise and care should be taken while selecting

boars and sows for breeding purposes. For breeding

purposes, a boar which is strong and masculine in ap-

pearance without any physical d,fects, should be

selected. A properly fed and well maintained boar i.

generally considered suitable for service when he is a

year old and gives satisfactory service till the age of

six. It should however be ensured that he should not

be allowed to serve more than 50 sows a year and not

more than one a day. While selecting breeding sows,

care should be taken to see that she doe.s not have

thick; coarse head and ears.

NOT MUCH attention is paid to the proper. feed-ing of pigs.. They are left to themselves to' pickup whatever food they can find in the refuse heaps or

in the harvested' fields. This does not provide them

with any nutrition and ,adversely affects their health

resulting in very low returns. Pigs ma1ntained for

different purposes (young stock, breeding stock, stud

.bear and pigs for fattening) should- be given more of

proteins for the repair of tissues and minerals for build-

i'ngup of bones and vitamins for a healthy growth. The

16

grown up pIg should be glven more of starchy food forenergy and to put on fat. Breeding sows should. be

given plenty of green feed throughout the year.

Feeding plays an important role 'in piggery as 'feed

cost represents 70 to 80 per cent of the total CO't of

producing a pig. Hence,' successful pig-rearing needs

a carefully planned and efficient feeding programme.

According to an estimate, 30 to 40 per cent of thepigs farrowed die before they reach the market. This

loss is generally attributed to improper feeding prac-

tices, mostly because of nutritional deficiencies.Re-

search studies have shown that this loss can be reduced

by adopting a balanced feeding practice. The pigs

should be properly hOJlsedand protected from e:.ces-. .

sive, heat, rain and cold. They should not be kept 10'

crowded and damp houses. The site for housing ,hould

be at a higher level' and free from drainage problems.

The feeding troughs should remain clean and the pan

must be provided with open yard and natural shade..

Diseases in .pigs result i'n heavy losses of which proe

per and adequate sanitary measures have to be adopted

and followed very scrupulously while feeding and hous

ing .them. Strict steps to combat the contagiou:; dis

sea~es should be taken. Within a few days of thei

birth, the p'iglets should be injected with iron dextro

so as to prevent them from anaemia. Pigs whiCh ar

of 6 to 8 weeks of age should be vaccinated qgainst

hog cholera and swi'ne plague.,

WHEN PIG-BREEDING FARMS are set up, there

a need to formulate a coordinated piggery pr

duction programme involving effective extension. ser:'

vices, credit institution an d marketing facilities for pig-

gery-products. Pig-breeding farms .should be "treng-

thened to meet the increasing dema'nd for high pedigree

boars and sows. These centres should not o'rilyJlnder-

. take research on all aspects connected with breeding,

fceding and management of pigs en scientific lines, but

also should provide training facilities for the people

who are engaged in this activity. They should, efTec-

tively demonstrD.te the " e f f i c a c y of scientific me-'

thods of rearing pigs whichwould increase the produc-tion and profitability. It is 'therefore necessary that .the

Departments of Animal Husbandry in the states should

strengthened adequately with technical persons' specia-

lised'in piggery development. With a view to,solving,

the problem of marketing, pork-processing plant, should}

be set up at places where there is sufficient coricentra-

tion at' pigs. Pork differs from other meat in texture,

flavour and certain 'nutritive values. .Pork and bacon'

are not often considered to be dirty animals that habi-

tually eat rubbish and wallow in filth. This stigma

needs to be removed and pork should be able to be

accepted as a food of high nutritive value. This could

be done only through educating the people ahout the

nutritive value .of piggery products and "meaninglessness

of the prevailing taboos.

KURUKSHETRA December 16, 198

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''[- am more concerned with the fragmentation ot-

hearts than holdings. What we need first is to satisfy

the basic needs of our peasants the need for some

land-however small the amount. Besides, I don't

belie~e 'that ~mall holding~ are uneco'nom'c. At pre~

sim" sixty per cent of our holdings are below five acres.

'We have sixty million families with .an aVTage of fire

members--each earning 'their livelihood off the limd.

That means, if the land were to be equally divided;OJ . . -

an average of five acres per family would exist, and

so we would, in fact, be raising the _holdinQs.af sixty

per cent-the maj~ritY-{Jnd reducing the holdfngsof

only a minority~ That does not look .like uneconomic

fragmentation to me."

-Vinoba Bhave

Acharya Vil~a Bhave paSsed' a\lay on November

15, 1982.

KURUKSHETRA December 16, 1982

AcharyaVinoba Bhav~B. L. UNI YAL

THOUGH FRAIL IN APPEARANCE, Vinoba was a giant

among men, measured by the greatness of his soul

and the unique intellectual attainments. Scarcely, can

.one find a person who is not overwhelmed by the lavish

praise showered on him, but here 'Yas a spiritual giant

who shunned his praise. The burning of his certifi-

cates and destroying a letter written by Gandhiji

abounding in commendation of Vinobaji bear ample

testimony to his apathy for fame or name, thongh .his

,services to the nation are invaluable.

, Acharya. Bhave who had suffered a heart 'attack on

November 5 refused to take food, water and medi-cines, 'eveu on the request made by the Prime Minister,

Indira Gandhi. ' The end came on November 15 at

9.30 a.m.

A scholar saint

IN ANCIENT lNDJA the learned Rishis or saints h~il-

ing from the Kshatriya family were called Rajarishi,

those from Brahmin family were called Brahmarishi,

but those much above these two categories were called

De\'arishi i.e. the Rishi, who is from among the gods

and such was the saint Vinoba.

A scholar of Sanskrit and 'ancient scriptures and

having command over sixteen languages, Vinobaji

could speak to any person from ahnost any state in

the'latter's language. His interpretation of the Gita is

a landmark in the' translation and interpretation of the

Gita, though the translation of the Gita has more than

hundred versions. Even Mahatma Gandhi, acknow-

ledging his intellectnal superiority said, "He is one of

the Ashram's rare,pearls--{)ne of those who have

come not tp be blessed but to, bless, not to receive,

but to give". He was an, active freedom __,fighter.Mahatma Gandhi's first choice fell on Acharyit: Bhave ,~

for Civil disobedience movement in -1940 and, the

second choice was Jawaharlal Nehru. It was said,

17

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. lawaharIal Nehru' was Gandhi's political heir, Vinoba

was rus spiritual heir.

Though he was a profound scholar of ancient Sans-

krit scriptures, he had as well studied the Koran and

the Bible and' had imbibed their teachings. So tho-

rough was his command over the Koran that once

. Gandhiji asked Maulana Azad whether. Vinoba had

actually mastered the Holy Koran. The gueries raisedby the Maulana were dealt with by Vinoba so amazing-

ly well that the Maulana was fully convincea of the.

. mastery of Vinoba over the Holy Koran.

A many-splendoured individual

HIS ACHIEVEMENTS were great and noteworthy ofthem was thc surrender of 20 dacoiis from thewiditionaily terror-stricken areas of Brund and Morena

districts of Madhya 'Pradesh in 1960. He. launched

the Bhoodan yajna in 1951. Mrs. Gandhi rightly ob-

served that Achatva Bhave led the Bhoodan move"

ment at a critical period in our national history helped

to tUrn ilie countryside away from the violence and

created ail atmosphere of coopration. .To .avert t1ie

pame ,iiid cri~is in Telengana, he launched Bhoodan

mOVCJ11cnt.He travelled over 64,000 km. on foot and

collected mofe .than 60,000 hettar'is from landlords to

be .distfiblit",1 atiMiig the hilidiesspoOr. While appeal"

ing to the laIidiatds for dOl)atioh oiland he used to:

say, "If yon have fiVe sotis, take'me far t1ie sixth one."

He also toured the then East Pakistan (now Bangla-

desh) to propagate the movement. In fact, he did'ntonly'belong to India. . His. was a mess'age for entire

human race and that is .why he had his pet. slogan

'Jai iagat'. 'Acharya Bhave joined the Sabarmati

Ashram iri 1916. Gandhiji was so mnch impressed

by yinoba that the former made him the head of the

new ashram at Wardha. He started another ashram

at Paunar later. He pioneered the anti-cow slanghter

movemerit and even. to his last days he advocated in

unambiguous terms a ban on cow slaughter.

V.INAYAK NARHARI BRAVE .was born on 11th Sep-

. tember, 1895 at Gagoda village in Raigad districtof Maharashtra. His mother .,vas a pious and ascetic

lady. He inherited compassion, love. and dedication

from his mother. Ai the age c if ien he pledged to

observe celibacy. tn certain respects, he had a revo-

lutionary. 6~tlook.. He gave women an equal status

and adopted Mahadevi as his daughter... Amongst the

Hindus, the pyre is iit by the son or a .Ill"]e member.

but in :his case, a. departure was m a d e from the tradi-tionalHindu practice as die ftineral pYre was lit by

Mahadevi. .

He never bothered ab,,,;t wha.t ()Ui~rs would thinkof-him. Hewa's daillitle;;s alla had ,Cque'er way of

ekjilaifiirig tfuiigs. He once said, "lit India at the'

sigh\.oT a pblice coilStable. tlre'villager is scarea, but

iti fo re i.g n cdimtriesl. In s ve ry aIlpearance is gbatantee

is

of security and safety." What he actually aimed at

\vas Ull entire+- !r

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\Vornout, he deliberately gave up food and even watet

and in consistence with the preaching of the Gita, he

met death as a friend:

. The philosophy of Acharya' Bhave is not life-nega-

tiZlll but life-affirmation. It is participation in life

armed with the spirit of detached action. "Perform-

ing action without attachment, man shall atlain the

.ljl.

(Coil/d. /ron. p. 14)

. Rural surveys Conducted after a lapse of t~e, i.~., ,

after the platis are 'being implemented alsb' reveal the

effectiveness of the prog..ammes of block develop-

ment departments and other voluntary agency activi-

ties, In other words, rural surveys will also b~ of evalu-

ativ~ .type to .assess ,the set objectives and t6 replan'

fpr:the future development.'

Rueal surveys may be of descriptive type or com-

parative type or of evaluative type or even case studies

depending .upon the na!ure and the scope of the

surveys.

Condusion

ItMAY BE CONC~UDED that' in a ~ountry'likeJ~dia

which is commItted to democratIc way of ,hv-

ing, changes will have to be brought aboutthrou.gh, .. I~. .

peaceful means, as deniocfacy is that Jorin of. goyern-"ment whii:Il'believesin 'peaceIulsocial change. Fur-"

ther each ; ; ; i d every deveiopmenial ~~ti:vityshould be

.'

Suprcme'\ says the Gita. Vinoba was' the embodi-

ment of this doctrine and proved to be the supreme

exemplar of the ideal of the Gita.

The real homage that the nation can pay to him

is to follow his lofty ideals of truth, compassion, self-

1essness and non-violence and above all, service to

humanity.

dire;:ted towards the improvement of the quality' or

life of our l1.eopleon ali aspects of life, as India has

aeceptrAl_theideal of the socialistic pattern of society.

So an understanding of the conditions of rural people

becornes very essentiO!to launch andrelaunch the

programmes, to move our country towards the desired

state of. moderni~tion. But it is the sorry state 'of

affairs that, although 5904 bloc1

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.Book reviev{S. SHANE HAIDER NAQVI

Indian; spices.: problems and prospects;, by Dr. Bl!dar

Alam Iqbal, Faculty of Commerce, Aligarh Muslim

University, Aligarh

'I'N THIS MONOGRA'PH of 54' pages which contains 30 -'

: tables;. the author has .made an eafnest: and' sincere

elfort in. presertting an informative and useful ana-

lysis'of Indian spices. Thc work is well documented

by statistical. data collected from the Directorate of

Spices Development, Calicut and appropriately in-

terpreted. The monograph brings into 'fold various

aspects of Indian ,Spices-their kinds, area under

plantation, statewise distribution, production, shareof spices' in total cxport; cOluparison with other

countries, foreign exchange. earnings aJld t1le pattern

of"exp~rt. TIle author has successfully established

p'rosp";'ts 'of sIiices in Indian eCOli.omyand has sug-'

gested measures" in enhancing their . earnings ..i The

study'contains four"cliapters: C!lapter First dealS,Witll'

thc ,position of'spices at a glance. From tliis chapter

it can be seen that peppcr and cardamom are largely

produced by Kerala foHowed by Kamataka while'

chillies arc mostly .grown in Tamil Nadu, Andhra

Pradesh, Maharashtra and Kamataka. Ginger' is

mainly cultivated in Kcrala followed by Mcghalaya;

Wcst Bcngal, Orissa, Maharashtra and Bihar. Turme-

ric is produced in Andhra P.radesli, Tamil Nadu,

Maharashtra, Orissa, Kamataka, Kerala and Me.,gha-

laya. The author after establishing the c~llltribution of

.'

spices' in, ihe economic deveIopment of thc '~o1,!)ltry

has rightly suggested,for an effective, COnSl,lmer'ori

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'.i

They s ,h ,o w ' the way This .feature is .based on success 'storie3 viz, 'achievement!! gained in variou3

spheres' of rural development by ,farmers, institutions, experiments and indivi-

duals. There is hardly ,an argument over the, fact that dedication and.zeal to

.put in' hard work can achieve anything. And'one achievement' Inspires and shows

,the ,way to others!

We ,hope iJur esteemed 'readers will send us ,iheir own experiences in the

field so that others can benefit ,by.them to ,usher in a ,better life for our rural

people, (Editor) ,

AMRBTHUR-The path-fin:detin

bi o - g ~s t ec hn o l og y

A',lMRUTHUR is rie~t~eta tourist spot, 'not api1~m

, , centre, 'yet 'mIght soon1become,a'model 'vIllage'

and generate 'lot .of .economic activity in'!he 'surround-

ing area,

Kamataka may perhaps be the path-finder to the

r i o s ! ' of 'the c

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The District RiJral' Developm~nt . Soi::iety, therefore

decided' to orgallse a trainitig programme for the,

masons in the construction' techniques.

BHAGYALAXMrBIO-GASPLANT is a simple device.

People in' the rural areas can instal this plant

Without much difficulty and at nominal cost. It' will be

a boon for any common man whichwottld help him in

manifold ,vays. It provides fuel for 'cooking and

lighting lamps at reduced cost. It does not stain uten-

sils and there is no scope for accidental fires. lni

addition to this, the, residual material can be used as

rich manure and keeps the environment' 'neat" and

clean. The Bhagyalaxml Plant has' become a big

boon to the people and it is becoming increasingly

popular especially in the rural areas.

Realising the popularity' of the' bi~-gas, pla~i;;

Tumkur District Rura~ Development Society, has em-"barked. upon a massive programme of assisting'thq'

people to .put up these plants. The DROS is extend-

ing subsidy ranging from 40 to 69 percent. The

Banks are advancing rest of the amount at lOt per

cent interest. There are six sizes .of bio-gas plants

which are popular in the district. The normal size of'

the plant which is popular in these rural areas is of

6 em. or 8 em. and the subsidy in respect of the for-

mer is 30 percent while in the case of the latter itis 37 pel' cent. '

. The fact that the bio-gas plants, are becoming in-'

creasingly popular in the District could be ,assertain-

ed from the overwhelming interest people are show-

ing in putting them up. The -response in' AlnruthiJr is

just overwhelming and it is bonnd to' spread around:

The Amruthur Branch of Canara Bank has' coine'

forward in a big way to sanction loans to all the

pers,?ns willing to instal bio-gas plants. It has ~lready

s~nftloned .Io~ns for 135 plants .amounting to

...

".' .'

,Rs. 6,07,500.00. In addition to Jhis, 20 plants would

be installed at the 'cost of the beneficiaries in Amru-

thur.

The other distinct feature of Amruthur is the

, training imparted to about 50 masons from C!~ry'.

Hobli of the District. The training programme was

organised in close collaboration with the University

of Agricultural Sciences, Hebbal, Bangalore. Duringthis period itself 30 plants were "installed.

REALISINGTHE IMPORTANCEof the scheme the

' State Government hils sanctioned Rs. 24 lakhs for '

the supply of cement necessary for constructing th(:se

plants in the state. The mquired quantity of iron

would also be made available at controlled rates by

the Government and the entire subsidy amount would

"be released in oha' instalment. The Government is

. "eXt'ending ilie .necessatyfacility"aiIct assistance :for

. this programme' of .nationai 'lmportance. The Prime "i'vIinister has rightly' atlachedmuch importance to this

programme and the Department. of Agriculture and

Co-operation has initiated action for 4 lakhs family

size bio-gasplants witJlin the plan outlay of Rs. ,50ci:'ores." .

Amruthur is slowly but steadily becoming a centre

of attr&ction as far as bio-gas technology is concem-

ed.. Th-: timely assistance of Govel1l1rtent, foresight of

'-he District Rural' Development ~.S.iieiety: 'and the

magnanimous gesture and boldness of Canara Bank

have earned this unique distinction and brought theJess'.kpmvu' village .. 'AMRUTHUR' . into nati"nal'

limelight: . It'would 110t'be an exaggeration to say that

from this place, 'a bio-gas revolution, may start.

-: A. GIRISH ROY"

,Dish. Imorination & .Publicity Officer, ,

, 'Tulukur

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..": . . . . . , ''-'." ....-.. 'j'

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"evelop.ment of fo lk .t s a nd c r af t s h a Seen given ,an if u ': : '-

qftant place in th~;.f' ' ' : < : , . Sixth Plan.

The new 2Q--pgintprogramm e: Industrial policyIn order to' bod~t the development of small-scale industries and ensure their

rapid growth, the limits of investment; prescribed for these industries have

heen enhanced. The facility for nufo;natic expa11Sion of capacty to the

extent of 5 per cent. per-annum or 2 5 per cent in II jive-year period has been

extended to all-inaustries-inc1uded in Appendix-I of the Industrial Policy

-Statement. Attention will' continue to be given to examine the possibilities

of further rationalisation and simplification of the system of industrial lice11Sing

where-necessary and also to provide incentives with the objective of boosting

investment and production. The Sixth Plan attaches considerable importance

ta the pramotion of village and small industries in view of their kJrgeemploy-

ment potential. The Plan envisages a public sector outkJy of Rs. 1780 crores

for the programme which means a step-up of 3.3 times over that of the Fifth

Plan outlay of Rs. 535 cro,"S. .

Considerable impor~

ance is being giveno the promotion of

viIJage and small

ndustries in view of

their large employ.

ment potential.

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(LIcenced under U(D)-54 to post without prepay-

ment at Civil Lines Po, t Office, Delhi).

Added emphasis is being given on improving

the wC)rkingconditions of rural artisans.

The research and development work that is being

carried out by the various all-India boards and organi-satif?ns will be directed towards evolving appropriate

technology~. reduce drudgery without- affecting" employ-

ment, "aild improve the earnings of artisaJls.~ A numb.cr

of process-cum-product development centres, regiolllil-

design and testing centres, 'small industries service and

craft institutes Qnd a Council fqr Advancement of Rlfrpl-'

Technology have been s.~t up for the deveIfipn,lent n11fl

provision of technological back-up. "' "_',:

. "

Emphasis-"will be given to the aehievemeill'. of the

production and employment targets for village.Qf~dsnlall

ndustries set ill the Sixth Plan for 1984-85 ; especial/j, '.,', .

n sericulture,. carpet weaving etc. Action has' been

nitiated for revival 0/ sick industrial units, setti:lg lip

of a NatiOl~al Handloom Developmem Corporatiml and

of cooperative spinning mills.

"

H,ul1icrafts connote the rich tradition of India's folk arts.

Itegd. No. D(DNl/39

RN 702/57

T he new "'.., ,.,',20-po~ntprogramme:

,,!llcl,llstrial policy