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Human Activities in Northeastern Asia and their Impact to the
Biological Productivity in North Pacific Ocean
S. NAGAO, T. SHIRAIWA, T. NAKATSUKA
1Faculty of Environ. Earth Sci., Hokkaido University2Res. Inst. Humanity and Nature
3Inst. Low Temp. Sci., Hokkaido University
2006.5.16-17Beijing, China
Outline of this presentation
1. Background and objectives of the Project“Amur-Okhotsk Project”
2. Migration behavior of Fe in Amur Rivera. Analyses of pre-existing data-sets
b. Preliminary results
3. Summary
Chl-a concentration at surface (June)
Nitrate concentration at surface (Summer)
Northern North Pacific and its marginal seas are known as areas of the highest productivity in the world
<Reason> 1. Goal of deep water circulation2. Winter convection
= nutrients supply from deep water in winter
However, there remain nutrients unutilizedat surface even in summer at the center of its area (=HNLC), because of
Shortage of dissolved Fe
The Sea of Okhotsk is not “HNLC”.Complete utilization of nutrients
→ Higher productivity.
Possibly due to input of Fefrom Northeastern Asia
(via Amur River & Atmosphere)
1. Background of the Project
Fe transport
Atmospheric Fe transport
Estuary
Processes
Primary Production
Production of dissolved iron
Amur River basin Sea of Okhotsk& Northern
North Pacific
Proposal for sustainableLand-uses to maintainThe Marine Ecosystem
Fe Discharge model
Biomass production model
Political, Economic, and
Sociological BackgroundLand-Use Changes
Rapid degradation of land surface
Discharge
Objectives of the Project
Watershed area 1.89x106km2
Length 4440km
Upper and middle AmurForest
Lower AmurWetland & Forest
Marine Group Land-use Group
Amur-Okhotsk Project
FEHRI (Russia)
IWEP (Russia)HYDROMET (Russia)
Nankai Univ. (China)Northeast Forestry Univ. (China)NIGAE (China)IAE (China)
PIG (Russia)
NIGAE (China)
Structure of the Project
GISLand & River
Processes Group
表面流出 沿岸海洋での動態河川移行
Amur RiverSanjiang Plain
Usuri RiverSonghua River
Amur-Liman
Dissolved FeMixing zone
Okhotsk SeaOyashio reagion
High primaryproductionTransportation
Aggregation redissolution
Input from forest areaand groundwater
2. Migration behavior of Fe in Amur River system
Where, When, HowImportant information on geochemistry of Fe
Nikolaevsk
Komsomorisk
Khabarovsk
Blagoveschensk
Okhotsk Sea
Japa
n Se
aS
akha
lin
Song-Hua Jian
China
Russia●
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Fe (mg/l: annual average)
●
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1.5 mg/l
1.0 mg/l
0.5 mg/l
0.1 mg/l
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Analyses of existing data set in 2002
38 Hydromet stations
Spatial distribution of Fe concentration
Khabarovsk
Komsomorisk-na-Amure
Nikolaevsk-na-Amure
Blagoveschensk
Cherniaevo
Amursk
Khabarovsk 2002
0
5000
1 104
1.5 104
J F M A M J J A S O N DW
ater
Dis
char
ge (m
3 /sec
)Month
(March-Dec. in 2002)
Seasonal variation in Fe concentration
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
Fe (m
g/l)
Sampling date
Khbarovsk
Blagoveschensk
Cherniaevo
MAM JJ A S O N D0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
Fe (m
g/l)
Sampling date
Amursk
Nikolaevsk
Komsomolsk
MAM JJ A S O N D
Wetland River
Fe3+ → Fe2+ (In anoxic condition,Fe3+ is reduced to Fe2+, dissolved into groundwater and finallydischarged to river.
Fe2+ → Fe3+Movement of groundwater
Supply of humicsubstances such as fulvic acid intoriver
Formation of complex(fulvic acid+Fe3+)→can be dissolved
Fe2+ is easilyoxidized andsinks down
quickly againin river…
Conditions to dissolve iron (Fe) into river (Amur)In oxic environment, iron is Fe3+. It cannot be dissolved in water.
(1) “Water” – environment such as Wetland
(2) “Forest” – supply of humic substances
Group 3: Fe flux Monitoringin River & Estuary
1. Seasonal & inter-annual variations in Fe flux
2. Distribution of Fe source and sink 3. Fe dynamics in the estuary
Periodic water samplings & analyses at fixed stations
Research cruises using a research vessel for river
Investigation of river moutharea using a small marine vessel
Group 4: Monitoring of Fe Flux from Various Types of Land Surfaces to River
1. Natural forest vs burned forest2. Wetland vs Farmland
→Fundamentals for estimate of total Fe flux from the whole Amur River Basin.
Sampling at terrestrial environment
研究項目2
Hkabarovsk
Bogorodtskoe
Komsomorisk-na-Amure
Amur River observation
Amur and its tributaries observation
Wetland observation
Nikolaevsk-na-Amure
Gur River
Anvi River
Amgun River
Gorin River Sofiisk
Lidoga
Takhta
Niznetambovskoe
Troitskoe
Research Activities in 2005
R/V Ladga
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5S
t.1
St.A St.2
St.3
-1
St.3
-2
St.4
St.5
-1
St.5
-2
St.5
St.6
St.7
-1
St.7
-2
St.8
St.9
St.L
St.G
Fe (m
g/l)
Site
River cruise studies -Lower Amur River-August 2005
(Makhinov, unpublished data)
Upland field
Wetland
Paddy field
Spatial distribution of Fe conc. in Sanjiang Plain
August in 2005
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
St.A
4
St.A
5
St.A
6
St.A
7
St.A
12
St.A
13
St.A
14
St.A
16
St.A
21
St.A
22
St.A
29
St.A
30
St.A
31
Fe (m
g/l)
Site
(Zhang, unpublished data)
表面流出 沿岸海洋での動態河川移行
Sanjiang Plain
Usuri RiverSonghua River
Amur-Liman
Mixing zone
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 10 20 30 40 50
Fe (m
g/l)
DOC (mg/l)
River
Groundwater
Drainage
Amur River
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
0 5 10 15
Fe (m
g/l)
DOC (mg/l)
River
Dissolved Fe and DOC concentrationin Amur River system
Positive correlation between Fe and DOC concentrations
August2005
KhabarovskNikolaevsk-na-Amure
(RHIN, unpublished data)
0.64±0.07mg/l0.30±0.03mg/l
Dissolved forms of Fe in river watersImportant information on transportation
bioavailability
Amur River system
Possible Fe-organic complexes(humic-like materials)
Effects of human activities・land-use change(wetland ⇨paddy field)・logging activites・forest fire
RUSSIA
CHINA Amur River
Song hua jiang
Ussuri River
Sea of Okhotsk
East Sakhalin Current
Cruise by Russian Research Vessel(2006 & 2007)
1
2
3
Group 2: Chemical & Biological Oceanography
1. Fe dynamics on the shelf sediment2. Distribution and source of Fe (river
or atmosphere), Fe impact to phytoplankton production
3. Fe flux from Okhotsk to Pacific
Evaluation on Fe impact to phytoplankton production
Sampling at marine environment
Summary
“Amur-Okhotsk Project”
Migration behavior of Fe in the Amur River system
・Source of FeLower Amur River & around Khabarovsk
wetland, groundwater・Maximum of Fe concentration and flux
July-Augustrelation with increase in water level
・Dissolved forms of FeFe-organic complexes and Fe-organic colloids
(organic matter:humic substances)
Acknowledgments・China
Nankai Univ.------------Dr. F. ShiNortheast Institute of Geography and Agricultural Ecology
------------Dr. B. Zhang
・RussiaIWEP----------------------Drs. B. A. Voronov, A. N. MakhinovHYDROMET-------------Dr. A. Gavrilov
・JapanHokkaido Univ.---------Drs. H. Shibata, O. SekiTokyo Agriculture and Technology--Dr. M. YohKyoto Prefectural Univ.----Dr. H. KodamaRIHN----------------------Dr. M. Terashima
Thank you for your attention!
(Photo Amur River: Amur River cruise 2005.8.16-8.24)
Observation points at research cruise in 2005
St.1
St.NSt.9
St.10
St.8
St.2St.A
St.M
St.J’
St.4
St.3
St.5St.6
St.7
St.E
St.B
River bankRiver bank
Wetland
Wetland
Preliminary results in the river cruise
0
50
100
150
200
St.A St.3 St.4 St.5 St.7 St.J' St.10 St.N
Turb
idity
(mg/
l)
Station
5
10
15
St.A St.3 St.4 St.5 St.7 St.J' St.10 St.N
Con
duct
ivity
(mS
/m)
StationSt.1
St.NSt.9
St.10
St.8
St.2St.A
St.M
St.J’
St.4
St.3
St.5St.6
St.7
St.E
St.B
Concept of humic substances ・Colored, polyelectrolytic organic acids
・Nonvolatile and range in molecular weight from 500 to 5000
・Elemental composition 50% C, 4-5% H, 35-40% O, 1-2% N
・Major functional groupscarboxylic acids, phenolic hydroxyl
・Two fractionsHumic acid: precipitates at pH2 or lessFulvic acid: remains in solution at pH2 or less
Molecular weight of humic substances
Humic substances have a wide range ofmolecular weight ranging from a few
hundred to several hundred thousand.
polyelectrolytic organic acids
Sample DOC(mg/l) %HS/DOC %FA/HS Reference
Kuji FA 2.9 12 95 This work
Deer Creek FA 3.6 75 89 McKnight et al.(1992)Snak River FA 1.8 42 86
Omoshironbetsu 3.0 29 --- Nagahora et al.(2002)River FA 5.4 28 ---
Amazon River ItePeua 3.6 37 80 Ertel et al.(1986)Rio Negro 10.8 54 60Obidos 4.5 35 77
The amount of humic substances in river waters
Complexation ability of humic substances
Model structure of humic acid
Fe2+,Fe3+
The ability of humic and fulvic acids to form stable complexes with metal ions can be attributed to their high content of O-containing functional groups, including COOH, phenolic-OH.
Humic acid Fulvic acid
Sahan River water
1 0- 6
1 0- 5
1 0- 4
1 0- 3
1 0- 2
0 10 20 30
Pu-239+240
Am-241
Cm-244
DOC concentration (mg/l)Rad
ioac
tive
conc
entra
tion
(Bq/
l)
Relationship between the concentrations of radioisotpes and DOC
(Matsunaga and Nagao, 2001)
HS 80-90% of DOC
Raw river water
Purification
HS adsorbed on DEAE-cellulose resin
Sahan river water
Humic substances play an important role in geochemical behavior of trace elements in aquatic environments
Role of organic materials(1) -Transport-
0
2
4
6
8
10
0 20 40 60 80 100
Fe (m
g/l)
DOC (mg/l)
r=0.87
Wetland
Wetland
Wetland is a major source of Fe-humate complexes in terrestrial environments
Peat solution
(Tani et al., 2001)
50-80% of DOC is occupied by humic substances
Wetland in Hokkaido
Role of organic materials(2) -Source-
Monitoring of aquatic humic substances Three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy
Clarify concentration and characteristics of humic substances by a simple and convenient method
300 350 400 450 500 550 600
500
450
400
350
300
250
Emission/ nm300 350 400 450 500 550 600
500
450
400
350
300
250
Emission/ nm
(a)SuwanneeHA
(b)SuwanneeFA
Exc
itatio
n/ n
m
Exc
itatio
n/ n
m
peak
Example of humic and fulvic acids isolated from river waters
Fluorescence peak position
Fluorescence peak position varies with samples with different environmental conditions
3-D EEM spectra of river waters
Sahan RiverYodo River Kuji River
WetlandsBrown forest soil
淀川河川水 久慈川河川水 サハン川河川水
250 350 450 550
500
450
400
350
300
250250 350 450 550
500
450
400
350
300
250250 350 450 550
250
300
350
400
450
500
Urban area
Exc
itatio
n/ n
m
Emission/ nmEmission/ nm Emission/ nm
Exc
itatio
n/ n
m
Exc
itatio
n/ n
m
200
350
500
250 400 550Emission (nm)
Exci
tati
on (
nm
)
10 mg/l 別寒辺牛川FASt.3 (2003.11.27)
250 400 550Emission (nm)
250 400 550Emission (nm)
250 400 550Emission (nm)
250 400 550Emission (nm)
(2005.2.15)
200
350
500
Exci
tati
on (
nm
)
contour = 5 QSU
(2005.4.14)
(2005.8.2)2倍希釈 (2005.12.1)
Isolated FA River water
Three-dimensional excitation emission matrix spectra of Bekanbeushi River waters
St.1
St.2
St.3
St.4
St.6
St.5
トライベツ川
別寒辺牛川
大別川
尾幌川チライカリベツ川
Fe c
onc.
(mg/
l)
Fe c
onc.
(mg/
l)Fe
con
c. (m
g/l)
Fe c
onc.
(mg/
l)
Fe c
onc.
(mg/
l)
Relation between Fe conc. AndRFI of fulvic acids
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0 50 100 150RFI at Ex320/Em.430
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0 50 100 150RFI at Ex320/Em.430
2005
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0 50 100 150RFI at Ex320/Em.430
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0 50 100 150RFI at Ex320/Em.430
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0 50 100 150RFI at Ex320/Em.430
Spring
r=0.97
Spring
r=0.93
r=0.98
r=0.90
r=0.90