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An I nteractive Approach
to Teaching L2 Reading:F rom the Bottom-Up
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What is reading ?
The ability to successfully
generate meaning from text.
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What is fluent reading ?
“The ability to read at an
appropriate rate with adequate
comprehension” (68).
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What is strategic reading ?
“The ability of the reader to use
a wide variety of readingstrategies to accomplish a
purpose for reading” (68).
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What is the goal of reading?
Comprehension
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Factors that influence
reading comprehension:
• The reader
• The text
•
Interaction between the reader and the text: – Strategies
– Schema
– Purpose for reading
– Manner of reading
• Fluency
Aebersold, J. & Field, M. L., (1997). From reader to reading teacher: Issues and strategies for second languageclassrooms. New York: Cambridge University Press.
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• Bottom-up processing (decoding)
• Top-down processing
• Interactive approach
Models of Reading
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Bottom-up Processing
Reader builds meaning from the
smallest units of meaning toachieve comprehension.
Example
letters letter clusters words phrases sentences longer text meaning =
comprehension
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Top-down Processing
Reader generates meaning by employing background knowledge, expectations,
assumptions, and questions, and reads toconfirm these expectations.
Example
Pre-reading activities (i.e. activating schema, previewing, and predicting) + background
knowledge (cultural, linguistic, syntactic, andhistorical) = comprehension
Aebersold, J. & Field, M. L., (1997). From reader to reading teacher: Issues and strategies for second languageclassrooms. New York: Cambridge University Press.
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Interactive Approach
Reader uses both bottom-up and top-
down strategies simultaneously oralternately to comprehend the text.
Example
Reader uses top-down strategies until he/sheencounters an unfamiliar word, then employs
decoding skills to achieve comprehension.
Aebersold, J. & Field, M. L., (1997). From reader to reading teacher: Issues and strategies for second languageclassrooms. New York: Cambridge University Press.
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Knowledge base + bottom-up
strategies + top-down strategies =comprehension
Interactive Approach
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The reader must be competent in
both bottom-up andtop-down processing.
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Interaction (“balance”) of
bottom-up and top-down strategies:
Top-down
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Interaction (“balance”) of
bottom-up and top-down strategies:
Bottom-up
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Interaction (“balance”) of
bottom-up and top-down strategies:
Bottom-up Top-down
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Interaction (“balance”) of
bottom-up and top-down strategies:
Bottom-up Top-down
Bottom-up
strategies
(“phonics”
approach) ________________
Examples:
• decoding
• using capitalization
to infer proper nouns
• graded reader
approach
• pattern recognition
Top-down
strategies
(“whole language”
approach)
________________
Examples:
• using background
knowledge
• predicting
• guessing the
meaning of unknown
words from context
• skimming/scanning
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