View
231
Download
5
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
©2004 Prentice Hall10-1
Chapter 10:InternationalCooperationAmong Nations
International Business, 4th Edition
Griffin & Pustay
©2004 Prentice Hall10-2
Chapter Objectives
Explain the importance of the GATT and the WTO to international business
Contrast the different forms of economic integration among cooperating countries
Analyze the opportunities for international businesses created by completion of the EU’s internal market
Describe the other major trading blocs in today’s world economy
©2004 Prentice Hall10-3
The GATT’s Beginning
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
Developed as part of the Havana, Cuba conference in 1947
Provided forum for trade ministers to discuss barriers to international trade
©2004 Prentice Hall10-4
The Role of the GATT
Goal: to promote a free and competitive international trading environment benefiting efficient producers
Accomplished by sponsoring multilateral negotiations to reduce tariffs, quotas, and other nontariff barriers
©2004 Prentice Hall10-5
Table 10.1 GATT Negotiating Rounds
Round Dates # of Participants Average Tariff Cut (%)
Geneva 1947 23 35
Annecy 1949 13 NA
Torquay 1950-1951 38 25
Geneva 1956 26 NA
Dillon 1960-1962 45 NA
Kennedy 1964-1967 62 35
Tokyo 1973-1979 99 33
Uruguay 1986-1994 117 36
©2004 Prentice Hall10-8
Most Favored Nation (MFN) Principle
Sought to ensure that international trade was conducted on a nondiscriminatory basis
Requires that any preferential treatment granted to one country must be extended to all countries– If the US cut the tariff on imports of British
trucks to 20%, it also had to reduce tariffs on imported trucks from all other members to 20%
©2004 Prentice Hall10-9
Exceptions to the MFN Principle
Members permitted to lower tariffs to developing countries without lowering them for more developed countries– Generalized system of preferences in
U.S. Tariff Code Regional arrangements promote
economic integration (e.g., EU and NAFTA)
©2004 Prentice Hall10-10
World Trade Organization (WTO)
Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland Began January 1, 1995 Included 146 members and 30 observer
countries as of June 2003
©2004 Prentice Hall10-11
Goals of the WTO
Promote trade flows by encouraging nations to adopt nondiscriminatory, predictable trade policies
Reduce remaining trade barriers through multilateral negotiations
Establish impartial procedures for resolving trade disputes among members
©2004 Prentice Hall10-12
Differences between WTO and GATT
GATT focused on promoting trade in goods; WTO’s mandate includes – trade in goods – trade in services – international intellectual property protection– trade-related investment
WTO’s enforcement powers are stronger
©2004 Prentice Hall10-14
WTO Challenges
The Cairns Group Multifibre Agreement General Agreement on Trade in Services
(GATS) Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of
Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Trade-Related Investment Measures
Agreement (TRIMS)
©2004 Prentice Hall10-15
Enforcement of WTO Decisions
Country failing to live up to the agreement may have a complaint filed against it
WTO panel evaluates complaint If found in violation, the country may be
asked to eliminate the trade barrier If country refuses, WTO will allow
complaining country to impose comparable trade barriers on the offending country
©2004 Prentice Hall10-16
The WTO’s success in lowering trade
barriers has attracted protests. Many
believe the WTO ignores the impact of its policies on human
rights, the environment, and the
wages and job security of workers
©2004 Prentice Hall10-17
Forms of Economic Integration
Free Trade Area Customs Union Common Market Economic Union
©2004 Prentice Hall10-19
European Union (EU)
Most important regional trading bloc 15 member countries 377 million population Total GDP $7.9 trillion 10 additional members in 2004
©2004 Prentice Hall10-20
Table 10.2 The European Union, 2001 DataPopulation GDP Per Capita Income
Belgium 10.3 227.6 28210
France 59.2 1302.8 25280
Luxembourg 0.4 18.6 48080
Germany 82.2 1873.9 25530
Italy 57.7 1090.9 24340
Netherlands 16.0 375.0 19130
Denmark 5.4 162.8 27950
Ireland 3.8 101.2 27460
United Kingdom 59.9 1406.3 24460
Greece 10.6 116.3 17860
Portugal 10.2 108.5 17270
Spain 39.5 577.5 20150
Austria 8.1 188.7 27080
Finland 5.2 122.0 25180
Sweden 8.9 210.1 24670
©2004 Prentice Hall10-21
Creation of EU
Motivated by desires of war-weary Europeans to promote peace and prosperity through economic and political cooperation
Treaty of Rome, 1957– France– West Germany– Italy– Benelux Nations (Belgium, the Netherlands,
and Luxembourg)
©2004 Prentice Hall10-23
Table 10.3 EU Candidate CountriesCountry Population GDP Per Capita GDP
Czech Republic 10.3 56.4 14550
Cyprus 0.8 9.4 20780
Estonia 1.4 5.3 10020
Hungary 10.2 52.4 12570
Latvia 2.3 7.5 7870
Lithuania 3.5 11.8 7610
Malta 0.4 3.6 16530
Poland 38.7 174.6 9280
Slovak Republic 5.4 20.5 11610
Slovenia 2.0 18.8 18160
©2004 Prentice Hall10-24
Governing Organizations of the EU
The Council of the European Union The European Commission The European Parliament The European Court of Justice
©2004 Prentice Hall10-25
A weekly meeting at the
European Commission.
The commission administers the
EU’s bureaucracy
©2004 Prentice Hall10-27
Three Pillars of the Maastricht Treaty
A new agreement to create common foreign and defense policies among members
A new agreement to cooperate on police, judicial, and public safety matters
The old familiar European Community, with new provisions to create an economic and monetary union among member states
©2004 Prentice Hall10-28
Components of the Treat for Europe (Treat of Amsterdam)
A strong commitment to attack the EU’s chronic high levels of unemployment
A plan to strengthen the role of the European Parliament by expanding the number of areas that require use of the co-decision procedure
Establishment of a two-track system
©2004 Prentice Hall10-29
Treaty of Nice
Effective Februar2003 To reduce the risk of political gridlock
as the number of members increase, – reduced number of areas where
unanimity is required for Council approval
– adjusted number of votes assigned to each Council member
©2004 Prentice Hall10-30
Table 10.4 Major Regional Trade Associations
Acronym Full Name
AFTA ASEAN Free Trade Area
ANCOM Andean Pact
APEC Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
CACM Central American Common Market
CARICOM Caribbean Community and Common Market
CEMAC Monetary and Economic Community of Central Africa
CER Australia-New Zealand Closer Economic Trade Relations Agreement
ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States
EU European Union
EFTA European Free Trade Association
GCC Gulf Cooperation Council
MERCOSUR Southern Cone Customs Union
NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement
SADC South African Development Community
©2004 Prentice Hall10-31
Map 10.2 Free Trade Agreements in Central and South America and the Caribbean
©2004 Prentice Hall10-32
Trade among Andean Pact members has been
hindered by rough terrain of the Andes Mountains