2004 Commercial Tree Fruit Spray Guide (Indiana)The “Midwest Tree Fruit Pest Management Handbook” is a companion publication to this spray guide that contains further information

IndianaID-168

Purdue University Cooperative Extension Service

West Lafayette, IN

The following universities cooperated in making this publication available

University of IllinoisUrbana, IL 61801

Iowa State UniversityAmes, IA 50011

Kansas State UniversityManhattan, KS 66506

University of KentuckyLexington, KY 40546

University of MissouriColumbia, MO 65211

Southwest Missouri State UniversityMt. Grove, MO 65711

Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH 43210-1096

Purdue UniversityWest Lafayette, IN 47907

University of WisconsinMadison, WI 53706

For single copies, write to: Publications or Bulletin Office, University Extension, in care ofthe university listed above for your state.

Legal Responsibilities for Pesticide Use

Pesticides suggested for use in this publication are registered by the Environmental Protection Agency,Pesticides Regulation Division and are cleared for use as indicated on the individual labels. The legallimitations in the use of these pesticides should be strictly observed to prevent excessive residuesin or on harvested fruit. Each grower is held responsible for the residues on fruit form his orchard andshould follow labels carefully and observe cut off dates and rates of application. Some of the pesticideslisted may be on the EPA restricted use list.

January 2004

i

Contents

Apple Spray Schedule .................................................................................................................. 1

Special Problems and Pests of Apple ......................................................................................... 13

Pear Spray Schedule ................................................................................................................... 16

Cherry Spray Schedule ............................................................................................................... 20

Peach Spray Schedule ................................................................................................................ 24

Special Problems and Pests of Peach and Other Stone Fruit ..................................................... 29

Table of Insecticides Used to Manage Borers of Peach, Cherry and Plum Trees ...................... 30

Plum Spray Schedule .................................................................................................................. 31

Pre-Harvest Intervals and Restricted Entry Intervals (REI)* for Common Fungicides ............. 34

Efficacy of Selected Fungicides Against Apple Diseases .......................................................... 35

Efficacy of Selected Fungicides Against Stone Fruit Diseases .................................................. 35

Pre-Harvest Intervals and Restricted Entry Intervals (REI) for Insecticides and Miticides....... 36

Insecticide Use Restrictions on Amount Applied per Year, Number of Applications,

and/or Timing of Applications .................................................................................................... 38

Efficacy of Selected Insecticides and Acaricides Against Apple Insects and Mites .................. 39

Orchard Vole Control .................................................................................................................. 40

Suggestions for Growth Regulators ........................................................................................... 42

Chemical Thinning of Apples ..................................................................................................... 44

Chemical Weed Control .............................................................................................................. 46

Herbicide Recommendations for Apple and Pear ...................................................................... 47

Herbicide Recommendations for Peach, Plum and Cherry ........................................................ 49

Herbicide Recommendations for Non-Bearing Fruit Trees ....................................................... 53

Floral Development Stages for Fruit Crops ............................................................................... 54

Recordkeeping Forms................................................................................................................. 56

Midwest Tree Fruit Pest Management Handbook

The “Midwest Tree Fruit Pest Management Handbook” is a companion publication to thisspray guide that contains further information on pesticide safety, sprayer calibration, tree fruitdiseases and insect pests, pesticide characteristics, growth regulators and spray adjuvants, andother related topics. Copies of this publication are available from your state extension service.

ii

Foreword

Commercial fruit production has become a highlyskilled technological profession. Concerns forresidues, operator risks, and the environment dictatethat all fruit growers exercise extreme caution in theuse of all pesticides and, indeed, all chemicals. TheEPA has designated a number of fruit pesticides as“ restricted-use.” Record-keeping and workerprotection requirements have changed dramaticallysince 1994. Consult the Pesticide ApplicatorTraining program or local extension office for moreinformation.

Growers who wish to use these restricted-usematerials must be certified as “private applicators.”Certification requires that applicators understand:labels and labeling, safety factors, potentialenvironmental concerns, identification of commonpests, knowledge of pesticides and their usage,proper equipment use, and applicable state andfederal regulations. Contact your local extensionoffice for information about training programs foryour certification.

Pest management recommendations provide up-to-date information on pesticides and their applicabilityto your problem. We suggest that you use thisinformation to set up your own spray program. Youshould include space for records in the program,such as, materials used, date of application, stage ofgrowth, and weather. In case of questions, nothingbeats a good set of records, and records are requiredfor restricted-use pesticides.

Handling Pesticides

1. Know the pesticide toxicity and act accordingly.2. When mixing pesticides, do not breathe the dust,

powder, or vapor. Always mix outdoors.3. Use an adequate respirator and protective

clothing, especially when mixing pesticides.The necessary protective equipment is listed onthe pesticide label. Suitable respirators shouldbe available from your pesticide dealer.

4. Do not smoke, eat, or drink when handling orapplying pesticides.

5. Stay out of drift from spray or dust.6. Rinse out liquid containers with water at least

three times, and pour into spray tank as it isbeing filled. Punch holes in metal and plasticcontainers and crush. Dispose of these and allother pesticide containers in accordance with the

pesticide label directions and as allowed by stateand local authorities. Do not re-use pesticidecontainers.

7. Have a “buddy” around when using toxicorgano-phosphates or carbamates, just in case.

8. For maximum safety, get a blood test todetermine the cholinesterase level for eachworker before the spraying season andperiodically during the season. This will allowyou to monitor the cholinesterase level in thosepeople using insecticides and can help preventoverexposure.

9. Consult a doctor immediately if the followingsymptoms develop while spraying: blurredvision, nausea, headache, chest pain, weakness,diarrhea, or cramps.

10. Wash hands thoroughly before eating orsmoking.

11. Bathe and change clothes daily.12. Always store pesticides in their original marked

container.13. Always store pesticides under lock and key.

Keep children away.14. Follow all label instructions carefully.15. Always use an anti-siphon device when filling

spray tank from a domestic water source.

Management Tips for Safety

THE LABEL IS THE LAW: READ ANDFOLLOW ITS INSTRUCTIONS.

1. Maintain accurate spray records. Showapplication rates, pesticides used, totalgallonage, stage of plant development, andweather data.

2. Be prepared to show your records to the EPA orstate agency inspectors.

3. Do not contaminate forage crops or pastures.4. Prevent excess drift.5. Do not allow animals to graze in orchards.6. Maintain equipment in top condition.7. Protect children, pets, livestock, and your

environment from pesticides in any form.8. Inform all workers of re-entry restrictions and

other safety information.9. Comply with the Right-To-Know Law. Have

complete product labels readily available forworkers. Have the Material Safety Data Sheetfor each product available for workers to see,and for rescue or fire personnel to use in case ofemergency.

iii

10. Provide pesticide safety training for pesticidehandlers and other workers to comply withWorker Protection Standards.

11. Regularly inspect and maintain personalprotective equipment used when applyingpesticides.

Dilute Spraying

The object of spraying is to uniformly distribute afungicide, insecticide, miticide, or growth regulatorover all parts of the tree. Pesticide recommendationsare based on the amount of dilute spray needed towet trees thoroughly. In a standard apple or pearorchard, with trees approximately 20 ft tall, 22 ftwide, and set on rows 35 ft apart, 400 gal. water/acreis a standard dilute spray for fungicide andinsecticide application. Recommendations are madeper 100 gal or per acre. Dilute is considered 1xconcentration. For cherry, peach, and plum, 300 galwater/acre is the standard dilute spray volume forfull-size trees.

Table 1 lists the gallons of dilute spray per acrerequired to provide equivalent coverage for maturetrees of different sizes and spacings.

Growth regulators may be applied by high-volumehand-gun or air-blast sprayers, in either dilute orlow-volume applications. Low-volume applicationmay be more risky because any mistakes inconcentration are magnified.

Read the growth regulator label for suggestions onapplication methods. Some labels suggest dilutesprays with full coverage and others suggest aspecific amount of chemical in a specific amount ofwater per acre.

Low-Volume Spraying

Low-volume, or concentrate, spraying refers to theuse of less water per acre to apply pesticides. In low-volume spraying, the volume of water applied peracre is reduced in proportion to the increasedconcentration used. So, if a 3x concentration is used,apply only one-third the water per acre that would beused in dilute spraying.

Low-volume sprays must be applied with air-blastsprayers which use high-velocity airstream todistribute the spray mixture. Most conventional air-blast sprayers can be used to apply spray mixturesup to 6x concentration. Sprayers specificallydesigned for ultra low-volume applications shouldbe used for applications at 10x or greater.

Using low-volume sprays requires less labor, lesswater, less time, and fewer refills than 1x or dilutemixtures. However, savings in gallonage andapplication costs decrease most rapidly down toabout 50 gallons of water per acre. Below that, thesavings may not be worth the additional risk ofimproper application and problems with wind.

Table 1. Gallonage of dilute spray per acre required to provide equivalent coverage for mature trees of different sizes and spacing.

Distance Between Tree Height Tree Width Maximum Tree Maximum Rows (feet) (feet) Volume/Acre Dilute Spray (feet) (1,000 cubic feet)a (gallons per acre)b

30 20 15 436 30026 16 12 354 22524 14 10 254 18022 14 10 272 20020 12 10 261 18518 10 10 242 17516 8 8 174 12514 6 8 149 10512 6 6 131 90

a Maximum tree volume/acre = tree width x tree height x running feet or row per acre. Running feet of row per acre = 43560 divided by the distance between rows. b Minimum dilute gallons per acre = approximately 0.7 gallon /1,000 cubic feet of tree volume.

iv

Table 2 illustrates an 80 percent savings of water at5x, but only an additional 10 percent savings byincreasing the concentrate to 10x. At concentrationsof 5x or higher, one can reduce the mixing rate by 20to 25 percent and achieve the same control. This isbecause sprays are no longer being applied to run-off.

Following are some precautions in the use of low-volume pesticide or growth regulator applications:

1. Use extreme care in calibrating the sprayer andmaintaining a constant sprayer speed. As gallonageis decreased, errors become much more critical.

2. Choose calm, yet good drying conditions forspraying. This may mean spraying at night or earlyin the morning. Good coverage cannot be achievedwhen winds are over 5 miles-per-hour.

3. Prune trees to a very open canopy for spraypenetration. Spray droplets will not penetrate large,thick trees.

4. Choose pesticide formulations that will mixsatisfactorally. Pay careful attention to increasedoperator hazards and drift problems.

Tree Row Volume Spraying

Tree row volume (TRV) is a method of determiningthe dilute (1x) volume of a spray solution necessaryto cover the entire tree surface. This is an objectivemethod of determining the differences in sprayvolume required for different tree sizes and ages.

With the TRV method, the volume of dilute sprayneeded per acre can be easily calculated for eachorchard based on tree age, size, amount of pruning,and row spacing. To determine the TRV, the be-tween-row spacing, maximum tree height, and cross-

row limb spread of trees must be accurately mea-sured. See the step-by-step procedure below.

The TRV method also can be used to determine thepesticide rate for an orchard. Calculate the TRVgallonage for the orchard. Multiply this gallonage bythe recommended dilute pesticide rate for diluteapplication.

For example, a fungicide is recommended at 2 lb/100 gal and is to be applied in an orchard with aTRV gallonage base of 400 gal/acre.

Therefore, the per acre rate for this pesticide is:2 lb/100 gal x 400 gal/acre = 8 lb/acre.

To determine the rate of fungicide or insecticide peracre when using the low-volume spraying method(3x or greater), first calculate the dilute TRV gallon-age. Multiply this concentrate gallonage by 0.75 toobtain a concentrate TRV gallonage. Multiply thisconcentrate gallonage by the recommended dilutepesiticide rate per 100 gallons to determine the rateof pesticide per acre for concentration application.

For example, a fungicide is recommended at 2 lb/100 gal. and is to be applied at 5x in an orchard witha TRV gallonage base of 400 gal./acre. The rate ofpesticide per acre is calculated as:(TRV gallonage)x (0.75)x dilute pesticide rate/100 gal.= concentrate pesticide application rate/acre

400 gal./acre x 0.75 x 2 lb/100 gal. = 6.0 lb/acreIf the TRV base gallonage is less than 200 gal/acre,use 200 gal. to compute the pesticide applicationrate.

Table 2. Gallons of spray per acre (approximate) for various concentrates.

Apples 400 200 132 100 80 64 56 48 44 40Peaches 300 150 100 75 60 50 45 38 33 30Percent water savings over dilute 50% 67% 75% 80% 84% 86% 88% 89% 90%

Greatest Savings Diminished Savings

1x 2x 3x 4x 5x 6x 7x 8x 9x 10x

v

How to calculate tree row volume gallonage:

Step 1Calculate feet row/acre

43,560 sq ft/acre = feet of row/acrebetween row spacing (ft)

Step 2Calculate cubic feet of TRV/acre.Feet of row/acre (from Step 1)x tree height (ft)x cross-row limb spread (ft)= cu ft of TRV/acre

Step 3Select density factors from Table 3.

Select the density factor that best indicatesthe canopy density of each separateorchard or block.

Step 4Calculate TRV gallonage/acre

cu ft of TRV/acre &£`density(from Step 2) x (from Step 3) 1,000= gallons of dilute solution applied per acre

= TRV gal/acre

Example:An orchard has rows spaced 20 feet apart, tree height is14 ft and the cross row-limb spread is 12 ft. The treedensity is 0.85.

Step 143,560 square ft/acre / 20 ft=2.178 feet of row/acre

Step 22,178 x 14 ft x 12 ft= 365,904 cubic feet of TRV/acre

Step 3Density has been given as 0.85.

Step 4(365,904 x 0.85) /1,000= 311 TRV gallons/acre

For additional information on calculating TRV gal/acrerefer to the Ohio State Extension Bulletin 892 OrchardSpray Rates: How to Determine the Amount of Pesticideand Water to Use in Your Orchard by C. Welty.

Table 3. Determining density factors using tree density estimates.

0.70 gal./1,000 cubic feet Trees extremely open, light visible through entire tree, less than 15 scaffoldlimbs per tree, young trees.

0.75 gal. /1,000 cubic feet Trees very open, 18 to 21 scaffold limbs per tree, light penetration throughout the tree,healthy spurs within the tree canopy.

0.80 gal./1,000 cubic feet Trees well pruned, adequate light in trees for healthy spurs throughout trunk andscaffold limbs, many holes in foliage where light can be seen through tree.

0.85 gal./1,000 cubic feet Trees moderately well pruned, reasonable spur population within canopy, tree thickenough that light cannot be seen through the tree.

0.90 gal./1,000 cubic feet Trees minimally pruned, spurs inside canopy are weak due to limited light, very fewholes where light can be seen through the tree.

1.00 gal./1,000 cubic feet Tree unpruned, extremely thick, no light visible anywhere through tree canopy, treesmore than 20 feet high.

vi

Spray Tank pH

Several pesticides break down rapidly in alkalinewater. In a matter of hours (or in extreme instancesonly minutes), 50 percent or more of the activeingredient may be hydrolyzed to yield a less activecompound. Captan, Carzol, Cygon, Imidan,Kelthane, Malathion, and Omite are examples ofcompounds that are especially vulnerable to alkalinehydrolysis. To ensure the maximum effectiveness ofpesticide applications, check the pH of spray mixesin the spray tank and add buffering agents, ifnecessary, to adjust the pH to neutral (7).Buffercide, Buffer-X, Unifilm B, and LI 700Acidiphactant are examples of such bufferingagents.

1

APPLEAbout 400 gallons of dilute spray per acre is required to adequately cover an acre of mature, standard, well-pruned apple trees in full leaf, 20 to 22 feet in height, in rows spaced 35 feet apart.

Pest/Problem Material Rate/100 gal Rate/Acre Comments

APPLE DORMANT TO SILVER TIPApply before growth starts in spring and when temperatures are above 45˚F.

Fire Blight Bordeaux mixture 8-8-100, plusoil (seecomments)

OR Copper hydroxide 2 - 4 lb 8 - 16 lb(Kocide 101)

OR Copper oxychloride 2 - 4 lb 8 - 16 lb(C-O-C-S)

OR Copper hydroxide 1.5 - 3 lb 6 - 12 lb(Kocide 2000)

Crown rot *Ridomil Gold EC(Collar Rot) OR *Aliette 80WP

OR *Phosphorous Acid

If fire blight was severe last year, a Bordeauxmixture or fixed copper spray at silver tip issuggested. Use a dilute Bordeaux spray of 8pounds copper sulfate, 8 pounds spray lime, and 1gallon miscible superior oil per 100 gallons ofwater.To mix, dissolve the copper sulfate in one-halftank of water. Once completely dissolved, add thespray lime with constant agitation as the tank fills.Add the oil last but before completely filling thetank. The mixture must be agitated continuously.Do not apply after 1/4 -inch green leaf stage orwhen drying conditions are slow, as severe injurycan occur. Bordeaux mixture and its residue havemany compatibility problems with other pesti-cides. Fixed coppers (Kocide, C-O-C-S) can bemixed with oil. However, never combine coppersulfate alone with dormant oil.

*Refer to crown rot section on page 13 for userecommendations.

APPLE GREEN TIPIf using a protectant fungicide program, begin sprays at green tip and repeat every seven days through second cover.

Primary scab *Benlate 50 WP or 2 - 3 oz 8 - 12 oz*Topsin-M 70 WSB 4 - 6 oz 1 - 1.5 lbplus**Captan 50 WP or 1 lb 4 lbMancozeb 75 DF or 12 oz 3 lbPolyram 80 DF 12 oz 3 lb

OR **Captan 50 WP 1.5 lb 6 lbOR Syllit 65 WP 0.25 - 0.5 lb 1 - 2 lbOR Thiram 65 WP 2 lb 8 lbOR Ziram 76 DF 2 lb 6 - 8 lbOR Mancozeb 75 DF 1.5 lb 6 lbOR Polyram 80 DF 1.5 lb 6 lb

*DuPont has voluntarily cancelled registration ofBenlate 50 WP fungicide on all crops. The saleand distribution of Benlate will not be legal afterDecember 31, 2002. Growers may use labeledproduct after this date; however, they will not beable to purchase additional material.* Topsin-M is very similar in activity to Benlateand is an excellent alternative to Benlate onlabeled crops. ** The 80 WG formulation of Captan has a 24-hour reentry period for apples, pears and stonefruit. Captan is also available as 50 WP andCaptec 4 L. Registration has not changed forthese formulations, and they still have a four-dayreentry interval. Currently the company is tryingto change the registration of the 50 WP and 4 L toa one-day reentry. Read the label of any materialyou plan to purchase to determine the reentryinterval. All old product still has the four-dayreentry interval.

2


APPLE GREEN TIP (cont.)Primary scab OR ***Nova 40 WP 1.25 - 2 oz 5 - 8 oz

OR ***Rubigan EC 3 fl oz 8 - 12 fl ozOR ***Procure 50 WP 3 - 4 oz 12 - 16 ozOR ***Vangard 75 WG 5 ozOR ***Sovran 50 WG 1 - 1.6 oz 4 - 6.4 ozOR ***Flint 50 WG 2 - 2.5 oz

San Jose Scale, Superior oil 2 galEuropean plusRed Mite eggs, Lorsban 4E 0.5 - 1 ptAphid eggs OR Supracide 25 WP 4 - 6 lb

OR Supracide 2 E 1 - 2 pt 3 - 12 ptOR Diazinon AG 600 12.75 fl oz

Spotted TentiformLeafminer ( monitoring)

***Fungicide Resistance Management:Sovran & Flint: To limit the potential fordevelopment of resistance, do not make morethan four applications of Sovran or Flint perseason.

Apply oil when temperature is above 40˚F;never during freezing weather. Check labelfor fungicide/oil compatibility. Oil is mosteffective when sprayed dilute under calmconditions to assure thorough coverage of allwoody tissue. Note: Although Lorsban,Supracide, and Diazinon are registered for usewith oil to aid in the control of scale insects andaphids, research has shown that the use of oilalone resulted in greater than 98% control ofscale insects when adequate coverage wasobtained. An insecticide does improve aphidcontrol.

Put pheromone traps in place now to monitoradult leafminer activity.

Same as for green tip.

Oil application delayed until this time will givebetter control of mites than earlier applications.

Killing adults at half inch green is not aseffective as killing hatching eggs at early petalfall. Control may be improved by spraying inthe evening when moths are most active. Use ofsome pyrethroids (Ambush, Asana, Pounce,Danitol, and Warrior) is likely to cause miteoutbreaks because pyrethroids are persistentand kill mite predators.

Assail or Esteem at this time will also controlrosy apple aphids.

APPLE HALF-INCH GREENPrimary Scab Same as for green tipSan Jose Scale Same as for green tip

OR Esteem 35 WP 4 - 5 oz

European Red Superior oil 2 galMite eggs

Spotted Thiodan 50 WP 1 lb 4 lbTentiform OR Thiodan 3 EC 0.67 qt 2.67 qtLeafminer, OR Ambush 25 WP 6.4 - 25.6 ozadults OR Ambush 2 EC 6.4 - 25.6 fl oz

OR Asana XL 0.66 EC 2 - 5.8 fl oz 4.8 - 14.5 fl ozOR Pounce 25 WP 6.4 - 12.8 ozOR Pounce 3.2 EC 4 - 8 fl ozOR Vydate L 2 L 0.5 - 1 pt 2 - 4 ptOR Danitol 2.4 EC 10.7 - 21.3 fl ozOR Esteem 35 WP 3 - 5 ozOR Assail 70 WP 1.1 ozOR Warrior 1 E 2.5 - 5.1 fl oz

3


APPLE TIGHT CLUSTERScab, Rust, Bayleton 50 WP 0.5 - 2 oz 2 - 8 ozand Powdery Nova 40 WP 1.25 - 2 oz 5 - 8 ozMildew Rubigan EC 3 fl oz 8 - 12 fl oz*Extended Procure 50 WP 3 - 4 oz 12 - 16 ozProtectant plusProgram Captan 50 WP or 1.5 lb 6 lb10-day Mancozeb 75 DF or 12 oz 3 lbInterval Polyram 80 DF or 12 oz 3 lb

Ziram 76 DF 1.5 - 2 lb 6 - 8 lb

OR Sovran 50 WG 1 - 1.6 oz 4 - 6.4 ozOR Flint 50 WG 2 - 2.5 oz

*Growers using an Extended Protectantprogram should use an SI fungicide (Nova,Rubigan, or Procure) in combination (tank-mixed) with a protectant fungicide such asCaptan, Mancozeb, Polyram, or Ziram throughthe period from at least tight cluster to secondcover. With a 10-day spray interval, this shouldresult in no more than four applications duringthis period. Sovran and Flint are generallyrecommended for use alone. However, due tothe risks of fungicide resistance development inthe scab fungus, they should probably be tank-mixed with a protectant fungicide as well.

**Fungicide Resistance Management: Sovran& Flint: To limit the potential for developmentof resistance, do not make more than fourapplications of Sovran or Flint per season. Seelabels for further resistance managementrecommendations. See comments on fungicideresistance management on page 15.

Scab, Same as forPowdery Mildew tight cluster.and Rust

A critical time for control.

A critical time for control.

Rust diseases need to be controlled with spraysat regular intervals from pink through thesecond cover spray. Nova, Bayleton, Rubigan,Procure, Mancozeb, Polyram, Ziram, Flint, andSovran will control rust; Benlate, Topsin-M andCaptan will not. See green tip commentsregarding primary scab fungicides.

APPLE PINKPrimary Scab Same as for

green tip.

4

Pest/Problem Material Rate/100 gal Rate/ Acre Comments

APPLE PINK (cont.)Rosy Apple Dimethoate 4 EC 0.5 - 1 pt 2 - 4 ptAphid OR Dimethoate 25 WP 1 - 2 lb 4 - 8 lb

OR Dimethoate 2.67 EC 0.75 - 1.5 pt 3 - 6 ptOR Lorsban 50 WP 8 - 12 oz 2 - 3 lbOR Thiodan 50 WP 1 lb 4 lbOR Thiodan 3 EC 0.7 qt 2.7 qtOR Diazinon 50 WP 1 lb 4 lbOR Diazinon AG 600 12.7 fl oz 51 fl ozOR Vydate 2 L 1 - 2 pt 4 - 8 ptOR Danitol 2.4 EC 10.7 - 21.3 fl ozOR Esteem 35 WP 3 - 5 ozOR Assail 70 WP 1.1 - 1.7 ozOR Calypso 4 F 0.5 - 1 fl oz 2 - 4 fl oz

Spotted Same as half inch greenTentiform OR Carzol SP 4 - 5 oz 1 - 1.25 lbLeafminer OR Calypso 4 F 0.5 -1 fl oz 2 - 4 fl oz

Tarnished Plant Thiodan, Ambush,Bug Asana, Danitol, Warrior, Calypso or Pounce as listed for

tentiform leafminerOR Avaunt 30 WDG 1 - 2 fl oz 5 - 6 oz

San Jose Scale

Nutrient level Solubor (boron) 1 lb 2 lbAND/ORFeed Grade Urea 3 lb 3 lb(nitrogen)

Scout for curled leaves at early pink. Applyaphicide at pink if any curled leaves with rosyapple aphid inside are found.

Use of some pyrethroids (Ambush, Asana,Pounce, and Warrior) is likely to cause miteoutbreaks because they are persistent and killmite predators.

Put pheromone traps in place now to monitoradult scale activity; crawlers are expected 4 to 6weeks after adult emergence.

Add Solubor to pesticide spray; check compat-ibility before adding. Urea can be added topesticide sprays when needed.

APPLE BLOOMPrimary Scab Same as for

green tip.

Scab, Powdery Same as forMildew, and Rust tight cluster.

5


APPLE BLOOM (cont.)

Fire Blight Streptomycin 17 W 0.5 lb 2 lb(Blossom OR Streptomycin 17 W 0.25 lb 1 lbBlight) plus

Regulaid 1 pt 1 pt

Fire Blight Growth Regulator 36 - 48 oz(Shoot Blight) *Apogee 27.5 W

plusRegulaid

Insects or Mites SAVE THE BEES! Donot use insecticides ormiticides.

Codling Moth Pheromone traps 1 per 10 acres;(monitoring) Minimum of 2

Codling Moth Isomate-C Plus 400(control) dispensers

Red Delicious Promalin 1 ptshape

Start fire blight sprays at the first sign of openblossoms. Repeat sprays at 4- to 5-day intervalsthrough bloom and petal fall on susceptiblevarieties. If warm, wet weather occurs duringbloom, it is critical that sprays are applied on atight schedule using the maximum strength of100 ppm (0.5 lb per 100 gal). Growers canimprove timing and confidence in usingstreptomycin with assistance from a computerprogram (MARYBLYT). Streptomycin is notrecommended for use after petal fall.

*Consider using Apogee to reduce the threat ofshoot blight on vigorous trees of susceptiblevarieties that have nearly filled their space. Seecomments on p. 13.

Put out pheromone traps now to monitor adultcodling moth activity. Apply insecticide at 250degree days (base 50°F) after the catch of 3 to 5moths per trap, with a second application 300degree days later.

See section on mating disruption on page 14.

Apply in early bloom when most of the kingflowers are open and before petals fall from theking flowers. Promalin can cause fruit thinningif guidelines for time of application are notfollowed.

6


APPLE PETAL FALLScab Same as for

green tip

Scab, Same as forPowdery mildew tight cluster.and Rust

Fire Blight Same as for bloom

Plum Curculio, Guthion 50WP 0.5 - 0.75 lb 2 - 3 lbRed-Banded OR Imidan 70 WP 0.75 - 1 lb 2.1 - 5.3 lbLeafroller, OR Ambush 25 WP 6.4 - 25.6 ozCodling Moth OR Ambush 2 EC 6.4 - 25.6 fl oz

OR Asana XL 2 - 5.8 fl oz 4.8 - 14.5 fl ozOR Pounce 25 WP 6.4 - 12.8 ozOR Pounce 3.2 EC 4 - 8 fl ozOR Danitol 2.4 EC 16 - 21.3 fl ozOR Avaunt 30 WDG 5 - 6 ozOR Assail 70 WP 2.3 - 3.4 ozOR Calypso 4 F 1 - 2 fl oz 4 - 8 fl ozOR Warrior 1 E 2.5 - 5.1 fl oz

Codling Moth Intrepid 2 F 2 - 4 fl oz 16 fl ozOR Confirm 2 F 5 fl oz 20 fl ozOR Esteem 35 WP 4 - 5 oz

Continue sprays on susceptible varieties untilall petals have fallen.

Peak hatch of redbanded leafroller usuallycoincides with petal fall. Control at this timehelps prevent late-season problems. If plumcurculio has been severe, increase Guthion orImidan to high end rates.Do not apply Ambush or Pounce after petal-fall.Use of some pyrethroids (Ambush, Pounce,Asana) is likely to cause mite outbreaksbecause they kill mite predators and persist along time.Although Asana is registered for applicationthroughout the growing season, we do notrecommend use after first cover, except forspecial problem pests.

Apply Intrepid or Confirm at initiation of egghatch (100-200 degree days, base 50 degrees,following biofix), followed by a secondapplication 14 days later. Other materials forcodling moth control are generally applied atfirst cover. Apply Esteem at 100 degree daysand again 14 to 21 days later.

7


APPLE PETAL FALL (cont.)Spotted Provado 1.6 F 2 fl oz 8 fl ozTentiform OR Agri-Mek 0.15 EC 2.5 - 5 fl oz 10 - 20 fl ozLeafminer OR SpinTor 2SC 1 - 1.5 fl oz 4 - 6 fl oz(larvae) OR Lannate LV (2.4 SL) 0.75 pt 3 pt

OR Lannate 90 SP 0.25 lb 1 lbOR Ambush 25 WP 6.4 - 25.6 ozOR Ambush 2 EC 6.4 - 25.6 fl ozOR Asana XL 0.66 EC 2 - 5.8 fl oz 4.8 - 14.5 fl ozOR Pounce 25 WP 6.4 - 12.8 ozOR Pounce 3.2 EC 4 - 8 fl ozOR Danitol 2.4 EC 10.7 - 21.3 fl ozOR Carzol 92 SP 4 - 5 oz 1 - 1.25 lbOR Assail 70 WP 1.1 - 1.7 ozOR Calypso 4 F 0.5 - 1 fl oz 2 - 4 fl ozOR Entrust 80 WP 1.5 - 3 oz

White Apple Danitol, Lannate,Leafhopper Ambush, Pounce,

Asana, or Warrior as atpetal fall for leafminer

OR Provado 1.6 F 1 - 2 fl oz 4 - 8 fl ozOR Thiodan 50 WP 1 lb 4 lbOR Thiodan 3 EC 0.7 qt 2.7 qtOR Dimethoate 4 EC 0.5 - 1 pt 2 - 4 ptOR Dimethoate 25 WP 1- 2 lb 4 - 8 lbOR Dimethoate 2.67 EC 0.75 - 1.5 pt 3 - 6 ptOR Carzol 92 SP 2 - 4 oz 0.5 - 1 lbOR Avaunt 30 WDG 5 - 6 ozOR Assail 70 WP 1.1 - 1.7 ozOR Calypso 4 F 0.5 - 1 fl oz 2 - 4 fl oz

Mites Apollo SC 1 - 2 fl oz 4 - 8 fl ozOR Savey 50 W 3 - 6 ozOR Agri-Mek 0.15 EC 2.5 fl oz 10 fl ozOR Pyramite 60 W 2.2 - 3.3 oz 4.4 - 13.2 ozOR Carzol 92 SP 4 - 5 oz 1 - 1.25 lbOR Acramite 50 WS 0.75 - 1 lbOR Zeal 5WG 2 - 3 oz

Aphids Dimethoate, Thiodan,Danitol, Esteem, AssailCalypso, or Diazinonas at pink

OR Provado 1.6 F 2 fl oz 8 fl oz

Treat if miners average two or more per leafand larvae are still in the initial sap-feedingstage on the underside of the leaves. UseProvado as soon as pollination is complete.Use Agri-Mek at petal fall or first cover. UseProvado at 8 fl oz/A only for large standardtrees; 6 fl oz/A is adequate for smaller trees.Apply Agri-Mek or SpinTor with horticulturaloil or a penetrating surfactant. Vydate is notlisted because it may cause fruit thinning if usedwithin 30 days of bloom. Ambush and Pounceshould not be used after petal-fall. Control ofspotted tentiform leafminer with Lannate,Ambush, Asana, Carzol, or Pounce may disruptmite control.

White apple leafhopper nymphs begin hatchingat tight cluster and feed on the underside ofapple leaves. The presence of leafhoppernymphs, their cast skins, and the white feedingmarks (stippling) on leaves indicate possibleneed for control. Management is needed at petalfall if the average number of nymphs is one ormore per leaf. Lannate, Ambush, Pounce,Carzol, and Asana are highly toxic to predatorymites.

For Pyramite, use low rate for European redmite or high rate for 2-spotted mite. AgriMek ismost effective if applied before leaves harden off.This is an opportunity to control the overwinter-ing generation if prebloom treatment was notused or was ineffective.

Rosy apple aphid is best treated at pink, butthere is some chance to control it at petal fall ifinfestations are noticeable.

8


APPLE PETAL FALL (cont.)For Thinning Refer to section onSummer Varieties thinning (p. 44)

Nutrient level Solubor (boron) 1 lb 4 lbAND/ORFeed Grade Urea 2 lb 8 lb

May be added to insecticide/fungicide spraysolutions, but check for compatibility, order ofmixing, etc.

APPLE FIRST AND SECOND COVERSeven to 10 days after petal-fall and 7 to 10 days later.

Scab and Captan 50 WP 1.5 lb 6 lbFruit Rots OR Thiram 65 WP 1.5 lb 6 lb

OR Ziram 76 DF 2 lb 6 - 8 lbOR Benlate 50 WP or 2 - 3 oz 8 - 12 oz

*Topsin-M 70 WSB 4 - 6 oz 1 - 1.5 lbplusCaptan 50 WP or 1 lb 4 lbMancozeb 75 DF or 12 oz 3 lbPolyram 80 DF or 12 oz 3 lbZiram 76 DF 1.5 - 2 lb 6 - 8 lb

Scab, Rust, Bayleton 50 WP 0.5 - 2 oz 2 - 8 ozPowdery Mildew,and Fruit Rots Nova 40 WP 1.25 - 2 oz 5 - 8 oz

OR Rubigan EC 3 fl oz 8 - 12 fl ozOR Procure 50 WP 3 - 4 oz 12 - 16 oz

plusCaptan 50 WP or 1.5 lb 6 lbMancozeb 75 DF or 12 oz 3 lbPolyram 80 DF or 12 oz 3 lbZiram 76 DF 1.5 - 2 lb 6 - 8 lb

OR *Sovran 50 WG 1 - 1.6 oz 4 - 6.4 ozOR *Flint 50 WG 2 - 2.5 oz

*Benlate 50WP and Topsin-M 70WSB maycause scarf skin on Rome apples, if appliedwithin a 4-week period following petal fall.

See Note on Mancozeb and Polyram below.

Sprays beyond second cover, for mildewcontrol, should be based on previous fieldhistory and orchard scouting.

*Fungicide Resistance Management:Sovran & Flint: To limit the potential fordevelopment of resistance, do not make morethan four applications of Sovran or Flint perseason. See labels for further resistancemanagement recommendations. See commentson fungicide resistance management on page15.

Note on Mancozeb and Polyram (EBDC Products)Mancozeb and Polyram cannot be used past bloom at the 6 lb per acre rate; however, the permissable 3 lb per acre rate maynot be sufficient under heavy scab pressure. If sterol inhibiting (SI) fungicides (Nova, Rubigan or Procure) are used in anextended protectant program for primary scab control (tight cluster to second cover), the last spray containing the SI fungi-cide is a “transition spray,” where you are moving from the use of the SI fungicide to strictly protectant fungicides for controlof summer diseases and secondary scab. This “transition spray” should contain the full label rate of a protectant fungicide incombination with the SI fungicide. If growers choose to use Mancozeb or Polyram, no more than 3 lbs per acre can be usedat this time. This rate may be too low, especially under heavy scab disease pressure. In situations such as this, growersshould consider the use of Captan, which can be applied at higher rates in the “transition spray”. Do not apply mancozeb orPolyram within 77 days of harvest.

9


APPLE FIRST AND SECOND COVER (cont.)Blister Spot on Streptomycin 17 W 0.5 lb 2 lb‘Mutsu’ OR Streptomycin 17 W 0.25 lb 1 lb(‘Crispin’) plus

Regulaid 1 pt 1 pt

Codling Moth, Guthion, Danitol,Plum Curculio, Avaunt, Intrepid,Red-Banded Confirm, Imidan,Leafroller Assail, Esteem,

or Calypso as listedfor petal-fall.

OR Entrust 80 WP 2 - 3 oz

Mites Agrimek, Apollo,Savey, Pyramite,Zeal, andAcramite asat petal fall.

San Jose Scale Diazinon 50 WP 1 lb 4 lb(crawlers) OR Esteem 35 WP 4 - 5 oz

Green Apple Same as forAphid aphids at petal fall.

Excess Crop Refer to section onthinning on page 44.

Cork Spot, Calcium chloride 2 lb 8 lbBitter Pit andJonathan Spot

First application no later than 2 weeks follow-ing petal fall and followed weekly by twoadditional sprays. Do not concentrate Regulaid.Use 1 pt per 100 gal or 1 pt per acre.

First and second cover sprays are key times forfirst generation codling moth control. Seemating disruption comments under specialproblems on page 14. Intrepid, Confirm, andEsteem are not labeled for plum curculiocontrol.

See mite section on page 14.

San Jose scale “crawlers” may be present at thistime in blocks of trees that had red spots onfruit and concentration of scales in the calyxend of fruit last year.

Do not use the AG 600 formulation of Diazinonafter petal fall. Treat green apple aphid whennumerous, but before excessive terminal leafcurling and honeydew deposits are observed.

Start calcium chloride sprays in the first orsecond cover. Do not re-apply calcium chlorideanytime during the growing season if rain hasnot washed off residue from previous calciumspray. Do not exceed 4 pounds per acre for lowvolume spray.

10


APPLE THIRD COVERTen days after second cover.

Scab, Fruit Rots Captan 50 WP 1.5 lb 6 lbSooty Blotch OR Thiram 65 WP 1.5 lb 6 lband Flyspeck OR Ziram 76 DF 1.5 - 2 lb 6 - 8 lb

OR Benlate 50 WP or 2 - 3 oz 8 - 12 ozTopsin-M 70 WSB 4 - 6 oz 1 - 1.5 ozplusCaptan 50 WP or 1 lb 4 lbZiram 76 DF 1.5 - 2 lb 6 - 8 lb

OR Sovran 50 WG 1 - 1.6 oz 4 - 6.4 ozOR Flint 50 WG 2 - 2.5 oz

Codling Moth, Same as for firstRed-banded and second coverLeafroller

White Apple Same as for petal fall.Leafhopper (except do not use

Ambush or Pounce)OR Sevin 50 WP 1 lb 4 lbOR Sevin 80 S 0.7 lb 2.7 lbOR Sevin 4 F 0.5 qt 2 qtOR Sevin XLR(4 EC) 0.5 qt 2 qt

Apple Maggot Guthion 50 WP 0.5 - 0.75 lb 2 - 3 lb(where a OR Imidan 70 WP 0.75 - 1 lb 2.1 - 5.3 lbproblem) OR Diazinon 50 WP 1 lb 4 lb

OR Sevin 50 WP 1.5 lb 6 lbOR Sevin 80 S 0.9 lb 3.75 lbOR Sevin 4 F 0.75 qt 3 qtOR Sevin XLR(4EC) 0.75 qt 3 qtOR Danitol 2.4 EC 16 - 21.3 fl ozOR Avaunt 30 WDG 5 - 6 ozOR Warrior 1 E 2.5 - 5.1 fl ozOR Entrust 80 WP 2-3 ozOR Asana XL 2 - 5 .8 fl oz 4.8 - 14.5 fl oz

Aphids Same as for petal fall.

Mites Pyramite, Apollo,Savey, Acramite, orZeal as forpetal fall

OR Vydate L 1 - 2 pt 2 - 4 ptOR Kelthane 50 W 0.75 - 1.5 lb 3 - 6 lbOR Vendex 50 W 4 - 8 oz 1 - 2 lb

The strobilurin fungicides Sovran and Flint arevery effective for control of sooty blotch andflyspeck. Benlate and Topsin-M are also highlyeffective for prevention of sooty blotch andflyspeck. However, excessive use of Benlateand/or Topsin-M may result in a buildup ofresistant strains of the apple scab fungus and/orincreased mite injury due to the adverse effectof these fungicides on predatory mites.

Delay use of Sevin until at least 30 days afterfull bloom to avoid fruit thinning.

Apple maggot flies generally begin emergingfrom the soil about mid-June. Monitor for thefirst appearance of flies each year with adetailed examination of fruit and leaves in thecenter of trees, the use of yellow sticky boardtraps baited with an attractant by hanging red orgreen spheres coated with a sticky substance intrees, or with a combination of all threemethods. Continue applications until lateSeptember or as long as flies are present.

Refer to mite section on page 14.

11


APPLE THIRD COVER (cont.)Ten days after second cover.

San Jose Scale Same as for first cover.crawlers(if present)

Cork Spot, Same as for first cover.Bitter Pit, andJonathan Spot

APPLE SUMMER COVER SPRAYSDepending on rainfall, apply at intervals of 10 to 14 days.

Scab, Fruit Rots, Same as forSooty Blotch third cover.and Flyspeck

Codling Moth Same as for firstand second cover.

Apple Maggot Acramite, Pyramite,Vydate, Kelthane,or Vendexas at third cover.

Mites Same as forthird cover.

Leafhoppers Same as forthird cover.

OR Avaunt WDG 5 - 6 oz

Spotted Provado, Danitol,Tentiform Assail, Asana,Leafminer Calypso, Lannate,

or Entrust asat petal fall.

OR Vydate 2 L 1 - 2 pt 2 - 4 pt

Red-banded and Same as for firstOblique-banded and second cover.Leafrollers OR Bacillus

thuringiensis(Dipel, Biobit,Condor, andothers)

Japanese Imidan 70 WP 0.75 - 1 lb 2.1 - 5.3 lbBeetle OR Sevin 80 S 0.9 lb 3.75 lb

OR Sevin 4 F 0.75 qt 3 qtOR Neemix 4.5 7 - 16 fl oz

See comments under third cover regarding lateseason use of Benlate and Topsin-M. Checkpreharvest interval and re-entry restrictions ofvarious materials before making the finalapplication.

Apply Intrepid or Confirm at the initiation ofegg hatch for the second generation, 1200degree days after biofix.

Refer to the mite section at the end of the applespray schedule on page 14.

Treatment is recommended if there is anaverage of more than two miners per leaf frompetal-fall to mid-summer, and more than threeminers per leaf for the late-summer thirdgeneration. Vydate may cause fruit thinning ifused within 30 days of bloom.

Bacillus thuringiensis sprays will kill onlycaterpillar larvae that ingest residues. Reapplyat 4- to 5-day intervals; thorough coverage isessential..

12


APPLE SUMMER COVER SPRAYS (cont.)Depending on rainfall, apply at intervals of 10 to 14 days.

Woolly Apple Dimethoate 4 EC 0.5 - 1 pt 2 - 4 ptAphid OR Thiodan 3 EC 0.7 qt 2.7 qt

OR Thiodan 50 WP 1 lb 4 lb

Aphids Same as for petal fall

Cork Spot, Same as for first coverBitter Pit andJonathan Spot

During August and September, the rate forcalcium chloride may be increased to 3 lb/100gal or 12 lb/acre.

13

Special Problems and Pests of Apple

For more detailed information on disease and insect controland integrated pest management (IPM), growers shouldobtain a copy of the Midwest Tree Fruit Pest Manage-ment Handbook. The handbook must be used in conjunc-tion with this spray guide, and can be obtained from yourstate cooperative extension service.

Crown Rot (Collar Rot) of AppleRidomil Gold EC is labeled for use on bearing apple trees.Applications should be made before symptoms appear,especially in areas of the orchard favorable for diseasedevelopment. Ridomil Gold EC will not revitalize treesshowing moderate to severe crown rot symptoms. Mix 0.5pint of Ridomil Gold EC with 100 gal of water. Apply theamount of diluted mixture indicated in the table below,around the trunk of each tree. Applications should bemade in early spring before growth starts, and in the fallafter harvest and before the ground freezes. On newplantings, delay the first application until 2 weeks afterplanting. To determine trunk diameter, measure the trunk12 inches above the soil line.

Trunk Diameter Quarts of Diluted Mixture/Tree < 1 inch 1 quart 1-3 inches 2 quarts 3-5 inches 3 quarts > 5 inches 4 quarts

Notes: (1) Do not dip roots of trees or spray bare roots withsolutions containing Ridomil Gold EC.(2) Do not graze in or feed cover crops from treatedorchards. Illegal residues may occur.

Alliette 80 WDG (Fosetyl-Al) is registered as a foliar sprayfor control of collar and root rot on apples and pears.Under moderate disease pressure, apply Aliette 3 or 4 timesat 5.0 lb/100 gal on a 60-day spray interval, or 6 to 8 timesat 2.5 lbs/100 gal on a 30-day schedule. Make the firstapplication in the spring, after sufficient foliage is presentto absorb the chemical. Do not apply more than 5.0 lb ofAliette per acre per application. Do not exceed 20 lb ofAliette per acre per season. Nursery tree resets and newplantings should be treated after leaf emergence. Do notapply within 2-3 weeks of leaf color change in the fall.Foliage must be green and living for Alliette to be taken upand transported to the roots. Read the label.

Phosphorous Acid (phosphonates and phosphites)Several products containing phosphorous acid are beingregistered in the United States as nutritional supplementsand “plant conditioners.” A few of these products arebeing registered for use as fungicides for control of rootand collar rot on pome fruit (apple and pear). Agri-Fos is asystemic fungicide registered for control of root and collarrot on apple and pear. It’s active ingredient is phosphorous

acid. This is essentially the same active ingredient inAliette, and the use recommendations for Aliette and Agri-Fos are very similar. Both Agri-Fos and Aliette are appliedas a foliar spray. The active ingredient is highly systemicand will translocate down the tree to the crown and roots.No currently registered fungicides, other than Aliette, havethis type of systemic activity. The Agri-Fos label states“Apply at 1.25 to 2.5 quarts per acre. One to two monthintervals between treatments. Under high disease pressure,use higher application rate and shorter interval. Ensurethorough coverage.”

Restrictions On EBDC ProductsUsers should carefully read, understand, and follow all userestrictions prior to using EBDC products. EBDC productshave two rate recommendations, depending upon how youchoose to use the fungicides. Label recommendations forMancozeb are identical for apples and pears. The follow-ing information is taken from the label:

1. Pre-Bloom Use. Begin applications at 1/4- to 1/2-inchgreen tip and continue on a 7- to 10-day schedule throughbloom. DO NOT: 1) apply more than 6 lb Mancozeb peracre per application; 2) apply more than 24 lb ofMancozeb or Polyram per acre, per year; 3) apply afterbloom.

2. Extended Application Schedule Or Use In TankMixtures. Begin applications at 1/4- to 1/2-inch green tipand continue applications on a 7- to 10-day schedulethrough the second cover spray. DO NOT: 1) apply morethan 3 lb per acre per application; 2) apply within 77 daysof harvest; 3) apply more than 21 lb of Mancozeb orPolyram per acre per year. DO NOT combine or inte-grate the two treatment schedules.

Shoot Fire Blight Management with ApogeeApogee (prohexadione calcium) inhibits gibberellinbiosynthesis, resulting in an early cessation of terminalgrowth. Shoots with inhibited growth are less susceptibleto fire blight; therefore, the potential for the build up of fireblight during the summer is reduced significantly. Con-sider using Apogee to reduce the threat of shoot blight onvigorous trees of susceptible varieties that have nearlyfilled their tree space. Apogee only decreases host suscep-tibility; it does not affect the pathogen directly. Apogee isnot a substitute for streptomycin for blossom blight controlduring bloom. If needed, Apogee can be combined withstreptomycin in one of the bloom sprays.

Timing . Apogee 27.5 W should be applied at full bloom toearly petal fall on the king blooms for maximum effective-ness. Apogee is considerably less effective if applied toolate. The decrease in blight susceptibility will not occuruntil about 10 days to 2 weeks after application.

14

Application rate and number. A rate of 36 to 48 oz. ofApogee 27.5 W per acre is recommended for trees thatrequire 300 to 400 gallons of dilute spray per acre, respec-tively, or 12 oz per 100 gallons of dilute spray. Theeffectiveness of lower per acre rates for blight controldrops off quickly. In the Midwest, two applications ofApogee at 10 to 12 oz per 100 gal. should be sufficient forpreventing fire blight spread in the summer, but overlyvigorous trees may need a third application (see label).

Additives. The non-ionic surfactant Regulaid should beused with Apogee. Follow the manufacturer’s rate recom-mendations. If Apogee is applied in hard water (water thatcontains high levels of calcium carbonate), 1 lb. of spray-grade ammonium sulfate should be used for each pound ofApogee.

Comments. Growth control with Apogee is not concentra-tion dependent. There is no difference in shoot growthcontrol between dilute and concentrate sprays, provided thetotal amount of chemical per acre is the same. The level ofgrowth control with Apogee is rate dependent. The greatestand quickest reduction is obtained at the recommendedrate, and the effect on growth declines as the rate isreduced.

Mating Disruption for Codling Moth ControlIsomate C-Plus and CheckMate CM are registered forcontrol of codling moth. They dispense the sex attractantof the codling moth and are designed to prevent malemoths from locating females for mating. This strategy,termed mating disruption, is most likely to succeed inblocks of at least 5 acres where initial populations ofcodling moth are low. If mating disruption is used forcodling moth control in smaller blocks or where infesta-tions are greater, border sprays, or at least one or two coversprays, will also be necessary. Controlling codling mothby mating disruption will not control other insect pests thatare controlled by cover sprays (plum curculio and applemaggots, for example). In most studies, Isomate C-Plushas performed better than CheckMate CM.

Apple BorersThe dogwood borer and American plum borer are caterpil-lars that attack burrknot tissue on apple trunks. Flat-headedand round-headed apple borers are beetle larvae that attacktree trunks, often in assocation with mechanical or otherinjury or generally weakened trees. Any of these borers canbe treated with Lorsban 50 W at a rate of 3 lb per 100gallons of spray applied no later than 28 days beforeharvest. For dogwood borer, the best insecticide timing isat peak egg hatch, which is in late June in the centralMidwest. For American plum borer, the best timing is atpetal fall. For flat-headed and round-headed apple borers,

apply insecticide in the spring. Apply borer sprays to thetrunk and lower branches, soaking the bark. DO NOTapply Lorsban to the fruit or foilage.

Pyrethroid InsecticidesUse of pyrethroid insecticides (Ambush, Asana, orPounce) is likely to cause mite outbreaks. These materi-als are highly toxic to predatory mites that feed on spidermites and have a long residual activity. Danitol is apyrethoid that is toxic to predatory spider mites. Use ofDanitol is less likely to lead to spider mite outbreaks thanother pyrethroids.

Miticides for AppleThe following miticides are registered for use on apples.Refer to product label for registered uses, amount of use,harvest restrictions, and remarks for use on other crops.

Brand Name Rate Per Rate Per Days to 100 Gal. Acre Harvest“Superior oil” 2 gal ------ (Before

pink)Acramite 50 WS 0.75 - 1 lb 7Agrimek 0.15 ECa 2.5 fl oz 10 fl oz 28Apollo SC 1- 2 fl oz 4 - 8 fl oz 45Carzol 92 SP 4 - 5 oz 1 - 1.25 lb (by petal

fall)Dicofol 1.6 EC 1.5 qt 4 - 10 qt 14Kelthane 50 W* 0.75 - 1.5 lb 3 - 6 lb 7M-Pedebc 1 - 2% 1.2 gal ++Pyramite 60 Wd 2.2 – 3.3 oz 4.4 - 13.2 oz 25Saf-T-Sideb 1 - 2% ------ ++Savey 50 WP 3 oz 28SunSprayb 1 - 2% 1 - 2 gal ++Vendex 50 W 4 - 8 oz 1.3 lb 14Vydate Le 1 - 2 pt 2 - 4 pt 14Zeal 72 WDG 2 - 3 oz 28++ Apply before waxy bloom forms on fruita Apply within 2 weeks after petal fall.b Do not use with Captan, Sevin, or other sulfur containing products. Do not apply when temperatures exceed 90°F.c Not very effective alone. Enhances efficacy of other miticides.d Allow at least 30 days between sequential applications.e Vydate may cause fruit thinning if used within 30 days of bloom.* Not permitted for use in Wisconsin.

Notes on Soaps and Horticultural OilsSunSpray UFO (UFO = “ultrafine” oil), Saf-T-Side andM-Pede (a potassium salt of fatty acids, previously calledan insecticidal soap) are relatively new insecticides thatmay be used in certified organic production systems.Summer oils and M-Pede are only effective againstinsects contacted by sprays at the time of application.These sprays provide no residual control. Many questionsabout the efficacy of these insecticides remain, and their

Special Problems and Pests of Apple (cont.)

15

use should be considered experimental. Nonetheless, theyappear to be useful in certain situations.

A summer oil alone, at a concentration of 1 to 2 percentby volume, provides some control of mites and aphids(rosy apple aphid, apple grain aphid, green apple aphid,and spirea aphid). Limited observations suggest thataphid control is likely to be greatest if oil is applied whenclusters are at the 0.25 inch green stage. M-Pede alonereduces mite, aphid, pear psylla, and white apple leafhop-per populations, but control may not be satisfactory orlong-lasting unless multiple sprays are applied. Unlikeoils, M-Pede is not ovicidal. If applied alone, a summeroil is likely to be more effective for aphid and (especially)mite control than M-Pede. Data from Michigan indicatethat adding M-Pede at 2 percent by volume to full-ratesprays of Vendex, Kelthane, and presumably othermiticides, greatly enhances the control they provide.

Phytotoxicity, leaf drop, and fruit blemishes should bemajor concerns when deciding to use summer oil or soap.To prevent damage to foliage or fruits, never use asummer oil with Captan, Sevin, or other sulfur-containingpesticides. Allow at least 14 days between applications ofsulfur-containing compounds and the use of a summer oil.Do not apply oils if temperatures exceed 90˚F or dryingconditions are poor. Because of concerns about fruitrusseting, some authorities suggest that insecticidal soapsshould be used only in nonbearing orchards. Oils andsoaps must be mixed at the proper dilution (1 to 2percent); concentrated sprays will be less effective andmore phytotoxic. Deposits of large droplets or thecoalescing of droplets on fruit or foliage also increases thelikelihood of leaf damage and fruit blemishes.

Fungal Resistance ManagementMany of our most effective fungicides have a high riskfor resistance development in the fungi they control.These include the sterol-inhibiting fungicides (Nova,Rubigan, and Procure) and the strobilurin fungicides(Sovran and Flint). Because they all have very specificmodes of action, fungi such as the apple scab and thepowdery mildews can rapidly develop resistance tothem. Fungicide resistance, or at least reducedsensitivity, has been observed for apple scab andpowdery mildew to both the sterol-inhibitor andstrobilurin fungicides in the United States.

In order to prevent or delay the development ofresistance, these fungicides should never be used alonein a season long program and should be used as little aspossible. Most of the newer fungicides have a limit tothe number of applications that can be made per seasonand also state that no more than two sequentialapplications of the fungicide can be made withoutalternating with another fungicide with a differentmode of action. The sterol-inhibiting fungicides andthe strobilurin fungicides have very different modes ofaction and can be alternated with each other in afungicide resistance management program.

A good approach is to alternate one to two spray blocksof these materials. Another approach to reducingfungicide resistance development is to combine (tankmix) a broad spectrum protectant fungicide such asCaptan, Mancozeb or Polyram with fungicides that areat high risk for resistance development.

Special Problems and Pests of Apple (cont)

16

PEARAbout 400 gallons of dilute spray per acre is required to adequately cover an acre of mature pear trees in full leaf,and 16 to 18 feet in height, and in rows 30 feet apart.Pest/Problem Material Rate/100 gal Rate/Acre Comments

PEAR DORMANT TO SILVER TIPApply before growth starts in spring and when temperatures are above 45˚F.

Fire Blight Bordeaux mixture 8-8-100, plusoil (seecomments)

OR Copper hydroxide 2 - 4 lb 8 - 16 lb(Kocide 101)

OR Copper oxychloride 2 - 4 lb 8 - 16 lb(C-O-C-S)

OR Copper hydroxide 1.5 - 3 lb 6 - 12 lb(Kocide 2000)

If fire blight was severe last year, a Bordeauxmixture or fixed copper spray at silver tip issuggested. Use a dilute Bordeaux spray of 8pounds copper sulfate, 8 pounds spray lime, and1 gallon miscible superior oil per 100 gallons ofwater. To mix, dissolve the copper sulfate in one-half tank of water. Once completely dissolved,add the spray lime with constant agitation as thetank fills. Add the oil last but before com-pletely filling the tank. The mixture must beagitated continuously. Do not apply after 1/4 -inch green leaf stage or when drying conditionsare slow, as severe injury can occur. Bordeauxmixture and its residue have many compatibilityproblems with other pesticides. Fixed coppers(Kocide, C-O-C-S) can be mixed with oil.However, never combine copper sulfate alonewith dormant oil.

PEAR LATE DORMANTBefore buds break into green-tip in the spring.

Scale Insects, Superior oil 2 galEuropean RedMite eggs

European Red Apollo SC 1 - 2 fl oz 4 - 8 fl ozMite eggs OR Savey 50 WP 3 - 6 oz

Pear Psylla Ambush 25 WP 12.8 - 25.6 oz(adults) OR Ambush 2 EC 18.8 - 25.6 oz

OR Pounce 25 WP 12.8 - 25.6 ozOR Pounce 3.2 EC 8 - 16 fl ozOR Danitol 2.4 EC 16 - 21.3 fl ozOR Asana XL 0.66 EC 7.3 - 12.8 fl oz 9.6 - 19.2 fl ozOR Actara 25 WG 5.5 ozOR Esteem 35 WP 4 - 5 ozOR Assail 70 WP 2.3 - 3.4 ozOR Calyoso 4 F 2 fl oz 8 fl ozOR Warrior 1 E 2.5 - 5.1 fl ozOR Surround 25 - 50 lb

Apply when temperatures are above 40˚F -never during freezing weather. Do not applywithin 2 weeks of a sulfur spray, within 7 daysof a Captan spray, or later than delayed dor-mant.

Limit one Apollo or Savey application per year.

Ambush and Pounce may be combined with 2to 8 gallons of oil per acre for dormant throughdelayed dormant periods only. See label foramounts of finished spray per acre for either airor ground application.Apply this rate of Asana only during dormant topre-bloom (white bud) stage only.

Apply Surround every 7 to 14 days, beginningno later than green tip.

17

PEAR PRE-BLOOMWhen blossom buds are separated in the cluster before bloom.

Pear Scab *Benlate 50 WP 4 - 6 oz 1 - 1.5 lbOR **Topsin M WSB 4 oz 1 lbOR Ferbam 76 WP 1.5 lb 6 lbOR Rubigan EC 3 - 4 fl oz 8 - 12 fl ozOR Mancozeb 75 DF 0.75 - 1.5 lb 3 - 6 lbOR Ziram 76 DF 2 lb 6 - 8 lbOR Procure 50 WP 2 - 4 oz 8 - 16 ozOR ***Sovran 50 WG 1 - 1.6 oz 2 - 2.5 oz

***Flint 50 WG

See Note on EBDC products, page 8 of appleschedule, for directions on use of Mancozeb.Rubigan and Procure will also control powderymildew. Refer to the label for further informa-tion on recommended rates for use.*DuPont has voluntarily cancelled registrationof Benlate 50WP fungicide on all crops. Thesale and distribution of Benlate will not be legalafter December 31, 2002. Growers may uselabeled product after this date; however, theywill not be able to purchase additional material.**Topsin-M contains the same active ingredi-ents as Benlate and can be used in place ofBenlate.***Sovran and Flint will also control powderymildew. Refer to the label for further information

PEAR BLOOMPear Scab Same as for pre-bloom.

Fire Blight Streptomycin 17 W 0.5 lb 2 lbOR Streptomycin 17 W 0.25 lb 1 lb

plusRegulaid 1 pt 1 pt

Insects SAVE THE BEES!or Mites Do not use insecticides

during bloom.


Pear Psylla Same as for(adults) late dormant.

Mancozeb may not be applied past bloomabove the 3 lb per acre rate. Do not applywithin 77 days of harvest.

Start fire blight sprays at the first sign of openblossoms; repeat sprays at 4- to 5-day intervalsthrough bloom and petal fall. If warm, wetweather occurs during Fire Blight schedule, usethe maximum strength of 100 ppm (0.5 lb per100 gal).

18

PEAR PETAL FALLPear Scab Same as for pre-bloom.

Fire Blight Same as for bloom.

Plum Curculio, Guthion 50 WP 0.5 - 0.75 2 - 3 lbTarnished OR Imidan 70 WP 0.75 - 1 lb 2.13 - 7.1 lbPlant Bug, OR Confirm 2F 5 fl oz 20 fl ozStink Bugs OR Danitol 2.4 EC 16 - 21.3 fl oz

OR Avaunt 30 WDG 5 - 6 ozOR Capture 2 E 2.6 - 12.8 fl oz

Pear Psylla Asana XL 0.66 EC 4.8 - 14.5 fl oz(nymphs) OR Mitac 50 WP 6 - 12 oz 1.5 - 3 lb

OR Provado 1.6 F 5 fl oz 20 fl ozOR Pyramite 60 WP 3.3 oz 8.8 - 13.2 ozOR Actara 25 WG 5.5 ozOR Assail 70 WP 2.3 - 3.4 ozOR Warrior 1 E 2.5 - 5.1 oz

Pear Rust Pyramite 60 W 3.3 oz 6.6 - 13.2 ozMite OR Thiodan 50 WP 1 lb 4 - 5 lb

OR Thiodan 3 EC 0.7 qt 2.7 - 3.3 qtOR Carzol 92 SP 4 oz 1.25 lb

Continue sprays for fire blight until the lastpetals have fallen.

Apply Mitac now and again in 10 days at firstcover. Apply only when daily maximumtemperatures exceed 50°F.

Rust mite is also controlled by Mitac.

PEAR FIRST AND SECOND COVERApply 10 to 14 days after petal fall and again 10 to 14 days later.

Pear Scab Same as for pre-bloom.

Plum Curculio, Same as for plumCodling Moth, curculio at petal fall.Plant Bugs, OR Assail 1.7 - 3.4 fl ozStink Bugs

Pear Psylla Agri-Mek 0.15 EC 2.5 - 5 fl oz 10 - 20 fl ozOR Provado, Mitac,

Actara, Pyramite,Assail, Asana,Warrior, orDanitolas at petal fall.

Asana, used for psylla, also controls codlingmoth and plum curculio.

Assail controls codling moth, not other pestslisted here.

Psylla control required for first cover only; notrequired for second cover. Best results foundwhen psylla is in adult or young nymphal stage.Agri-Mek at 10 oz rate gives 3-4 weeks ofcontrol; 20 oz rate gives season-long control.


19

PEAR SUMMER COVERSApply at 10 to 14 days intervals observing harvest restrictions and limitations.

Pear Scab Same as for pre-bloomSooty Blotchand Flyspeck

Codling Moth Guthion 50 WP 0.5 - 0.75 lb 2 - 3 lbOR Imidan 70 WP 0.75 - 1 lb 2.1 - 7.1 lbOR Sevin 80 S 0.75 - 1 lb 3.75 lbOR Sevin 4 F 0.75 qt 3 qtOR Sevin XLR(4EC) 0.75 qt 3 qtOR Confirm 2 F 0.75 qt 20 fl ozOR Danitol 2.4 EC 5 fl oz 16 - 21.3 fl ozOR Assail 70 WP 1.7 - 3.4 ozOR SpinTor 2 SC 2 - 3.3 fl oz 6 - 10 fl ozOR Entrust 80 WP 2 - 3 ozOR Capture 2 E 2.6 - 12.8 fl ozOR Warrior 1 E 2.5 - 5.1 fl ozOR Asana XL 2 - 5.8 fl oz 4.8 - 14.5 fl oz

Pear Psylla Provado, Mitac, Actara(if a problem) Pyramite, Asana, Assail,

Calypso, Warrior, orDanitol as at petal fall.

Rubigan and Procure will not control sootyblotch and flyspeck, and should not be usedpast second cover. See note on Mancozeb onpage 8 of apple schedule.


20

Brown Rot *Benlate 50 WP or 5 - 10 oz 1 - 2 lb(Blossom Blight) Topsin-M 70 WSB 8 oz 1.5 lb

plus**Captan 50 WP 1.3 lb 4 lb

OR Bravo 1 - 1.4 pt 3 - 4 ptOR **Captan 50 WP 1.3 lb 4 lbOR ***Rovral 50 WP 5 - 10.5 oz 1 - 2 lbOR Wettable sulfur 95% 6 lb 18 lbOR Nova 40 WP 1.25 - 2 oz 2.5 - 6 ozOR ****Indar 75 WSP 2 ozOR Elite 45 DF 2 oz 6 ozOR ****Orbit 41.8 L 4 fl ozOR Procure 50 WS 3 - 4 oz 9 - 12 ozOR Pristine 38 WG 3.5 - 4.8 oz 10.5 - 14.5 oz

*Benlate, Topsin-M, and sterol-inhibitingfungicides (Nova, Indar, Elite, and Orbit)should always be alternated or combined withanother fungicide, such as Captan, so as tominimize the development of resistance.

Nova is registered for control of brown rotblossom blight, leaf spot, and powdery mildewon cherries. Do not apply more than 3.25pounds of Nova 40 WP per acre per season, norwithin 7 days of harvest.

*DuPont has voluntarily cancelled registrationof Benlate 50 WP fungicide on all crops. Thesale and distribution of Benlate will not be legalafter December 31, 2002. Growers may uselabeled product after this date; however, theywill not be able to purchase additional material.

Topsin-M is very similar in activity to Benlateand is an excellent alternative to Benlate onlabeled crops.

**Captan is also available as 50 WP andCaptec 4 L. Registration has not changed forthese formulations and they still have a four-day reentry interval. Currently the company istrying to change the registration of the 50 WPand 4 L to a one-day reentry. Read the label ofany material you plan to purchase to determinethe reentry interval. All old product still has thefour-day reentry interval.

***No more than 2 applications of Rovral maybe applied per season, and Rovral cannot beapplied after petal fall on any stone fruit.

****Apply Indar and Orbit in a minimum of 50gallons of water per acre.

CHERRYAbout 300 gallons of dilute spray per acre is required to adequately cover an acre of mature cherry trees in fullleaf, 14 to 16 feet in height, and in rows 30 feet apart.


CHERRY DORMANTBefore buds break in the spring.

European Red Superior oil 2 galMite eggs OR Apollo SC 0.5 - 2 fl oz 1.5 - 6 fl oz

CHERRY EARLY BLOOM

Apply oil when temperatures are above 40°F —never during freezing weather.Limit one Apollo application per year, notwithin 21 days of harvest.

21

CHERRY FULL BLOOMBrown Rot Same as for(Blossom Blight) early bloom.

Insects or Mites SAVE THE BEES! Donot apply insecticidesduring bloom.

CHERRY PETAL FALLBrown Rot Same as for(Blossom Blight) early bloom.

Leaf Spot Syllit 65 WP 5.2 - 11 oz 1 - 2 lbOR Rubigan EC 2 - 4 fl oz 6 - 12 fl ozOR Indar 75 WSP 2 ozOR Elite 45 DF 2.6 oz 8 ozOR Procure 50 WS 3.3 - 5.3 oz 10 - 16 ozOR Pristine 38 WG 3.5 - 4.8 oz 10.5 - 14.5 oz

Powdery Wettable sulfur 95% 6 lb 18 lbMildew OR Nova 40 WP 0.8 - 2 oz 2.5 - 6 oz

OR Rubigan EC 2 - 4 fl oz 6 - 12 fl ozOR Elite 45 DF 2.6 oz 8 ozOR Procure 50 WS 3.3 - 5.3 oz 10 - 16 ozOR Pristine 38 WG 3.5 - 4.8 oz 10.5 - 14.5 oz

Plum Guthion 50 WP 0.5 lb 1.5 lbCurculio OR Imidan 70 WP 0.75 lb 2.13 - 2.5 lb

OR Ambush 25 WP 1.6 - 3.2 oz 6.4 - 12.8 ozOR Ambush 2 EC 1.6 -3.2 fl oz 4.8 - 9.6 ozOR Pounce 25 WP 2.1 - 4.1 oz 4.8 - 9.6 ozOR Pounce 3.2 EC 1.3 - 2.7 fl oz 4 - 8 fl ozOR Asana XL 0.66 EC 2 - 5.8 fl oz 4.8 -14.5 fl oz

CHERRY SHUCK-FALLApply when shucks have split and are falling from expanding fruit.

Brown Rot and Benlate 50 WP or 4 - 8 oz 0.75 - 1.5 lbLeaf Spot Topsin-M 70 WSB 8 oz 1.5 lb

plusCaptan 50 WP 1.3 lb 4 lb

OR Captan 50 WP 1.3 lb 4 lbOR Nova 40 WP 0.8 - 2 oz 2.5 - 6 ozOR Indar 75 WSP 2 ozOR Elite 45 DF 2.6 oz 8 ozOR Procure 50 WS 4 - 5.3 oz 12 - 16 ozOR Pristine 38 WG 3.5 - 4.8 oz 10.5 - 14.5 oz

Powdery Same as petal fall.Mildew

Leaf Spot Same as petal fall.

PlumCurculio Same as petal fall.


Do not apply Bravo after shuck split.

Except for sulfur, all materials listed for brownrot under early bloom may be used for bothbrown rot and leaf spot. Do not apply Bravoafter shuck split. Do not apply more than 36 floz of Rubigan per acre before harvest.

Do not use Imidan on sweet cherries.

OR Warrior 1 E 2.5 - 5.1 fl oz

22


CHERRY FIRST COVER SPRAYTen days after shuck-fall.

Brown Rot Same as for shuck-fall.and Leaf Spot

Powdery Mildew Same as for petal fall.and Leaf Spot Same as for petal fall.

Plum Curculio Guthion 50 WP 0.5 lb 1.5 lband Cherry OR Imidan 70 WP 0.75 lb 2.1 - 2.5 lbFruit Fly OR Lorsban 50 WP 1 lb 3 lb

OR SpinTor 2 SC 1 - 2 fl oz 4 - 8 fl ozOR Asana XL 0.66 EC 2 - 5.8 fl oz 4.8 - 14.5 fl ozOR Provado 1.6 F 2 fl oz 4 - 8 fl ozOR Warrior 1 E 2.5 - 5.1 fl ozOR Entrust 80 WP 1.25 - 1.5 oz

Note: Lorsban may be used on tart cherriesonly; it is phytotoxic on sweet cherries.SpinTor and Provado control cherry fruit flyonly.

CHERRY SECOND COVER SPRAYTen days after first cover.


Powdery Mildew Same as for petal fall.

Leaf Spot Same as for petal fall.

Plum Curculio Same as for first cover.and CherryFruit Fly

CHERRY ADDITIONAL COVER SPRAYSTen days after second cover, then every 10 to 14 days.


Powdery Mildew Same as for petal fall.

Leaf Spot Same as for petal fall.

Cherry Fruit Guthion, Imidan,Fly Asana, Provado,

Warrior, Entrust,or SpinTor, same asfirst cover.

OR Diazinon 50 WP 1 lb 3 lbOR Diazinon AG 600 6.5-12.7 fl oz 19.5-38.2 fl ozOR Sevin 80S 1.25 lb 3.75 lbOR Sevin 4F 1 qt 3 qtOR Sevin XLR (4EC) 1 qt 3 qtOR Lorsban 50 WP 1 lb 3 lb

Borer Control

Note: Lorsban may be used on tart cherriesonly. It is phytotoxic on sweet cherries.

Refer to section on borers of peach and stonefruit trees on page 29.

23


CHERRY PRE-HARVEST SPRAYSApply according to label directions beginning 3 to 4 weeks before harvest.

Brown Rot Benlate 50 WP or 4 - 8 oz 0.75 - 1.5 lbTopsin-M 70 WSB 8 oz 1.5 lbplus

OR Captan 50 WP 1.3 lb 4 lbOR Captan 50 WP 1.3 lb 4 lbOR Indar 75 WSP 2 ozOR Elite 45 DF 2.6 oz 8 ozOR Orbit 41.8 L 4 fl ozOR Procure 50 WS 4 - 5.3 oz 12 - 16 ozOR Pristine 38 WG 3.5 - 4.8 oz 10.5 - 14.5 oz

Pre-harvest use restrictions and limitations arevariable according to product; refer to label fordetails.

Leaf Spot Bravo 720 F 1 - 1.4 pt 3 - 4 ptOR Syllit 65 WP 5.2 - 11 oz 1 - 2 lbOR Nova 40 WP 0.8 - 2 oz 2.5 - 6 ozOR Rubigan EC 2 fl oz 6 fl ozOR Elite 45 DF 2.6 oz 8 oz

Leaf Spot Nova 40 WP 0.8 - 2 oz 2.5 - 6 ozand OR Rubigan EC 2 - 4 fl oz 6 - 12 fl ozPowdery OR Indar 75 WSP 2 ozMildew OR Elite 45 DF 2.6 oz 8 oz

OR Pristine 38 WG 3.5 - 4.8 oz 10.5 - 14.5 oz

Make one application of Bravo to foliage within7 days after fruit is removed. In orchards with ahistory of high leaf spot incidence, make asecond application 10 to 14 days later.

CHERRY POST-HARVEST SPRAYS

24

PEACHAbout 300 gallons of dilute spray per acre is required to adequately cover an acre of mature peach trees in full leafand 10 to 12 feet in height in rows 25 feet apart.Pest/Problem Material Rate/100 gal Rate/Acre Comments

PEACH DORMANTApply after leaves drop in the fall or before buds swell in spring.

Peach Leaf Curl Bravo 1 - 1.4 pt 3 - 4 ptOR Carbamate 76WDG 1.5 lb 4.5 lbOR Ziram 76 DF 1.25 - 2.7 lb 3.75 - 8 lbOR Copper hydroxide 4 lb 8 - 16 lb

(Kocide)OR Copper oxychloride 4 lb 8 - 16 lb

(C-O-C-S)OR Bordeaux mixture 6-6-100

Mites Superior oil 2 gal

San Jose Esteem 35 WP 4 - 5 ozScale

Apply any time after leaf drop but before budsbegin to swell in the spring. Thorough cover-age is essential.

Fixed copper compounds, applied at leaf fall,may improve bacterial spot control by reducingthe inoculum that overwinters in leaf scars.

Apply oil when temperature is above 40°F.

PEACH PINKBrown Rot *Benlate 50 WP or 4 - 8 oz 0.75 - 1.5 lb(Blossom Topsin-M 70 WSB 8 oz 1.5 lbBlight) plus

**Captan 50 WP 1.3 lb 4 lbOR Bravo 720 F 1 - 1.4 pt 3.1 - 4.1 ptOR **Captan 50 WP 2.6 lb 8 lbOR ***Rovral 50 WP 5 - 10.5 oz 1 - 2 lbOR Wettable sulfur 95% 6 lb 18 lbOR Ziram 76 DF 1.5 - 2.7 lb 4.5 - 8 lbOR Nova 40 WP 0.8 - 2 oz 2.5 - 6 ozOR ****Orbit 41.8 L 1.3 fl oz 4 fl ozOR ****Indar 75 WSP 2 ozOR Elite 45 DF 2 oz 6 ozOR Pristine 38 WG 3.5 - 4.8 oz 10.5 - 14.5 oz

Benlate, Topsin-M, and sterol-inhibitingfungicides (Nova, Indar, Elite, and Orbit)should always be alternated or combined withanother fungicide such as Captan, so as tominimize the development of resistance.

*DuPont has voluntarily cancelled registrationof Benlate 50WP fungicide on all crops. Thesale and distribution of Benlate will not be legalafter December 31, 2002. Growers may uselabeled product after this date; however, theywill not be able to purchase additional material.

Topsin-M is very similar in activity to Benlateand is an excellent alternative to Benlate onlabeled crops.

** The 80 WG formulation of Captan has a 24-hour reentry period for apples, pears and stonefruit. Captan is also available as 50 WP andCaptec 4 L. Registration has not changed forthese formulations, and they still have a four-day reentry interval. Currently the company istrying to change the registration of the 50 WPand 4L to a one-day reentry. Read the label ofany material you plan to purchase to determinethe reentry interval. All old product still has thefour-day reentry interval.***No more than 2 applications of Rovral canbe made per season, and Rovral may not beapplied after petal fall on stone fruit.****Apply Indar and Orbit in a minimum of 50gallons of water per acre.

25

As pink begins to show, examine trees fortarnished plant bug. If present, apply insecti-cides. Make application before any bloomsopen. Use of pyrethroids (Ambush, Asana,Pounce) can cause mite outbreaks because theyare persistent and kill mite predators.

Tarnished Ambush 2 EC 6.4 - 9.2 fl ozPlant Bug and OR Ambush 25 WP 6.4 - 19.2 ozStink Bug OR Asana XL 0.66 EC 4.8 - 14.5 fl oz

OR Pounce 3.2 EC 2 - 5.8 oz 6 - 17 fl ozOR Pounce 25 WP 2.1 - 8.5 oz 6.4 - 25. 6 ozOR Guthion 50 WP 0.65 - 0.75 lb 1.75 - 2.25 lbOR Sevin 80S 1.25 lb 3.75 lbOR Sevin 4F 1 qt 3 qtOR Sevin XLR (4EC) 1 qt 3 qtOR Thiodan 50 WP 1 lb 3 lbOR Thiodan 3 EC 0.7 qt 2.7 - 3.3 qtOR Carzol 92 SP 4 oz 1 - 1.25 lbOR Provado 1.6 F 2 fl oz 4 - 8 fl ozOR Warrior 1 E 2.5 - 5.1 fl oz


PEACH PINK (cont.)

PEACH FULL BLOOMBrown Rot Same as for pink.(Blossom Blight)

Insects or Mites SAVE THE BEES!Do not applyinsecticides duringbloom.

Oriental Fruit Refer to petal fall.Moth (monitoring)

Pheromone traps to monitor Oriental fruit mothshould be in place now to determine the needfor sprays at petal fall.

PEACH PETAL FALLBrown Rot Same as for pink.

Lesser PeachtreeBorer(monitoring)

Plum Curculio, Ambush, Asana,Catfacing Insects Pounce, Guthion, or(Tarnished Plant Warrior as at pinkBug, Stink OR Imidan 70 WP 0.75 - 1 lb 2.13 - 4.25 lbBugs), andOrientalFruit Moth

Oriental Fruit OR Isomate-M 100 100 - 150Moth dispensers

OR CheckMate - OFM 108 - 150dispensers

OR 3M Sprayable 1.7 - 2.5 fl ozPheromone

OR SpinTor 2 SC 1 - 2 fl oz 4 - 8 fl ozOR Intrepid 2 F 10 - 16 ozOR Entrust 80 WP 1.25 - 1.5 oz

If borers have been a problem (gummosis onscaffold branches), set up a pheromone trapnow to monitor moth flights to determinetiming of borer sprays. See comments onpage 29.

Catfacing is worst where weed control ispoorest. Keep weeds mowed regularly.See comments at pink about the use of Asana,Ambush and Pounce. Lannate will also controlOriental fruit moth and catfacing insects, butnot plum curculio.

Place in upper third of tree after the first moth isdetected with pheromone traps. See page 29.

26

Pest/Problem Material Rate/ 100 gal Rate/ Acre Comments

PEACH SHUCK-SPLITBrown Rot Benlate 50 WP or 4 - 8 oz 0.75 - 1.5 lband Scab Topsin-M 70 WSB 8 oz 1.5 lb


OR Bravo 1 - 1.4 pt 3.1 - 4.1 ptOR Captan 50 WP 2.6 lb 8 lbOR Wettable sulfur 95% 6 lb 18 lbOR Ziram 76 DF 1.5 - 2.7 lb 4.5 - 8 lbOR Pristine 38 WG 3.5 - 4.8 oz 10.5 - 14.5 oz

Powdery Nova 40 WP 0.8 - 2 oz 2.5 - 6 ozMildew OR Elite 45 DF 2.6 oz 8 oz

OR Pristine 38 WG 3.5 - 4.8 oz 10.5 - 14.5 oz

Bacterial Spot Mycoshield 17 WP 12 oz 36 oz See notes about bacterial spot on page 29.OR Wettable sulfur 95% 6 lb 18 lb

Plum Curculio, Same as for petal fall.Catfacing Insects

Oriental Fruit Same as for petal fall.Moth

European Acramite 50 WS 0.75 - 1 lbRed Mite OR Vendex 50 WP 4 - 8 oz 1 - 2 lb

OR Apollo SC 4 - 8 ozOR Pyramite 60 W 2.2 oz 4.4 - 6.6 ozOR Savey 50 WP 3 - 6 oz

PEACH FIRST COVERSeven to 10 days after shuck-split.

Brown Rot Benlate 50 WP or 4 - 8 oz 0.75 - 1.5 lband Scab Topsin-M 70 WSB 8 oz 1.5 lb


OR Captan 50 WP 2.6 lb 8 lbOR Wettable sulfur 95% 6 lb 18 lbOR Ziram 76 DF 1.5 - 2.7 lb 4.5 - 8 lbOR Pristine 38 WG 3.5 - 4.8 oz 10.5 - 14.5 oz

Powdery Nova 40 WP 0.8 - 2 oz 2.5 - 6 ozMildew OR Elite 45 DF 2.6 oz 8 oz

OR Wettable sulfur 95% 6 lb 18 lbOR Pristine 38 WG 3.5 - 4.8 oz 10.5 - 14.5 oz

Plum Curculio, Same as forCatfacing Insects shuck-split.

Oriental Fruit Same as for petal fall.Moth

European Same as forRed Mite shuck-split.

Do not apply Bravo after shuck-split.

Nova can be applied on a 10- to 14-day intervalfor powdery mildew control until terminalgrowth stops.

27


PEACH SECOND COVERTen days after first cover.

Brown Rot Same as forand Scab first cover.

Powdery Same as forMildew first cover.

Plum Curculio, Same as forOriental Fruit shuck-split.Moth, CatfacingInsects

Mites Same as forshuck-split.

Lesser PeachtreeBorer

Peachtree Borer

See pages 29-30.

See pages 29-30.

PEACH THIRD, FOURTH, AND ADDITIONAL COVERSApply at 10- to 14-day intervals.

Brown Rot Same as forand Scab first cover

Powdery Same as forMildew first cover

Oriental Fruit Same as forMoth petal fall

Mites Same as forshuck-split

San Jose Esteem 35 WP 4 - 5 ozScale

Peachtree Borer

Scab requires control until fruit is within 40days of harvest.

Time application for first activity of crawlers.

See pages 29-30.

28


PEACH PRE-HARVESTApply according to label directions beginning 3 to 4 weeks before harvest.

Brown Rot Benlate 50 WP or 4 - 8 oz 0.75 - 1.5 lbTopsin-M 70 WSB 8 oz 1.5 lbplusCaptan 50 WP 1.3 lb 4 lb

OR Captan 50 WP 2.6 lb 8 lbOR Ziram 76 DF 1.5 - 2.7 lb 4.5 - 8 lbOR Wettable sulfur 95% 6 lb 18 lbOR Orbit 41.8 L 4 fl ozOR Indar 75 WSP 2 ozOR Elite 45 DF 2 oz 6 ozOR Pristine 38 WG 3.5 - 4.8 oz 10.5 - 14.5 oz

Oriental Fruit Sevin 80 S 1.25 lb 3.75 lbMoth, Japanese OR Sevin 4 F 1 qt 3 qtBeetle, and OR Sevin XLR (4EC) 1 qt 3 qtGreen June OR Provado 1.6 F 2 fl oz 4 - 8 fl ozBeetle

Pre-harvest use, restrictions, and limitations arevariable according to product; refer to label fordetails.

Sevin is suggested here because it can be usedup to 3 days before harvest. Oriental fruit mothpheromone traps will indicate the need forcontrol. Provado does not control Oriental fruitmoth.

29

Bacterial Spot of PeachBacterial spot of peach can be a serious problem in certainvarieties, areas and years. The disease is favored bystormy, rainy weather during June and July. It causes themost damage in areas where the soil is sandy and wherethe sand is blown by strong winds. Planting cultivars thatare resistant to bacterial spot provides the best control.Control programs using foliar sprays of zinc sulfate pluslime, or fall applications of copper with or without lime,have been tried in the past. None of these programsoffered reliable control and, in some cases, caused foliarand twig damage. An antibiotic, oxytetracycline(Mycoshield Agricultural Terramycin, 17 percent AI),gave good control when properly applied. For best results,oxytetracycline must be used at 12 oz per 100 gallons ofdilute spray. Use dilute or 2X; higher concentrates are noteffective and may be phytotoxic. Once per week sprayingof the entire tree is essential. If only one side of the treeis sprayed (alternate middle row), make certain the otherside of the tree is sprayed within 3 to 4 days. Begin spraysat shuck-split and continue at 7-day intervals until 3weeks before harvest. Captan and Syllit are also labeledfor control of bacterial spot; see Syllit label for furtherinformation (dodine, formerly known as Cyprex, iscurrently marketed as Syllit). Copper sprays, applied forpeach leaf curl at leaf drop, may also aid in control ofbacterial spot.

Phytophthora Root, Crown, and Collar RotsPeach rootstocks are highly susceptible to Phytophthoraroot, crown, and collar rots. The main defense againstthese diseases should be providing good soil drainagethrough proper site selection and tiling. However, RidomilGold EC will provide additional protection in wet years,on marginal sites, or in wetter sections of the orchard.Applications should be made just before growth starts inthe spring and at 2- to 3-month intervals thereafter if soilis very wet. Apply to the soil beneath the tree canopy insufficient water to ensure good coverage (material ismoved into the soil by subsequent rain or irrigation).Ridomil Gold EC is also registered for use on cherries(sweet and sour), nectarines, plums and prunes. See labelfor further information and use rates.

Phosphorous Acid (phosphonates and phosphites)Several products containing phosphorous acid are beingregistered in the United States as nutritional supplementsand “plant conditioners.” A few of these products arebeing registered for use as fungicides for control of rootrot and collar rot on stone fruits. Agri-Fos is a systemicfungicide registered for control of root and collar rot of allstone fruit. The active ingredient is phosphorous acid.This is essentially the same active ingredient in Aliette,and the use recommendations for Aliette and Agri-Fos arevery similar. Aliette is registered for use on non-bearing

Special Problems and Pests of Peach and Other Stone Fruit

trees only. Agri-Fos is registered for use on bearing andnon-bearing trees. Agri-Fos is applied as a foliar spray.The active ingredients are highly systemic and willtranslocate down the tree to the crown and roots. Nocurrently registered material, other than Aliette, has thistype of systemic activity. The Agri-Fos label states “ Use2.5 quarts per acre. Three treatments are required: 1)spring; 2) mid-summer; and 3) fall, post-harvest.” Severalother fungicides containing phosphorous acid are alsobeing introduced.

Mating Disruption for Peach PestsSeveral mating disruption products are registered forcontrol of Oriental fruit moth, lesser peachtree borer, andpeachtree borer. They dispense species-specific sexattractants that are designed to prevent male moths fromlocating and mating with females. This strategy is mostlikely to succeed in blocks of at least 5 acres where initialpopulations of these pests are low. If mating disruption isused in smaller blocks or where infestations are greater,border sprays or additional sprays may be necessary.Mating disruption will not manage other insect pests thatare normally controlled by cover sprays (plum curculio,green June beetle, and plant bugs). Mating disruption hasbeen effective against Oriental fruit moth. AlthoughIsomate-LPTB is labeled for both lesser peachtree borerand peachtree borer, efficacy for borer control is stillunknown.

Borers of Peach, Cherry and Plum TreesThe peachtree borer, lesser peachtree borer, and shotholeborer often infest peach, apricot, cherry and plum trees.Peachtree borers infest the trunk at the soil line, whilelesser peachtree borers infest scaffold limbs and the uppertrunk. The peachtree borer is primarily a pest of youngtrees, wheareas the lesser peachtree borer is a pest ofolder trees. The shothole borer is often found in trees oflow vigor with dead and/or diseased limbs. Moths of thetwo peachtree borers lay their eggs on the surface of thebark; shothole beetles lay their eggs in the inner bark.Some of the regularly applied cover sprays aid in control-ling borers; however, specific trunk and scaffold branchsprays are often required. Pheromone traps are availableto monitor emergence of the adult (moth) stage of lesserpeachtree borer and peachtree borer. Knowledge of thetime of intitial moth emergence and peak emergence canaid in proper timing of insecticide applications becauseinsecticides target the hatching eggs laid by the newlyemerged moths. See “Table of Insecticides Used toManage Borers of Peach, Cherry, and Plum Trees” onpage 30.

30

Borer Material Rate/100 gal Rate/Acre CommentLesser Peachtree Lorsban 4 EC * 1.5 - 3 qtBorer OR Thiodan 3 EC ** 1 qt

OR Thiodan 50 WP ** 1.5 lbOR Asana XL 0.66 EC 2 - 5.8 fl oz 4.8 - 14.5 fl ozOR Ambush 2 EC 6.4 - 19.2 fl ozOR Ambush 25 WP 6.4 - 19.2 ozOR Pounce 25 WP 6.4 - 25.6 ozOR Pounce 3.2 EC 4 - 12 fl ozOR Lorsban 50 WP *** 2 - 3 lbOR Warrior 1 E 2.5 - 5.1 fl ozOR Isomate LPTB**** 100 - 250

dispensers

Table of Insecticides Used to Manage Borers of Peach, Cherry and Plum Trees

The pheromone trap for lesser peachtree borershould be in place by peach petal fall (usuallymid to late April), in time to detect the first ofthe two generations of this pest.

Lorsban is not labeled for use on plums. Useonly Pounce, Ambush, Thiodan or Warrior onplums.

Where lesser peachtree borer has been a light-to-moderate problem, apply insecticide once atthe peak of the second moth flight (often mid-August, usually post-harvest). Where lesserpeachtree borer has been a moderate to heavyproblem, make two applications: one 7 to 14days after emergence of first-generation mothsbegins (spray mid-May to early June), and thesecond at the peak of the second-generationmoth flight (often mid-August).

Peachtree Lorsban 4 EC* 3 qtBorer OR Asana XL 0.66 EC 2 - 5.8 fl oz

OR Thiodan 50 WP ** 1.5 lbOR Thiodan 3 EC ** 1 qtOR Lorsban 50 WP *** 2 - 3 lbOR Warrior 1 E 2.5 - 5.1 fl ozOR Isomate-p**** 100 - 250

dispensers

The pheromone trap for peachtree borer shouldbe in place by early June to detect the firstemergence of the single generation of this pestWhere peachtree borer has been a light tomoderate problem, make a single spray at thetime of peak moth emergence (usually in lateJuly or early August). Where peachtree borerhas been a moderate to heavy problem, maketwo applications, one 7 to 14 days after mothemergence begins and another 6 to 8 weekslater.

Shothole Borer Insecticide sprays arenot effective.

Maintain tree health and vigor, prune dead anddying limbs, and remove dead trees to preventbeetle problems.

*Lorsban 4 EC: Apply as trunk spray; do not contact fruit. On peach or nectarine, do not make more than one application perseason, nor within 14 days of harvest; on cherry, make two pre-harvest applications (the last one at least 6 days beforeharvest) and one post-harvest application.** Thiodan 3 EC or 50 WP: Do not make more than two applications during the fruiting period, nor within 21 days of harvestof peach, nectarine, or cherry.***Lorsban 50 W is labeled for borer control on sour cherry, but not on sweet cherry, peach, or nectarine.**** See Mating Disruption, page 29.

31

PLUMAbout 300 gallons of dilute spray per acre is required to adequately cover an acre of mature trees in full leaf and12 to 14 feet in height, in rows spaced 25 feet apart.


PLUM DORMANTBefore buds break in the spring.

Black Knot

European Superior oil 2 galRed Mite andScale Insects

Prune out all black knots during the dormantperiod, making cuts 6 to 8 inches below anyknots. Remove these prunings from the orchardand burn or bury them.

Apply when temperatures are above 40°F —never during freezing weather.

PLUM PRE-BLOOMBrown Rot *Benlate 50 WP or 4 - 8 oz 0.75 - 1.5 lb(Blossom Blight) Topsin-M 70 WSB 8 oz 1.5 lband Black Knot plus

**Captan 50 WP 1.3 lb 4 lbOR Bravo 1 - 1.4 pt 3.1 - 4.1 ptOR Captan 50 WP 2 lb 6 lb

Brown Rot Benlate 50 WP or 4 - 8 oz 0.75 - 1.5 lb(Blossom Blight) Topsin-M 70 WSB 4 - 5.3 oz 0.75 - 1 lb

plus**Captan 50 WP 1.3 lb 4 lb

OR Bravo 1 - 1.4 pt 3.1 - 4.1 ptOR Captan 50 WP 2 lb 6 lbOR ***Rovral 50 WP 5 - 10.5 oz 1 - 2 lbOR Wettable sulfur 95% 6 lb 18 lbOR Orbit 41.8 L 4 fl ozOR Pristine 38 WG 3.5 - 4.8 oz 10.5 - 14.5 oz

Benlate or Topsin-M should always be com-bined with another fungicide such as Captan, soas to minimize the development of resistance.*DuPont has voluntarily cancelled registrationof Benlate 50WP fungicide on all crops. Thesale and distribution of Benlate will not be legalafter December 31, 2002. Growers may uselabeled product after this date; however, theywill not be able to purchase additional material.Topsin-M is very similar in activity to Benlateand is an excellent alternative to Benlate onlabeled crops.

** The 80 WG formulation of Captan has a 24-hour reentry period for apples, pears and stonefruit. Captan is also available as 50 WP andCaptec 4 L. Registration has not changed forthese formulations and they still have a four-dayreentry interval. Currently the company istrying to change the registration of the 50 WPand 4 L to a one-day reentry. Read the label ofany material you plan to purchase to determinethe reentry interval. All old product still has thefour-day reentry interval.

***No more than two applications of Rovralcan be made per season, and Rovral cannot beapplied after petal fall on stone fruit.

32


PLUM FULL BLOOMBrown Rot Same as for pre-bloom.(BlossomBlight) andBlack Knot

Brown Rot Same as for pre-bloom.(BlossomBlight)

Insects or Mites SAVE THE BEES! Donot apply insecticidesduring bloom.

PLUM PETAL FALLBrown Rot Same as for pre-bloom.(BlossomBlight) andBlack Knot

Brown Rot Same as for pre-bloom.(BlossomBlight)

Plum Curculio Guthion 50 WP 0.5 - 0.625 1.75 - 2.5 lbOR Imidan 70 WP 0.75 - 1 lb 2.13 - 4.25 lbOR Asana XL 2 - 5.8 fl oz 4.8 -14.5 fl oz

PLUM SHUCK-SPLITBrown Rot and Same as for pre-Black Knot bloom


OR Captan 50 WP 2 lb 6 lbOR Wettable sulfur 95% 6 lb 18 lbOR Bravo 1 - 1.4pt 3.1 - 4.1 ptOR Pristine 38 WG 3.5 - 4.8 fl oz 10.5 -14.5 fl oz

Plum Curculio Same as for petal fall.

Mites OR Acramite 50 WS 0.75 - 1.0 lb(if present) OR Pyramite 60 W 2.2 oz 4.4 - 6.6 oz

OR Vendex 50 WP 4 - 8 oz 1 - 2 lbOR Savey 50 WP 3 - 6 oz

Bravo cannot be applied after petal fall.

Limit one application of Savey per year.

Rovral cannot be applied after petal fall.

Failure to control curculio may result in anincrease in brown rot.


OR Warrior 1 E 2.5 - 5.1 fl oz

33

FIRST PLUM COVER SPRAYSeven to 10 days after shuck-split.

Brown Rot and Same as for pre-bloomBlack Knot except for Bravo.

Brown Rot Same as shuck-split.


Peachtree Borers


Refer to section on peachtree borers on page29.

SECOND AND ADDITIONAL PLUM COVER SPRAYSApply 2 weeks after first cover spray and repeat at 10 to 14 day intervals as needed.

Brown Rot Same as shuck-split.


Japanese Beetle Sevin 80 S 1.25 lb 3.75 lbOR Sevin 4 F 1 qt 3 qtOR Sevin XLR (4 EC) 1 qt 3 qtOR Provado 1.6 F 2 fl oz 4 -8 fl ozOR Warrior 1 E 2.5 - 5.1 fl oz

PLUM PRE-HARVEST SPRAYSApply according to label directions beginning 3 to 4 weeks before harvest.


OR Captan 50 WP 2 lb 6 lbOR Orbit 41.8 L 1.3 fl oz 4 fl ozOR Pristine 38 WG 3.5 - 4.8 fl oz 10.5 -14.5 fl oz


Pre-harvest use, restrictions, and limitations arevariable according to product; refer to label fordetails.

34

Pre-harvest Intervals and Restricted Entry Intervals (REI)* for Common Fungicides

Preharvest Interval — Days

REI*Trade Names Common Names Apple Pear Peach Cherry Plum (Hours)

Aliette foestyl-AL 14** 14** — — — 12Agri-Fos phosphorous acid 0 0 0 0 0 4Agri-strep streptomycin 50 30 — — — 12Bayleton triadimefon 0 0 — — — 12Benlate benomyl 14 14 3 3 3 24Bravo chlorothalonil — — ** ** ** 48Captan*** captan 0 — 0 0 0 see noteCarbamate ferbam 7 7 21 0 — 24Dithane M-45 mancozeb 77** 77** — — — 24Elite tebuconazole — — 0 0 — 12Flint trifloxystrobin 14** 14** — — — 12Indar fenbuconazole — — 0 0 — 12Manzate 200 mancozeb 77** 77** — — — 24Mycoshield oxytetracycline — 60 21 — — **Nova myclobutanil 14 — 7** 7** — 24Orbit propiconazole — — 0** 0** 0** 24Penncozeb mancozeb 77** 77** — — — 24Polyram metiram 77** — — — — 24Pristine pyraclostrbin + boscalid — — 0** 0** 0** 12Procure triflumizole 14 14 — 1 — 12Ridomil metalaxyl ** — 0 0 0 12Rovral iprodione — — ** ** ** 24Rubigan fenarimol 30 30 — 0 — 12Sovran kresoxim-methyl 30** 30** — — — 12Sulfur sulfur 0 0 0 0 0 24Syllit, Cyprex dodine 7 — 15** 0 — 48Thiram thiram 0 — 7 — — 24Topsin-M thiophanate-methyl 0 1** 1 1 1 12Vangard cyprodinil 72 72 2 2 2 12Ziram ziram 14 14 14 14 — 48

— Not registered or recommended.* All fungicides have a restricted-entry interval (REI). The restricted-entry interval is the time immediately after a

pesticide application when entry into the treated area is limited. Check labels for REI; restrictions in REI may prohibitthe use of certain pesticides during harvest.

** Limited number of applications allowed or other restrictions apply - REFER TO LABEL DIRECTIONS.*** The restricted-entry interval (REI) for Captan 50 WP and Captec 4 L is 4 days on apples, peaches, cherries and plums.

However, the most recent label for the Captan 80 WG formulation has a one-day reentry interval on apples, pears andstone fruits.

Note on Fungicide Resistance ManagementFor fungicide resistance management, avoid successive applications of fungicides within the same group or with the sametypes of chemistry.Strobilurin fungicides include: azoxystrobin (Abound), trifloxystrobin (Flint), kresoxim-methyl (Sovran), andpyraclostrbin (Pristine).Sterol-Inhibiting fungicides include: triadimefon (Bayleton), tebuconazole (Elite), fenbuconazole (Indar), propiconazole(Orbit), and fenarimol (Rubigan).Benzimidazole fungucides include: benomyl (Benlate), and thiophanate-methyl (Topsin M).The following fungicides are also at risk for resistance development: metalaxyl (Ridomil), mefenoxam (Ridomil Gold),iprodione (Rovral), and cyprodinil (Vanguard).The following fungicides are broad spectrum protectants and are not considered at risk for fungicide resistancedevelopment: captan (Captan), ferbam (Carbamate), mancozeb (Dithane, Manzate, Penncozeb), chlorothalonil (Bravo),metiram (Polyram), thiram (Thiram), ziram (Ziram), and sulfur.

35

Efficacy of Selected Fungicides Against Apple Diseases

Fungicide

Bayleton P E E O O O OBenlate* E E O G P E GCaptan E O O G E F-G F-GFerbam (carbamate) F O G F P F FFlint E G G G E E EMancozeb (Dithane,Manzate, Penncozeb) G O G G E E ENova E E E O O O OPolyram G O G G E E EProcure E E E O O O ORubigan E E E O O O OSovran E G E G G E ESulfur F G O F — P PSyllit* E O P P O P PThiram F O G F P F FTopsin M* E E O G P E GZiram F O G P E F-G F-G

— = unknown or doesn’t apply; O = none; P = poor; F = fair; G = good; E = excellent.* Many areas of the Midwest may contain strains of the apple scab and powdery mildew fungi tolerant to these chemicals. Therefore, thesefungicides may not be effective in some areas.

Efficacy of Selected Fungicides Against Stone Fruit Diseases

Fungicide

Benlate* E E — G F G FBravo G — E G O E ECaptan G F-G — G O G GElite E E — — G G —Ferbam — F E — O F —Fixed copper — — G — F G PIndar E E — — G E —Nova E — — — E E —Orbit E E — — — — —Rovral E E — P — F —Rubigan — — — — G E —Procure G G — — E G —Pristine G G — G E E —Sulfur F P — G G P OSyllit* — P — — O G —Thiram P-F P-F G G — — —Topsin M* E E — G F G FZiram P-F P-F G G — F —

— = unknown or doesn’t apply; O = none; P = poor; F = fair; G = good; E = excellent* Many areas of the Midwest may contain strains of the brown rot, powdery mildew and cherry leaf spot fungi tolerant tothese chemicals. Therefore, these fungicides may not be effective in some areas.

Pow

dery

Rus

t

Bla

ck R

ot &

Whi

te R

ot

Bitt

er R

ot

Soo

ty B

lotc

h

Fly

spec

k

Sca

b

Bro

wn

Rot

Fru

it R

ot

Pea

ch le

af

Pea

ch s

cab

Pow

dery

Mild

ew

Che

rry

Leaf

Spo

t

Bla

ck K

not

of p

lum

Bro

wn

rot

blos

som

blig

ht

Mild

ew

36

Pre-Harvest Intervals and Restricted Entry Intervals (REI) for Insecticides and Miticides

Pre-Harvest Interval — Days


Acramite bifenazate 7 7 3 — 3 12Actara thiamethoxam — 14/35* — — — 12Agri-Mek (RUP) abamectin 28 28 — — — 12Ambush (RUP) permethrin * * 14* 3* — 12Apollo clofentezine 45 21 21 21 — 12Asana (RUP) esfenvalerate 21* 28* 14* 14* 14* 12Assail acetamiprid 7 7 — — — 12Avaunt indoxacarb 28 28 — — — 12Calypso thiacloprid 30 30 — — — 12Capture bifenthrin — 14 — — — 12Carzol formetanate Until Until Until — — 96-384*

hydrochloride petal petal petalfall* fall* fall*

Confirm tebufenozide 14 14 — — — 4Danitol (RUP) fenpropathrin 14 14 — — — 24Dimethoate1 dimethoate1 28 28 — — — 48Diazinon (RUP) diazinon 21 21 21 21 21 24Dipel2 (OMRI) Bacillus thuringiensis2 0 0 0 0 0 4-12Entrust (OMRI) spinosad 7 7 14 7 7 4Esteem pyriproxyfen 45 45 14 14 14 12Guthion3 (RUP) azinphosmethyl3 14-21* 14 21 15-21 15 48*Imidan phosmet 7 7 14 7 7 24Intrepid methoxyfenozide 14 14 7 7 7 4Kelthane dicofol 7-14 7 — — — 12Lannate (RUP) methomyl 14 7 4 — — *Lorsban (RUP,EC only)chlorpyrifos Prebloom* * 14* 14 — 24Malathion malathion — — 7 3 — 12-24Marlate methoxychlor 7 7 21 7 7 12Metasystox-R (RUP) oxydemetonmethyl * 30 * * * 48*Mitac amitraz — 7* — — — 24M-Pede potassium salts 0 0 0 0 0 12

of fatty acidsNeemix (OMRI) azadirachtin 0 0 0 0 0 12Pounce (RUP) permethrin * * 14* 3* — 12Provado imidacloprid 7 7 10 7 7 12Pyramite pyridaben 25 7 7 300 7 12Saf-T-Side horticultural oil 0 0 0 0 0 12

RUP = Restricted-use pesticide.OMRI = Organic Materials Review Institute-approved for use in organic production— Not registered or recommended.* Specific pre-harvest intervals or restricted entry intervals vary for different formulations, application rates, crops, or

geographical locations. See product labels for details.1 Products that contain dimethoate include Dimate and Dimethoate.2 Products that contain Bacillus thuringiensis strains active against caterpillars include Agree, Biobit, Dipel, and Javelin.3 Products that contain azinphosmethyl include Azinphosmethyl, Guthion, and Sniper.4 Products that contain endosulfan include Endosulfan, Phaser, and Thiodan.

37

Pre-Harvest Intervals and Restricted Entry Intervals (REI) for Insecticides and Miticides(cont)

Pre-Harvest Interval — Days


Savey hexythiazox 28 28 28 28 28 12Sevin carbaryl 3 3 3 3 3 12SpinTor spinosad 7 7 14 7 7 4Sunspray 0 0 0 0 0 12Superior Oil (OMRI) * * * * * 12Supracide (RUP) methidathion * * * * * 48Thiodan4 endosulfan4 21-30* 7* 21-30 21* 7* 24Vendex (RUP) fenbutatin-oxide 14 14 14 14 14 48Vydate (RUP) oxamyl 14 14 — — — 48Warrior lambda-cyhabthrim 21 21 14 14 14 24Zeal extoxazole 28 28 — — — 12

RUP = Restricted-use pesticide.OMRI = Organic Materials Review Institute-approved for use in organic production— Not registered or recommended.* Specific pre-harvest intervals or restricted entry intervals vary for different formulations, application rates, crops, or

geographical locations. See product labels for details.1 Products that contain dimethoate include Dimate and Dimethoate.2 Products that contain Bacillus thuringiensis strains active against caterpillars include Agree, Biobit, Dipel, and Javelin.3 Products that contain azinphosmethyl include Azinphosmethyl, Guthion, and Sniper.4 Products that contain endosulfan include Endosulfan, Phaser, and Thiodan.

38

Insecticide Use Restrictions on Amount Applied per Year,Number of Applications, and/or Timing of Applications

Apple Pear Peach Cherry Plum Nectarine Apricot

Acramite 50 WS 1 appl. 1 appl. 1 appl. — 1 appl. 1 appl. —Actara 25WG — 8 oz/A — — — — —

1 prebloomappl.

Ambush 25 WP Not after 3.2 lb/A, 6 lb/A 6 appl.* — — —petal fall prebloom only

Ambush 2 EC 38 oz/A; 51 oz/A, 96 oz/A 6 appl.* — — —not after prebloompetal fall only

Apollo SC 1 appl. 1 appl. 1 appl. 1 appl. — 1 appl. 1 appl.Assail 70 WP 13.5 oz 13.5 oz — — — — —Asana XL 101 oz/A 72 oz/A 72 oz/A 72 oz/A 72 oz/A 72 oz/A 72 oz/AAvaunt 30 WDG 24 oz/A 24 oz/A — — — — —Calypso 4 F 16 fl oz/A 16 fl oz/A — — — — —Capture 2 E — 32 fl oz/A — — — — —Carzol 92 SP 1.25 lb/A 1.25 lb/A 1.25 lb/A — — 1.25 lb/A —Confirm 2 F 120 fl oz/A 120 fl oz/A — — — — —Danitol 2.4 EC 2.7 pt/A 2.7 pt/A — — — — —Entrust 80 WP 9 oz/A 9 oz/A 9 oz/A 9 oz/A 9 oz/A 9 oz/A 9 oz/AEsteem 35 WP 2 appl.* 2 appl.* 3 appl.* 3 appl.* 3 appl.* 3 appl.* 3 appl.*Guthion 50 WP 9 lb/A 9 lb/A 6.7 lb/A 6 lb/A 6.7 lb/A 6.7 lb/A —Intrepid 2F 64 fl oz/A 64 fl oz/A 64 fl oz/A 64 fl oz/A 64 fl oz/A 64 fl oz/A —Imidan 70 WP 30 lb/A — 17 lb/A — — — —Kelthane 50 WP 2 appl. 2 appl. — — — — —Lannate 90 SP 5 appl. 2 appl. 6 appl. — — — —Lannate 2.4 SL — 1 appl. — — — — —Lorsban 4 EC 1 appl. 1 appl. 1 appl. 3 appl. — 1 appl. —Lorsban 50 WP Prebloom — — 8 appl. — — —Metasystox-R Non-bearing — Non-bearing Non-bearing Non-bearing Non-bearing Non-bearingMitac 50 WP — 6 lb/A — — — — —Neemix 4.5 Labeled for use on all tree fruits with no limits on total number of applicationsPounce 25 WP 2.4 lb/A; 3.2 lb/A, 12 lb/A 6 appl.* — — —

not after prebloompetalfall only

Pounce 3.2 EC 24 oz/A 32 oz/A 60 oz/A 6 appl.* — 60 oz/A —not after prebloompetalfall only

Provado 1.6 F 40 fl oz/A 40 fl oz/A 24 fl oz/A 24 fl oz/A 24 fl oz/A 24 fl oz/A 24 fl oz/APyramite 26.4 oz 26.4 oz 26.4 oz 26.4 oz 26.4 oz 26.4 oz 26.4 ozSavey 1 appl. 1 appl. 1 appl. 1 appl. 1 appl. 1 appl. 1 appl.SpinTor 2 SC 29 fl oz/A 29 fl oz/A 29 fl oz/A 29 fl oz/A 29 fl oz/A 29 fl oz/A 29 fl oz/ASuperior Oil Delayed Delayed Delayed Delayed Delayed Delayed Delayed

dormant dormant dormant dormant dormant dormant dormantSupracide 25 WP Prebloom Prebloom Prebloom Prebloom Prebloom Prebloom PrebloomThiodan 50 WP 6 lb/A* 6 lb/A 2 appl. 6 lb/A 6 lb/A 2 appl. 2 appl.

or 2 appl. or 2 appl. or 2 appl.Thiodan 3 EC 4 qt/A* 4 qt/A 2 appl. 4 qt/A 4 qt/A 2 appl. 2 appl.

or 2 appl. or 2 appl. or 2 appl.Vendex 50 WP 2 appl.* 2 appl.* 2 appl. 2 appl. 2 appl. 2 appl. —Vydate 2 L 8 pt/A 8 pt/A — — — — —Warrior 1 EC 1.6 pt/A 1.6 pt/A 1.6 pt/A 1.6 pt/A 1.6 pt/A 1.6 pt/A 1.6 pt/AZeal 72 WG 1 appl. 1 appl. — — — — —

*see label for additional detail

39

Acramite ST - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - G G

Agri-Mek MT - - - - - - - - - - - G - E - G E E

Ambush HT E G E E E E E - F F P G E P - P - -

Apollo ST - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - E E

Asana HT E G E E G E E E F F P G E P G F - -

Assail MT E - - - - - - - E E - E E F - - - -

Avaunt MT F G F G G F - - - - - F - P - - - -

Calypso MT E - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Carzol HT - - - - - - G - - - - E G - - - G G

Confirm ST F - - P E F - - - - - - - F - - - -

Danitol MT G G G E E E E E G - - E - E - - F -

Dimethoate ST G F G F F P G - G E E G - P - G F F

Diazinon ST F F G G G F P - F G G F - F - G - -

Dipel ST P - - F G G - - - - - - - - - - - -

Esteem ST F - - - - - - - E - - - - G - E - -

Guthion ST E E E E G G P P P P F P P - F F - -

Imidan ST G G E E G G F P P F P F P - G F - -

Intrepid ST G - - G E E - - - - - - - G - - - -

Kelthane HT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - F F

Lannate HT G F F G E E G G G G P E G E F F - -

Lorsban MT - - - - G - G - G P - - - - - E - -

M-pede ST P P - P P P - - P P - G - P - F - -

Neemix ST - - - - - - - - - G - - - - G - - -

Pounce HT E G E E E E E - F F P G E P - P - -

Provado MT - - - - - - - - G G G E - E F G - -

Pyramite HT - - - - - - - - - F - G - - - - E G

Savey ST - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - E E

Sevin HT G G G G F F - G F G P G - F E F - -

Saf-T-Side ST - - - - - - - - F F - - - - - F E -

SpinTor/Entrust ST G P F F G G - - - - - - - E - - - -

Sunspray Oil ST F P - - - - - - F F - - - - - F E -

Supracide MT - - - - E - F - E F - - - - - E - -

Pre

dato

r M

ites

Cod

ling

Mot

h

Plu

m C

urcu

lio

App

le M

aggo

t

Orie

ntal

Fru

it M

oth

Red

band

edLe

afro

ller

Obl

ique

-ban

ded

Leaf

rolle

r

Per

iodi

cal C

icad

a

Ros

y A

pple

Aph

id

Gre

en A

phid

s

Woo

lly A

pple

Aph

id

Leaf

hopp

ers

Spo

tted

Tent

iform

Leaf

min

er A

dults

Spo

tted

Tent

iform

Leaf

min

er L

arva

e

Japa

nese

Bee

tle

San

Jos

e S

cale

Eur

opea

n R

ed M

ite

Twos

potte

d M

ite

Pla

nt B

ugs

- = unknown or doesn’t apply; P = poor; F = fair; G = good; E = excellent

ST = slightly toxic; MT = modertately toxic; HT = highly toxic

Efficacy of Selected Insecticides and AcaricidesAgainst Apple Insects and Mites

40

Surround MT P F P - - - - - - - - G - - - - - -

Thiodan ST F F F E G F G - G G E F E P - F - -

Vendex ST - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - F F

Vydate HT - - - - - - G G G G P G - G - - G G

Warrior HT G - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Zeal ST - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - E E

Pre

dato

r M

ites

Cod

ling

Mot

h

Plu

m C

urcu

lio

App

le M

aggo

t

Orie

ntal

Fru

it M

oth

Red

band

edLe

afro

ller

Obl

ique

-ban

ded

Leaf

rolle

r

Per

iodi

cal C

icad

a

Ros

y A

pple

Aph

id

Gre

en A

phid

s

Woo

lly A

pple

Aph

id

Leaf

hopp

ers

Spo

tted

Tent

iform

Leaf

min

er A

dults

Spo

tted

Tent

iform

Leaf

min

er L

arva

e

Japa

nese

Bee

tle

San

Jos

e S

cale

Eur

opea

n R

ed M

ite

Twos

potte

d M

ite

Pla

nt B

ugs

Efficacy of Selected Insecticides and AcaricidesAgainst Apple Insects and Mites (cont.)

- = unknown or doesn’t apply; P = poor; F = fair; G = good; E = excellent; ST = slightly toxic; MT = modertately toxic; HT = highly toxic

Orchard Vole Controlweed control in early spring significantly reduces theamount of labor involved in keeping the area around thetree clean.

The orchard cover or sod should be mowed short in lateAugust and again after harvest to reduce runway coverand aid baiting. Cleaning out drainage ditches and fencerow,s and picking up or crushing all dropped fruitdiscourages large mouse populations.

Orchard Mouse Control ProgramEssential KnowledgeDetermine species of voles (with snap traps). Threespecies may be found: Meadow Mouse (Microtuspennsylvanicus), Prairie Mouse (Microtus ochrogaster),and Pine Mouse (Pitymys pinetorum). Materials forcontrol may be the same, but control methods differ.Quick field identifications for both juveniles and adultsare based on the length of the tail.

Pine Vole: tail length about same as the hind foot.Meadow and Prairie Vole: tail length about twice thatof the hind foot.

Determine timing and site of infestations (with snaptraps). Knowing when and where mice are most abundantmakes control easier.

ControlControl of mice in orchards can be accomplished usingeither zinc phosphide or chlorophacinone baits. Bothbaits must be used according to label directions.

Zinc phosphide is an acute bait that causes the death ofmice within 24 hours. It is available as either a weather-resistant pellet bait or mixed with prepared grains, such asoats and corn. Zinc phosphide is usually well accepted

Mice, known as voles, can cause serious damage to fruitplantings. Frequently, damage occurs but is not noticeduntil trees become weak, die or are removed. Damage canbe anticipated each year, particularly from late summer toearly spring, as mice eat bark from the base of smallsaplings. Such damage can result in girdling death of thetree. Apple trees are most susceptible, but hungry voleswill attack other fruit trees. Apple trees on dwarfing rootstocks are particularly palatable to these mice.

Many plantings are made in a hedgerow pattern, whichdoes not permit cultivation between trees. Such plantingsfavor vole migration, as do mulches and vigorous sods.High populations also favor vole migrations. No singlematerial or technique is effective for complete control ofvoles. It is, therefore, suggested that both the materialsand the methods of control vary during the season.

General Orchard Management PracticesSeveral general orchard management practices can beemployed to reduce risk of injury and improve effective-ness of control.

Tree guards can be constructed from “hardware cloth” orsimilar materials with mesh no larger than 0.25 inch.These guards should enclose the tree and extend fromseveral inches below soil surface (voles dig in the top 2 to3 inches of soil) to several inches above maximum snowline (about 18 inches). Pea-sized gravel or cinders, whenplaced around the trees, 4 to 6 inches wide and deep, alsotend to discourage meadow voles from attacking crownsof trees, but do not discourage other mouse species. Toproliferate, voles need abundant amounts of cover. Thus,maintaining a clean area 1- to 2-feet wide around the baseof trees discourages surface feeding. This will alsoregulate vole populations in the long term. Chemical

41

by mice. However, it is not effective if applied more thantwice.

Chlorophacinone (e.g.,RoZol™), an anticoagulant bait, isavailable in some states (check your state regulations) as aweather-resistant pellet style bait. This bait is highlyaccepted by rodents, but death is delayed for several days.For effective control, a second application ofchlorophacinone is needed within 20 to 40 days.

Baits can be attractive to other wildlife including birdsand domestic pets. Bait must be applied directly inrunways or bait stations (see below), or broadcast. Pick upall spilled materials to avoid consumption by non-targetanimals.

Efficacy of Baits Against Meadow and Pine VolesChlorophacinone is more effective against pine voles thanmeadow voles, while zinc phosphide is more effectiveagainst meadow voles than pine voles. Consistent use ofone of these chemicals will result in shifts of volepopulation from one species to another. Thereforealternate baiting using zinc phosphide in the first applica-tion, followed by chlorophacinone in the second applica-tion, to reduce populations of both species.

Techniques for Baiting1. Machine baiting: Expose bait in artificial trail

(Trail Builder).2. Trail baiting: Expose bait in natural, active

runways only.3. Broadcast baiting: (NOT RECOMMENDED FOR

PINE VOLE CONTROL). Broadcast bait by hand,cyclone type seeder, or tractor drawn equipment atrecommended rates. When using zinc phosphidebaits, the 2% concentration is recommended.OBSERVE SAFETY PRECAUTIONS.Zincphosphide is a restricted use material. Read andfollow all label directions and precautions.

Percentage Comparison of Control Methods

Meadow or Method Prairie Voles Pine Voles

Machine 90-95% 80-85% Trail 80-85% 70-75% Broadcast 78% Not recommended

TimingApply on a sunny day in late fall when mice are active.Mice begin to build up in early August, but baiting shouldbe delayed to as late as possible in the fall. The mosteffective period for application is just before snow coverafter the grass cover has been reduced by frost and thefruit is rotted. Spot treatment during the winter and intoearly spring is recommended. Treat marginal lands toprevent re-invasion.

Pre-Harvest Baiting Is Not RecommendedApplication of poisoned bait before harvest to preventmouse damage to fruit in cold storage is not a soundpractice for the following reasons:1. The recommended methods of orchard mouse control

do not always result in 100% control. Therefore, somemice survive the pre-harvest control and enter intoboxes of fruit on the ground which will be carried intocold storage.

2. The pre-harvest poison application will reduce thepopulation of mice in the orchard, competition amongsurvivors will be greatly reduced, and food and coverwill be ample. Under these favorable conditions,survivors breed, and there might be eight young perlitter. In a very short time, populations may recover tooriginal levels, and will not be exposed to poisonedbaits applied during the normal control season.

3. The recommended control season for mice in orchard,and winter storage facilities is just prior to freezingconditions.Note: Check your control program with snap traps.Lack of visible damage does not indicate the efficacyof your program.

Control in Storage1. Before Harvest

a) Poison rats and mice in storage one month beforepicking; keep storage area baited and free of debris.

b) Clean up outside debris, especially near loadingarea, one week before picking.

c) Rodent-proof storage; seal all holes and cracks.Mice can fit through a hole the size of a dime.

2. During Harvesta) Move filled boxes into storage quickly; any box

left overnight may have mice.b) As you load fruit into storage, bait the storage area.

Place teaspoonful amounts in bait stations, onfloor, along alleys, between rows of boxes, andunder pallets. Do not place open baits on floors orany areas where contamination might occur.Commercial bait stations are available fromagricultural supply companies. Always preventcontact with fruit.

Bait Stations in the OrchardBait stations can be prepared in several ways, andeliminate or reduce the opportunity for non-target animalsto contact the bait. Squares of heavy roofing shingles orother weather-resistant materials, placed out of trafficareas between trees, can serve as bait stations to protectthe bait and hiding of rodents. Some growers haveconstructed bait stations that require less refilling bybuilding inverted T-shaped stations from PVC tubing andfittings that provide bait storage and a protected feedingarea. Place bait stations in the field 2 to 3 weeks beforeadding the bait.

Orchard Vole Control (cont.)

42

Suggestions for Growth Regulators

Ethephon on ApplesEthephon, which is available as a 21.3% formulation of 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (ETHREL or CEPHA), may(a) promote early color development and maturity, (b)loosen fruit for easier harvesting by hand or machine, and(c) increase fruit bud formation and early bearing on youngtrees.

Promotion of Early Color Development and Maturity.To obtain increased red coloration and early maturity,apply 14- to 21-days prior to anticipated harvest at aconcentration of 150 to 300 ppm (0.5 to 1 pt. per 100 galwater). For concentrate sprays, use 2.5 pints per acre in 50to 100 gallons of water. Use lower dosage ranges for latematuring varieties. Red color development should beapparent in about 7 days. Ethephon is most effective underweather conditions that favor color development.Do NOT apply ethephon during hot weather, or when hotweather is forecasted for the next 14 days. Apply ethephonbetween 60°F and 90°F. Most red apple varieties do notdevelop red color during hot weather either with or withoutethephon. Ethephon speeds-up ripening. Do not useEthephon on Golden Delicious.Add a fruit drop inhibitor to control pre-harvest drop ofthe fruit. NAA (napthaleneacetic acid) may be added to thesame spray as ethephon. NAA is effective for 7 to 10 days,and a second application might be necessary if harvest isdelayed.Precautions. No spreader-sticker is necessary. Ethephonwill not overcome poor management practices. Trees ofmoderate vigor, well-pruned and thoroughly sprayed,respond most favorably with well-colored fruit of uniformmaturity. For dense trees, harvest outer fruit first and thenapply ethephon. Harvest at proper maturity; do not delayharvest to obtain additional red coloration. Treat only theacreage that can be harvested and marketed on a timelybasis. Fruit treated with ethephon should be marketedpromptly, and may have short shelf life.

For Early Bearing on Young TreesTo increase fruit bud development on young, non-bearingtrees, apply a foliar spray of ethephon 1 to 2 weeks afterfull bloom, using a dosage of 1000 ppm (3.33 pt per 100gal of water). For spur-type trees, the rate should bereduced to 500 ppm (1.66 pts. per 100 gal of water).Caution: Do not use this treatment on trees that havestarted to bear fruit because the application may de-fruittrees completely.

Stop-Drop SpraysIf used properly, stop-drop sprays can significantly reducepre-harvest apple drop. Use knowledge of orchardconditions when applying stop-drop sprays, and keep noteson the responses in your orchard.

Naphthaleneacetic Acid or NAA (Fruitone N) should be

applied before the beginning of fruit drop (7- to 14-daysbefore harvest) at the rate of 5 ppm for summer varietiesand 10 ppm for late varieties. It should normally preventfruit drop for 7- to 10-days. A second application of NAAshould be made within 7 to 10 days of the first applicationif fruits were not harvested. Do not use more than 2 NAAapplications. Do not apply within 2 days of harvest.NAA works best as a dilute spray.

Concentration and Timing of Stop-Drop Application

ApplicationTime Before NAA

Variety Picking Concentration

Delicious 7 - 10 days 10 - 15 ppmJonathan 7 - 10 days 10 ppmGolden Delicious 7 days 10 ppmRome Beauty 7 days 10 ppmWinesap 7 days 15 ppm

Using NAA too early, or in greater than recommendedconcentrations, may accelerate fruit maturity and decreasestorage life. Apply stop-drop sprays at concentrations nohigher than 3x. Stop-drop sprays may be applied withpesticides. Do not use stop-drop sprays on trees in lowstates of vigor; healthy leaves are essential for thesesprays to be effective.ReTainThe active ingredient in ReTain, aminotheoxy-vinylglycine (AVG), is a natural inhibitor of ethylenesynthesis. Ethylene gas is normally produced by ripeningfruit and promotes further ripening and pre-harvest dropin some varieties. After treatment with ReTain, fruitproduce less ethylene, which slows the ripening processand reduces pre-harvest drop. Growers who have largeplantings of a variety may consider applying ReTain tosome of the planting as a harvest management tool toallow a later harvest of treated trees.Timing. Best results are obtained when ReTain is appliedbefore the first visible signs of ripening. Research hasshown that ReTain should be applied 4 weeks prior to theoptimum harvest date.Application rate and number. ReTain should be appliedas a single application: multiple applications have noadditional benefit. The label rate is one pouch (0.73 lb)per acre, but rates as low as 0.44 lb per acre can also beeffective in optimal application conditions. The higherrate helps fruit retain their firmness during storage.ReTain should be diluted in at least 100 gal of water peracre. Best results are obtained when applied under slowdrying conditions. Thorough wetting and coverage areessential for optimum effectiveness. Although ReTainseems to be compatible with other materials, it should beapplied alone.Additives. The inclusion of a silicone-based spreader sticker(e.g. Stylwet L-77) is absolutely critical for good results.

43

Comments. ReTain is expensive; therefore, it should beused only on high value, productive blocks with goodfruit quality. Treated fruit should be stored separately.

ApogeeApogee is mainly used on trees that are overly vigorousdue to crop loss, inappropriate rootstock, or tree spacing.Apogee can decrease the length of shoots by 30-60%.Reduced shoot growth, following Apogee treatment, canreduce susceptibility to fire blight. See p. 13 for moredetails.

Sprout and Sucker Control on Apple and PearTre-Hold Sprout Inhibitor A112 can be used to inhibitsprouting when applied to pruning cuts on scaffold limbsand trunk bases and to rootstock suckers on bearing andnon-bearing trees.To make 1 gallon of spray mixture, add 10 fl oz of Tre-Hold to 1 gallon of water. For sunscald protection, 1 to 4pt. of interior white latex paint may be substituted for anequal volume of water. One gallon of dilute spray willtreat 50 to 100 trees.Tre-Hold RTU Sprout Inhibitor, a ready to use formula-tion (1.15% Ethyl, 1-NAA), is also available to controlsprouts and sucker growth on apples and pears. Followmanufacturer’s label for use.The herbicide Rely may be used to control suckers onapple. Follow manufacturer recommendations andprecautions.

Pro-Gibb on CherriesThe active ingredient in Pro-Gibb is a natural planthormone, gibberellin A

3. It can be used to maintain and

extend high fruiting capacity of bearing tart cherry treesand to reduce occurrence of “blind” nodes by stimulatinglateral vegetative buds and a more productive balance oflateral shoots and spurs. Apply 4 to 8 fluid ounces of Pro-Gibb 4% in 100 gal finished spray, from 14 to 28 daysafter bloom, in 50 to 150 gal per acre. Do not spraywithin one month of harvest.To reduce flowering and fruiting in young tart and sweetcherry trees, and to minimize the competitive effect ofearly fruiting on tree development, apply 20 to 40 oz ofPro-Gibb 4% in 100 gal of water, 2 to 4 weeks afterbloom. Under low vigor, two applications are recom-mended with at least a 7-day interval between sprays.Since Pro-Gibb acts on buds that will flower the follow-ing growing year, responses will not begin to be visibleuntil the year after application. Do not spray trees duringthe year of planting.

Pro-Vide on ApplesRussetingApplications of Pro-Vide, a mixture of gibberellins A

4 and

A7, reduces, but does not eliminate, russeting on ‘Golden

Delicious’. Pro-Vide should be applied 3 to 4 times,beginning at petal fall and continuing at 7- to 10-dayintervals. The rate is 10 to 13 oz applied in 100 gal ofsolution per acre. Do not use surfactants with Pro-Videbecause of the potential of some surfactants to causerusseting. No more than 40 oz of Pro-Vide should beapplied per season.Stayman CrackingPro-Vide applications should start 2-3 weeks beforecracking begins, normally by mid-June to mid-July.Apply 3 to 4 consecutive sprays at 12- to 16-day intervalsat an application rate of 16 to 32 ounces of Pro-Vide peracre, per application. Because cracking is influenced byweather changes and because it can occur over extendedperiods, multiple applications have given the bestresponse.

Promalin on ApplesPromalin contains 1.8% 6BA N-(phenylmethyl)-1 H-purine-6-amine and 1.8% gibberellins A

4 and A

7. A single

application to ‘Delicious’ during the period from fullbloom to early petal fall of the king bloom elongates thefruit and encourages development of more prominentcalyx lobes. The rate of application is 1 pint per acre in50 to 200 gal of spray mixture. Some thinning may occurfrom the use of Promalin, particularly if applied late. Donot apply Promalin when air temperatures are lower than40°F or greater then 90°F.

Suggestions for Growth Regulators (cont.)

44

Chemical Thinning of Apples

Chemical sprays can reduce fruit set on apples and thuspromote larger fruit size at harvest and increase returnbloom. These have become standard practices in mostcommercial orchards. Proper usage is vital to the successof chemical thinning.NAA (naphthalene acetic acid), NAD (naphthaleneacetamide), Sevin (1-naphthyl-N-methylcarbamate) andAccel (benzyl-adenine) are suggested. Apply NAA to falland winter varieties when king fruit are 11-13 mm indiameter. For fruit larger than 13 mm, Sevin is moreeffective than NAA. Sevin gives uniform results frompetal fall to 21 days later.NAD is most effective when applied from late bloom topetal fall. NAD is milder than NAA, and is less likely tocause over-thinning.The combination of NAA plus Sevin should be applied on

fall and winter varieties when king fruit are 11-13 mm indiameter, and on summer varieties (Wealthy andEarliblaze) at petal fall.Use of NAA on early summer varieties may result inexcessive foliage injury, fruit cracking and prematureripening.In the warmer parts of the Midwest, concentrations ofNAA that successfully thin frequently cause pygmyapples on spur-type Red Delicious. These small seedlessapples persist through harvest and are a nuisance. Sevinis preferred for thinning spur-type Red Delicious. Insome experiments, Sevin has over-thinned Rome andGallia Beauty, and should not be used on these varieties.NAA is not successful in thinning Fuji, as this often resultsin pygmy apples. Honeycrisp is easy to overthin andcombinations should not be used.

Recommended Chemical Thinners for Apple9

Cultivars NAD1,2,3 NAA1,3 NAA1 + W.A4 Sevin XLR Plus1,5,6 Accel7 Combinations1,2,3,6

(PPM) (PPM) (PPM) (qts/100 gal) (PPM) (PPM + qts/100 gal)

Summer Varieties 35-50 NAA 5-10+Sevin 1/2-1 Earliblaze NAA 10+Sevin 1/2-1 Paulared 5-10 3-5 1/2-1 Gala 5-10 3-5 1/2-1 Jonamac 5-10 3-5 1/2-1 McIntosh 35-50 7 1/2-12 3-5 1/4-1/2 50 Jonathon 35-50 7 1/2-12 3-5 1/4-1/2 50 Spartan 10-15 5-7 1/2 1/2-1 Cortland 35-50 7 1/2-12 3-5 1/4-1/2 Grimes Golden 35-50 5-10 5-7 1/2 NAD 25-50+Sevin 1/2-1 Red Delicious/non-spur 5-10 3-5 1/2-1 Red Delicious/spur 10-15 5-7 1/2 1/2-1 Honeycrisp 3-5 1/4-1/2 N.R. Empire 10-15 5-7 1/2 1/2-1 50 Golden Delicious 10-20 5-10 1/2-1 NAA 5-10+Sevin 1/2-1 Blushing Golden 1/4-1/2 Firmgold 1/4-1/2 Idared 1/2-1 Winesap 35-50 7 1/2-10 3-5 1/2-1 Stayman & Turley 35-50 7 1/2-10 3-5 1/2-1 Rome & Gallia 50-60 15-20 7 1/2-10 N.R.8 Fuji7 N.R.8 Accel 50 + Sevin 1

1 Lower concentrations suggested when conditions are favorable for thinning. 2 Applications of NAD (Amid-Thin) should be made from late bloom to petal fall. 3 Applications of NAA or Sevin or the combination should be made of fall and winter varieties when king fruits are

11-13 mm in diameter. On summer varieties, such as Wealthy and Earliblaze, the combination should be applied at petal fall. 4 WA=Wetting Agent: Tween 20, Regulaid or Amway Wetting Agent at 0.75 to 1 pint per 100 gallons. 5 The addition of NAA at 2.5 to 4 ppm to Sevin stimulates the initiation of fruit buds for return bloom. This low NAA rate should not

thin fruit or cause pygmy apples on Red Delicious. 6 The Sevin XLR Plus formulation is most commonly used for thinning and is the only formulation labeled for early use (petal fall to

6mm diameter). Consult the label if other Sevin formulations are used. 7 Experience with adequate rates of Accel across many varieties is limited. 8 N.R. = not recommended 9 See Also: Apple Thinning Guide by P. Schwallier, Great Lakes Publishing (616) 887-9008.

45

Chemical Thinning of Apples (cont.)

Variability of results and excessive foliage injury, oftenexperienced with NAA, may be avoided by using it at 1/3to 1/2 of the rates recommended on the label in combina-tion with 0.75 pint of “Tween 20” per 100 gal. Theaddition of the “Tween 20” increases the rate of foliarabsorption and decreases the effects of seasonal factors,such as temperature, relative humidity and wind, on thedrying rate and amount of material entering the leaf. Theelimination of foliage wilting and tree “shock” results inbetter fruit size at harvest than the same amount of fruitthinning obtained by the full dosage of NAA alone.Wetting agents other than “Tween 20” that have been usedsuccessfully in tests in Illinois and Indiana includeRegulaid and Amway Wetting Agent or Ortho X 77.

Accel is a post-bloom (10 mm fruit size) chemical thinnerfor apples. Accel has worked well with small-fruitedvarieties and has increased fruit size. Accel has not beena successful thinner for Red Delicious. Refer to theproduct label for additional information.

Important Reminders About Chemical ThinningNAA generally gives best results under fast dryingconditions, and when the temperature is between 70 and75 degrees F. Amid-Thin gives the best results underslow drying conditions, and is often applied in theevening.

Thorough spraying and uniform coverage are necessary forsatisfactory results. However, if you want to reduce thedegree of thinning or are afraid of over-thinning, reducethe concentration, but not amount per tree.Lower limbs are easier to thin. Reduce spray applicationon lower limbs by shutting off one or more nozzles; somespray applied to the tree tops will fall on lower limbs.Concentrate sprays of chemical thinners have beensatisfactory. Calibration allows the right amount ofmaterial to reach all parts of the tree and row. Avoid

double applications to row ends, etc. Miscalibration of thesprayer manifold is magnified in concentrate application.Concentrating more than 4x has resulted in variableresults and should be avoided.

Applying chemical thinning sprays after frost or freezingtemperatures is risky. Foliage exposed to such conditionsabsorbs chemicals more readily, and over-thinning mayresult. If you must spray under such conditions, reducethe concentration 25 to 30 percent.

Chemical thinners are generally more effective under thefollowing conditions: (1) low vigor trees, (2) lightpruning, (3) heavy bloom, (4) poor pollination, (5) highhumidity before spraying, (6) slow drying of spray, (7)poor air drainage and (8) cloudy, cool weather precedingor following the bloom period.

Keep records of the prevailing conditions when you makeapplications, and leave several trees unsprayed to evaluatethe results of thinning. This allows you to work out theconcentrations best suited for your orchard.

Defruiting Young Apple TreesIt is often desirable to remove all the fruit from youngtrees when they have not reached a profitable bearingsize. NAA at 15 ppm + Sevin XR at 1qt/100 gallonsapplied at petal fall will effectively defruit Jonathan, RedDelicious and McIntosh. For other cultivars, use NAA atthe recommended rate = Sevin XLR at 1qt/100 gallons.These sprays may not completely defruit the trees, buthigher rates of NAA may cause leaf damage.

NAA formulationsNot all NAA formulations have the same amount of activeingredients. Because calculating ppm can be difficult, thetable below describes materials and amounts of formula-tion per 100 gallons of water required to make a 10 ppmsolution (Table developed by R. Marini, VPI)

NAA Formulations for Chemical Thinning of Apples

Acid equivalent Amount of formulation(% of active per 100 gallons to make

Trade Name Chemical Formulation ingredient) 10 ppm.

Amid-Thin W 1 Napthaleneacetamide WP 8.4 1.6 oz

Fruitone N 1-Napthaleneacetic acid, WP 3.1 4.0 ozsodium salt (3.5%)

Kling-Tite 256 1-Napthaleneacetate, liquid 8.6 1.9 fluid ozpotassium salt (8.3%)

K-salt Fruit Fix 800 1-Napthaleneacetic acid, liquid 20.2 0.63 fluid ozpotassium salt (24.2%)

K-salt Fruit Fix 200 1-Napthaleneacetic acid, liquid 5.18 2.47 fluid ozpotassium salt (6.25%)

46

Chemical Weed Control

Controlling weeds is increasingly important as the numberof trees per acre increases, particularly in hedge rows.Herbicides can provide good weed control with little laborand frequency at a low cost. Herbicides, when usedproperly, improve plant or tree growth, and controlinsects, diseases and mice.

Proper ApplicationTo be effective, herbicides must be properly selected forthe weeds they are to control. They must be applied at theproper time, at the proper rate, and with the properequipment. The degree of weed control depends largelyon the skill of the operator.

In most cases, the herbicide rates given are for overallcoverage (broadcast rates). For band treatment, commonin tree fruit plantings, reduce the amounts according to theportion of area treated. For example, if a grower wants tocontrol weeds in a 4-foot-wide band beneath a cropplanted in rows 10 feet apart, the rate of herbicide neededper acre of crop will be 4/10 of the broadcast rate per acre.

Herbicides can injure fruit trees if used improperly.Therefore sprayer adjustment and calibration should be asprecise as possible to assure accurate and uniformapplications. Use a nozzle appropriate for herbicideapplication at low pressures (15 to 25 pounds) on a fixed-boom type applicator, unless the label has a specificrecommendation. This type of sprayer is easily calibratedand, when designed properly, will deposit herbicideuniformly over the row. Consider using one of therecently introduce low-drift nozzles such as Turbo TeeJetNozzle or TurboDrop Nozzle. They have been designd toprovide similar performance to traditional flat fan nozzleswhile reducing the number of very small droplets that arehighly subject to drift. Do not attempt to apply pre-emergence herbicides around fruit plants with hand gunson weed and back-pack sprayers.

Calibrate the sprayer carefully and apply herbicidesaccording to the suggested rates. Note that when applyingmany herbicides to the soil, rates should be adjustedaccording to soil chararcteristics. Generally, lower ratesshould be used on sandy soil with low organic matter andhigher rates on heavier-textured soil and those high inorganic matter.

With some herbicides, no rate changes are suggested. Ifyou are unsure about a a herbicide’s effectiveness orpossible crop damage, test it on a small portion of theplanting before using extensively. Continued use of thesame herbicide can lead to resistance development inweeds or establishment of tolerant weeds. When possible,rotate herbicides to avoid these problems and improveweed control.

Tank MixesCertain herbicides can be tank mixed with other herbi-cides to increase the spectrum of weed species controlled.Consult herbicide labels for specific information.

Use RestrictionsHerbicide use is controlled by federal regulations whichprescribe crops upon which herbicides can be used, aswell as the timing and rates of application. Use onlyregistered materials at the recommended rates. Productlabels are the final authority. Follow them carefully.

Herbicide labels are often complicated. Always refer tothe specific label for detailed directions, precautions, andrestrictions.

Good Rules to Remember1. Use a fixed spray boom, uniform speed, flat fan

nozzles, and low pressure for even applicationswithout drift.

2. Follow restrictions for herbicide use on young trees.Allow trees to become well established and soils well-settled before applying.

3. Follow rate suggestions based upon soil type.4. Use herbicide sprayers for herbicides only.5. Clean sprayers thoroughly when changing herbicides,

especially when 2,4-D has been used.6. Store herbicides as carefully as you would any other

pesticide.7. Dispose of excess spray material carefully; avoid

damage to shrubbery, lawns, etc.8. Do not graze treated areas.9. READ THE LABEL. UNDERSTAND IT

THOROUGHLY. FOLLOW DIRECTIONS.

Herbicide Resistance ManagementAvoid using the same product, or chemically-relatedproducts, for several consecutive years to avoid a buildupof herbicide-resistant weed biotypes. Rotate herbicidesand include non-chemical controls whenever possible toreduce dependence and avoid weed resistance.

47

Devrinol 50 DF at8 lb/acre and Devrinol10 G at 40 lb/acre

Karmex 80 DF at4 lb/acre

Prowl 3.3 EC at2.4 qt preemergencefor short-termweed control to4.8 qt for long-termweed control in aminimum of 20 gal ofwater per acre

Princep 4 L at 2-4qt/acre and PrincepCaliber 90 at2.2-4.4 lb/acre

Surflan 4 AS at 2-6 qt/acre

Solicam 80 DF at2.5 lb/acre onlight-colored soilsand 5 lb/acre onheavy or dark-coloredsoils in at least20 gal of waterper acre

Annual grasses andsmall-seededbroadleaves

Apply under trees in late fall to spring on weed-free soil orsupplement with a postemergence herbicide. Do not apply tofrozen ground. If no rainfall occurs within 24 hours aftertreatment, cultivate or irrigate to incorporate. Do not allowspray to contact fruit or foliage. Approved tank mix:Gramoxone extra.

Apples and pears must be established at least 1 year. Onpears, do not treat varieties grafted on the most-dwarfingrootstocks. When applied in combination with Sinbar, theuse rate is 1 to 2 lb/acre. Make one application per year as adirected spray, avoiding contact with foliage and fruit.Karmex has postemergence activity.

Apply as directed spray to weed-free soil. Do not allowspray to contact leaves, shoots or buds. If no rainfall occurswithin 21 days of treatment, irrigate to incorporate. Do notallow in new plantings until soil around trunk has settled. Noteffective on muck soils. Another registered product isPentagon DG.

Use lower rate on sandy or light-colored soils and higher rateon heavy or dark-colored soils in at least 20 gal of water peracre. Apply under trees in spring. Apply alone to weed-freesoil or in labeled tank mixes with a burndown or postemergenceproduct. Avoid contact with fruit, foliage, or stems. Make onlyone application per year. Trees must be established at least 1year.

Apply under trees in spring prior to weed emergence or to cleancultivated soil. Use low rate for short-term control and highrate for long-term control. Allow soil to settle around youngplants prior to treatment. A single 0.5 to 1 inch rainfall orirrigation is required to activate Surflan. A shallow cultivation(1 to 2 inches) will destroy existing weeds and place Surflan inthe zone of weed seed germination. Tank mix with Roundup orGramoxone Extra to control established weeds.

Apply to soil surface from fall to early spring before weedsemerge. Rainfall or irrigation within 4 weeks of application isnecessary for product activation. Multiple applications may beused, but do not exceed rate and soil texture restrictions (seelabel). Pears must be established at least 12 months. Do notuse on coarse textured soils such as sand, loamy sand orgravelly sand. Avoid spray contact with fruit or foliage. Tankmix with Roundup or Gramoxone Extra to control establishedweeds.

Herbicide Recommendations for Apple and Pear

Weed Controlled Material & Rate Notes and CommentsPreemergence

48

Casoron 4G (granular) at100-150 lb/acre

Kerb 50WP at 2 lb/acreon sandy or light-coloredsoils to 8 lb/acre onheavy or dark-coloredsoils in 40-50 gal ofwater per acre

Herbicide Recommendations for Apple and Pear (cont.)Weed Controlled Material & Rate Notes and CommentsPreemergence

Annual and perennialgrasses and broadleaves

Postemergence

For control of perennial weeds, use 150 lbs per acre. Soilsurface application – apply from November 15 to February15. Incorporated treatment – Apply in late fall or early springbefore May 1 and incorporate immediately. Regrowthusually occurs in late summer. Avoid over-dosage on youngtrees. Do not apply until 4 weeks after transplanting.

Apply in the fall after fruit is harvested, but prior to leaf dropand before soil freeze up. Make only one application peryear. Trees must be established 6 months. Restricted UsePesticide.

Goal 1.6 EC at 2.5-10 pt/acre postemergence (weedsup to 4 inches), and 6-10pt/acre preemergence

Sinbar 80 WP at 2 lb/acreon light-colored soils and 4lb/acre on heavy or dark-colored soils in at least 20gal of water per acre

Poast 1.5 EC at 1.5 - 2.5pt/acre

Amine 4 or Saber (2,4-D)at 3 pt/A

Annual broadleaves,especially winterannuals

Most annual grasses andbroadleaves

Most annual and perennialgrasses (postemergenceonly)

Annual and some perennialbroadleaves

Do not apply more than 10 pt/acre/year. Goal must beapplied during dormancy and before bud swell. Use directedspray to avoid plant contact.

Apple only: Make a single band or broadcast application as adirected spray. Do not contact foliage or fruit with spray ormist. Apply either in the spring before weeds emerge orduring early stages of seedling regrowth or after harvest inthe fall. Trees must be established 3 years or more. Do notapply within 60 days of harvest. Do not use on soils with lessthan 1 percent organic matter.

Add crop oil concentrate at 1 qt in 25 gal of water per acre.Apply as a directed spray at lower rates to actively growingannual grasses up to 12 inches or at higher rates to perennialgrasses early in the growth cycle. On apple and pear, do notapply within 14 days of harvest. For peach, nectarine, andplums, do not apply within 25 days of harvest. The maximumrate per application is 2.5 pt and the maximum rate perseason is 7.5 pt/acre. Do not tank mix with other herbicides.Rate and time of application depend on species of grass.

Apply in 20-50 gal of water per acre. Apply as directedspray when annuals are 1 to 2 inches high and whenperennial weeds are in pre-bud to early bud stage. Do notallow spray to contact leaves, fruit or limbs of tree. Usecoarse spray and low pressure to avoid drift. Non-bearingtrees must be established 1 year. On bearing trees, spraybefore or after bloom.

49

Gramoxone Extra 2.5 L at 2-3pt/acre in 10-20 gal of waterfor weeds less than 6 inchesin height, and 20-30 gal ifgreater than 6 inches

Glyphosate (many brands)

Touchdown 5 EC at up to5.33 pt in 10-30 gal of waterper acre per year

Rely 1 L from 3 qt/acre forweeds less than 6 inches to6 qt/acre for weeds greaterthan 8 inches

Herbicide Recommendations for Apple and Pear (cont.)

Apply as directed spray when weeds are growing rapidly andbefore they reach maturity. Repeat applications will benecessary to give sustained control. Use low pressure toproduce a coarse spray. Always add nonionic surfactant (1 -2pt/100 gal as directed on label) or crop oil concentrate (1 gal/100 gal). Caution: do not allow spray to contact leaves, fruit orgreen stems. Restricted Use Pesticide.

See note at end of table and refer to product for specific staterestrictions on use.

See label for details regarding specific rates on weed species.May also be used for spot treatment or as a wiper application.An approved surfactant or wetting agent containing at least 75percent active ingredient at 2 qt per 100 gal is required toimprove coverage of weed foliage. Apply postemergence as adirected spray when weeds are actively growing. Do not allowspray, mist or drift to contact any part of the plant as seriousinjury may result. Can be applied during site preparation andup to one year prior to harvest. Does not provide residualcontrol; can be mixed with labeled preemergence herbicidesfor residual control.

Apply as a broadcast application in a minimum of 20 gal ofwater per acre. For spot application, mix 1.5 - 4 fl oz per galof water. Best results when applied postemergence to young,actively growing weeds. Rely does not provide residualcontrol. Do not allow spray to contact foliage or green oruncallused bark on young trees. Do not apply within 14 days ofharvest. Do not use on trees within one year of transplanting.May be mixed with suitable residual herbicides. Use twoapplications of 4 qt/acre 4 weeks apart before suckers reach 12inches tall.

Most annual weeds andtop kill of perennialweeds

Annuals and someperennial grasses andbroadleaves

Weed Controlled Material & Rate Notes and CommentsPostemergence

50


Devrinol 50 DF at 8 lb/acreand Devrinol 10G at 40 lb/acre

Karmex 80 DF at 4 lb/acre

Prowl 3.3 EC at 2.4 qtpreemergence for short-termweed control to 4.8 qt forlong-term weed control in aminimum of 20 gal of waterper acre

Princep 4 L at 2-4 qt/acre andPrincep Caliber 90 at 2.2 -4.4 lb/acre for sour cherry,and 0.6 - 4 qt/acre, or PrincepCaliber 90 at 1.75 - 4.4 lb/acre for peach, plum, andsweet cherry

Surflan 4 AS at 2 - 6 qt/acre

Solicam 80 DF at 2.5 lb/acreon light-colored soils and 5lb/acre on heavy or dark-colored soils in at least 20 galof water per acre

Herbicide Recommendations for Peach, Plum and CherryWeed Controlled Material & Rate Notes and CommentsPreemergence

Apply under trees in late fall to spring on weed-free soil orsupplement with a postemergence herbicide. Do not applyto frozen ground. If no rainfall occurs within 24 hours aftertreatment, cultivate or irrigate to incorporate. Do not allowspray to contact fruit or foliage. Approved tank mix:Gramoxone extra.

Apples and pears must be established at least 1 year. Onpears, do not treat varieties grafted on the most-dwarfingrootstocks. When applied in combination with Sinbar, theuse rate is 1-2 lb/acre. Make one application per year as adirected spray, avoiding contact with foliage and fruit.

Apply as directed spray to weed-free soil. Do not allowspray to contact leaves, shoots or buds. If no rainfall occurswithin 21 days of treatment, irrigate to incorporate. Do notallow in new plantings until soil around trunk has settled.No effective on muck soils. Other registered product isPentagon DG.

Use lower rate on sandy or light-colored soils and higherrate on heavy or dark-colored soils in at least 20 gal ofwater per acre. Apply under trees in spring (sour cherry)and in late fall to early spring (peach, plum, sweet cherry)prior to weed emergence. Apply alone to weed-free soil orin labeled tank mixes with a burndown or postemergenceproduct. Avoid contact with fruit, foliage, or stems. Makeonly one application per year. Trees must be established atleast 1 year.

Apply under trees in spring prior to weed emergence or toclean cultivated soil. Use low rate for short-term controland high rate for long-term control. Allow soil to settlearound young plants prior to treatment. A single 0.5-1 inchrainfall or irrigation is required to activate Surflan. Ashallow cultivation (1-2 inches) will destroy existing weedsand place Surflan in the zone of weed seed germination.Tank mix with Roundup or Gramoxone Extra to controlestablished weeds.

Apply to soil surface from fall to early spring before weedsemerge. Rainfall or irrigation within 4 weeks of applicationis necessary for product activation. Multiple applicationsmay be used, but do not exceed rate and soil texturerestrictions (see label). Plums and prunes must be estab-lished at least 12 months. Cherries must be established atleast 18 months. Do not use on coarse textured soils such assand, loamy sand or gravelly sand. Avoid spray contactwith fruit or foliage. Tank mix with Roundup orGramoxone Extra to control established weeds.

51

Herbicide Recommendations for Peach, Plum and Cherry (cont.)

Casoron 4 G (granular)at 100-150 lb/acre

Kerb 50 WP at 2 lb/acreon sandy or light-colored soils to 8 lb/acre on heavy or dark-colored soils in 40-50gal of water per acre

Goal 1.6 EC at 2.5-10pt/acre postemergence(weeds up to 4”), and6-10 pt./Apreemergence

Sinbar 80 WP at 2 lb/Aon light-colored soilsand 4 lb/acre on heavyor dark-colored soils inat least 20 gal of waterper acre

Karmex 80 DF at2 lb/acre on sandy orlight-colored soils and5 lb/acre on heavy ordark-colored soils in25-40 gal of water peracre

Poast 1.5 EC at1.5-2.5 pt/acre

Weed Controlled Material & Rate Notes and CommentsPreemergence

Annual andperennial grassesand broadleaves

Postemergence

For control of perennial weeds use 150 lbs per acre. Forsoil surface application, apply from November 15 toFebruary 15. For incorporated treatment, apply in late fallor early spring before May 1 and incorporate immediately.Regrowth usually occurs in late summer. Avoid over-dosage on young trees. Do not apply until 4 weeks aftertransplanting. Do not apply within one month of harveston stone fruits. Note Casoron is no longer labeled forpeaches, plums or prunes.

Apply in the fall after fruit is harvested, but prior to leafdrop and soil freeze up. Make only 1 application per year.Trees must be established 6 months. Restricted UsePesticide.

Do not apply more than 10 pt/acre/year. Goal must beapplied during dormancy and before bud swell. Usedirected spray to avoid plant contact.

Bearing Peach only: Make a single band or broadcastapplication as a directed spray. Do not contact foliage orfruit with spray or mist. Apply either in the spring beforeweeds emerge or during early stages of seedling regrowthor after harvest in the fall. Do not apply within 60 days ofharvest. Trees must be established 3 years or more. Donot use on soils with less than 1% organic matter.

Apply in spring before weeds emerge. Do not applywithin 3 months of harvest. Peaches must be establishedat least 3 years. When applied in combination with Sinbar,the use rate is 1-2 lb/acre, depending on soil texture. Makeone application only per year as a directed spray, avoidingcontact with foliage and fruit.

Add crop oil concentrate at 1 qt in 25 gal of water per acre.Apply as a directed spray at lower rates to activelygrowing annual grasses up to 12 inches or at higher ratesto perennial grasses early in the growth cycle. On appleand pear, do not apply within 14 days of harvest. Forpeach, nectarines, and plum, do not apply within 25 daysof harvest. The maximum rate per application is 2.5 pt andthe maximum rate per season is 7.5 pt/acre. Do not tankmix with other herbicides. Rate and time of applicationdepend on species of grass.

Most annual andperennial grasses(postemergence only)

Annual broadleaves,especially winterannuals

Most annuals andbroadleaves

52

Rely 1 L from 3 qt/acrefor weeds less than 6inches to 6 qt/acre forweeds greater than 8inches

Apply as a broadcast application in a minimum of 20 gal ofwater per acre. For spot application, mix 1.5 - 4 fl oz per gal ofwater. Best results when applied postemergence to young,actively growing weeds. Rely does not provide residualcontrol. Do not allow spray to contact foliage or green oruncallused bark on young trees. Do not apply within 14 daysof harvest. Do not use on trees within one year of transplant-ing. May be mixed with suitable residual herbicides. Use twoapplications of 4 qt/acre 4 weeks apart before suckers reach 12inches tall.

Herbicide Recommendations for Peach, Plum and Cherry (cont.)

Most annual andperennial grasses(postemergence only)

Annual and someperennial broadleaves

Most annual weedsand top kill ofperennial weeds

Annuals and someperrennial grasses andbroadleaves

Fusilade DX 2 EC at6-12 oz/acre plus crop oilconcentrate or non-ionicsurfactant in 25 gal ofwater per acre

Amine 4 or Saber (2,4-D)at 3 pt/acre in 20-50 galof water per acre

Stinger 3 EC at 0.33-0.66 pt/acre in min.10 gal of water

Gramoxone Extra 2.5 L at2-3 pt/acre in 10 - 20 galof water for weeds lessthan 6” in height, and 20 -30 gal if greater than 6inches

Glyphosate (manybrands)

Touchdown 5 EC at up to5.33 pt in 10-30 gal ofwater per acre per year

Apply as directed spray when grass is actively growing andbefore tillering or seed head formation. Do not apply within14 days of harvest. The maximum rate per season is 72 fl oz.Do not tank mix with other herbicides. Rate and time ofapplication depend on species.

Apply as directed spray when annuals are 1-2 inches high andwhen perennial weeds are in pre-bud to early bud stage. Donot allow spray to contact leaves, fruit or limbs of tree. Usecoarse spray and low pressure to avoid drift. On bearing trees,spray before or after bloom.

Make one to four applications/crop/year, not to exceed a totalof 0.66 pt/acre. Do not apply within 30 days of harvest.Stinger may be tank mixed with other herbicides labeled forstone fruits.

Apply as directed spray when weeds are growing rapidly andbefore they reach maturity. Repeat applications will benecessary to give sustained control. Use low pressure toproduce a coarse spray. Always add nonionic surfactant (1-2pt/100 gal as directed on label) or crop oil concentrate (1 gal/100 gal). Caution: do not allow spray to contact leaves, fruitor green stems. Restricted Use Pesticide.

See note at end of table and refer to product for specific staterestrictions on use

See label for details regarding specific rates on weed species.May also be used for spot treatment or as a wiper application.An approved surfactant or wetting agent containing at least75% active ingredient at 2 qt per 100 gal is required toimprove coverage of weed foliage. Apply postemergence as adirected spray when weeds are actively growing. Do not allowspray, mist or drift to contact any part of the plant as seriousinjury may result. Can be applied during site preparation andup to one year prior to harvest. Does not provide residualcontrol; can be mixed with labeled preemergence herbicidesfor residual control.


53

Herbicide Recommendations for Non-Bearing Fruit Trees Only

Most annual andperennial grasses


Annual and someperennial broadleaves

Annuals and someperennial grasses andbroadleaves

Prism 0.94 EC at13-17 fl oz/A forannual grasses or 17-34 fl oz/acre forperennial grasses, orSelect 2 EC at 2-8 floz/acre.

Fusilade DX 2EC at16-24 oz/acre pluscrop oil concentrateor non-ionicsurfactant in 25 gal ofwater per acre

Prowl 3.3 EC at 2.4 qtpreemergence forshort-term weedcontrol to 4.8 qt forlong-term weedcontrol in a minimumof 20 gal of water peracre

Amine 4 or Saber(2,4-D) at 3 pt/acre in20-50 gal of water peracre

Touchdown 5 EC atup to 5.33 pt in 10-30gal of water per acreper year

Rely 1L from 3 qt/acre for weeds lessthan 6 inches to 6 qt/acre for weeds greaterthan 8 inches

Do not apply more than 34 fl oz/acre per year. Do not applywithin 1 year of harvest.

Apple and Pear: Apply as directed spray when grass isactively growing and before tillering or seed head formation.Do not apply within 1 year of harvest. Do not tank mix withother herbicides. Rate and time of application depend onspecies.

Apply as directed spray to weed-free soil. Do not allow sprayto contact leaves, shoots or buds. If no rainfall occurs within21 days of treatment, irrigate to incorporate. Do not allow innew plantings until soil around trunk has settled. Noteffective on muck soils. Other registered product is PentagonDG.

Apply as directed spray when annuals are 1 to 2 inches highand when perennial weeds are in pre-bud to early bud stage.Do not allow spray to contact leaves, fruit or limbs of tree.Use coarse spray and low pressure to avoid drift. Non-bearing trees must be established 1 year.

See label for details regarding specific rates on weed species.May also be used for spot treatment or as a wiper application.An approved surfactant or wetting agent containing at least75% active ingredient at 2 qt per 100 gal is required toimprove coverage of weed foliage. Apply postemergence as adirected spray when weeds are actively growing. Do notallow spray, mist or drift to contact any part of the plant asserious injury may result. Can be applied during sitepreparation and up to one year prior to harvest. Does notprovide residual control; can be mixed with labeledpreemergence herbicides for residual control.

Make broadcast applications in a minimum of 20 gal of waterper acre. For spot application, mix 1.5 - 4 fl oz per gal ofwater. Best results when applied postemergence to young,actively growing weeds. Rely does not provide residualcontrol. Do not allow spray to contact foliage or green oruncallused bark on young trees. Do not use on trees withinone year of transplanting. May be mixed with suitableresidual herbicides. Use two applications of 4 qt/A 4 weeksapart before suckers reach 12 inches tall.


54

Tabl

e 1.

Flo

ral D

evel

opm

ent S

tate

s fo

r F

ruit

Cro

ps a

nd C

ritic

al T

empe

ratu

res

for

Flo

wer

Bud

Kill

Sta

ge

Dor

man

t

1 2 3 4

°FA

pple

°F10

%90

%K

illK

ill

°FP

ear

°F10

%90

%K

illK

ill

°FP

each

°F10

%90

%K

illK

ill

°FTa

rt C

herr

y°F

10%

90%

Kill

Kill

°FP

lum

and

Pru

ne°F

10%

90%

Kill

Kill

Dor

man

tD

orm

ant

Dor

man

tD

orm

ant

15°

Silv

er T

ip2°

15°

Sw

olle

n bu

d1°

18°

Gre

en ti

p10

°

23°

Hal

f-in

ch g

reen

15°

20°

Bud

bur

st7°

26°

Gre

en c

lust

er15°

18°

Sw

olle

n bu

d2°

23°

Hal

f-in

ch g

reen

5°

25°

Pin

k18

°

17°

Bud

bur

st5°

25°

Gre

en ti

p14

°

26°

Tig

ht c

lust

er17

°

14°

Sw

olle

n bu

d1°

18°

Bud

bur

st3°

26°

Gre

en c

lust

er16°

55

5 6 7 8 9

27°

Tig

ht c

lust

er21

°

28°

Pin

k25

°

28°

Blo

om25

°

28°

Pet

al fa

ll25

°

28°

Fru

it se

t25

°

26°

Whi

te b

ud22

°

28°

Blo

om23

°

28°

Pet

al fa

ll24

°

28°

Fru

it se

t24

°

27°

Blo

om24

°

28°

Pet

al fa

ll25

°

28°

Fru

it se

t —25

°sh

ucks

on

Fru

it se

t — s

huck

s of

f

27°

Sw

olle

n bu

d24

°

28°

Blo

om25

°

28°

Pet

al fa

ll25

°

28°

Fru

it se

t25

°

26°

Whi

te b

ud21

°

27°

Blo

om23

°

28°

Pet

al fa

ll24

°

Fru

it se

t

56

Sug

gest

ed r

ecor

dkee

ping

form

for

rest

ricte

d-us

e pe

stic

ides

. F

arm

nam

e an

d ad

dres

s:

Dat

e &

Che

mic

al A

pplie

d (t

rade

Sta

ge o

fC

rop

nam

e, fo

rmul

atio

n, a

nd E

PA

Rat

e pe

rTo

tal

Loca

tion

&Ta

rget

Nam

e of

App

licat

or &

Win

d, W

eath

er, N

otes

Gro

wth

regi

stra

tion

num

ber)

Acr

eA

pplie

dS

ize

of B

lock

Pes

t(s)

Cer

tific

atio

n N

umbe

r

Ada

pted

from

Mic

higa

n S

tate

Uni

vers

ity C

ES

Pub

licat

ion

E-1

54, 1

993,

use

d by

per

mis

sion

57

Sug

gest

ed r

ecor

dkee

ping

form

for

rest

ricte

d-us

e pe

stic

ides

. F

arm

nam

e an

d ad

dres

s:

Dat

e &

Che

mic

al A

pplie

d (t

rade

Sta

ge o

fC

rop

nam

e, fo

rmul

atio

n, a

nd E

PA

Rat

e pe

rTo

tal

Loca

tion

&Ta

rget

Nam

e of

App

licat

or &

Win

d, W

eath

er, N

otes

Gro

wth

regi

stra

tion

num

ber)

Acr

eA

pplie

dS

ize

of B

lock

Pes

t(s)

Cer

tific

atio

n N

umbe

r

Ada

pted

from

Mic

higa

n S

tate

Uni

vers

ity C

ES

Pub

licat

ion

E-1

54, 1

993,

use

d by

per

mis

sion

58

Sug

gest

ed r

ecor

dkee

ping

form

for

rest

ricte

d-us

e pe

stic

ides

. F

arm

nam

e an

d ad

dres

s:

Dat

e &

Che

mic

al A

pplie

d (t

rade

Sta

ge o

fC

rop

nam

e, fo

rmul

atio

n, a

nd E

PA

Rat

e pe

rTo

tal

Loca

tion

&Ta

rget

Nam

e of

App

licat

or &

Win

d, W

eath

er, N

otes

Gro

wth

regi

stra

tion

num

ber)

Acr

eA

pplie

dS

ize

of B

lock

Pes

t(s)

Cer

tific

atio

n N

umbe

r

Ada

pted

from

Mic

higa

n S

tate

Uni

vers

ity C

ES

Pub

licat

ion

E-1

54, 1

993,

use

d by

per

mis

sion

2004 Indiana CommercialTree Fruit Spray Guide

prepared by Peter M. Hirst

Rick E. Foster Paul C. Pecknold Steve C. WellerEntomology Plant Pathology Horticulture

PESTICIDE INFORMATION

Pesticide PoisoningIndiana Poison Center: (800) 382-9097

Pesticide Spill ReportingIndiana Dept. of Environmental Management: (765) 233-7745

General InformationPurdue Pesticide Programs: (765) 494-4566

Office of Indiana State Chemist: (765)494-1594National Pesticide Telecommunications Network: (800) 858-7378

National Pesticide Information Retrieval System (NPIRS): (765) 494-6616Environmental Protection Agency, Region 5: (312) 886-5220

Chemtrec: (800) 424-9300EPA Community Right-To-Know Hotline: (800) 535-0202

FRUIT GROWER NEWSLETTERA Cooperative Extension fruit grower newsletter is issued at frequent intervals during thefruit season to Indiana growers at a nominal cost. This service supplies timelyinformation on disease and insect activity throughout the state, cultural information, andannouncements of upcoming meetings. The newsletter is available on the PurdueHorticulture Home Page at http://www.hort.purdue.edu/fff and through email. The printedversion is available by first class mail for $15 per year. Send your name, address, andpresent fruit interests, along with a check for $15 made out to Purdue University, to:

Facts for Fancy Fruit1165 Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture

Purdue UniversityWest Lafayette, IN 47907-1165

Programs and activities of the Cooperative Extension Service are available to all potential clientelewithout regard to race, color, sex, national origin, or handicap.

Documents

2004 Commercial Tree Fruit Spray Guide (Indiana)The “Midwest Tree Fruit Pest Management Handbook” is a companion publication to this spray guide that contains further information