Integrated Research and Action forDevelopment (IRADe)

C-50, Chhota Singh Block, Asian Games Village ComplexKhelgaon, New Delhi-110 049, India.

Tel No. 91-11-2649 5522, Telefax. 91-11-2649 5523Email: sgarg@irade.res.in

Website: www.irade.org

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ANNUAL REPORT

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After the first biennial report of Integrated Research and Action for Development (IRADe) for2002 – 04, IRADe now proposes to bring out annual report regularly. In this year we consolidatedthe organization in terms of staff and activities. While we continued the earlier projects viz. CleanDevelopment Mechanism for Ministry of Environment and Forests, Impact of electricity pricereforms in agriculture for Stanford University, we also initiated new projects in various areas:

• Natural Resource Accounting for Goa (Phase II) awarded by Environment Statistics Unitof Central Statistical Organisation (CSO)

• Impact of fuel scarcity and pollution on rural poor: a case study of Himachal Pradeshsupported by South Asia Network for Economic Research Institutes (SANEI)

• The energy, poverty and gender nexus in Himachal Pradesh, India: the impact of clean fuelaccess policy on women’s empowerment supported by ENERGIA: The International Networkon Gender and Sustainable Energy.

We also continued with our capacity building and training activities with the IRADe - MNESInternational Training Programme on “Renewable Energy: Techno-economic, Finance and Socio-environmental Issues” and “Training Sessions on Capacity Building- Environment, Trade andSustainable Development” for United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). In fact, IRADeentered into three-year agreement with UNEP for capacity building in environment and sustainabledevelopment. Also, IRADe hosted a policy consultation in collaboration with Invest India EconomicFoundation (IIEF) for second generation of financial reforms to promote 8 per cent growth.

We made a beginning in action-oriented programmes with Self Employed Women’s Association(SEWA) where we assist SEWA to install renewable energy systems in villages in Gujarat. One ofthe highlights of the year was the Demand Forecasting study for petroleum Products and NaturalGas done for Petrofed in collaboration with Pricewaterhouse Coopers (PwC). This report was releasedas a book at Petrotech Exhibition in January 2005.

We continue to work at a larger scale than before and have increased our visibility through capacitybuilding, training programs, networking and collaborations. In the year 2005 – 06, our scale ofwork has tripled in terms of funds and projects received. We look forward to the support of our wellwishers and those who wish to see development efforts strategically chanelled. IRADe is open tosuggestions for collaboration and support for our actvities. We value your comments on this report.

Jyoti ParikhExecutive Director

FOREWORD

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FOUNDING MEMBERS

Registered in September 2002 under Society Registration Act, New Delhi

Kirit S. Parikh (Chairman) Economist and Engineer

Jyoti K. Parikh (Executive Director) Scientist: Energy & Environment

Ela Bhatt Founder, SEWA

Adi Godrej Industrialist

Keshub Mahindra Industrialist

R.A. Mashelkar Director General, CSIR

Shirish Patel Consulting Engineer, Treasurer

Manmohan Singh Member, Rajya Sabha

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C O N T E N T S

Foreword 2

Founding Members 3

Organisation of IRADe 5

Personnel 5

1. Projects 5

1.1 GHG Reduction Potential, Sectoral Baselines and Opportunities for CDM Projects 51.1.1 Studies of Annex-1 Countries1.1.2 CDM Potential in Cement Sector1.1.3 CDM and Transport Sector1.1.4 CDM Potential of Wind Power Projects in India1.1.5 CO

2 Emissions Mitigation Potential through Bagasse based

Cogeneration in India

1.2 Energy Policy Reforms and Agriculture in India: A General Equilibrium approach 11

1.3 Impact of Fuel Scarcity and Pollution on Rural Poor 12

1.4 The Energy Poverty and Gender Nexus in Himachal Pradesh, India 14The Impact of Clean Fuel Access Policy on Women's Empowerment

1.5 Natural Resource Accounting in Goa Phase II, under SEEA Framework 16

1.6 Fuel Forecasting Study - A Joint Collaborative Venture between IRADeand Pricewaterhouse Coopers Ltd 18

1.7 Action plan for Pilot Demonstration projects by IRADe in Jeevika villages of SEWA 19

2. Seminars/Workshops 20

2.1 Workshop on Energy Policy Reforms and Agriculture in India:A General Equilibrium Exploration.

2.2 IRADE - UNEP Workshop on "Training Sessions onCapacity Building - Environment, Trade and Sustainable Development"

2.3 IRADE-MNES, International Training Programme on"Renewable Energy: Techno-economic, Finance andSocio-environmental Issues"

2.4 IRADe-IIEF State of Market Conclave 2005 - SecondGeneration Financial Sector Reforms Conclave

2.5 IRADE-SANEI Workshop on "Impact of Fuel Scarcityand Pollution on Rural Poor: A Comparative Analysisof Vulnerable Groups in Himachal Pradesh"

3. Professional Activities 27

4. Consolidated list of IRADe Projects 32

Coordinated by: Ms. Saudamini Sharma

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INTEGRATED RESEARCH AND ACTION FOR DEVELOPMENT

ANNUAL REPORT 2004-05

BACKGROUND AND FOUNDING OFTHE SOCIETY

Development that increases the welfare of allits citizens, especially the poor and thedisadvantaged, involves innovation and change.It requires new thinking, new activities and newapproaches that involve perspectives from severaldisciplines.

A comprehensive approach to developmentinherently involves the participation not onlyof the government, but also of NGOs, industry,corporations and financial institutions, it isessential that these stakeholders be involved aspartners at all stages of the research process. Aninclusive research process creates widerconsensus and makes policy reforms moreacceptable.

With these ideas Integrated Research andAction for Development (IRADe) is set up as afully autonomous advanced research institute,which aims to do research and policy analysis,train people and be a hub network amongvarious stakeholders.

IRADe is a new kind of research institute thatfocuses on

• Research for effective action

• Multi-disciplinary, multi -stakeholderresearch for implementable solutions

• Policy research that accounts for thepolitical economy of the society andeffectiveness of governance

It is a 'think tank' that works with 'do tanks'

OBJECTIVES OF IRADe

The objectives of IRADe are as follows:

• To redefine the problems in terms directly

related to and understood by thestakeholders;

• To develop understanding that integratesmulti-stakeholder perspectives concerningissues of development;

• To develop capacities among professionalsfor multi-disciplinary multi-stakeholderpolicy analysis;

• To promote a wider consensus on suchpolicies among stakeholders and policymakers;

• To disseminate and implement ideas andinsights to promote sustainable andinclusive development;

• To network with existing institutions;

1. PROJECTS

IRADe obtained a number of projects duringthe year. The descriptions of the projects andthe progress are as follows:

1.1 GHG Reduction Potential, Sectoral BaseLines and Opportunities for CDM Projects.

Background and Objective:

In March 2003, Ministry of Environment andForests awarded IRADe a two year researchproject entitled "GHG Reduction Potential,Sectoral Base Lines and Opportunities for CDMProject" to prepare a report reflecting on variousaspects of Clean Development Mechanism(CDM) for Climate Change. CDM is amechanism proposed in Kyoto Protocol bywhich the developed countries could invest indeveloping countries to reduce Greenhouse Gas(GHG) emissions. This could be done byinitiatives that increase efficiency with which

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IRADe Team

ChairmanDr. Kirit Parikh

Executive DirectorDr. Jyoti Parikh

Senior AdvisorDr. B.D Sharma

ConsultantsMrs. Meenu Mishra

Mr. J.M SinghMr. Krishan Kapil

Research AssistantsMs. Kavita SinghMs. Pallavi Maitra

Ms. Saudamini SharmaMr. Jignesh Jadav

Administrative and Account OfficerMr. Sharad Garg

fossil fuels are used or by using renewable energyin place of fossil fuels or measures that reduceneed for energy. CDM allows developedcountries who are required to reduce their GHGemissions to purchase GHG credits (or permits)known as certified emission reduction (CER)from other countries.

The scope of the project is as follows:

1. Study the emissions from the developedcountries to estimate their needs for buyingCERs.

2. Estimate India's ability to generate CERfrom renewable energy, and energyefficiency in major sectors such as steel,cement and so on.

3. Disseminate findings through workshopsand seminars.

1.1.1 Study of Annex-1 countries

Background and Objective

With Russia signing the Kyoto Protocol, theKyoto agreement came to effect in February,2005. It is therefore interesting to analyze anddiscuss how close Annex-1 countries are todelivering their promised reductions.

The present study reviews the progress of threeEuropean Union (EU) member states, namely,Germany, United Kingdom and theNetherlands. It also discusses emission levelsand compliance of Canada and Japan. In short,the broad objective of the study is:

• Compiling the socio-economic profile ofselected Annex-1countries under the UnitedNations Framework Convention on ClimateChange (UNFCCC) and analyzing theirpolicies w.r.t energy and environment,particularly climate change and carbondioxide (CO

2 ) emissions.

• Examining their emission levels andcompliance in achieving their targets underthe Kyoto Protocol to see how much is theirneed for CDM against their commitment.

The European Union

The EU accounts for about 25% of GHGemissions in the group of Annex I countries.Hence, the type of policies and measuresadopted at the EU level are of importance notonly for emissions abatement in its MemberStates, but also for the evolution of theinternational climate regime.

The EU member states agreed to a collectivetarget to reduce 8 per cent from theirgreenhouse gas emissions of 1990 level by 2012under the Kyoto Protocol. They have assumednational commitments at varying levels through

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Article 4 of the Protocol, which establishes thatgroups of countries may redistribute theiremissions reductions in ways that preserve theircollective goal. The three EU countries reviewedin this report have chosen varied approaches tocut their emissions, with some similaritiesincluding voluntary agreements with industryand eco-taxes.

Analysis suggests the following:

• The United Kingdom has already achieveda 14.6 per cent reduction primarily due tosubstantial fuel switching from coal tonatural gas. To ensure continuedreductions, the government is examiningthe possibility of a domestic emissionstrading scheme (ETS). However, withdifferences between EU-ETS and UK-ETS,the future of emissions market in the UKwill depend on the future harmonizationbetween the two. Even though the EU hascleared the UK-ETS under EU guidelines,there is an understanding that the UKscheme will have to be changed toaccommodate the entry into force of a EU-wide scheme.

• Germany, the EU's largest emitter in 1990,may fall short of its Kyoto target of 21 percent reduction) given the high level ofcommitment - a reduction of 252 millionmetric tonnes. With regard to EmissionsTrading, the Federal Environment Ministryis working on the establishment of aNational Allocation Plan and developingrules and criteria for the allocation ofemission certificates. However, Germanindustry has argued that the NationalAllocation Plan does not adequately accountfor carbon dioxide reduction already madeby parts of industry.

• Netherlands is often considered anenvironmental leader and has agreed toreduce its emissions of greenhouse gaseswith an average of 6 per cent per year. It

wishes to meet 50 per cent of the reductionobligations through the flexible mechanismsof the Kyoto Protocol. The other 50 percent will be realized by domestic measures.Until 2000, the Netherlands wasunsuccessful with respect to realizing itsgoals on the reduction of CO

2 emissions.

In fact in 2000, emissions of GHGs were 2per cent higher than in 1990. There mightbe serious reasons for continued rise in CO

2

emissions despite the initiatives taken.Economic growth experienced during the1990s in the Netherlands, which washigher than the European average, hassurely been responsible for the rising trendin CO

2 emissions. For domestic reductions,

it has made elaborate plans that addresseseach sector and also addresses each GHG.For reductions abroad, it has signedMemorandum of Understanding (MoU)with many Latin American countries.However, most of these signed contracts arestill awaiting international approval.

Canada

Canada ratified the Kyoto Protocol in 2002 andis committed to reduce its greenhouse gasemissions by 6 per cent from 1990 levels in2008 to 2012 period. The Government ofCanada, through its Action Plan 2000 onClimate Change, decided to invest $25.25million over five years on the CleanDevelopment Mechanism & JointImplementation Office. The Department ofForeign and International Trade is investing anadditional $3.2 million over five years. It isestimated that greenhouse gas emissions can bereduced by 20-40 Mt a year through the use ofCDM and Joint Implementation (JI) projects,making an important contribution in meetingCanada's Kyoto target. Canada has CDM MoUswith Costa Rica, Colombia, Chile, Nicaragua,Tunisia, Bolivia and South Korea. Canada is aninvestor in the World Bank's CommunityDevelopment Carbon Fund (CDCF),BioCarbon Fund (BCF) and Prototype Carbon

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Fund (PCF). The Pembina Institute in Canadais exploring the application of the CDM in Asiawith funding from the Canadian InternationalDevelopment Agency that involves assessmentof CDM opportunities in India, Bangladesh,Indonesia and China. Further, Canadianscompanies are already investing in projects thatare expected to qualify under the CleanDevelopment Mechanism. For example,DuPont, Canada has achieved its ten-year goalof a 25 per cent reduction in per unit energyuse six years ahead of schedule. In conclusionCanada is seriously developing CDM route tomeet its Kyoto commitments and provides anexcellent opportunity for CDM projects.

1.1.2 CDM Potential in Cement Sector

The cement industry sector of India is inexistence for more than 90 years. Cement plantsusually come up in areas with adequatelimestone deposits, as production of 1 tonne ofcement requires about 1.5 tons of limestone (amajor raw material). The industry has beengrowing at a fast pace for the last 20 years- bothin terms of its capacity and improvedtechnology.

Growing at 8% during the last decade Indiahas a production level of about 99 MT. It is thesecond largest cement producer in the worldwith (about 5% of world production ~ 2000million tonnes, next only to China. (CMA2002, Cement Statistics 2002). The installedcapacity is about 119 MT and at an expected10 % growth rate the production is likely togrow to about 160 MT by 2006-2007. Cementconsumption is 99-kg/ person one of the lowestin the world. The world average per person isabout 267 kg. It is 450 kg in China, 631 kg inJapan and 447 kg in France.

Green House Gas Emission from CementManufacturing

Cement industry offers major opportunities inCO

2 emissions reduction. A review of the Indian

cement industry over the last two decades showsthat although the new state-of-art plants are

comparable to the best in the world in energyconsumption and CO

2 emission, the industry

average of 1.102 tonnes of CO2 emission per

tonne of cement is much higher than the worldaverage of 0.746 tonnes (study done by NationalCouncil of Cement & Building Material (NCB)"Green House Gas Emission from IndianCement Manufacturing- Estimates for last twodecades, Future Trends"). The calculated CO

2

emission for the Indian cement industry onannual basis for the period 1980 to2000 showsthat technological upgradation has curbed theannual growth rate of CO

2 emissions. Thus,

although India emitted a total of about 778MT of CO

2 from all activities in 1995 and about

1000 MT in 2000, the share of the cementindustry to the total CO

2 emission increased

from 4% to about 5% during these years. Thepresent annual growth rate of the industry(8-10%) and its pattern may suggest that thetrend growth of CO

2 emissions might continue.

Results and Conclusions:

The construction sector accounts for the largestCO

2 emission by final demand in Indian

economy as it uses energy intensive materialssuch as cement, non-metallic products,Aluminum, iron and steel, glass, bricks etc. Itis possible to reduce consumption of energyintensive materials to reduce the CO

2 emissions

in producing these materials as well as reduceuse of these. Reduction can also be achieved bysubstituting energy intensive materials by lessenergy intensive materials such as cement bylime, brickwork in foundation by stonework,and brick masonry by mud blocks. Opportunityalso exists of reducing emission by appropriatedesign of building and structures. As discussedin this paper, following are some opportunitiesfor reducing CO

2 emissions:

1. Improvement in energy efficiency in themanufacture of cement in Indian cementplants:

• Technology push towards adoption oflarger kiln size: Adoption of kiln size of

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5000 tonnes per day for future capacityadditions. This can result in about 25per cent savings in energy demand andcarbon emissions in the year 2009-10.

• Improvement in capacity utilization:This could come through carefulcapacity planning; export promotionand improvement in power supplysituation.

• Appropriate energy pricing: This cansignal investments in energyconservation.

• Use of pozzolonic additives: Fly ash andsurkhi can be added to reduce energyneeds.

2. Increase the efficiency of electricity supplyand generation use of renewables forgeneration.

• Save T & D losses: Remotely locatedcement plants can use captive powerplants.

• Use of biomass such as agriculturalwastes, rice husks and other renewablefuels can be used to generate power incaptive plants.

3. Use of cement can be reduced by use ofsubstitutes:

• Cement by lime in plasters and mortars

• Cement concrete slabs by tiled roofs

• Brickwork in foundation by stonework

• Brick masonry by mud blocks

4. CO2 emissions can also be reduced by

alternative designs of building that give thesame functional utility and durability.

5. In the manufacture of bricks, the followingcan help in reducing CO

2 emissions

• Use of renewable instead of coal

• Improve efficiency of kilns

Thus the construction industries and cementand building materials show huge potential forenergy saving and thus for CO

2 emission

reduction in cement, brick and other buildingmaterial sectors so there are opportunities toget revenue through CDM. The following pointsneed to be kept in mind to enable CDMprogress in these sectors:

• Sensitizing various Government Organs

• Developing capacity of policy makers/regulators

• Strengthening capabilities of sector specificindustry (public and private)

• Establishing institutional network forCDM projects

• Developing capacity of FinancialInstitutions for appraising and financingCDM projects

• Baseline determination - general assessment

• Retrofitting of on-going Programme asCDM projects - issues and possibilities

• Assessment of Sustainable developmentconcerns

• Preparation of Road Maps

With Business-As-Usual (BAU) growth rate incement, around 10% emission reduction ispossible by undertaking a conservative energyimprovement strategy. Emission reduction ofaround 27.5% can be achieved at the end of2015 through a more rigorous target for energyefficiency improvement. With a high growthrate of cement however, total emissions withBAU energy efficiency reaches 615MT ofcarbon. It can be brought to around 538MTwith a conservative energy efficiencyimprovement program. A higher energyefficiency target can help to reach 423.7MTcan help to reach.

1.1.3 CDM and Transport Sector

Unlike other sectors, CDM in transport is the

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most complicated to design. A major obstacleis the establishment of a baseline ("that wouldhave occurred in the absence of the project')e.g. historical and current data deficiencies,forecasting project uncertainties, small dispersedsources of emissions, linkage to other economicactivities (project boundary). Strongrelationship with human behavior makes itdifficult to evaluate.

The transport sector is responsible for ~ 25%of CO

2 emissions worldwide and in developing

counties the growth rate of transportation sectoremissions is 3.2% per year (World EnergyOutlook, 2001) due to increases in both vehicleownership and vehicle kilometers traveled. Asthe population in developing countries isexpected to double by 2030, transportationemissions are a serious issue for urban centres.Increases in emissions are accompanied byaugmented risks of: local air pollution, healthimpacts, congestion, noise pollution, trafficaccidents, etc.

Transportation sector CDM projects, especiallydemand-side projects, face significantmethodological and financial barriers. In fact,of the 100+ projects in the CDM pipeline, only5 are transportation and of those, all aretechnological projects.

Given the high percentage of emissions fromthe transportation sector in developing countries,if the CDM is in fact the 'entry' point fordeveloping countries into the Kyoto Protocol,then transportation projects must fit betterunder the current parameters of the CDM.With the rising price of carbon credits, it couldbring major funds necessary for large urbanprojects, mass transportation, metro andexpansion of subways, corridors etc.

1.1.4 CDM Potential of Wind Power Projectsin India:

Wind power may become a major source of

renewable, climate-friendly energy indeveloping countries due to competitiveness ofelectricity generation. The income earned byselling GHG emission reduction can increasethe total income to an investor from a projectand can improve the competitiveness of windpower against conventional power generators inan increasingly competitive market.

The following features have been incorporatedin this study.

• The global status of wind power projects

• Current status of renewable energytechnologies for power generation in India

• Overview of India's renewable energyprogramme

• Wind power programme

• Wind resource assessment

• Prospects of the diffusion of wind energyfor power generation in India

• CDM potential of wind power projects inIndia

• Current status of CDM projects in thewind sector

The CDM potential of wind power projects inIndia has been estimated based on the regionaland national baselines. The preliminary resultsindicate that the annual gross and technical CO

2

emissions mitigation potential is more than 80million tonnes and 23 million tonnes per yearrespectively.

1.1.5 CO2 Emissions Mitigation Potential

through Bagasse based Cogeneration in India:

Cogeneration from sugarcane waste (bagasse)provides one of the best examples of renewablebased cogeneration yet it remains largelyunexploited. The advantages of bagasse as a fuelfor cogeneration are numerous, ranging fromthe environmental to the social and economic.Some advantages, such as increased energy

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security and diversity of supply or the furtheringof aims of sustainable development even applyacross these categories.

The total installed capacity of biomass/bagassecogeneration projects in the country in 2004,was 613 MW, which is far below from theirrespective potential. One of the possible barriersto the large-scale dissemination of biomass/bagasse cogeneration projects in India is thehigh upfront cost of these systems. Otherbarriers to cogeneration development aretechnical barriers, financial drawbacks, poorinstitutional framework, shortsighted electricutility policies, and low environmental concern,etc. The application of the Clean DevelopmentMechanism (CDM) of the Kyoto Protocol,giving a monetary value to CO

2 emission

reduction, could therefore be an importantdriver for bagasse cogeneration in caneproducing countries.

The potential estimation of bagasse forcogeneration takes into account the state wisearea under sugarcane production, states wiseyield of the sugarcane, residue to crop ratio, andfraction of sugarcane and bagasse being usedfor alternative applications. The estimatedemission savings from bagasse cogeneration hasbeen estimated at about 68 million tonnesassuming that bagasse cogeneration projectsubstitute grid electricity using the regional aswell as national baselines. However, it is still tobe seen how much of this potential can bebrought under CDM umbrella since variousadditionality issues are yet to be resolved.Concerted efforts must be made for the large-scale dissemination of bagasse cogenerationprojects in India with CDM.

The following features have been incorporatedin this study:

• Overview of cogeneration and its status

• Bagasse based cogeneration - global reviewand potential

• Bagasse based cogeneration: current statusand future potential

• Methodology for the CO2 emissions

mitigation potential of bagasse cogeneration

• Policy framework for promotingcogeneration, and

• Current status of CDM projects in thebagasse cogeneration sector

1.2 Energy Policy Reforms and Agriculture inIndia: A general Equilibrium Exploration

Background and Introduction:

This study is a part of the Program on Energyand Sustainable Development (PESD) atStanford University and will focus on extensionof our macroeconomic model of the Indianeconomy for the purpose of examining theimpact of energy policy reforms on energy andagricultural products in India.

IRADe expectes to upgrade and validate ageneral equilibrium model of a community ofrural households in order to investigate differentaspects of patterns of energy consumption,utilization and demand in the farm sector.

Appropriate price for electricity will have to becharged sooner or later. Similarly price offertilizer will also have to go up. Fertilizersubsidies are unsustainable and WTOcommitments would call for removal of thesesubsidy. Change in cost of irrigation and priceof power will change the profitability of differentcrops. This in turn will lead to change incropping pattern, levels of output, consumerprices, farm income and welfare of differentclasses of persons, which depends on their levelsof consumption in real terms. The aim of theproject is to understand precisely this in aquantitative way.

- What would be the impact on welfare ofdifferent groups of people of increasingprices of power and fertilizer relative to those

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of agricultural outputs?

- Even when the state decides to subsidizeagricultural power, there is still a need tounderstand the impact of change in powertariff on agriculture to set an appropriatelevel of subsidy and to monitor the subsidy.What is the appropriate level of subsidy?

- What are the most relevant scenarios of pricechanges and other associated policymeasures that we should examine?

The Research Challenge and The Approach

The existing general equilibrium model has 65sectors, a number of these are agricultural ones.It distinguishes 10 income / consumptionclasses, five in rural area and five in urban areas.It can analyze a whole range of policies such astaxes, subsidies, trade, public buffer stocks,public distribution, price support, incometransfer etc.

The main challenge in addressing the issuesposed above is to incorporate in a persuasiveways the reaction of farmers to changes in energyprices and cost of irrigations in the face ofunreliable data. Where electricity attributed tohave been consumed by farmers is often beenderived as a residual and contains a lot ofpilferage in it.

We have district wise time series data on area,production, and prices, of different crops. Wealso have data on irrigation by sources, labour,capital, bullock and fertilizer use as well butonly at the district level and not by crops. Thereis also information on the agro climaticcondition of the districts such as length ofgrowing period (LGP) and potential evapo-transpiration (PET).

Given the problems with cost of irrigation, weneed to combine agronomic and technologicaldata with general aggregate economic data. Wewill develop approaches to do this.

1.3 Impact of fuel Scarcity and Pollution onRural Poor

Background and Objectives

In India, poor people, especially women andchildren, gather biofuels spending long hoursand suffer health consequences of carrying heavyloads and pollution from biofuels. These hourswhich are spent in gathering biofuels couldotherwise be used towards their self-development or for economically productiveactivities and hence poverty alleviation. Theintersection of energy, poverty and gender is akey area that needs to be explored. Adding tothe knowledge in this area could improve energypolicies to address poverty and gender issues.Poverty, environment and health linkages in theliterature are done generally with small sampleand are not convincing. This is the first everstudy in India that uses large sample and givesqualitative and quantitative understanding ofvulnerable groups, socio economic factors androle of policies.

This project is funded by global developmentnetwork (GDN) through its regional workinggroup (SANEI), South Asian Network, NewDelhi. The overall objective of the researchproject is to assess the impact of scarcity of cleanfuels as well as of traditional fuels and assess ineconomic terms the impact of pollution fromthe use of traditional bio fuels on vulnerablegroups of rural poor in Himachal Pradesh inthe context of their socio-economiccircumstances, access to fuel, needs andwillingness to pay for cleaner fuels. This projectfocuses mainly on poverty, gender, andenvironment and health issues in the state ofHimachal Pradesh in India and conduct genderspecific survey to address this issue.

Himachal Pradesh (HP), which is a state with asmall population, mountainous ecosystem andone of the four most progressive states of thecountry. It has emerged as a model hill state. Ithas high access to clean fuels.

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The present comprehensive survey wasconducted in 9 districts of rural HimachalPradesh, India covering 712 households from54 villages and 4100 in year 2000. Dataset inthis project was supplemented by the data froma large sample survey by Parikh J. et al. (2000)carried out earlier. Doctors accompanied thesurvey team to check the health profile of allindividuals present. The survey was conductedat three levels, viz. household level survey, villagelevel survey and survey of near by health carefacility (health centre). The methods used werefollowing.

• Face to face interview with chief cook.

• Symptom inquiry and health assessmentwith measurement of weight, height andlung capacity with peak flow meter.

• Diagnostic with medical professionals.

The problem is too vast as it affects millions ofpeople in India and needs multi-prongedsolutions and for this greater political will isneeded and cooperation among governmentministries, development agencies, andcommunity organizations, to ensure that ruralwomen can choose from a range of cleaner fuelsand energy technologies, in order to reduce theirdaily burdens and increase their social andeconomic opportunities. In terms of newinsights this study adds further dimensions tothe energy debate by adding housingimprovements, education and awareness,transportation solutions, easier access to biomassor clean fuels and gender empowerment. It alsogives quantitative picture by giving odds ratiosfor smoking, clean fuels vs. biofuels, various agegroups, gender differences, literacy, and hillyareas and so on to what have been qualitativeobservations so far.

Key Results and Findings:

The key results of the project are:

Socio - economic status and infrastructure:

• The higher level of the achievement of thestate is seen to be further strengthened bythe project as the survey shows that in ruralHimachal Pradesh most of the villages havesome road network and mode oftransportation. Almost all the villages haveaccess to primary school and health carefacilities with an average of 1/2 doctor perhealth centre.

Household Energy consumption pattern:

• The energy consumption pattern in HPshowed that most households (hh) usedmultiple fuels. Around 93 percent of thehouseholds met their cooking energyrequirement by using bio-fuels, mostly fuelwood. This fuel wood came from own farmas well as government and village forests.

• About 30 km distance is traveled by eachhousehold and in all, 41 hours are spent ina month to collect fuel wood.

• Kerosene was mostly used for lighting. Alsothe results suggested that distribution ofclean fuels viz., kerosene and LPG was quitegood in this area. But use of clean fuels wasrestricted due to non-affordability andunavailability.

Cooking behaviour:

• Most households cooked twice a day.

• It was observed, that in the study area, 88percent households had a separate kitchenwhereas in 9 percent houses the kitchen isinside the living room itself.

Health profile:

• The linkages of health with bio-fuel usewere established on the basis of self-reportedsymptoms of respiratory diseases. And it wasobserved that households using biofuelswere found to be at two times a high risk ofbeing respiratory symptomatic. The riskincreased with age with about 418symptomatics per thousand individuals in

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the age of 60 years and above.

• The health impact analysis at the individualas well as at the household level shows thatfemales using biofuels were moresusceptible to cough, phlegm, wheezing,chest illness and blood in sputum ascompared to females using clean fuels. Thiswas confirmed by the results, which showed100 female symptomatic per thousandindividuals (odds ratio 2.26) as comparedto 92 male symptomatic per thousandindividuals (odds ratio 2.01).

• Smoking too has pronounced effect on therespiratory health of individuals with age.Both the male and female smokers were athigher risk of having respiratory diseaseswith female smokers almost at twice highrisk (306 symptomatic per 1000individuals) than male smokers (170).

• Illiteracy had significant influence on almostall the respiratory symptoms. The numberof symptomatic per thousand individualsfor literates was as low as 39 (odds ratio1.00) as compared to illiterates that were205 (odds ratio 5.26).

Analysis of vulnerable groups:

• The vulnerable groups are children, womenand old age people. It is observed that theproportions of reported symptomatics aremuch higher among age groups 45-60 yearsand 60+ years as well as below the age of 5years.

• Chief cooks were more susceptible torespiratory diseases than assistants or non-cooks.

Toll on human resources

• About 0.7 million adults (21% of the totalrural adults) might be having somerespiratory symptoms.

• In addition, about 32 person days perhousehold are lost in a year due to collection

of fuel wood (29 days) and due torespiratory diseases (3 days).

The project was concluded with a consultationworkshop organized on 11th March to discussand disseminate results with policy makers andNGOs. The final report of the project has beensubmitted.

1.4 The Energy Poverty and Gender Nexus inHimachal Pradesh, India: The Impact of CleanFuel Access Policy on Women's Empowerment

Background and Objectives:

The SANEI project described above wasfollowed up by another project titled "TheEnergy Poverty and Gender Nexus in HimachalPradesh, India: The Impact of Clean Fuel AccessPolicy on Women's Empowerment". This studyfocuses on poverty, gender, and environmentand health issues in the state of HimachalPradesh in India and involves a gender specificsurvey to address this issue.

The project is funded by DFID / KAR. Themain objective of the project is to examine thehypothesis that when women are given energyon a sustainable basis they feel empowered andfreed from daily drudgery. They move ahead inhuman development indicators and find newways to enrich life. This study, undertakes acomparative analysis between those groups inH.P having access to clean fuels and those whodo not have access in terms of the level ofprosperity and impact on socioeconomicdevelopment indicators. The State Governmenthas a policy to allocate additional quota of cleanfuels (LPG, kerosene) in hilly areas to preventdeforestation i.e. 20 litres per household asagainst 5 litres elsewhere in India. Has thispolicy made an impact on gender indicatorsranging from literacy, health, income and so on?

Key results and Findings:

The dataset collected from an integrated survey

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in SANEI project was carried forward in thisstudy, termed as Database A that was analyzedfrom an altogether different perspective. Inaddition to database A, supplementaryinformation to bridge the data gap with coverageof village level information was collected from2 districts, 30 villages, 80 households and 196individuals and termed as Database B. The keycomponents of Database B (field survey data)are as follows:

• Gender related survey taking into accountthe following factors

- Role of women in decision-making

- Livelihood options

- Benefits of Clean fuels seen in terms of

• Productivity (and income) gains

• Education of children (girl child)

• Entertainment

• Health

• Leisure

• Socialization

• Involvement and decision makingin community activities

• Primary survey aimed to estimateaccessibility and use of clean fuel byhouseholds for 30 villages in two districts.A survey on the kerosene depots was alsoundertaken to get the seller's perspective ofsupply situation under the PublicDistribution System (PDS).

The results reveal that women are moreempowered in Himachal Pradesh as comparedto other states. However in the state bio-fuelsstill provide about 70% of fuel needs. To procurebio-fuels women walk approximately 30kms ina month to collect fuel-wood. About 2.7 hoursper person per trip are expended in fuel-woodcollection and transportation. The state hasinfrastructure for kerosene but only 31% areusing it because they perceive it to be expensiveand also not always available. The people in theHimachal Pradesh are willing to pay for

kerosene, the next fuel on the energy ladderabove bio-fuels. It is estimated that even at aprice of Rs. 13 per litre, which is higher thanthe market price, there is a demand for kerosene.Therefore there is a need to meet this unmetdemand. However, LPG network is expandingand about 54% households use LPG in ruralareas.

Literacy level of women in Himachal is as highas 60% and almost 80% of the women areexposed to at least one form of media. Lowincidence of domestic violence was reportedfrom Himachal Pradesh. Bio-fuel is the chiefsource of energy and their collection is primarilythe responsibility of adult women and oldermen. The main difficulty faced by them is thephysical strenuous process with almost 67%suffering from neck - ache atleast quarterly and50% suffering from backache almost daily. Oneof the prime concerns for about 30% womenwas the time taken in collection of wood. Alsoabout 70% of adult women are chief cooks andhence exposed to smoke and pollution. Theyare willing to have interventions to avoid smokewith about 73% of them preferring ventilationover improved stoves.

In addition to the above information aprelimainary kerosene oil survey was conducted.The key observations from the kerosene oilsurvey are as follows:

• Due to increased availability of LPG, thedemand for kerosene has been on thedecline. In both the survey district, thedemand level in summer was less than 40%of the available quota. In winter and rainyseason, when the demand for energyincreases (and fuelwood availability isrestricted), the demand is correspondinglyhigher. Primary reasons, as indicated bykerosene sellers are availability of (andpreference for) LPG, distance from theshops, and use of firewood.

• The profit margins in selling kerosene under

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PDS are fairly low, at 25 paise per litre forrural areas and paise 15 per litre for urbanareas. As a result, most sellers have otherbusinesses, commonly ration shops. In fact,most said that the income from kerosenesales constitutes only 2% of the totalincomes, and most view this only as asupplementary business.

• Dissemination workshop was organised todicuss the results.

1.5 Natural Resource Accounting in GoaPhase II, under SEEA Framework

In September 2004, Central StatisticalOrganization, under the Ministry of Statisticsand Programme Implementation, Governmentof India; awarded IRADe an 18 month researchproject entitled 'Natural Resource Accountingin Goa Phase II, under SEEA Framework'.

With high literacy, well-educated manpower,peaceful environment, good transport and powerfacilities, Goa is fast emerging as one of the besttourism and industrial locales in the country.Goa has already set up a number of industrialestates. These activities generate value added bycreating employment and providing profits tothe entrepreneurs in Goa. However, they alsoproduce environmental consequences some ofwhich have negative impacts on the well beingof the society, which include pollution of theland, the water as well as the air.

The broad objective of the project is

• To carry out Natural Resource Accountingusing the SEEA framework for three sectors,namely:

- The tourism sector

- Municipal waste management

- Water pollution from industries

• To prepare physical and monetary accountsfor the aforementioned sectors.

• Draw lessons for the country as a whole.

The above objectives would be achieved byextending the conventional UN system ofnational accounts (SNA) to reflect the wasteaccounts.

A brief overview of the work undertaken till datewithin the three sectors viz., tourism sector, solidwaste management sector and water pollutionfrom industries sector are discussed below:

1.5.1 The tourism sector

Background and Objective

In the global tourism market, Goa enjoys certaincomparative advantages, due to its uniquenatural and cultural assets. Goa had an inflowof around 2.5 million tourists in the year 2004.This represents an increase of around 20 percent over the previous year. It is a major sourceof income and employment for Goa state, andis seen as having significant potential tocontribute to economic growth in the region.However, it is inevitable that tourism hasimportant environmental impacts. Theseimpacts range from resource consumption, topollution and waste generated by tourismactivities, including impacts from transport andpressure on historical monuments.

The management of natural resources to reversethis trend is thus one of the most difficultchallenges for governments at different levels.The current study would therefore involve anin-depth assessment of the environmentalimpacts in order to fully evaluate theperformance of the tourism sector in Goa.

A tourism satellite account integrates in a singleformat data about the supply and use of tourismrelated goods and services. In our study, theseeconomic satellite accounts will be extended tocover the use of natural resources (land, energy,water) and the production of pollutants (water,

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discharges, BOD, PH, CO2 etc.). Economic-

environmental accounts give betterunderstanding of the economy - environmentlinks of the tourism sector. In a nutshell, thefundamental research question that needs to beaddressed is: How sustainable is the tourismsector of Goa?

Progress and Achievements

A broad framework of the tourism satelliteaccount for Goa along with literature survey iscompleted. A (pilot phase) questionnaire hasbeen prepared to conduct sample surveys toundertake primary data collection. Variousindividuals, government and non-governmentorganizations from Goa are contacted to assistin the field survey and successful completion ofthe project.

1.5.2. Solid waste management sector

Background and objective

The environmental impacts of solid wastegeneration municipal waste and households.Solid waste has harmful effects on air, water aswell as land.

The reason for constructing these integratedeconomic-environmental accounts is to take abalanced view of economic and environmentalobjectives. This will help assess the contributionof different economic activities to human well-being as well as provide inputs for the calculationof green GDP.

1.5.3. Water pollution from industries

Background and objectives

Water pollution has many sources. The mostpolluting of them are the city sewage andindustrial waste discharged into the rivers. Thefacilities to treat waste water are not adequatein any city in India. Presently, only about 10%of the waste water generated is treated; the rest

is discharged as it is into our water bodies. Dueto this, pollutants enter groundwater, rivers, andother water bodies. Such water, whichultimately ends up in households, is often highlycontaminated and carries disease-causingmicrobes.

The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)has identified 1551 major polluting large andmedium industries for All India. The 17polluting industries identified by CPCB arecategorized as aluminum, caustic soda, cement,copper, distillery, dyes & dyestuff, fertilizer, iron& steel, leather, pesticide, petrochemicals,pharmaceuticals, pulp & paper, refinery, sugar,thermal power plants, and zinc. Goa has138large and medium industrial units as on 31/03/2001, of these 6 are in the pollutingindustries category. One of the importantobjectives of this project is to assess the economiccosts of water pollution from industries.

In order to achieve this goal, a detailedquestionnaire is constructed and a survey wouldbe conducted to estimate, total effluents fromindustry with treatment & without treatment.Physical co-efficients and monetary accountsbased estimated/available abatement cost dataor avoidance technique will be obtained.Valuation needed for monitory accounts will bedone using the avoidance cost approach.

Progress and Achievements

The project commenced in November 2004 andSo far a detailed literature survey andconstruction of a broad framework of the solidwaste satellite account for Goa have beencompleted

• Questionnaires have been prepared toconduct sample surveys to undertakeprimary data collection.

• Various individuals, government and non-government organizations from Goa arecontacted to assist in the field survey.

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1.6 Fuel Forecasting Study - a jointcollaborative venture between IRADe andPricewaterhouse Coopers Ltd.

IRADe was associated with PricewaterhouseCoopers Ltd. (PwC) in a project awarded byPetroleum Federation of India (PetroFed) tostudy the current petroleum mix scenario inIndia. This included understanding the changesin trends of production, consumption, importsand exports of petroleum fuels and theircontribution to the overall energy mix in India.

IRADe agreed to undertake the demandprojections for India by building scenarios usingeconometric models based on time series datafor each of the various petroleum products,namely, Aviation Turbine Fuel (ATF), LightDiesel Oil (LDO), Low Sulphur Heavy Stock(LSHS), Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO), Bitumen,Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG), SuperiorKerosene Oil (SKO), Petrol, Naphtha andNatural Gas. This exercise focused on severalkey milestone years that coincide with the Indianplanning calendar viz.2011-12 and 2016-17are the terminal years of the XIth and XIIth fiveyear plans of Government of India (GoI), while2020 coincides with GoI Vision 2020document. 2030 looks at five years beyond theperiod considered by Hydrocarbon Vision 2025brought out in the year 2000.

Background and Objective

Growth in energy consumption is intrinsicallylinked to growth in the economy. Populationand the resultant changes in the rural-urbandemographic profile and other structuralchanges get mirrored in the economic growth.Moreover, this high rate of economic growth islikely to be accompanied by decreasing energyintensity of the economy on account ofprogressive substitution of primary non-commercial energy sources by more efficientcommercial energy sources and adoption ofmore efficient technologies.

The joint IRADE-PwC report gives an overviewof the broad trends in the fuel demand andspecific sectors that have impacted the trendsin energy consumption.

The key objectives that the study entailed were:

• To understand the broad contours of energydemand scenarios in India in comingdecades.

• Developing econometric models based ontime series data for each of the variouspetroleum products mentioned above.

• To use the results of this study with anendeavor to provide information as a basicinput for strategic planning, policy makingand reviewing the future course of actionto ensure that the energy needs of India aremet.

Table: Scenarios for Projections in India for Selected Petroleum Products and Natural Gas

Source: IRADe-PwC Analysis MMT = Million Matric Tons BCM=Billion CubicMeterNote: The totals for Selected petroleum products include LPG equivalent of SKO

Primary Fuel Units Econ. Growth 2011-12 2016-17 2020 2030Scenarios

Selected Petroleum Products(excluding Naphtha)

MMT6% 122.9 151.7 170.8 258.1

8% 133.8 177.0 208.5 374.6

6% 68.4 107.5 129.9 243.0

8% 75.8 141.0 180.5 405.7

NG and NG equivalent ofNaphtha

BCM

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Methodology

• In-depth review of past trends over theperiod 1998-99 to 2003-04 wasundertaken.

• The projections were developed for 6 % and8% economic growth.

• Projections took account of fuelsubstitution and/or reduction of usethrough energy efficiency of some of thefuels. Supply based projections for ethanol,biodiesel, CNG and LPG were madeseparately.

Key results and Findings

• Past Trends: India is highly dependent onfossil fuels viz. coal, lignite and oil and gas,which account for 95 per cent of itscommercial energy mix. Coal and ligniteform 48% whereas oil and gas account for47% of total commercial energy mix. Pasttrends indicate that the gap betweendomestic supply and demand of crude oilhas been increasing. The refining capacityof India stood at 126 MMT in April, 2004.India's refinery though put in the year2003-04 was 113 MMT and consumptionwas 106.5 MMT, an increase of 2.3 per centover 104.1 MMT registered in 2002-03.

• Demand Projections till 2011-12: Showthat the total demand for the selectedpetroleum products would range from 23MMT to 133.8 MMT for 6% and 8%economic growth respectively. Thisrepresents a CAGR of 5.5 per cent to 6.8per cent over the consumption levels in2003-04.

• Demand Projections from 2016-17 to2030: Under the Business-As-Usual (BAU)scenario, the projected demand of refinedproducts is 151.7 MMT, 170.8 MMT and25.1 MMT in 2016-17, 2020 & 2030respectively. Similarly demand for Natural

Gas and NG equivalent of Naphtha isprojected to be 107.5 BCM, 130 BCM and243 BCM in 2016-17, 2020 & 2030respectively (for 6% growth).

The study concludes with a summary ofprojections made by other various agencies onthe energy mix for India in the key milestoneyears which use different economic growth rates,methodology, assumptions and pertain todifferent petroleum products.

Publication

A book titled "Fuelling India's Growth - Pasttrends and Scenarios 2011-12", emerged fromthis project, which broadly discusses the currentenergy scenario in India and the approach andmethodology used for projections in 2011-12.Earlier, the executive summary of thepublication was released by Shri. Subir Raha,CMD, ONGC and Chairman, PetrotechSociety. The release coincided with Petrotech2005 exhibition, New Delhi.

1.7 Action plan for Pilot Demonstrationprojects by IRADe in Jeevika villages of SEWA:

Background

Self Employed Women's Association (SEWA),Gujarat has been implementing a largeprogramme for improving the living conditionsand livelihoods of earthquake affected peoplein three districts of Gujarat - Surendranagar,Patan and Kutch. A total of 400 villages in thesethree districts are to be covered under variousactivities with a view to not only increaselivelihood and income generation but also toimprove living conditions under thisprogramme called Jeevika.

Objectives

The overall objective of SEWA- IRADecollaboration is to incorporate energy technologysystems in the Jeevika programme with a view

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to not only increase livelihood opportunities andenhance income generation but also improveliving conditions.

Action plan

The current suggested action plan is a short termpilot plan as there are no prior innitiativesregarding alternate energy sources in the areaand these initiatives need to be evaluated interms of their suitability to local conditions andacceptance among the people, especially women- SEWA members. This pilot action plan andwould be developed into a full scale actionprogramme once the feedback from theseinitiatives is available.

In the subsections below, the village wisetechnology initiatives planned and theirassociated costs have been given in brief. Thedetailed activity planned under each of thetechnology, the area selected and the operationaldetails have been given in the annexures.

a. Cooking energy requirement forhouseholds Dehgam village in Surendranagardistrict

Requirement: Most of the people in this villageuse firewood for cooking. In inefficient chulhas(traditional mud stoves). Several households alsouse LPG in the village and spend about Rs 350every two months for one LPG cylinder.

Technology planned: Community biogas plantsand improved smokeless cookstoves have beenplanned for this village. Water from Narmadacanal is now available in the village (they have atank which is linked to the canal). Since thehouses in the village are closely located and cattledung is adequate, a community biogas plant isplanned for the village for the pilot phase to beoperated in an Energy Service CommissaryESCO mode by the villagers where dung wouldbe purchased and gas and manure would besold. In some of the poorer households who maynot have the capacity to pay for the gas,

improved smokeless cookstoves will also beinstalled. About 50 improved cookstoves wouldbe constructed in the first phase of this project.For this masonry training will be provided toone or two of the poor women, which wouldhelp in increasing their incomes. We will alsoexperiment with community Kitchen where thepoor can come and cook a meal for a smallpayment.

b. Solar assembly Centre(For Solar lanternsand Home Lighting systems).

In almost all the villages (even if they areelectrified), there is a demand for better lightingservices. The current supply of power in thesevillages is poor with unscheduled power cutsand low voltages. Solar lanterns would providethese villagers with better lights in the eveningwhich can be linked to the Jeevika programmeof handicrafts and other livelihood options likepetty shops. These entrepreneurs can increasetheir working hours resulting in increase in theirincomes.

To meet the demand on such a large scale itwould be prudent that a solar assembly centrebe established at one of the SEWA centres tostart with. There are examples in the countrywhere local villagers have been trained toassemble and carry out complex repairs of solartechnology systems. This would be more costeffective than sourcing lanterns from othermanufacturers and also would provideemployment opportunities to several women.The other benefits of such an initiative wouldbe reduced procurement time, better quality,better maintenance and most of all, developingsystems which suit the people's requirements.The trained personnel will also provide repairand maintenance service in the area.

2. SEMINARS/WORKSHOPS

2.1 Workshop on Energy Policy Reforms andAgriculture in India: A general EquilibriumExploration, 20April 2004.

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IRADe organized a workshop April 20,2004 atIndia International Center, New Delhi forlaunching the Stanford - IRADe project toreceive suggestions at the inception stage.

Objectives:

The overall objective of the workshop was todiscuss the various features in order to upgradethe general equilibrium model.

Dr. P. Ghosh, Secretary, Ministry ofEnvironment and Forests, who earlier didcomputed general equilibrium modelsinaugurated the workshop. Professor DavidVictor of Stanford University gave a keynoteaddress after which Professor Kirit Parikh gavea substantive presentation concerning the

objectives, methodology, possible outputs andpolicy implications. The experts andrepresentatives of World Bank, StanfordUniversity, ICAR, NIPFP, NCAER, IGIDR,Planning Commission, Ministry of Power, IARI,DFID India, USAID, Ministry Of Environmentand Forests, Reliance Industries Limited, IndianStatistical Institute (ISI) and University of Delhiattended the workshop.

The workshop recommended to land tillers andland owners and poor and small farms addressquestions directly related to decision makingsuch as disaggregation of farmers and somescenario related to WTO.

2.2 IRADe-UNEP Workshop on "TrainingSessions on Capacity Building- Environment,Trade and Sustainable Development"

IRADe organized a Training Sessions onCapacity Building- Environment, Trade andSustainable Development" on November 24,2004 at India Habitat Center, New Delhi. TheUnited Nation Environment Program (UNEP)financed the workshop.

Background:

In view of the need to build the capacity ofplanners, industrial organizations,environmentalists, business community, tradeassociations and decision makers, IntegratedResearch and Action for Development (IRADe)organized a training session on "CapacityBuilding for Environment, Trade andSustainable Development" on 24 November,2004 at India Habitat center, New Delhi, India.It was based on the Training Module:Introduction into Capacity Building forEnvironment, Trade and SustainableDevelopment, developed by the UNEP-UNCTAD Capacity Building Task Force(CBTF). This training session also provided anopportunity to present UNEP-ETB's recentpublications on environmental assessment,economic instruments and subsidies which were

Participants of workshop on Energy Policy Reformsand Agriculture in India: A general EquilibriumExploration.

Dr. Jyoti Parikh, Dr. Kirit Parikh, Member PlanningCommission, Sh. Arvind Jadav, Ministry of Powerand Dr. David Victor, Stanford University, California,USA

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distributed to the participants for furtherreading and use. The training targeted a broadgroup of relevant stakeholders in governmentand aimed to increase their understanding oftrade-environment-development inter-linkagesas well as help them identify and prioritize theircapacity building needs related to the topic.

Objectives of the Session:

Overall purpose of the training session was tosupport capacity building for environment,trade and sustainable development with thefollowing specific objectives:

• To enhance the understanding of theparticipants regarding the linkages betweenenvironment, trade and sustainabledevelopment and to capture environment-related development opportunities offeredby trade and globalisation.

• To improve participant's capacity to engageeffectively in trade and environment

negotiations and implementing multilateraltrade and environment agreements.

• To inform participants about the recentpublications released by UNEP-ETB in thefield of trade, economics and environment.

It emphasized the role of trade in sustainable

development, environmental opportunities andchallenges, as well as effective approaches tocapacity building.

Presentations were made on Environment, Tradeand Sustainable Development, Trade andEnvironment issues at the WTO, Standards andMarket Access: A Case Study of Select ProcessedFood Products and Environmental effects ofexports and utility of ecolabels for increasingexports: Leather Industry Case Study werepresented with detailed discussion.

The session broadly covered following issues:

• Does WTO provide a level playing field for

Inaugural Session: Dr. Kirit Parikh, Member Planning Commission, Dr. Jyoti Parikh,Executive Director, IRADe, Mr. Peter Repinski, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP),

Sh. Anwarul Hoda, Member Planning Commission, Dr. B.D Sharma, IRADe

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Participants of second International Training Course on Renewable Energyfrom Asia and Africa and IRADe Staff

Professor J. Parikh, Executive Director, IRADe addressing the participants during theinauguration session. Seated next are: Mr Rakesh Bakshi,CMD VESTAS, Kirit Parikh,

Member Planning Commission,Dr B.D. Sharma,Senior Adviser (IRADe)

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both developed and developing countries?

• Sustainable Development & Environment

• MBIs for Environment Protection

Participants from Delhi based organizations andfrom Northern states of the country attendedthe training session. Participants came fromResearch and Information System for Non-Aligned and Other Developing Countries(RIS), United Nations Conference on Trade andDevelopment (UNCTAD), different ministries,the Planning Commission, several universities(Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi School ofEconomics, University of Delhi) many researchinstitutions (Indian Institute of Management(IIM) Calcutta, Indian Institute of ForestManagement, The Energy Research institute(TERI), Winrock International India (WII),Indian Renewable Energy Development AgencyLtd. (IREDA), World Wide Fund for Nature -India (WWF), and industry (RelianceIndustries Ltd.).

2.3 IRADe_MNES International TrainingProgramme on "Renewable Energy: Techno-economic, Finance and Socio-environmentalIssues, 7-17 December 2004, New Delhi

Background and Objectives:

This International Training Programme inDecember 2004 on "Renewable Energy:Techno-economic, Finance and Socio-environmental Issues" The training course wassponsored by Ministry of Non-conventionalEnergy Source, Govt. of India. The specificobjectives of the training course were:

• To give a broad based understanding of therenewable energy in the overall context ofenergy sector planning and global energyand environmental issues.

• To explain why renewable energy is neededfor energy security and environmentalconsiderations. Give national and globalenergy perspectives and discuss newparadigms to reduce fossil fuel dependence.

Shri. P. Chidambaram, Minister for finance inaugurating the conclave. Seated Bhardwaj, Dir.IIFF, Dr. Kirit Parikh, Member Planning Commission, Michal Carter, Resident Representative

World Bank, Dr Jyoti Parikh, Executive Director IRADe.

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• To impart techno-economic understandingof major renewable technologies. Discusscost-benefit framework as well as relativecomparisons with fossil fuels and pricingissues.

• To stress the need for innovative financeapproaches and micro credit so that thepeople take responsibilities of financing atlocal level.

• To give hands-on experience aboutunderstanding of their own country'senergy balances. This is necessary forreducing dependence on subsidies.

• Visit Renewable Energy project sites

The Participants:

In all, twelve participants attended the 2ndInternational Training Course, representing 10organizations. The participants from Africa werefrom South Africa, and Tanzania. The Asianparticipants were from Nepal, Bangladesh,Pakistan, Iran and Sri Lanka. The participantswere from middle or senior level ranks officers(Director, Executive Director, Advisor, AssistantProfessor, Assistant lecturer) from ministry,Non-governmental organizations and fromdifferent universities Asia and Africa.

Course Contents:

The overall content of the training coursecovered topics such as Understanding aboutenergy sources, National energy planning,Choosing renewable energy portfolio, Techno-economic analysis, Financing renewable energy,Externalities of fossil fuels, International energyissues, Environmental aspects, Global climatechange and Clean Development Mechanism(CDM), Need for participative approaches andDeveloping entrepreneurship and communitybased initiatives.

The lectures were given by highly reputedexperts from Vestas, India Renewable EnergyDevelopment Agency (IREDA) etc. The

participants were from different backgroundand work experiences such as renewable energyand environmental management, naturalresource management, environmentalgeography, energy (oil sector), statistics andenvironmental health, small hydropower, solar,biomass, energy economics and communicationand information.

2.4 IRADe-IIEF (Invest India EconomicFoundation) State of Market Conclave 2005-Second Generation Financial Sector ReformsConclave, 06 - 08 January 2005, New Delhi,India

IIEF and IRADe hosted a policy consultationfrom 06 - 08 January 2005 at New Delhi. Theconclave examined financial policy reformsneeded for facilitating a financial sector whichwould support and foster 8% growth. Theconclave was inaugurated by Shri P.Chidambaram, Union Finance Minister of India,Professor Kirit Parikh, Member, PlanningCommission and Michael Carter, ResidentRepresentative of the World Bank gave keynoteaddresses. Mr. Gautam Bhardwaj, Director,IIEF, welcomed the participants and Prof. JyotiParikh, Executive Director, IRADe gave vote ofthanks.

India seeks to get the trend growth rate up from6% to 8%. Existing demographic trends, andthe increase in income, will fuel the growth ofthe savings rate in the years to come.

This will throw up new challenges for thefinancial sector to effectively intermediate anenormous flow of savings. In addition, obtaininghigher growth will require enhancements in theefficiency with which savings are utilized. Thatis, a financial sector that supports and fosters8% growth will need to do better, as comparedwith the present situation, in terms ofinformation processing and wise resourceallocation.

In this context, the first IRADe-IIEF Conclave

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brought policymakers, regulators, financepractitioners and leading economists from Indiaand abroad under one roof to examine secondgeneration financial sector reforms for India andthe relevant policy imperatives for theGovernment. It provided a consultative forumto the domestic and international policy andfinancial community to exchange views,information and ideas in these areas. Ademonstration of new trading platforms forcommodities as well as cutting edge IT solutionsfor financial markets was arranged at the venue.

The Conclave was a step towards a consultativeprocess for effective design and efficientimplementation of economic and financialpolicies, which will benefit India's citizens inthe years to come.

2.5 IRADe-SANEI DisseminationWorkshop on "Impact of fuel Scaracity andPollution on Rural poor:

A Comparative analysis of vulnerable groups inHimachal Pradesh" India International Center,New Delhi, March 11, 2005.

Standing (LtoR): Ms. Rubeena (SEWA), Jignesh Jadav and Dr. B.D.Sharma(IRADe) during Solar Energy Awareness Session at Degam village community

The purpose of this dessimination workshop wasto disseminate findings of the SANEI projectand discuss final of the Energia project to getfeedback from reputed experts andrepresentatives of stakeholders. The workshopfocused on poverty, gender, and environmentand health issues in the state of HimachalPradesh in India and give policy conclusions.

The workshop provided a platform for drawingpolicy conclusions and reiterate new insights.As the problem is too vast as it affects millionsof people in India and needs multi-prongedsolutions that cover a whole range of issues, suchas, energy supply, health, gender empowermenttransportation and housing.

Participants were from Forest Survey of India,Himachal Pradesh Government, differentuniversities like JawaharLal Nehru University,University of Petroleum and Energy Studies(UPES), Different NGOs like Jagrati from HPand TERI, ENERGIA/ETC foundation,Planning Commission, IGIDR Mumbai, IGMCShimla, Swiss agency for development andcooperation and Petroleum Federation of India.

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Dr. Kirit S ParikhMembership of Committees

Policy

1. Member, Planning Commission, Govt. ofIndia, New Delhi

2. Chairman, Integrated Energy PolicyCommittee, Planning Commission

3. Member, Committee on Infrastructure,Govt. of India

4. Member, Committee on RuralInfrastructure, Govt. of India

Academic

1. Member, Board of Director, Institute ofGlobal Environmental Studies, Japan

2. Chairman, Governing Council, Centre forEnvironment Education, Ahmedabad

3. President, Governing Board, GujaratInstitute of Development Research,Ahmedabad

4. Member, Governing Council, IndianCouncil for Research on InternationalEconomic Relations, New Delhi

Finance

1. Member, Board of Director, State Bank ofIndia (Till July 2004)

2. Member, Board of Director, IndustrialDevelopment Bank of India (Till July 2004)

Honours

1. Elected as life member of InternationalAssociation for Agricultural Economics(IAAE)

2. Awarded the Nayudamma Award forcontribution to the welfare of mankindthrough developments in the fields ofEconomics & Energy.

Media

1. Member, Board of Directors, BusinessStandard (Till July 2004)

2. Member, Board of Economists, India Today(Till July 2004)

Seminars, Conferences, Meetings attended1. Chaired a Session on Findings of the

Scenarios Working Group of the MALaunch Event in India, 31 March, 2005,New Delhi

2. Chief Guest at the Valedictory Session ofthe Seminar on Energy Value Chain:Moving Towards Cohesion and Regulation,29 March, 2005, New Delhi

3. Led the Indian delegation to the Energyand Environment Ministerial Roundtablein London - 14-17 March, 2005

4. Delivered the keynote address at theInauguration of the InternationalConference on Hydrological Perspectives forSustainable Development at IIT Roorkee,23 February, 2005

5. Made a presentation on "SustainableDevelopment a Developing CountryPerspective" at the Expert Meeting of theInter-governmental Panel on ClimateChange - 14-18 February, 2005; St. Denis,Reunion Islands, France

6. Delivered the Presidential Address at theSafety Conference organized by Safety andQuality Forum, 14 February, 2005 - NewDelhi

7. Chaired the Workshop to discuss FrenchExperience pertaining to the Regulation ofthe Water supply and Electricity from anIndian perspective organized by NCAERand CERNA, 9th February, 2005 - NewDelhi

8. Delivered a brief talk/presentation to thefull Canadian Environmental businessDevelopment Mission - February 8, 2005,New Delhi

9. Delivered the Prof. Y. NayudammaMemorial Lecture "Research forDevelopment" - 4 February 2005, Chennai

10. Keynote Address at the Inaugural Sessionin the International Conference on "Movingthe Competition Policy Agenda in India" -31 January, 2005 New Delhi

PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITIES OF THE MEMBERS IN 2004-2005:

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11. Chief Guest at the valedictory session of theInternational Congress on RenewableEnergy, Pune - 22 January 2005

12. Inaugurated the 41st Annual Conferenceof the Indian Econometric Society atJadavpur University, Kolkata and deliveredthe inaugural address on "ExplainingGrowth of South Asian Countries" - 20January, 2005

13. Chair a Session on "Poverty and RuralDevelopment" in the Sixth Annual NBER-NCAER Neemrana Conference - January17, 2005, Neemrana Fort, Rajasthan

14. Guest of Honour at the Valedictory Sessionof the National Workshop on challenges forWater Development and Management inIndia and Future Strategies - 14th January2005, New Delhi

15. Participated in the IRADe-IIEF State ofMarket Conclave 2005-A financial sectorthat support and fosters 8% growth - 6-8January, 2005 New Delhi

16. Delivered the 4th Dr. C. ChandrasekaranMemorial Lecture on "Food Security,Poverty and Employment Guarantee" atInternational Institute for PopulationSciences, Mumbai - 27 December, 2004

17. Inagurated the Winter School 2004 inEconomic Theory and Public Policy at theDelhi School of Economics - 27 December,2004; Delhi

18. Participated in a dialogue on sustainablerural development Organised by Centre forEnvironment Education, Ahmedabad 15-16 December, 2004

19. Participated in a Roundtable on theImplementation of the objectives of theEmployment Guarantee Programmeorganized by India Development Fund andCII - December 11, 2004; New Delhi

20. Special Address on 'Rationalising FertiliserPolicy' at the Fertiliser Association of India- December 9, 2004; New Delhi

21. Inaugurated the Regional Conference onUniversality of Infrastructure Services:

Financing, Delivery, Legal & RegulatoryIssues organized by TERI - 6 December,2004; New Delhi

22. Inaugural Address at the Global Conferenceon Higher Education organized by FICCI& UGC - December 1, 2004; New Delhi

23. Chief Guest in the Twenty ThirdConvocation at the Dayalbagh EducationalInstitute, 20 November, 2004; Agra anddelivered the Convocation Address.

24. Keynote address at Water Summit 2004-Public-Private Partnership for WaterConservation & Management and Chairedthe Plenary Session - November 18, 2004,New Delhi

25. Participated in a Roundtable onEmployment Guarantee Act organized byIGIDR, 6 November, 2004; Mumbai

26. Made a presentation on "StrengtheningEducational Institutions to Analyse EnergyIssues Integrating Social, Economic &Technical Impacts" in a Seminar organizedby CII on Clean Air for Asia: China-India-Japan-United States Cooperation to ReduceAir Pollution in China & India on 2November, 2004, New Delhi

27. Participated at the National Conference onWater Quality Issues organized by MOWRand PHED, Govt. of West Bengal, 15October, 2004 Kolkata

28. Delivered Shri R.S. Bhatt Memorial Lectureon "Accelerating Development: With aHuman Face, a Compassionate Heart anda Clear Head" at Bhavnagar University,Bhavnagar 4-5 October, 2004

29. Delivered Lecture on "EmergingDevelopment Needs" at the NationalSeminar on Alternative Strategies forDevelopment organized by RCVP NoronhaAcademy of Administration andManagement, Bhopal 10 August, 2004

30. Gave a talk on 'Subsidies: Good, Bad &Ugly' at Policy Breakfast for MPs organizedby Centre for Civil Society, 13 July, 2004-New Delhi

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Prof. Jyoti K. Parikh, Executive Director

Current Appointments and Memberships ofCommittees, etc.

International Appointments:

1. Member of the Research AdvisoryCommittee of the Institute for GlobalEnvironmental Strategies (IGES) Japan,April 1, 2002 till March 31, 2005.

2. Convening Lead Author for the chapter on"Carbon Regulation for MillenniumEcosystem Assessment"-2002 till 2005

3. Technical Advisory Committee (TAG) forEnergy Trust Funds Programmes of theWorld Bank (2003) that include EnergySector Management Programme (ESMAP),Asia Technical Assistance in Energy(ASTAE), Africa Renewable EnergyInitiative (AFREN), Africa, 2002-2006.

4. Advisory Board of Tyndall Center forClimate Change, University of East Angela,Norwich, UK, 2001-2004.

5. International Steering Committee ofENERGIA, Network on Gender andEnvironment, Nederland, 2004-2004.

6. Steering Committee: Global Village EnergyPartnership (GVEP) initiated of ESMAP/World Bank, August 2002-2003.

National Appointments:

1. Member, Committee on DistributionReforms (DRUM), Ministry of Power, NewDelhi.

2. Member, Climate Change and InsuranceTask Force, Ministry of Environment andForests, New Delhi.

3. Executive Committee, PetroleumConservation Research Association, NewDelhi.

4. Member, Board of Directors, IndianRenewable Energy Development AgencyLtd. (IREDA), Government of India,Ministry of Non-Conventional EnergySources (MNES), 2001-2004.

Books, Monographs, Journal Articles andReports

1. Purohit P. and J. Parikh (2005), "CO2Emissions Mitigation Potential of BagasseBased Cogeneration in India", ISES SolarWorld Congress 2005, August 6-12, 2005Orlando, Florida USA.

2. PETROFED (2005), "Fuel ForecastingStudy: Past Trends and Scenarios 2011 -2012 ", Petroleum Federation of India, NewDelhi, India.

3. PETROFED (2005), "Fuelling India'sGrowth Vision 2030", PetroleumFederation of India, New Delhi, India.

4. Parikh J. (2004), "Trade, Environment andSustainable Development", Training Sessionon Capacity Building: Environment, Tradeand Sustainable Development, November24, 2004, New Delhi, India.

5. Parikh J. and K. Parikh (2004), "KyotoProtocol: The Indian Perspective",International Review of EnvironmentalStrategies, Vol. 5(1).

6. Jyoti Parikh (2004), "Gender andEnvironment: Missing Link in The RuralDevelopment of India", National Councilof Applied Economic Research, New Delhi,India.

7. Noble I., J. Parikh and R. Watson (2004),"Responses to Climate Change", Chapterin MA Responses Assessment, WorkingGroup Report on Responses.

8. MOEF (2004), "India's Initial NationalCommunication to the United NationsFramework Convention on ClimateChange", Ministry of Environment andForests, Government of India, New Delhi,India.

9. 2004 Top News on the Environment inAsia

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Workshop and Conferences attended by staff:

Prof. Jyoti K. Parikh

1. Release of the Millennium EcosystemAssessment Report, followed by aWorkshop, 31st March 2005, New Delhi

2. Discussion Meeting on Agenda for G-8organized by RIS March 31st 2005, NewDelhi

3. Meeting on Climate Change Modelling,Ministry of Environmrent & Forests, 4thMarch 2005, New Delhi

4. Attended One Day Disseminationworkshop on Bundling of Small-Scale CDMprojects, 7th Feb.2005, New Delhi

5. Attended South Asia Regional Initiative forEnergy Cooperation and Development(SARI/Energy)

6. Delivered a talk on "EnvironmentallyCompatible Energy Strategies" at TIFAC-IIASA Meet, 25-26th October, 2004, NewDelhi

7. Attended Seminar on accelerating thegrowth of Energy Efficiency and RenewableEnergy "Prospects for India-UKPartnership" October 5th 2004, New Delhi

8. Attended a Discussion Meeting on Agendafor G-8, 23rd September 2004, New Delhi

9. Quarterly meeting of Technical AdvisoryGroup (TAG), World Bank, September, 17-18th September, 2004 Denmark

10. Panelist at the session on EnergyCooperation in South Asia at RIS-SACEPSRegional conference on SAARC-PostIslamabad Challenges, 31st August 2004,New Delhi

11. Attended Sixth Annual SANEI Conference,August 26-27,2004 New Delhi

12. Chaired Session at The Coal Summit 2005-Energy Security Option for India, 1-2ndJuly, 2005

13. Seminar on Nuclear Techniques for airpollution, International Atomic Energy

Agency (IAEA), June 7-10 2004, Vienna,Austria

14. India Development seminar, StanfordUniversity, June 3-5 2004, California USA

15. Millennium Assessment Working groupmeeting at Montreal, April 26-30 2004,Canada

16. Review meeting for Tyndall Center onclimate change at University of East Anglia,April 20-23 2004, Norwich UK

Dr. B.D Sharma

1. Workshop on" The Developing World andElectricity Challenge" 17-18 Jan 2005,Paris, France organized by InternationalEnergy Agency.

2. "Second Generation Financial SectorReforms for India "Jointly Organized byIRADe and Invest India Foundation Pvt.Ltd., from January 6-8,2005 held at TajPalace, New Delhi

3. International Training Programme on"Renewable Energy Techno-economic,Financial and Socio-environmental issues"organized by IRADe and MNES at NewDelhi from 6th -17 December, 2004.

4. Training Session on "Capacity Building forEnvironment, Trade and SustainableDevelopment" organized by IRADe onNovember 23, 2004 at New Delhisponsored by UNEP -ETB Geneva.

5. UK-INDIA Climate Change BusinessSeminar on "Technology and Finance forCDM Projects" held at Federation HouseNew Delhi on October 6-7, 2004organized by FICCI and UK Government.

6. Workshop on "Awareness on CDMOpportunities for Power Sector" held atPower Management Institute, Faridabad onOctober 5-6, 2004 organized by CDM-India, NTPC and GTZ.

7. Workshop on "Capacity Building on CDMOpportunity for Cement Sector" held at

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CMA Tower, Noida on October 1, 2004organized by CDM-India and GTZ

8. Workshop on "Capacity Building on CDMOpportunity in Biodiesel Sector" held atIOC Faridabad on September 30, 2004organized by CDM-India, IOC and GTZ

Mrs. Meenu Mishra

1. Workshop on " GHG Forum on the CleanDevelopment Mechanism on February 1-2, 2005 organized by a partnership of theInternational Emissions Trading Association(IETA), the Word Bank's Carbon FinanceUnit, World Business Council forSustainable Development (WBCSD) andThe Energy and Resources Institute(TERI), Delhi.

2. Sixth SANEI Annual Conference, organizedby ICRIER, in New Delhi during August26-27, 2004.

3. Workshop on "Development of CleanDevelopment Projects in India and anannouncement of a new Indian Facility tosupport the development of Project DesignDocuments" April 30 organized byGovernment of Canada, The EnergyResources Institute (TERI) and GCSI-Natsource Delhi

Mr. J. M. Singh

1. Attended workshop on "Macro-economicPriorities and Peoples Perspectives: UnionBudget 2005-06" organized by NationalCentre for Advocacy Studies, New Delhi,Feb.2-3, 2005.

2. Participated in the "Delhi Greenhouse Gas"Forum Organised by TERI, InternationalEmissions Trading Association, WorldBank, and World Business Council forSustainable Development, New Delhi,February 1-2, 2005.

3. Participated in the "Second GenerationFinancial sector Reforms Conclave 2005"

Organised by Integrated Research andAction for Development and Invest IndiaEconomic Foundation, New Delhi fromJanuary 6-8, 2005.

4. Attended International Training Course on"RETScreen software" Organized byNatural Resources Canada and IIT, Delhi,May18, 2004.

Ms. Kavita Singh

1. Attended Terracotta Summit-BeyondNational Environment Policy 2004:Institutions, Incentives and CommunitiesMarch 7, 2005, Casuarina Hall, IndiaHabitat Centre, New Delhi

2. Attended Inception workshop on"National Capacity Needs Self assessment(NCSA) for Global EnvironmentalManagement in India" on 10-11 February2005 at New Delhi.

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Regional Training Workshop on the use of EconomicInstruments for Environment and Natural ResourceManagement in Asia (Training-of Trainers).

Integrated Study of Diesel Substitutes from Oil Seeds in India

Gender Oriented Energy Policy

Pilot Demonstration Project on Renewable Energy in JeevikaVillage of SEWA.

Coal bed Methane form Sohagpur fields: CDM opportunities

IRADe - IIEF State of Market Conclave 2005: SecondGeneration Financial Sector Reforms for India.

Training Session on capacity Building- Environment, Tradeand Sustainable Development

Natural Resource Accounting (NRA) Goa Phase-II underSEEA Frame Work

International Training Program on Renewable Energy:Techno-economic, Financial and Socio-environmental Issues

Projections for Petroleum Products, Natural gas andsubstitutes upto 2030.

Opportunities for Energy Efficiency and Clean developmentMechanism (CDM) in Cement and Building Materials

Gender as a Key Variable in Energy Interventions inDeveloping Countries: Are We Asking the Right Questions?

GHG Reduction Potential, Sectoral Baselines andopportunities for CDM Projects.

Consequences of Electricity pricing reforms on agriculture

International Training Programme on "Renewable Energyin Local National and Global Context with SocioeconomicPerspectives

Impact of fuel Scarcity and Pollution on Rural Poor, acomparative analysis of vulnerable groups in HimachalPradesh

India's National circumstances for addressing ClimateChange (NATCOM).

International workshop: Gender & Climate Change (COP8)

C = CompletedO = Ongoing

CONSOLIDATED LIST OF IRADe PROJECTS

In a short span of time, IRADe has either executed or linked up projects in a number of areas and with national and internationalorganizations.

United Nations Environmental Programme,Geneva and Nairobi / Ministry of Environmentand Forests, Govt. of India

Petroleum Federation of India

Energia International NetherlandsSelf Employed Women Association, Gujarat

Reliance Industries Limited

World Bank, State Bank of India, SDC and others

United Nations Environmental Programme

Central Statistical Organization, New Delhi

Ministry of Non-conventional Energy Sources,Govt. of India

PriceWaterHouseCoopers, New Delhi PetroleumFederation of India

Institute of Global Environmental Strategies, Japan/Ministry of Environment and Forests, Govt. of India

DFID (UK), Engineering Knowledge andResearch Programme

Ministry of Environment and Forests, Govt. of India

Stanford University, California, USA

Ministry of Non-conventional Energy Sources,Govt. of India & Energia International

South Asia Network of Economic research Institutes(SANEI)/ Global Development Network

Ministry of Environment and Forests, Govt. of Indiathrough Winrock International

UNDP, New York

Projects undertakenTitle of Project Started in Funding Agency

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