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Introduction
Japan Automobile ManufacturersAssociation, Inc.
Head Office
Otemachi Bldg., 6-1,Otemachi 1-chomeChiyoda-ku,Tokyo 100-0004 JapanTel �: +81-(3)-5219-6655Fax�: +81-(3)-3287-2073
Visit us on the Internet at: http://www.jama.or.jp or at our North American office's web site: http://www.jama.org (also linked to our main Web site).
This booklet offers our readers a brief overview of the Japanese automobile industry today. It contains a wide range of pertinent statistics on the industry's status and looks at relevant trends and developments. The Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association, Inc. (JAMA) aims to facilitate understanding of the Japanese motor vehicle industry by providing helpful insights into the industry. We hope that you will find this publication informative, and we welcome your questions and comments.
North American Office
1050 17th Street, N.W., Suite 410Washington, D.C. 20036, U.S.A.Tel �: +1-(202)-296-8537Fax�: +1-(202)-872-1212
European Office
Avenue Louise 3271050 Brussels, BelgiumTel �: +32-(2)-639-1430Fax�: +32-(2)-647-5754
Singapore Representative Office
143 Cecil Street #09-03/04GB Bldg., Singapore 069542Tel �: +65-6221-5057Fax�: +65-6221-5072
Japan Automobile ManufacturersAssociation of Canada
Willy-Brandt-Allee 2053113 Bonn, GermanyTel �: +49-(228)-766-8274Fax�: +49-(228)-766-8275
151 Bloor Street West, Suite 460Toronto, Ontario M5S 1S4 CanadaTel �: +1-(416)-968-0150Fax�: +1-(416)-968-7095http�://www.jama.ca/
JAMA Associate Offices
2003THE MOTORINDUSTRYOF JAPAN
Contents
Motor Vehicle Classifications Throughout this booklet, passenger cars are referred to as standard, small or “mini” cars. These categories are based
primarily on engine displacement: standard is over 2000cc, small is 661-2000cc, and mini is 660cc and under.Most passenger cars in Japan are in the small category, but the minicar sector has been expanding in recent years.
For more details, see Motor Vehicle Classification on page 20 and Car Market Sectors on page 7.
This booklet is printed on recycled paper and is recyclable.
Edited and published by JAMA
2002 In Summary .................................................................................................................................... 3
MOTOR VEHICLESProduction ...............................................................................................................................................4Domestic Sales ........................................................................................................................................ 5Imported Vehicle Sales ............................................................................................................................ 6Car Market Sectors ..................................................................................................................................7Exports .................................................................................................................................................... 8In Use and Cars Per Capita .....................................................................................................................9
MOTORCYCLESProduction and Domestic Sales .............................................................................................................10Exports ..................................................................................................................................................11
GLOBAL ACTIVITIESNorth American Manufacturing Operations ...........................................................................................12European Manufacturing Operations ....................................................................................................14Asian Manufacturing Operations ...........................................................................................................16International Automotive Industry Ties ..................................................................................................17
STANDARDS AND REGULATIONSMotor Vehicle Classification ..................................................................................................................20Domestic Taxes on Automobiles ...........................................................................................................21Automobile Certification and Standards ................................................................................................22
SOCIAL CONCERNSAttention to the Environment .................................................................................................................24Traffic Safety .........................................................................................................................................28Intelligent Transport Systems ................................................................................................................29
AUTOMOBILES AND THE ECONOMYAutomotive Shipments in Value Terms ..................................................................................................30Automotive Trade ..................................................................................................................................31
MISCELLANEOUS32.....................................................................................................................
35................................................................................................................................................................................................................34
..........................................................................................................36
Significant Events of 2002JAMA Organization and Information ServicesMember ManufacturersRelated Automotive Associations
3
2002 In Summary
Notes: 1. New registrations include imported vehicles.� 2. Percentage figures represent the change from the preceding year.�Sources: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association, Japan Automobile Dealers � Association, Japan Mini-Vehicles Association.
Cars� Trucks Buses TotalProduction
4,441,354+3.5%
1,572,640-1.8%
66,321+14.2%
10,257,318+4.9%
SUMMARY: 2002 DOMESTIC PERFORMANCE AND EXPORTS
NewRegistrations
Exports 4,012,371+12.4%
8,618,357+6.2%
1,334,380-16.6%
637,593+15.3%
16,359+2.7%
48,762+9.6%
5,792,093-1.9%
4,698,726+12.8%
Production
Exports
SUMMARY: 2002 DOMESTIC MOTORCYCLE PERFORMANCE AND EXPORTS
50cc & under� Over 50cc� Total
Demandin Japan
Note: Percentage figures represent the change from the preceding year.
588,956-3.6%
1,526,532-11.1%
2,115,488-9.1%
535,327-1.8%
235,755+14.6%
771,082+2.7%
74,811+25.9%
1,418,682-10.1%
1,343,871-11.5%
Production Chg.(%) Sales Chg..(%) Exports Chg.(%) � Cars� 444,010� -8.0� 358,093� -6.5� 61,505� +14.3� Trucks� 155,531� -0.4� 146,503� -7.9� 14,604� +34.9Daihatsu� 599,541� -6.2� 504,596� -6.9� 76,109� +17.8� Cars� 355,394� -4.6� 170,305� -15.8� 189,102� +8.1� Trucks� 80,961� -10.3� 85,070� -0.03� �Fuji Hvy. Ind.� 436,355� -5.7� 255,375� -11.1� 189,102� +8.1� Cars� 241� -51.0� 522� +342.4� �GM Japan� 241� -51.0� 522� +342.4� � Trucks� 48,991� +0.8� 31,198� -3.5� 19,361� +24.2� Buses� 5,179� +7.2� 2,012� -0.6� 3,564� +15.7Hino� 54,170� +1.4� 33,210� -3.3� 22,925� +22.8� Cars� 1,328,640� +8.9� 834,431� +5.7� 475,797� +14.5� Trucks� 57,739� -11.0� 58,437� -9.6� �Honda� 1,386,379� +7.9� 892,868� +4.5� 475,797� +14.5� Cars� 8,475� -33.9� 71� -87.2� 19,339� -16.3� Trucks� 220,254� +10.2� 53,410� -9.2� 156,630� +19.0� Buses� 2,324� -28.0� 1,246� +5.2� 1,199� -44.4Isuzu� 231,053� +7.0� 54,727� -9.7� 177,168� +12.9� Cars� 716,117� +9.0� 217,095� -3.9� 513,515� +10.8� Trucks� 57,301� -20.5� 45,986� -17.2� 7,757� -50.2Mazda� 773,418� +6.1� 263,081� -6.5� 521,272� +8.8� Cars� 685,213� +8.4� 256,734� -11.2� 400,985� +25.2� Trucks� 178,694� -8.7� 155,750� -20.0� 47,006� +0.4� Buses� 7,397� +7.5� 3,903� +1.4� 3,487� +20.0Mitsubishi� 871,304� +4.4� 416,387� -14.6� 451,478� +22.0� Cars� 1,192,770� +9.6� 544,174� +10.2� 551,073� +19.0� Trucks� 184,383� +7.7� 226,281� -3.9� 112,082� +29.3� Buses� 15,286� +39.6� 3,286� +36.9� 9,516� +29.7Nissan � 1,392,439� +9.6� 773,741� +5.8� 672,671� +20.8� Trucks� 25,005� +10.1� 14,971� -4.4� 11,934� +32.4� Buses� 1,763� +21.7� 723� +7.6� 1,042� +19.8Nissan Diesel� 26,768� +10.8� 15,694� -3.9� 12,976� +31.3� Cars� 817,038� +14.7� 458,091� +6.1� 266,207� +11.7� Trucks� 182,842� -6.2� 167,999� -11.6� 16,242� +4.5Suzuki� 999,880� +10.2� 626,090� +0.6� 282,449� +11.2� Cars� 3,070,459� +4.5� 1,325,320� +10.0� 1,534,848� +8.4� Trucks� 380,340� -1.2� 344,706� -31.4� 251,977� +14.0� Buses� 34,372� +11.8� 5,187� -10.4� 29,954� +6.5Toyota� 3,485,171� +3.9� 1,675,213� -2.2� 1,816,779� +9.1� Cars� � � 276,518� +2.8� �� Trucks� 600� +37.3� 4,069� -39.4� �� Buses� � � 2� -77.8� �Other� 599� +37.1� 280,589� +1.7� �(Imports)
Total Cars� 8,618,357� +6.2� 4,441,354� +3.5� 4,012,371� +12.4Total Trucks� 1,572,640� -1.8� 1,334,380� -16.6� 637,593� +15.3Total Buses� 66,321� +14.2� 16,359� +2.7� 48,762� +9.6
Total� 10,257,318� +4.9� 5,792,093� -1.9� 4,698,726� +12.8
Sources:� Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association, Japan Automobile Dealers Association, Japan � Mini-Vehicles Association.
JAPAN'S CAR/TRUCK/BUS PRODUCTION, SALES, AND EXPORTS BY MAKE (2002)
� 1� Honda Fit 250,790 +140.52� Toyota Corolla 226,222 -4.3
� 3� Nissan March 139,332 +130.6� 4� Toyota Ist 103,579� 5� Toyota Vitz 100,801 -29.3�� 6� Toyota Noah 97,080 +792.8� 7� Toyota Estima 95,765 -19.5
8� Toyota Voxy 77,958 +760.1 � 9� Nissan Cube 75,215 +0.3�10� Honda Mobilio 72,242��11� Honda Step Wagon 71,128 -35.3�12� Toyota Crown 68,798 -7.013� Honda Stream 64,289 -46.414� Mazda Demio 63,050 +2.4�15� Nissan Serena Wagon 60,492 +11.6
16� Toyota Mark II 59,448 -13.7�17� Toyota Premio 58,80018� Toyota Fun Cargo 57,525 -17.9��19� Toyota Alphard 53,428�20� Nissan Wingroad 53,407 +36.6
���Note: Mini-vehicles are not included.�Source: Japan Automobile Dealers Association.
�2002 Chg.(%)
JAPAN'S TOP SELLERS
Motor Vehicle Production
In 2002 motor vehicle production in Japan shifted intothe plus column for the first time in two years, rising to10,257,318 units for a year-on-year increase of 4.9% andrecovering the 10-million level also for the first timesince 2000. This rise was due to the vigorousperformance of Japanese vehicle exports, whichregistered a 12.8% jump over 2001.
Production of passenger cars increased by 6.2% to8,618,348 units, registering its first growth in two years.The excellent performance of passenger car exports,primarily to North America, and an increase in domesticsales of small cars explain this growth. Production of
trucks remained on a downtrend, dropping by 1.8% to1,572,641 units to mark the eighth consecutive year ofdecline, the longest on record. This decline reflects anumber of factors, including the slowdown in theJapanese economy and the increasing efficiency ofmotor transport, which is allowing transport vehicles toremain in use on the road for longer periods of time, thusleading to decreases in their numbers. On the otherhand, production of buses climbed by 14.2% to 66,321units to mark the third consecutive year of gain.
4
millions of units
MOTOR VEHICLE PRODUCTION
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
19971996199519901985198019751970 1998 1999 200220012000
Passenger Cars
Total
Trucks & Buses
Note: Percentage figures represent the change from the preceding year.
20022001200019991998199719961995199019851980197519701965196019551950
Year Cars Trucks Buses Total Chg.(%) Chg.(%) Chg.(%) Chg.(%) 8,618,3578,117,5638,359,4348,097,0828,047,9298,491,4807,864,6767,610,5339,947,9727,646,8167,038,1084,567,8543,178,708
696,176165,094
20,2681,594
10,257,3189,777,191
10,140,7969,892,389
10,041,95810,975,08710,346,69910,195,53613,486,79612,271,09511,042,8846,941,5915,289,1571,875,614
481,55168,93231,597
1,572,6401,601,5361,726,8181,746,9121,937,0762,421,3732,428,8972,537,7373,498,6394,544,6883,913,1882,337,6322,063,8831,160,090
308,02043,85726,501
+6.2-2.9+3.2+0.6-5.2+8.0+3.3-2.5+9.9+8.1
+14.0+16.2+21.7+20.1
+110.0+40.0
—
-1.8-7.3-1.2-9.8
-20.0-0.3-4.3-6.1
-11.0+5.2
+15.2-9.2+2.1+4.6
+73.5-11.5
—
66,32158,09254,54448,39556,95362,23453,12647,26640,18579,59191,58836,10546,56619,348
8,4374,8073,503
+14.2+6.5
+12.7-15.0
-8.5+17.1+12.4
-3.8-4.5
+10.2+46.4-21.2+11.3+41.5+25.3-16.4
—
+4.9-3.6+2.5-1.5-8.5+6.1+1.5-3.4+3.5+7.0
+14.6+5.9
+13.1+10.2+83.2
-1.6—
Cars Trucks Buses TotalChg.(%)Chg.(%)Chg.(%) Chg.(%)
Note: Percentage figures represent the change from the preceding year.
DaihatsuFuji Hvy. Ind.GM JapanHinoHondaIsuzuMazdaMitsubishiNissanNissan DieselSuzukiToyotaOtherTotal
444,010355,394
241—
1,328,6408,475
716,117685,213
1,192,770—
817,0383,070,459
—8,618,357
-8.0-4.6
-51.0—
+8.9-33.9+9.0+8.4+9.6
—+14.7
+4.5—
+6.2
155,53180,961
—48,99157,739
220,25457,301
178,694184,383
25,005182,842380,340
5991,572,640
-0.4-10.3
—+0.8-11.0
+10.2-20.5
-8.7+7.7
+10.1-6.2-1.2
+37.1-1.8
———
5,179—
2,324—
7,39715,286
1,763—
34,372—
66,321
———
+7.2—
-28.0—
+7.5+39.6+21.7
—+11.8
—+14.2
599,541436,355
24154,170
1,386,379231,053773,418871,304
1,392,43926,768
999,8803,485,171
59910,257,318
-6.2-5.7
-51.0+1.4+7.9+7.0+6.1+4.4+9.6
+10.8+10.2
+3.9+37.1
+4.9
2002 DOMESTIC PRODUCTION BY MANUFACTURER
Manufacturer
Domestic Sales of New Motor Vehicles
Registrations of new motor vehicles in 2002 declinedfor the second straight year, resulting in a year-on-yeardecrease of 1.9% to total 5,792,093 units. The drop invehicle sales was attributed to the weak market fortrucks in the wake of Japan's prolonged economicslowdown.
Passenger car sales grew for the fourth consecutiveyear, rising by 3.5% to 4,441,354 units. Sales of trucksdeclined for the seventh consecutive year, dropping by
16.6% to 1,334,380 units, while sales of buses were up2.7%, the first rise in two years.
Demand in 2003 is anticipated to total 5,850,000units, up 1.0% from the previous year, reflectingforecasts for growth in the Japanese economy andexpectations that launches of new models will stimulatethe market.
5
NEW MOTOR VEHICLE SALES
5,792,0935,906,4715,963,0425,861,2165,879,4256,725,0267,077,7456,865,0347,777,4935,556,8345,015,5104,308,9314,100,4671,674,962
408,18064,530
4,441,3544,289,6834,259,8724,154,0844,093,1484,492,0064,668,7284,443,9065,102,6593,104,0832,854,1762,737,6412,379,137
586,287145,227
20,055
1,334,3801,600,8561,686,5991,692,6541,772,1362,217,2572,391,7902,403,8252,649,9092,431,1782,137,9471,551,4541,693,5021,073,832
255,69340,498
+3.5+0.7+2.5+1.5-8.9-3.8+5.1+5.6
+15.9+3.3-6.0
+19.7+16.8+18.8+98.8
—
-16.6-5.1-0.4-4.5
-20.1-7.3-0.5+4.6-6.3+4.7+2.2+0.7-4.4+9.0
+61.2—
16,35915,93216,57114,47814,14115,76317,22717,30324,92521,57323,38719,83627,82814,843
7,2603,977
+2.7-3.9
+14.5+2.4
-10.3-8.5-0.4-3.0-5.9+6.4-2.5
-12.6+4.2-2.4
+12.2—
-1.9-0.9+1.7-0.3
-12.6-5.0+3.1+5.2+7.2+2.2-2.7
+11.9+6.9
+12.1+71.4
—Notes: 1. Figures include imported vehicles.� 2. Percentage figures represent the change from the preceding year.
millions of units
Total
Passenger Cars
Trucks & Buses
Sources: Japan Automobile Dealers Association, Japan Mini-Vehicles Association.
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
19971996199519901985198019751970 1998 1999 2000 20022001
2002200120001999199819971996199519901985198019751970196519601955
Year Cars Trucks Buses TotalChg.(%)Chg.(%)Chg.(%) Chg.(%)
2002 DOMESTIC SALES BY MANUFACTURER
Cars Trucks Buses TotalChg.(%)Chg.(%)Chg.(%) Chg.(%)
DaihatsuFuji Hvy. Ind.GM JapanHinoHondaIsuzuMazdaMitsubishiNissanNissan DieselSuzukiToyotaImportsTotal
-6.5-15.8
+342.4—
+5.7-87.2
-3.9-11.2
+10.2—
+6.1+10.0
+2.8+3.5
146,50385,070
—31,19858,43753,41045,986
155,750226,281
14,971167,999344,706
4,0691,334,380
-7.9-0.03
—-3.5-9.6-9.2
-17.2-20.0
-3.9-4.4
-11.6-31.4-39.4-16.6
———
2,012—
1,246—
3,9033,286
723—
5,1872
16,359
———
-0.6—
+5.2—
+1.4+36.9
+7.6—
-10.4-77.8+2.7
504,596255,375
52233,210
892,86854,727
263,081416,387773,741
15,694626,090
1,675,213280,589
5,792,093
-6.9-11.1
+342.4-3.3+4.5-9.7-6.5
-14.6+5.8-3.9+0.6-2.2+1.7-1.9
Manufacturer
Note: Percentage figures represent the change from the preceding year.�Sources: Japan Automobile Dealers Association, Japan Automobile Importers Association.
358,093170,305
522—
834,43171
217,095256,734544,174
—458,091
1,325,320276,518
4,441,354
Sales of Imported Vehicles in Japan
In 2002 sales of imported vehicles (includingcommercial vehicles) rose 1.7% to 280,590 units to posta second straight year-on-year increase. Sales ofimported passenger cars were up 2.8% to 276,519 units,also the second straight increase.
The share of the Japanese passenger car market heldby imports in 2002 was 6.2%, virtually the same level asin 2001.
These figures include the sales of imported passengercars produced at the overseas facilities of Japaneseautomakers. In 2002 sales of these cars climbed by
17.6% to 16,466 units, marking the first increase in threeyears.
It should be noted that Honda began importing Thai-made passenger cars to Japan for the first time ever, withsales totalling 1,231 units in 2002.
European-made cars retained their domination of theimport market, raising their share by 1.2% to 238,800units to account for 86.4% of total car imports.
The top three import brands in Japan in 2002 wereVolkswagen, Mercedes-Benz, and BMW.
6
� 1� Volkswagen� 59,882� -2.2
� 2� Mercedes-Benz� 47,983� -10.2
� 3� BMW� 35,728� -0.9
� 4� Volvo� 15,531� -6.6
� 5� Peugeot� 15,162� +23.3
Note: BMW includes units manufactured in the U.S., Volvo includes units manufactured in the Netherlands, and Mercedes-Benz includes units manufactured in the U.S.� and Spain.
BEST-SELLING FOREIGN BRANDS
� 6� Audi� 11,747� +44.5
� 7� BMW MINI� 10,024� +7.7
� 8� Honda� 9,841� +8.1
� 9� Opel� 7,846� -37.9
�10� Alfa Romeo� 7,426� +49.2
Manufacturer 2002 Chg.(%) Manufacturer 2002 Chg.(%)
NEW SALES OF IMPORTED CARS
Country of Origin
European countries
(German cars)
U.S.A.
Other
Total
Chg.(%) Note: Percentage figures represent the change from the preceding year.��
(U.S.-made Japanese cars)
33,813
(26,038)
11,058
(0)
0
44,871
—
190,750
(137,442)
28,602
(12,598)
2,345
221,706
+22.9
236,307
(156,216)
122,872
(84,722)
3,086
362,265
+31.2
256,485
(177,075)
83,344
(36,206)
1,666
341,495
-13.2
210,888
(148,607)
53,462
(17,664)
1,498
265,848
-22.2
213,534
(157,645)
53,636
(21,737)
4,266
271,436
+2.1
229,382
(176,833)
31,986
(10,395)
7,720
269,088
+0.5
219,943
(167,808)
42,196
(15,534)
5,628
267,767
-1.4
19981997199519901980
48,204
(40,157)
1,816
(0)
152
50,172
—
1985 1999 20012000
238,800
(182,275)
26,438
(10,551)
11,281
276,519
+2.8
2002
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
20001999199819971995199019851980 2001 2002
Total
European countries
OtherU.S.A.
thousands of units
Car Market Sectors
The small (661cc-2000cc) and minicar (660cc andunder) sectors have a dominant presence in the Japanesemarket. In 2002 these two sectors combined accountedfor 84.8% of the market. Breaking that figure down,small cars accounted for 55.4% and the very popularminicars took a 29.4% share.
By way of comparison, standard cars (2000cc+)peaked in 1995 with a 20% share of the market and havebeen on a steady downtrend since then.
Standard cars have a strong presence only in theimport market. From 1996 through 2002 standard carsheld import market shares of 70.6%, 65.5%, 70.2%,82.0%, 86.0%, 83.6% and 80.0%, respectively, clearlydemonstrating their dominance of the import market.
Established in 1949, the minicar category is adistinctive sector in Japan. The category is currentlylimited to vehicles with an engine displacement of 660ccor lower. Minicars offer excellent fuel economy and theability to maneuver in Japan's cramped drivingconditions, as well as attractive tax and insurancebenefits. They also provide a convenient, economicalmode of transportation for commuting to work andconducting daily activities, and these combined featureshave been behind their immense popularity in recentyears.
7
2002 CAR MARKET SHARE BY CATEGORY 2002 IMPORTED CAR MARKET SHAREBY CATEGORY
Small cars(661cc-2000cc)55.4%
Minicars(660cc & under) 29.4%
Standard cars(2000cc+)15.2%
Minicars (660cc & under) 1.3%
Standard cars(2000cc+)80.0%
Small cars(661cc-2000cc)18.7%
1998199519901980 1999 2000
SMALL CARS
Growth rate
Market share
STANDARD CARS
Growth rate
Market share
MINICARS
Growth rate
Market share
TOTAL MARKET
Growth rate
2,608,215
-6.2%
91.4%
71,931
-15.1%
2.5%
174,030
+2.2%
6.1%
2,854,176
-6.0%
1985
2,869,527
+1.8%
92.4%
73,539
+10.4%
2.4%
161,017
-16.8%
5.2%
3,104,083
+3.3%
1975
2,531,396
+27.1%
92.5%
49,125
+34.7%
1.8%
157,120
-39.3%
5.7%
2,737,641
+19.7%
3,839,221
+2.8%
75.2%
467,490
+69.1%
9.2%
795,948
+102.8%
15.6%
5,102,659
+15.9%
2,654,291
-2.2%
59.7%
889,260
+29.4%
20.0%
900,355
+11.2%
20.3%
4,443,906
+5.6%
2,389,671
-11.5%
58.4%
756,117
-13.4%
18.5%
947,360
+3.3%
23.1%
4,093,148
-8.9%
2,193,920
-8.2%
52.8%
723,999
-4.3%
17.4%
1,236,165
+30.5%
29.8%
4,154,084
+1.5%
2,208,387
+0.7%
51.8%
770,220
+6.4%
18.1%
1,281,265
+3.6%
30.1%
4,259,872
+2.5%
Note: Figures include imports.
PASSENGER CAR SALES IN JAPAN BY MARKET SECTOR
2001
2,274,996
+3.0%
53.0%
741,489
-3.7%
17.3%
1,273,198
-0.6%
29.7%
4,289,683
+0.7%
2002
2,460,103
+8.1%
55.4%
674,094
-9.1%
15.2%
1,307,157
+2.7%
29.4%
4,441,354
+3.5%
Motor Vehicle Exports
Exports of motor vehicles posted a year-on-yearincrease in 2002 for the first time in two years,registering a 12.8% surge over the previous year to total4,698,726 units.
Broken down by destination, all regions except LatinAmerica registered export gains compared to 2001.Vehicle exports to Asia showed the largest increase of21.5%, marking their first growth since 2000. Bycountry, exports to the United States recorded a gain of14.6%, also up for the first time in two years. The U.S.
remains Japan's biggest export destination, with a shareof 39.2% and 1,841,635 units exported in 2002.
In 2002 the share of exports within Japan's totaldomestic production rose to 45.8%, up from 42.6% in2001. At the same time, Japanese automakers' globaloperations continued to move ahead. Overseasproduction in 2002 totalled 7,652,419 units.
8
Asia
Middle East
Europe
(EU)
North America
(U.S.A.)
Latin America
Africa
Oceania
Other
Total
149,787
26,635
126,275
(51,514)
495,608
(422,464)
79,678
111,244
97,316
233
1,086,776
290,134
241,511
528,486
(383,589)
1,003,954
(919,949)
143,509
217,294
251,426
1,298
2,677,612
581,116
542,955
1,226,954
(955,974)
2,592,577
(2,407,645)
382,231
322,329
316,865
1,934
5,966,961
710,587
401,598
1,363,694
(995,489)
3,384,562
(3,131,997)
290,417
137,729
426,075
15,810
6,730,472
569,143
283,866
1,750,497
(1,484,588)
2,521,823
(2,236,988)
216,375
129,278
344,236
15,994
5,831,212
616,027
206,446
918,831
(792,058)
1,301,218
(1,228,096)
329,064
137,718
274,828
6,677
3,790,809
290,436
308,114
1,329,216
(1,154,992)
1,723,598
(1,556,419)
277,825
131,489
337,288
10,987
4,408,953
410,590
295,176
1,136,083
(973,076)
1,836,941
(1,669,047)
298,801
110,218
357,739
9,337
4,454,885
EXPORTS BY DESTINATION
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 1999 2000
351,227
381,965
895,415
(780,750)
1,795,816
(1,606,998)
293,636
98,524
341,808
7,778
4,166,169
2001
426,692
419,274
949,699
(837,639)
2,076,296
(1,841,635)
287,165
144,979
385,455
9,166
4,698,726
2002
20022001200019991998199719961995199019851980197519701965196019551950
Year Cars Trucks Buses TotalChg.(%)Chg.(%)Chg.(%) Chg.(%)
millions of units
4,012,3713,568,7973,795.8523,757,4603,684,4303,579,1312,860,0802,896,2164,482,1304,426,7623,947,1601,827,286
725,586100,716
7,01327
+12.4-6.0+1.0+2.0+2.9
+25.1-1.2
-13.8+1.8
+11.2+27.2
+5.8+29.5+50.4+43.6
+100.0—
637,593552,891617,870613,113795,528919,469807,772849,859
1,309,1212,238,1041,953,685
833,672351,61190,92331,028
9075,409
+15.3-10.5+0.8
-22.9-13.5+13.8
-5.0-17.2
-9.4+8.0
+37.2-4.7
+20.9+11.3
+122.3+33.6
—
48,76244,48141,16338,38048,91754,60243,86644,73439,96165,60666,11616,654
9,5792,529
768322
93
+9.6+8.1+7.3
-21.5-10.4+24.5
-2.0-39.2+13.7+16.7+79.4
+4.3+41.6+45.8+73.8
+4.5—
4,698,7264,166,1694,454,8854,408,9534,528,8754,553,2023,711,7183,790,8095,831,2126,730,4725,966,9612,677,6121,086,776
194,16838,809
1,2315,509
+12.8-6.5+1.0-2.6-0.5
+22.7-2.1
-15.0-0.9
+10.2+30.8
+2.3+26.7+29.1+24.6+24.6
—Note: Percentage figures represent the change from the preceding year.
Total
Passenger Cars
Trucks & Buses
MOTOR VEHICLE EXPORTS
19981996 1997199519901985198019751970 1999 2000 2001 2002
7654321
Motor Vehicles In Use and Cars Per Capita
As of year-end 2002, the number of motor vehicles(excluding two-wheelers) in use on roads in Japan rose0.8% to 73,992,953 units.
The United States, with 223.4 million units at year-end 2001, accounts for about one out of three motorvehicles in use in the world. The U.S. is thus by far theworld's leader in this category, while Japan stands insecond place, accounting for about one-tenth of theestimated 775 million motor vehicles in use worldwide.
The average age of passenger cars on the road in
Japan has been steadily increasing. As of the end ofMarch 2002, it had increased by 0.19 of a year to 6.23years, its highest age ever. Similarly, the average servicelife for cars lengthened by 0.15 of a year to 10.55 years.
According to statistics for 2001, Japan has 426 carsper thousand persons, or one car for every 2.3 persons.
9
PASSENGER CARS' LIFE IN YEARS (as of March of each year)
19751980198519901995199719981999200020012002
3.304.254.574.644.885.145.335.605.846.046.23
6.728.299.179.269.439.289.449.639.96
10.40 10.55
Notes: Average age means the average years elapsed since first registration.� Average service life means average vehicle lifespan.�Source: Japan Automobile Inspection and Registration Association.
Year Average Age Average Service Life
Note: Based on 2001 statistics from each country.
PASSENGER CARS PER 1,000 PEOPLE (persons per car )
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
U.S.A.
Italy
Canada
Germany
Australia
U.K.
France
Belgium
Japan
491
578
515
426
460
(2.0)
(1.7)
(1.8)
(1.8)
(1.9)
(2.3)
(2.2)
487
489 (2.0)
(2.1)
559
541
200220012000199919981997199619951994199319921991199019851980197519701965196019551950
Year Cars OtherTrucks Buses Total Chg.(%)
millions of units
54,540,51253,541,21252,438,08351,164,90149,896,32648,611,23046,868,71244,680,25442,678,56640,772,40738,963,86137,076,06534,924,21327,844,60123,659,52817,236,326
8,778,9752,181,287
457,451153,924
45,006
17,482,89717,868,75318,228,10818,633,04619,083,54619,654,91720,092,12020,432,98820,670,36020,884,25721,134,66021,326,62921,324,84817,145,17813,193,43910,089,051
8,517,5074,539,7281,589,965
679,880261,579
1,736,1391,766,6961,751,2521,693,0121,600,7911,500,5481,601,4441,500,7841,420,7341,361,7221,314,7611,267,5691,206,996
942,377790,911586,895341,315159,259
72,07732,57212,494
233,405234,816235,483235,676237,701240,354242,243243,095245,387247,794248,624248,258245,668231,228230,020226,284187,980102,695
56,19234,42118,306
73,992,95373,411,47772,652,92671,726,63570,818,36470,007,04968,805,07366,857,12165,015,04763,266,18061,661,90659,918,52157,701,72546,163,38437,873,89828,138,55617,825,777
6,882,9692,175,685
900,797337,385
+0.8+1.0+1.3+1.3+1.2+1.7+2.9+2.8+2.8+2.6+2.9+3.8+4.7+3.7
+10.4+4.6
+15.4+19.3+24.2
+8.5—
Note: Percentage figures represent the change from the preceding year.�Source: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport.
Total
Passenger Cars
MOTOR VEHICLES IN USE (as of the end of each year)
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990
70605040302010 Trucks & Buses & Other
1991 1992 1995 1998 1999 200220012000199719961993 1994
Motorcycle Production and Domestic Sales
In 2002 domestic demand for motorcycles rose for thefirst time in six years, posting a growth of 2.7% to771,082 units. Driving this growth was the excellentperformance of, on one hand, motorcycles in the 51-125cc category (up 20.7%), reflecting the emergence ofreplacement demand for commercial motorcycles(mainly for postal service use), and, on the other hand,brisk sales of motorcycles in the 126-250cc category (up19.3%), responding to the manufacturers' energeticlaunches of new models to stimulate demand in the age20-29 youth segment.
Total domestic production of motorcycles in 2002
dropped for the second consecutive year, decreasing9.1% to 2,115,488 units owing to a sluggish performanceby exports.
The number of motorcycles in use in Japan has beendeclining for over a decade, reflecting a long-termslowdown in the domestic market. As of the end ofMarch 2003, motorcycles in use totalled 13,540,373units, accounting for an estimated ten percent of the totalnumber in use worldwide and ranking Japan third in theworld following India and China.
10
MOTORCYCLE PRODUCTIONmillions of units
200220012000199919981997199519901985198019751970
Year Total Chg.(%)50cc & underOver 50cc
Subtotal51~125cc 126~250cc Over 250cc588,956610,993636,546679,690839,123933,921951,803
1,343,2202,014,8502,493,9101,030,822
895,599
543,294598,551630,221532,909783,646817,284
1,038,938686,734
1,373,4232,181,2061,887,7011,407,205
241,356260,269297,433237,706271,378275,847217,738270,304469,728660,831331,733259,145
741,882858,227851,191801,406742,149648,631544,760506,637678,346
1,098,577552,291385,723
2,115,4882,328,0402,415,3912,251,7112,636,2962,675,6832,753,2392,806,8954,536,3476,434,5243,802,5472,947,672
-9.1-3.6+7.3
-14.6-1.5+3.5+1.0+0.4
+12.7+43.8-15.7+14.4
1,526,5321,717,0471,778,8451,572,0211,797,1731,741,7621,801,4361,463,6752,521,4973,940,6142,771,7252,052,073
7
6
5
4
3
2
19981997199519901985198019751970 1999 2001 20022000
millions of units
MOTORCYCLE DOMESTIC DEMAND
3
2
1
19981997199519901985198019751970 1999 2000 2001 2002
200220012000199919981997199519901985198019751970
Year Total Chg.(%)50cc & underOver 50cc
Subtotal51~125cc 126~250cc Over 250cc535,327544,988558,459621,276744,900864,395884,718
1,213,5121,646,1151,978,426
778,117598,165
94,46878,263
102,116105,550177,092156,183138,115169,618130,574200,238307,276461,570
94,41479,15672,88651,46165,65984,79998,833
158,882173,887
88,18815,88261,608
46,87348,27946,41658,67275,32982,86191,18676,921
145,674103,184
28,01869,586
771,082750,686779,877836,959
1,062,9801,188,2381,212,8521,618,9332,096,2502,370,0361,129,2931,190,929
+2.7-3.7-6.8
-21.3-10.5
-2.6+1.6-3.0+3.7
+23.7-3.6-4.9
235,755205,698221,418215,683318,080323,843328,134405,421450,135391,610351,176592,764
Note: Percentage figures represent the change from the preceding year.
Motorcycle Exports
Exports of motorcycles in 2002 fell by 10.1% to total1,418,682 units for a second consecutive year of decline,which reflects the growing trend towards local overseasproduction of motorcycles.
By destination, shipments to Africa and NorthAmerica rose by 6.7% and 3.3%, respectively. Incontrast, shipments to Latin America, the Middle East,
Asia, and Europe dropped by 52.8%, 37.4%, 15.3%, and12.0%, respectively. For the second straight year exportsto the U.S. surpassed those to Europe, which hadpreviously (since 1996) been the biggest exportdestination. In 2002 the U.S. market accounted for39.9% of total exports.
11
Asia
Middle East
Europe
(EU)
North America
(U.S.A.)
Latin America
Africa
Oceania
Total
EXPORTS BY DESTINATION
936,990
178,395
415,830
(351,831)
800,386
(735,683)
60,578
63,996
85,307
2,541,482
1985
250,846
41,766
527,040
(448,923)
182,933
(167,202)
92,001
52,721
36,437
1,183,744
1990
464,979
16,131
340,585
(322,957)
267,831
(251,880)
178,175
26,329
31,680
1,325,710
1995
326,985
46,417
546,882
(514,161)
244,622
(227,461)
218,131
34,929
41,742
1,459,708
1997
274,578
37,125
690,629
(652,210)
291,611
(266,903)
220,855
41,855
47,100
1,603,753
1998
156,346
18,582
663,667
(631,439)
377,423
(337,203)
101,309
38,306
57,505
1,413,138
1999
195,352
26,775
652,375
(623,294)
541,478
(494,508)
139,854
27,277
58,066
1,641,177
2000
196,261
28,171
434,926
(413,339)
614,145
(565,931)
60,769
32,954
51,456
1,418,682
2002
231,680
45,028
494,416
(473,622)
594,381
(548,915)
128,857
30,890
52,161
1,577,413
2001
2002200120001999199819971996199519901985198019751970
Year Total Chg.(%)50cc & underOver 50cc
Subtotal51~125cc 126~250cc Over 250cc74,81159,40682,03889,547
114,85375,51355,01661,627
147,301369,167501,027288,974326,815
462,137530,728549,040422,876616,213649,825666,593691,433507,840
1,350,4121,907,4811,546,170
914,325
149,900194,058204,591177,399206,751187,981154,103129,961117,222296,865548,306328,313187,185
731,834793,221805,508723,316665,936546,389481,623442,689411,381525,038972,226527,344309,277
1,418,6821,577,4131,641,1771,413,1381,603,7531,459,7081,357,3351,325,7101,183,7442,541,4823,929,0402,690,8011,737,602
-10.1-3.9
+16.1-11.9+9.9+7.5+2.4-5.8+7.3
+19.7+44.0-17.0+33.8
1,343,8711,518,0071,559,1391,323,5911,488,9001,384,1951,302,3191,264,0831,036,4432,172,3153,428,0132,401,8271,410,787
Note: Percentage figures represent the change from the preceding year.
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 20022001
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
Total
Over 50cc 50cc&under
At present seven Japanese auto manufacturers haveproduction operations in the United States and threehave operations in Canada. This mirrors Japaneseautomakers' emphasis on a global strategy ofmanufacturing where demand is present. The sevenJapanese-affiliated automakers in the U.S. have madethat country Japan's biggest base for overseas productionby investing nearly $20 billion in aggregate ininfrastructure and facilities in the United States.
In 2002 total production by Japanese-affiliatedautomakers in the United States increased 6.6% to2,600,503 units, reflecting an expansion in productionfacilities.
Japanese automakers' local production activitiesprovide substantial employment opportunities in theirhost communities and contribute to U.S. automobileexports. In 2001 the U.S. affiliates of Japanesemanufacturers exported 162,598 American-built cars andtrucks to countries around the world, a decline of 6.2%from the previous year. These exports, which accountedfor 12.4% of total U.S. vehicle exports, consistedpredominantly of passenger cars and brought in anestimated $2.5 billion in foreign exchange.
Local R&D is centered on so-called design-indevelopment, a process in which suppliers take part invehicle development from the early stages on. Thisprocess facilitates the development of vehicles wellsuited to the U.S. market and encourages close
collaboration with local suppliers. The ten R&Dsubsidiaries of Japanese automakers in the U.S. nowprovide jobs to about 2,750 Americans.
Besides such undertakings by individual automakers,JAMA plays a constructive role in various jointinitiatives with the objective of furthering mutualcooperation and understanding. One key initiative isJAMA's collaboration with the U.S. Motor & EquipmentManufacturers Association (MEMA), as a result ofwhich regular JAMA-MEMA Liaison Committee andOne-on-One business meetings are held.
JAMA is also working closely with North America'sAlliance of Automobile Manufacturers and the EuropeanAutomobile Manufacturers Association (ACEA) inpromoting the international harmonization of automobiletechnical regulations. Moreover, CEOs from the world'stop manufacturers of passenger cars and trucks met,together with representatives from the Alliance, ACEA,and JAMA, for the first Global Automobile IndustryMeeting in September, 2002 in Paris. Discussionsfocused on environment- and safety-related topics.Further sessions of the Global Meeting will take placeperiodically.
North American Manufacturing Operations
12
Cars
Total
Passenger Cars
Trucks
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0
thousands of units
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 19971996 1998 1999 2000 200220011987
Total
Subtotal
Toyota
NUMMI
Nissan
Subtotal
SIA
Mitsubishi
AutoAlliance
Toyota
NUMMI
*
*
*
Nissan
Honda
735,694
102,718
��—
��—
102,718
632,976
�—
��—
4,200
43,726
143,652
117,334
324,064
890,290
95,919
��—
��—
95,919
794,456
��—
2,409
167,205
18,527
129,978
109,897
366,355
1,253,236
123,056
��—
��—
123,056
1,132,701
2,600
90,741
216,200
151,150
192,235
115,584
362,351
1,493,934
173,903
��—
�—
139,404
1,320,031
32,461
148,379
184,428
218,195
205,287
95,844
435,437
1,548,667
192,406
��—
Honda ��— ��— ��— ��— ��—
2,535
131,519
1,357,903
57,945
153,936
165,314
187,708
206,634
133,504
451,197
1,687,852
270,592
��—
75,271
128,924
1,417,260
57,623
139,783
168,859
240,382
180,960
171,402
458,251
1,827,912
287,635
�—
114,403
93,791
1,540,277
47,117
136,022
219,096
234,060
207,025
293,182
403,775
2,152,752
365,548
��—
133,713
131,954
1,787,204
54,002
169,829
247,004
275,678
229,327
312,654
498,710
2,300,798
355,821
���—
��— �— ��— ���—
123,755
132,552
1,944,977
80,660
218,161
149,562
381,445
228,920
333,234
552,995
1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
2,312,567
378,277
26,838
SIA �— �— �— 34,499 58,352 66,397 79,441 99,881 99,514 84,711
147,930
118,798
1,934,290
102,180
189,086
100,394
404,973
209,879
279,510
648,268
1998
2,316,804
373,333
��—
96,124
141,047
136,162
1,943,471
98,747
192,961
129,441
385,657
224,422
277,869
634,374
1997
Trucks
2,382,207
451,941
95,473
��— ��— ��—
158,395
86,104
1,930,266
104,229
157,139
167,268
380,730
203,464
222,733
694,703
1999 2000
111,969
677,090
150,129
197,737
371,877
107,431
222,036
107,955
1,834,255
227,146
146,339
100,721
253,277
��—
727,483
2,561,738
20022001
686,043
167,742
210,726
356,840
165,143
159,702
93,070
1,839,266
156,903
156,395
99,130
176,862
��—
589,290
2,428,556
692,377
157,876
188,967
353,381
71,723
193,435
103,010
1,760,769
168,349
162,736
83,307
262,260
2,283
678,935
2,439,704
641,109
235,473
205,306
386,860
65,924
202,611
93,125
1,830,408
174,361
164,550
38,708
280,848
111,628
770,095
2,600,503
Note: *Figures include cars produced for the Big Three automakers (NUMMI/GM, AutoAlliance/Ford, Mitsubishi/Chrysler).�Source: Ward's Automotive Yearbook.
PRODUCTION AT U.S. MANUFACTURING OPERATIONS
13
JAPANESE AUTOMAKERS' NORTH AMERICAN R&D CENTERS (as of March 2003)
Key to Functions
1) Technical support for procurement of parts for local production2) Evaluation of parts3) Evaluation of vehicles4) Styling & general design5) Parts design6) Vehicle design7) Prototype production
Headquarters, Division OfficesCurrentEmployees
Current Functions(Planned)
Honda R&D Americas, Inc.Torrance, CA, Raymond & East Liberty, OH, Denver, CO, �Mojave Desert, CA
Isuzu Motors America, Inc.Mazda North American Operations, Inc.
Mitsubishi Motors North America, Inc. (R&D)
Nissan Design America, Inc.
Subaru R&D, Inc.
Toyota Technical Center U.S.A., Inc.
Calty Design Research, Inc.(Toyota)
Nissan Technical CenterNorth America, Inc.
Los Angeles, CA, Detroit, MI
Irvine, CA, Flat Rock, MI, Ann Arbor, MI
Normal, IL
San Diego, CA
Farmington Hills, MI, Cambridge, MA, Los Angeles, CA, �Smyrna, TN, Sheffield Village, OH, Washington, D.C.
Ann Arbor, MI (with offices in California and Arizona)
Newport Beach, CA
Ann Arbor, MI, Lafayette, IN, Cypress, CA
About1,160
130
103
72
50
550
40
575
51
1,2,3,4,5,6,7
1,2,3,4,5,6,7
1,2,3,4,(5),(6),7
1,2,3,4,5,6,7
4
1,2,3,5,6,7
1,3,4,6
Arizona Test Center Inc.(Nissan) Stanfield, AZ 18 3
1,2,3
4
Name of Company
JAPANESE AUTOMAKERS' NORTH AMERICAN MANUFACTURING OPERATIONS (as of March 2003)
setatSdetinU
ynapmoCfoemaN noitacoL stcudorP pU-tratS seeyolpmElatoT
tnemtsevnI)noillim$(
aciremAfoadnoH
Honda Manufacturing of Alabama,LLC
.cnI,gnirutcafunaM oihO,annA,ytrebiLtsaE,ellivsyraM
Lincoln, Alabama
LTarucA,LCarucA,civiC,droccA
Odyssey, Engines
senignE 2891.voN
Nov. 2001
004,31 4,860$
eessenneT,anrymS reitnorF,arretX,amitlA 3891.nuJ *6,200
2,300
N.A.
.cnI,lanoitanretnIecnaillAotuA)adzaM(
nagihciM,kcoRtalF)droF:erutneVtnioJ( Mazda 6 7891.peS 1,800 332,1$
sionillI,lamroNtn., EndeavoralaG,espilcE:ihsibustiM
Stratus, Sebring:relsyrhC 8891.peS 3,203 N.A.
.cnI,.gfMrotoMdetinUweN)atoyoT(
ainrofilaC,tnomerF)srotoMlareneG:erutneVtnioJ(
Toyota: Corolla, Tacoma, VoltzGM: Pontiac Vibe
4891.ceD 5,777 $1,065
.cnI,ykcutneK.gfMrotoMatoyoT ykcutneK,nwotegroeG senignE,anneiS,nolavA,yrmaC May 1988 7,378 $5,128
Subaru of Indiana Automotive, Inc. Lafayette, IndianaFuji (Subaru): Legacy, EnginesIsuzu: Rodeo, Rodeo-Sport, Axiom
9891.peS 2,900 $760
gnirutcafunaMatoyoT.cnI,anaidnI Princeton, Indiana Tundra, Sequoia Feb. 1999 4,064 $2,156
Buffalo, West Virginia Engines 1998.Nov 879 $749
Toyota Motor ManufacturingAlabama, Inc.
Toyota Motor ManufacturingWest Virginia, Inc.
Huntsville, Alabama Engines May 2003 108 $220
adanaC
.cnIadanaCadnoH oiratnO,notsillAy, Acura MDX,essydO,LEarucA,civiC�
Pilot6891.voN 4,200 003,1$C
.cnIadanaC,.gfMrotoMatoyoT oiratnO,egdirbmaC Corolla, Camry, Solara, Matrix, Engines 8891.voN 3,442 C$2,488
.cnIevitomotuAIMAC)ikuzuS(
oiratnO,llosregnI)adanaCMG:erutneVtnioJ( oducsE 9891.rpA 004,2 516$C
Nissan North America, Inc. (Smyrna)
Dechard, Tennessee Engines May 1997 (Dechard)
Canton, Mississippi Titan, Pathfinder, Armada, Altima, Quest 2003 $930 (Canton)
Mitsubishi Motors North America, Inc. (Manufacturing)
DMAX, Ltd.(Isuzu)
Moraine, Ohio(Joint Venture: GM) Diesel engines Jul. 2000 800 $300
$580
Notes: * Including the Dechard and Canton plants. This listing covers passenger car, commercial vehicle and engine production operations only.
European Manufacturing Operations
14
EUROPEAN PRODUCTION BY JAPANESE AUTOMAKERS
Honda 3,630 26,454 35,952 50,545
Nissan 77,282 76,190 124,666 246,281
Toyota
Toyota
— — — 37,314Subtotal 80,912 102,644 160,618 334,140
Nissan 85,879 79,662 70,992 82,036Suzuki 18,383 21,203 25,505 30,476
Subtotal 104,262 100,865 96,497 112,512
Toyota 12,545 10,528 12,033 10,888
Mitsubishi 5,496 5,022 7,111 8,577Subtotal 18,041 15,550 19,144 19,465
MitsubishiNetherlands — — — —
SuzukiHungary — — — 13,151
Total
5,044
56,541
— 61,585
26,88822,362
49,250
13,684
5,80719,491
—
—
130,326 203,215 223,164 282,278
33,445
179,009
— 212,454
76,67632,511
109,187
13,801
9,07422,875
—
996
352,292 484,122
51,531
204,944
85,467341,942
101,17214,668
115,840
8,808
6,92015,728
—
— — — — — — — — — — — —
72,000
110,446
6,020
10,736
16,756
96,338
34,355
130,693
114,479
271,157
178,660
564,296
894,191
—
80,688
58,881
4,518
11,796
16,314
136,807
31,584
168,391
74,751
327,701
171,339
573,791
898,065
19,412
495,931
93,283
215,346
88,440397,069
117,32425,843
143,167
6,251
7,17613,427
20,879
36,473
614,524
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995
105,810
231,627
116,973454,410
107,33229,726
137,058
5,475
5,56211,037
44,491
51,778
702,768
108,097
271,666
104,615484,378
101,78032,133
133,913
6,364
7,26513,629
81,698
63,540
777,682
1996 1997
UK
Spain
Portugal
thousands of units
112,089
288,818
172,342573,249
97,03232,862
129,894
6,440
9,503
15,943
91,936
66,305
877,327
1998 2000 2001 2002
Source: Respective automakers.
199961,904
83,664
67,111
4,086
8,058
12,144
137,382
22,512
159,894
114,163
297,028
153,415
564,606
949,323
135,406
86,808
75,600
3,587
8,662
12,249
84,919
19,872
104,791
176,698
297,719
209,016
683,433
1,098,287
1,000
800
600
400
200
019981997199619951994199319921991199019891988 1999 200220012000
France
Passenger Cars
Japanese automakers now operate local plants attwelve sites in Europe (in France, Hungary, theNetherlands, Poland, Portugal, Spain and the UnitedKingdom).
From 1988 to 2002 European production by Japaneseautomakers increased approximately eightfold,producing 1,098,287 units in 2002 while providingemployment to 28,379 Europeans. Japanese vehiclesbuilt in Europe contribute to the industrial strength oftheir host regions and to the trade balance of their hostnations through exports.
In addition, Japanese automakers have R&D andtechnical centers at thirteen sites in Europe, providingjobs for 2,272 engineers and other personnel. Besidesfulfilling their main objective of steadily raising localcontent, these facilities also provide support for marketresearch, product planning and technical assistance.
Japanese automakers have achieved over 80 percentEuropean local content for Japanese-brand carsmanufactured in western Europe, generating a valuablemarket for suppliers willing to develop good, long-termbusiness relations with Japanese automakers.
Japanese automakers are also involved in vigorousindustry-to-industry cooperation to strengthen local partsmanufacturing and procurement in Europe. Since 1995,for example, JAMA and the Comite de Liaison de la
Construction d'Equipements et de Pieces d'Automobiles(CLEPA) have been holding regular joint conferencescentered on company-to-company business meetings.The seventh JAMA-CLEPA Business Conference isscheduled to take place in Sweden in April 2004.
Another cooperative effort was the Industry Forum'sMaster Engineers Program established by the U.K.'sDepartment of Trade and Industry and Society of MotorManufacturers and Traders (SMMT) to strengthen thecompetitiveness of the British automotive parts industry.Under this program, which was launched in 1996 andterminated in late 2002, Toyota, Nissan, and Honda (thethree Japanese automakers with manufacturingoperations in the U.K.) dispatched 13 outstandingengineers to provide on-site kaizen training to developmaster engineering skills at U.K. suppliers. During itsimplementation, the program organized kaizen training at400 companies in the U.K. and graduated a total of 43master engineers.
15
130 1,2,3,4,6,7
120 3,4,7
74 1,3,4,6
40 4
390 1,2,3,4,5,6,7
24 3
250 1,2,3,4,5,6,7
155 1,2,3
Key to Functions
1) Technical support for procurement of parts for local production2) Evaluation of parts3) Evaluation of vehicles4) Styling & general design5) Parts design6) Vehicle design7) Prototype production8) Market research
JAPANESE AUTOMAKERS' EUROPEAN R&D CENTERS (as of March 2003)
Honda R&D Europe G.m.b.H.
Mazda Motor Europe G.m.b.H.
Mitsubishi Motor R&D of EuropeG.m.b.H.
Nissan Design Europe, Ltd.
Isuzu Motors Germany G.m.b.H
Nissan Technical CentreEurope, Ltd.Nissan Technical CentreEurope (Brussels), S.A.
Nissan Technical CentreEurope (Spain), S.A.N.V.Toyota Motor EuropeMarketing & Engineering, S.A.(Technical Div.)
Offenbach, Germany
Leverkusen, Germany
550 3,4,6,7Toyota Motorsport G.m.b.H Cologne, Germany
Trebur, Germany, Helmond, The Netherlands,�Born, The Netherlands
London, UK
Brussels, Belgium
Cranfield, UK
Barcelona, Spain
Zaventem, Brabant, Belgium,Kerpen, Germany, Derbyshire, UK
Name of Company Headquarters, Division OfficesCurrentEmployees
CurrentFunctions
Honda R&D Europe (UK), Ltd. Swindon, UK 80 1,2,3,5,7
Mitsubishi Motors Europe B.V. Amsterdam, The Netherlands 319 8
Toyota Europe DesignDevelopment S.A.R.L 32 4,6
Ginsheim-Gustavsburg, Germany 108 1,2,5
Cote d'Azur, Franceˆ
modgniKdetinUNissan Motor Manufacturing(UK), Ltd.
Honda of the UK Mfg., Ltd.
Toyota Motor Mfg. (UK), Ltd.
4,900
4,000 £1,150
2991.Dec 4,426 £1,700
niapSSantana-Motor, S.A.(Suzuki)
Linares(Technical Support) oducsE,ynmiJ 5891.raM 630
755
Barcelona
Avila
Sunderland
Swindon
Burnaston, DerbyshireDeeside, Flintshire
Terrano, Almera, Tino, Engines
Primera, Primera Estate, Almera, Micra,Engines
Civic, CR-V, Engines
3891.naJ
5991.naJ
3,595
lagutroPSalvador Caetano I.M.V.T.,S.A. (Toyota)
Ovar(Joint Venture: Salvador Caetano) Optimo,ecaiH,anyD 8691Aug. 390 N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
Mitsubishi TrucksEurope-SociedadeEuropeia de Automoveis, S.A.
lagamarT retnaC 6991.raM 330
sdnalrehteNehTNetherlands Car B.V.(Mitsubishi) grubniL,nroB Mitsubishi: Carisma, Space Star
Volvo: S40, V40 5991yaM 4,002
yragnuHMagyar SuzukiCorporation
Esztergom(Joint Venture) Subaru Justy, Wagon R Plus, Ignis 2991.tcO 1,700
¥26,000
JAPANESE AUTOMAKERS' EUROPEAN MANUFACTURING OPERATIONS (as of March 2003)
Corolla, Avensis, Engines
FranceToyota Motor ManufacturingFrance S.A.S. Valenciennes Yaris, Engines 2001.Jan 2,631 735
PolandIsuzu Motors Polska Sp.zo.o Tychy Diesel engines 1999 Jul.
Jul. 1986
Jul. 1989
1,020
HUF 82,000
NGL 4,862
11,785
ynapmoCfoemaN noitacoL stcudorP pU-tratS seeyolpmElatoT
tnemtsevnI)noillim(
Nissan Motor Iberica, S.A.'
Atleon, Cabster ENissan Vehiculos Industriales, S.A.
Note: This listing covers passenger car, commercial vehicle and engine production operations only.
Asian Manufacturing Operations
Currently Japanese automakers have productionoperations in ten Asian countries. In 2002 theseoperations produced a total of 2,289,001 units,representing an increase of 24.8% over the previousyear. In Thailand, where the automakers have theirgreatest presence, production totalled 509,577 units, up41.8% on the year. The sharpest growth in productionoccurred in China, where a total of 315,581 units wereproduced, up 69.3% on the year.
Japanese automakers are not only accelerating theirlocalization in Asia but also undertaking far-rangingmeasures to assist the development of Asian economies.They take pride in providing major assistance tosupporting industries in the region, including the metalsand electronics industries, through the transfer oftechnological expertise (via joint ventures), participationin technical agreements, and the training of local
personnel. As part of the assistance package, JAMA has since
2000 been working with the Japan Auto Parts IndustriesAssociation (JAPIA) in carrying out the ASEAN ExpertsDispatch Program with the objective of supporting thedevelopment of the ASEAN automotive industry. Thisprogram has seen the dispatch of experts in automotivemanagement and production technology to Thailand,Indonesia, the Philippines, and Malaysia, where theyhave provided on-site guidance to local suppliers inorder to improve their production efficiency.
In addition, JAMA, JAPIA, and the ASEANAutomotive Federation (AAF) are cosponsors of theConference on ASEAN Auto-Supporting Industries,whose principal sponsor is JETRO.
16
2002 ASIAN PRODUCTION BY JAPANESE AUTOMAKERS
Note: Percentage figures represent the change from the preceding year. * Including the Maruti brand.�Source: Respective automakers.
(vehicle units)
China
India
Indonesia
Malaysia
Pakistan
Philippines
Taiwan
Thailand
Vietnam
Grand Total
CarsCVsTotal
CarsCVsTotal
CarsCVsTotal
CarsCVsTotal
CarsCVsTotal
CarsCVsTotal
CarsCVsTotal
CarsCVsTotal
CarsCVsTotal
CarsCVsGrand Total
� 0� 1,700� 57,420� 3,750� 24,720� 14,520� 38,814� 102,960� 17,780� 261,664� +71.3%� 1,000��� 33,996� 0� 0� 9,744� 5,952� 3,225� 53,917� +60.3%� 1,000� 1,700� 57,420� 37,746� 24,720� 14,520� 48,558� 108,912� 21,005� 315,581� +69.3%
� 0� 0� 13,560� 0� 0� 6,120� 0� *296,160� 26,656� 342,496� +9.1%� 0� 0� 0� 0� 7,660� 0� 0� *52,944� 0� 60,604� -11.2% � 0� 0� 13,560� 0� 7,660� 6,120� 0� *349,104� 26,656� 403,100� +5.5%
� 7,300� 0� 7,140� 0� 0� 8,310� 1,040� 1,872� 68,460� 94,122� +8.0%� 9,850� 0� 0� 17,139� 0� 65,292� 0� 49,104� 8,120� 149,505� +7.8%� 17,150� 0� 7,140� 17,139� 0� 73,602� 1,040� 50,976� 76,580� 243,627� +7.9%
�117,750� 0� 4,920� 0� 0� 217,710� 0� 0� 23,120� 363,500� +7.7%� 3,000� 0� 0� 0� 5,760� 5,820� 0� 0� 0� 14,580� +13.6%�120,750� 0� 4,920� 0� 5,760� 223,530� 0� 0� 23,120� 378,080� +7.9%
� 0� 0� 5,340� 0� 0� 0� 0� 13,056� 0� 18,396� +65.7%� 0� 0� 0� 0� 0� 0� 0� 5,472� 0� 5,472� +58.3%� 0� 0� 5,340� 0� 0� 0� 0� 18,528� 0� 23,868� +64.0%
� 0� 0� 11,760� 0� 480� 9,000� 1,104� 0� 17,980� 40,324� +37.4%� 0� 0� 0� 8,495� 80� 3,840� 0� 0� 500� 12,915� +0.7%� 0� 0� 11,760� 8,495� 560� 12,840� 1,104� 0� 18,480� 53,239� +26.2%
� 0� 0� 3,060� 0� 43,040� 111,540� 54,548� 9,192� 77,750� 299,130� +37.5%� 0� 0� 0� 1,697� 2,980� 33,900� 1,600� 4,032� 12,340� 56,549� +9.5%� 0� 0� 3,060� 1,697� 46,020� 145,440� 56,148� 13,224� 90,,090� 355,679� +32.2%
� 0� 0� 72,390� 0� 0� 10,710� 3,588� 0� 58,410� 145,098� +60.8%� 0� 0� 0� 80,354� 80,800� 95,029� 31,396� 0� 76,900� 364,479� +35.4%� 0� 0� 72,390� 80,354� 80,800� 105,739� 34,984� 0� 135,310� 509,577� +41.8%
� 0� 0� 0� 0� 0� 0� 0� 0� 5,370� 5,370� +53.0%� 0� 0� 0� 0� 880� 0� 0� 0� 0� 880� +15.8%� 0� 0� 0� 0� 880� 0� 0� 0� 5,370� 6,250� +46.4%
�125,050 +10.3%� 1,700 -22.7%� 175,590 +29.0%� 3,750 -22.4%� 68,240 +76.8%� 377,910 +24.4%� 99,094 +37.2%� 423,240 +26.2%� 295,526 +25.0%�1,570,100� +26.3%� 13,850 +26.6%� 0 —� 0 —� 141,681 +17.2%� 98,160 +26.3%� 203,881 +17.6%� 42,740 +52.4%� 117,504 +4.6%� 101,085 +48.7%� 718,901� +21.6%�138,900 +11.7%� 1,700 -22.7%� 175,590 +29.0%� 145,431 +15.7%� 166,400 +43.0%� 581,791 +21.9%� 141,834 +41.5%� 540,744 +20.8%� 396,611 +30.3%�2,289,001� +24.8%
Daihatsu Fuji Honda Isuzu Mazda Mitsubishi Nissan Suzuki Grand TotalToyota
17
International Automotive Industry Ties
To a greater or lesser extent, almost all of Japan'smanufacturers of passenger cars, trucks, and buses atpresent have investment alliances overseas or ties withforeign capital.
As the market matures and environmental protectionrequirements increase, wide-ranging changes are takingplace accompanied by a diversification in vehicledemand. By the same token, the cost of developing newvehicles is rising in step with the changes in demand
while development times are shrinking. Seeking to cutdevelopment costs and secure the lead in launchingmodels into waiting markets, Japanese automakers haveforged numerous strategic alliances worldwide,including capital and technological tie-ups, joint andsubcontracted development, joint and subcontractedproduction, supplemental sales networks, and the supplyof finished vehicles.
Daihatsua
Europe Supply of components to Italy-based P&D, S.p.A.Asia Supply of components and technology to Liushou Wuling Mini Auto Factory in China.
Joint production venture with Perodua Manufacturing Sdn. Bhd. (Malaysia).Technology license agreement with China-based FAW Huali (Tianjin) Motor Co., Ltd.
Fuji Heavy Industriesa
North America GM holds a 20% equity stake in Fuji Heavy Industries.Europe Supply of transmissions to Fiat of Italy.
Magyar Suzuki (Hungary) supplies CBUs to Fuji Heavy Industries.Asia A 25% equity stake in three manufacturers in a joint venture with Auto Works of China
Guizhou Aviation Industry Corporation, all of which mutually supply parts for minicarassembly.Supply of vehicles to GM India.GM Thailand supplies vehicles to Fuji Heavy Industries.
GM Japana
North America GM wholly owns GM Japan.
Hinoa
Europe Technology tie-up with Scania AB (Sweden).Asia A 24% equity stake in Shenyang Shenfei Hino Automobile Manufacturing Co., Ltd. (China).
A 5% equity stake in Kouzui Motors Ltd. (Taiwan).Supply of technology to Korea-based Kia Motors.
International Automotive Industry Ties (cont'd.)
18
Isuzua
North America Supply of diesel engines and CVs to GM.Production of commercial vehicles and diesel engines on consignment to GM.Production of vehicles on consignment to Subaru of Indiana Automotive.GM holds a 12% equity stake in Isuzu.
Europe Supply of diesel engines and RVs to GM Europe and Honda U.K.Supply of diesel engines from Poland to GM Europe.Supply of diesel engines from Japan to GM Europe and Renault.
Asia An equity stake of 7.4% in China-based Qingling Automobile (Group) Co., Ltd., whichassembles small and medium CVs.An equity stake of 49% in Guangzhou Isuzu Bus Co., Ltd., which produces medium-sized andlarge buses.An equity stake of 20% in Malaysia-based Malaysia Truck & Bus Sdn. Bhd.
Mazdaa
North America A 50%-50% equity stake in AutoAlliance International, Inc. with Ford Motor.Supply of components to Ford U.S.Supply of finished vehicles and components to Ford in the Asia-Pacific region.Ford holds an equity stake of 33.4% in Mazda.
Europe Ford Europe supplies finished vehicles to Mazda in Europe.Asia Supply of technology to China-based Ford (Lio Ho) Motor Co., Ltd.
An equity stake of 17.5% in China-based Hainan Mazda Motor Co., Ltd.Supply of components to China-based Faw Hainan Motor Co., Ltd.Supply of components to Taiwan-based Ford Lio Ho Motor Co., Ltd.An equity stake of 45% in AutoAlliance (Thailand) Co., Ltd., a joint venture with Ford.A 15.6% equity stake in India-based Swaroji Mazda.
Mitsubishi Fusoa
Europe DaimlerChrysler holds an equity stake of 43% in Mitsubishi Fuso.
Mitsubishi Motorsa
North America Supply of finished vehicles from U.S. plants to DaimlerChrysler.Europe DaimlerChrysler holds an equity stake of 37.3% in Mitsubishi.
Production on consignment to Pininfarina of Italy.Supply of engine technology to France-based PSA Peugeot Citroen.
Asia A 20% equity stake in China-based Hunan Changfeng Automobile Manufacturing Plant.A 14.6% equity stake in Taiwan-based China Motor Co., Ltd.A 1.27% equity stake in Korea-based Hyundai Motor Corporation.An equity stake of 8.0% in Malaysia-based PROTON.PROTON has an equity stake of 25% in Vietnam-based Vina Star Motors Corporation.
19
Nissan Diesela
Europe Renault holds a 22.5% equity stake in Nissan Diesel.Asia A 25% equity stake in Dongfeng Nissan Diesel Motor Co., Ltd., a joint venture with China-
based Dongfeng Motor Group for the production of large trucks and buses.
Nissan Motora
Europe Renault holds a 44.4% equity stake in Nissan.Asia A 15% equity stake in Renault.
A 30% equity stake in China-based Zhengzhou Nissan Automobile.A 25% equity stake in Taiwan-based Yulon Loone Motor Co., Ltd.Supply of technology to Korea-based Samsung Motors Inc.A 25% equity stake in Thailand-based Siam-Nissan Automobile.A 25% equity stake in Thailand-based Siam Motors and Nissan.A 5.36% equity stake in Philippines-based Nissan Motor Philippines Inc.
Suzukia
North America Joint development of subcompact cars with GM, which holds a 20% equity stake in Suzuki.A 50%-50% equity stake with General Motors in CAMI Automotive Inc.
Europe Magyar Suzuki (Hungary) has a mutual-supply-of-components agreement with GM Europe.France-based PSA Peugeot Citroen supplies diesel engines to Suzuki.Supply of CBUs from Magyar Suzuki to Fuji Heavy Industries in Europe.
Asia A 35% equity stake in China-based Chongqing Suzuki Automobile Co., Ltd.A 39% stake in China-based Jiangxi Changhe Suzuki Automobile Co., Ltd.Technology tie-up with Taiwan-based Prince Motors Co., Ltd.Technology tie-up with Taiwan-based Ford Lio Ho Motor Co., Ltd.A 14.9% equity stake in Korea-based GM Daewoo Auto & Technology Company.A 54.2% equity stake in India-based Maruti Udyog.
Toyotaa
North America A 50%-50% equity stake with General Motors in New United Motor Manufacturing, Inc.(NUMMI).
Europe A 50%-50% equity stake with PSA Peugeot Citroen in Toyota Peugeot Citroen AutomobileCzeck.
Asia A 45% equity stake in China-based Sichuan Toyota Motor Co., Ltd.A 50% equity stake in China-based Tianjin Toyota Motor Co., Ltd.A 51.7% equity stake in Taiwan-based Kouzui Motors Ltd.
Motor Vehicle Classification
Japan classifies motor vehicles in various categoriesaccording to the provisions of two basic laws: the RoadVehicles Act and the Road Traffic Act.
The Road Vehicles Act divides passenger cars intothree categories and motorcycles into four categories onthe basis of vehicle dimensions and engine displacement.The classifications of the Road Vehicles Act are used forregistration statistics as well as inspections and relatedmaintenance and repair purposes. When a vehicleexceeds any of the specifications listed in a givencategory under the Road Vehicles Act, the vehicle isautomatically placed in the model category immediately
above.The Road Traffic Act, which divides vehicles and
motorcycles into two categories each, determines theclassification of driver's licenses.
Recreational vehicles (RVs) that are built onpassenger car chassis are classified as passenger cars,while RVs that are built on truck chassis are classified ascommercial vehicles. (These vehicles are also referredto as sport-utility vehicles, or SUVs.)
20
CLASSIFICATION BY THE ROAD VEHICLES ACT CLASSIFICATION BY THE ROAD TRAFFIC ACT
Over 2m
Over 1.7m (Over 2000cc in engine displacement)
Gross vehicle weight� 8 tons or moreMaximum payload� 5 tons or moreor Occupants� 11 persons or more
Gross vehicle weight� less than 8 tonsMaximum payload� less than 5 tonsor Occupants� less than 11 persons
(661cc to 2000cc in engine displacement)
(660cc and under in engine displacement)
Over 1.48m to 1.7m Over 3.4m to 4.7m
Over 4.7m
2m and under
1.48m and under 3.4m and under
2m and under
Standard
Small
Large Motor Vehicles
Ordinary Motor Vehicles
Mini
tcAselciheVdaoR tcAciffarTdaoR
epyT enignEDisplacement htdiW thgieH htgneL epyT enignE
tnemecalpsiD
dezis-llamS cc052revO m3.1revO m0.2revO m5.2revOOver 400cc
dezis-iniM cc052ot126 rednudnam3.1 rednudnam0.2 rednudnam5.2
Motor-drivencycles
2ssalC cc125otcc51 rednudnam3.1 rednudnam0.2 rednudnam5.2
1ssalC rednudnacc50 rednudnam3.1 rednudnam0.2 rednudnam5.2
-rotoMselcyc
rednudnacc05
51cc to 400cc
Large
Stan-dard
Motorizedbicycles
Note: A motorcycle that exceeds any one of the requisites for a category is classified in the higher category.
CLASSIFICATION OF MOTORCYCLES
Motorcycles
cc
Domestic Taxes on Automobiles
21
Japan's system of automobile-related taxes covers awide range of tax categories and is therefore complex.Aimed at securing financial resources for roadmaintenance and construction programs, it consists, forpassenger cars for example, of nine different taxesassessed at the stages of vehicle acquisition, ownership,and operation (see Figure 2).
The total tax yield produced by these taxes issubstantial, amounting to about 9 trillion yen per year,or approximately one-tenth of the government's totalannual tax revenue. In other words, Japanese car
owners bear an extremely heavy tax burden comparedto their European and North American counterparts,with auto-related taxes in Japan ranging from two toeight times those levied in North America and Europe(see Figure 1).
Every year JAMA calls on the Japanese governmentto revise and improve the automobile tax system. In2002 JAMA put more emphasis than ever on its requestfor a streamlining of the tax system and a reduction ofthe tax burden, in keeping with its long-held view thatthe tax system should be simpler, fairer, and more inline with foreign tax systems. Furthermore, JAMApromoted the abolition of the temporarily high tax rateimposed on tax revenue earmarked exclusively for roadconstruction; expressed opposition to the diversion ofthis revenue into the government's general accountsbudget; and called for an extension and expansion ofmeasures to reduce the Acquisition Tax and AutomobileTax on fuel-efficient and clean-energy vehicles,including electric and hybrid vehicles as well asvehicles powered by natural gas and methanol.
Working in coordination with the Japan AutomobileFederation (JAF) and other industry players, JAMA haslaunched an ongoing public information campaignunder the slogan "An Optimized Automobile TaxSystem for the 21st Century" aimed at an across-the-board revision of Japan's auto tax system so that onlyone tax is assessed at the three main stages of vehicleacquisition, ownership, and operation (for a total ofthree taxes imposed overall).
Figure 2: AUTOMOBILE-RELATED TAXES (Passenger Cars, as of April 2003 )
�
=
Figure 1: COMPARISON OF TAX BURDENS� IN VARIOUS COUNTRIES
0
20
10
30
40
50
60
70
Japan Germany Great Britain
France U.S.A.
¥10,000¥696,000ConsumptionTax ¥90,000 AutomobileAcquisitionTax¥81,000
TonnageTax ¥170,000
AutomobileTax ¥355,000
¥407,000
Added-Value Tax ¥288,000
AutomobileTax¥116,000
¥572,000
Added-Value Tax ¥315,000
AutomobileTax ¥257,000
RegistrationTax ¥3,000
¥456,000
Added-Value Tax¥371,000
RegistrationTax¥25,000
AutomobileTax ¥60,000
¥172,000
RetailTax ¥148,000
Automobile Tax ¥24,000
Assumptions: 1. Displacement: 1800cc 2. GVW: 1,100 kg 3. Vehicle price: ¥1,800,000 4. Service life: 9 years 5. Currency exchange rates (averaged April 2002-February 2003) ＊ 1 Euro = ¥119, 1 Pound = ¥184, 1 US$ = ¥121
Automobile Certification and Standards
Automobile CertificationThe main process for gaining certification in Japan is
known as the Type Approval System (also referred to asthe Type Designation System, or TDS), which is appliedequally to imported and domestic automobiles andcovers most mass-produced models. The PreferentialHandling Procedure for Imported Motor Vehicles (PHP)is an alternative process that was instituted to expeditethe certification of foreign-made vehicles that areimported in limited quantities (see below for details).The third process, the Type Notification System, ismainly applied to large trucks.
THE TYPE APPROVAL SYSTEMThe automaker or importer presents one sample
vehicle and application forms to the Ministry of Land,Infrastructure and Transport (MLIT). MLIT inspects theapplication documentation, the sample vehicle, and thequality control system of the applicant, and the typeapproval process is completed within two months.
The automaker carries out inspections of individualfinished vehicles that have received type approval,eliminating the need to present the actual automobile fornew vehicle inspection. Additional measures are takento expedite the handling of imported vehicles: MLIT notonly dispatches officials overseas at the expense of theJapanese government to conduct certification inspectionson sample vehicles, but also accepts the test results ofdesignated foreign testing institutions. The number ofdesignated institutions and cases of foreign data beingaccepted are, moreover, continually increasing.
In parallel with its joining the UN/ECE Agreement onReciprocal Recognition of Type Approval of MotorVehicles in 1998, Japan introduced a vehicle equipmenttype approval system which exempts equipment that hasalready received type approval from having to beinspected again during the inspection for vehicle typeapproval.
THE PREFERENTIAL HANDLING PROCEDUREFOR IMPORTED VEHICLES
In order to facilitate vehicle imports, this specialprocedure is applied to individual models that areimported into Japan in quantities of 2,000 units or lessper year.
Only the application forms that the automaker orimporter has submitted to MLIT are inspected, and aform indicating completion of the procedure is issuedwithin one month. Processing is simpler and faster thanin the Type Approval System.
Harmonization of Motor Vehicle TechnicalStandards
The increasing globalization of vehicle productionand sales and the internationalization of productdistribution have led to various international initiatives
and arrangements. These include the globalharmonization of automotive technical regulations(focusing on vehicle safety and environmentalstandards), so that a growing number of countries canadopt them as common regulations, and the promotion ofmutual recognition systems under which certification ismutually recognized between importing and exportingcountries or regions. Such initiatives are making steadyprogress at international forums such as the UN/ECEWorld Forum for the Harmonization of VehicleRegulations (also known as WP29).
In 1998 the Japanese government officially acceded tothe UN/ECE 1958 Agreement, under which eachsignatory government reciprocally recognizescertifications of vehicle structure and equipment issuedby all the other member countries. The Japanesegovernment's Vehicle Equipment Type ApprovalSystem, which specifically addresses the growing trendin the common use of equipment in vehiclemanufacturing, not only allows equipment and parts thathave been certified by 1958 Agreement co-signatorycountries to be exempted from undergoing certificationprocedures in Japan, but furthermore does not requirethem to be inspected again if they are used on othermodels (see Figure 1).
Such measures are intended to reduce the time andcosts involved in manufacturers' technologicaldevelopment activities and the time and costs involvedin certification, which in turn should facilitateinternational vehicle distribution. By March 2002, Japanhad enlarged the scope of its mutual recognition systemto include 22 items as covered by ECE regulations.
The 1998 Agreement on Global TechnicalRegulations (GTRs) was designed as a supplemental,parallel measure to the 1958 Agreement and its purposeis to establish common worldwide standardsindependently of the mutual recognition of certificationprovisions, so as to allow the participation of countriessuch as the United States that lack a central government-administered certification system. Japan joined the 1998Agreement in August, 1999 and is actively promotingthe creation and implementation of GTRs.
Established in 1987, the Japan Automobile StandardsInternationalization Center (JASIC) is a jointpublic/private-sector initiative to promote regulatoryharmonization and improve standards recognitionsystems in developing countries through thedissemination of relevant test and research data. JASICalso publishes an annual handbook on Japan's motorvehicle Type Approval System with the objective ofclarifying for other countries Japan's standards andcertification procedures and related regulations.
The Motor Vehicle Inspection SystemCovering passenger cars, trucks and buses as well as
motorcycles over 250cc, Japan's motor vehicle22
inspection system, known as the shaken system,mandates periodic checks under the Road Vehicles Actto ensure that vehicles comply with safety- andenvironment-related technical standards.
The New Car Inspection (initial shaken inspection) forpassenger cars is carried out at any MLIT LandTransport Office or automobile registration office and isvalid for three years (see Figure 2). If the model hasreceived type approval, all the owner needs to do ispresent the certificate issued by the automaker attestingthat the vehicle has passed the finished vehicleinspection, which eliminates the inspection of the actualvehicle.
If Type Notification or the Preferential HandlingProcedure for Imported Motor Vehicles applies to thevehicle, the actual vehicle must be presented to verifythat it has been approved.
The Continuing Inspection (shaken inspections afterthe initial New Car Inspection), which is valid for two
years, may be carried out at any Land Transport Officeor designated service garage qualified to conduct theshaken inspection. As long as a certificate for safetystandards compliance issued by a designated servicegarage is submitted, the presentation of the actualvehicle is waived.
23
Figure 2: TERM OF VALIDITY OF AUTOMOBILE CERTIFICATE OF INSPECTION
Vehicle Category
Private passenger car/mini passenger car
Mini truck/motorcycle over 250cc/large special-purpose vehicle
Truck
Bus/taxiRental vehicle
8 tons or moreLess than 8 tons
Initial inspectionTerm of Validity
3 years
2 years
1 year2 years1 year2 years
2 years
2 years
1 year1 year1 year1 year
Thereafter
Figure 1: RATIONALIZATION OF VEHICLE AND EQUIPMENT TYPE APPROVAL SYSTEMS
Motor Vehicle Type Approval System VEHICLE EQUIPMENT TYPE APPROVAL SYSTEM
Application for vehicle type approvalCertification in Japan
Vehicle Type A
Vehicle Type B
Vehicle Type C
Vehicle Type Approval
Omission of multiple inspections on different vehicle types
Country Y
Country X
Country Z
Certification OverseasOmission of equipment type approval
Omission of multiple inspections on different vehicle types
Equipment Type Approval
Mutual recognition according to UN/ECE 1958 Agreement
Equipment Type Approval by other national government
Omission of equipment type approval
Attention to the Environment
Reductions in CO2
Automobile-related emissions from the transportsector account for about 20% of Japan's total CO2
emissions. Under the Kyoto Protocol adopted in 1997by the United Nations Framework Convention onClimate Change (COP3), Japan established a greenhousegas emissions reduction target of an average 6% fromthe 1990 index level for the period 2008-2012. In 1998Japan formulated the Master Plan for Measures to PreventGlobal Warming which outlined the measures to be takento reach stipulated reduction goals. So as to ensure theattainment of the goals, a new master plan wasformulated in 2002 setting specific reduction targets fora broad range of countermeasures, including transportsector-related countermeasures such as the achievementof greater fuel economy, the wider diffusion of low-emission vehicles, and the improvement of traffic flowthrough advances in ITS (Intelligent Transport Systems),among other efforts (see Figure 1).
Increased fuel economy is a key factor in reducingCO2. Japan's Energy Conservation Act was revised in1998 in line with the Kyoto Protocol and a number offuel economy targets were established. Under thesetargets, gasoline-powered passenger cars will achieve anaverage fuel economy increase of 22.8% over 1995levels by 2010; gasoline-powered commercial vehicleswith GVW of 2.5 tons or less, an average increase of13.2% over 1995 levels by 2010; diesel-enginepassenger cars, an average increase of 14.9% over 1995levels by 2005; and diesel-engine commercial vehicleswith GVW of 2.5 tons or less, an average increase of6.5% over 1995 levels by 2005. Meanwhile, Japaneseautomakers are making strenuous efforts to developtechnologies enabling such substantial gains in fueleconomy (see Figure 2).
However, greater cuts in CO2 emissions are on the
way for the transport sector overall and the automobileindustry is responding by voluntarily making a numberof bold moves. In addition to increasing fuel efficiencyin the vehicles it produces, it is encouraging a greaterawareness among vehicle users of the need to conserveenergy; promoting the more widespread use of low-emission vehicles; ensuring greater efficiency in vehicledistribution; and taking various measures to improvetraffic flow. In the latter effort, the industry is workingwith the government on ITS-related initiatives such aspromoting greater use of navigation systems and widerimplementation of electronic toll collection (ETC);building the necessary road infrastructure; andintroducing innovations in transportation demandmanagement, including promoting a shift to appropriatetransportation modes (see page 29).
EmissionsJapan established its first emission regulations for
gasoline vehicles in 1966. In the late 1970s the countrymandated highly rigorous reductions of more than 90%in carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxide (NOx) andhydrocarbon (HC) emissions for gasoline vehicles. Theyear 2000 saw further mandatory reductions of 70% inCO, NOx, and HC emissions. Regulations for dieselvehicles began with controls on black smoke (in 1973),on CO, HC, and NOx (in 1974), and on particulatematter, or PM (in 1993), and have been madeprogressively stricter since their introduction. In 2003,for example, permissible NOx and PM levels will be80% lower than levels prevailing prior to regulatorycontrol (see Figures 3 and 4), allowing the industry tosupply diesel vehicles compliant with the world'sstrictest standards. Under standards (the most stringentworldwide) recommended by the Central Council for theEnvironment for new vehicles from 2005 on, NOx
24
Figure 1: TRANSPORT SECTOR TARGETS (breakdown) Figure 2: IMPROVEMENTS IN THE AVERAGE FUEL ECONOMY � OF GASOLINE-POWERED PASSENGER CARS
19921991 1993 1994 1995
12.5 12.5 12.5
1996
12.4 12.4 12.4
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
12.6
13.113.5
13.8
14.3
FY
15
14
13
12
11
10
km/l
320 60 50 310 110 250 170
12,700,000 ton-C
1998 Master Plan
New 2002 Master Plan
12,400,000 ton-C (45,300,000 ton-CO2)
3,800,000 ton-C
5,100,000 ton-C (18,700,000 ton-CO2)
Compliance with fuel economy standards
Transport measures Telecommunications LifestylesAircraft
Diffusion of low-emission vehiclesIncreased distribution efficiency
420 90 50(190)
390(1,410)
250(910)
40(150)
Transport measures/ telecommunications
Commercial vehicle measures (new)・Installation of equipment to prevent idling when stopped・Speed-limiters
25
Figure 4: REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS FOR NOx AND PM EMISSIONS FROM DIESEL VEHICLES, 1973-2005
100908070605040302010
0
100908070605040302010
0
1973 1975 1977 1979 1985 19881983 1994 1997 2000 2003 2005Year
NOx
PM
1973 1975 1980 1985 19971994 2000 2003 2005Year
100
8068
56 49 42 35 26 20
100
78
2820
3
%
%
Gross vehicle weight : Over 2.5t/Over 3.5t (2005~)
12
emissions from diesel vehicles will be reduced by 40-50% from the current and new levels that are to beintroduced in October 2003, and PM emissions will becut by 75-80%. Furthermore, regulations on gasolinevehicles, to apply starting 2005, will cut NOx and HCemissions to about one-half the levels prescribed in theyear 2000 regulations.
To meet such strict emission reduction requirements,automakers are moving ahead energetically with R&Dprograms to set the stage for massive cuts in NOx andPM. Their achievements so far include exhaust gasrecirculation (EGR) systems; catalytic converters with O2
sensors; a ceramic filtering system that eliminates up to100% of the black smoke from diesel engines and
reduces particulate matter by about 80%; and theadoption of new diesel engines featuring high-pressurecommon rail-type electronic fuel injection systems,which are completely different from conventional fuel-injection systems. Moreover, in view of the fact that fuelquality has a major effect on emissions, JAMA, ACEA,the Alliance and EMA (the United States' EngineManufacturers Association) jointly issued in December2002 a third edition of the WWFC (World-Wide FuelCharter) (www.jama.or.jp/ ew/wwfcl) that recommendeda complete, global phase-out of leaded gasoline by 2005as well as lower levels of sulfur content in diesel fuel.Diesel fuel with sulfur content as low as 50 ppm hasbeen available in Japan since April 2003.
GVW ≤– 1.7t
1.7 < GVW ≤– 3.5t
3.5t < GVW
GVW ≤– 1.7t
1.7 < GVW ≤– 2.5t
2.5t < GVW ≤– 12t
12t < GVW
0.67 g/km
0.67 g/km
2.10 g/km
16.0 g/kWh
0.63 g/km
0.63 g/km
2.10 (0.63) g/km
7.40 (2.22) g/kWh
7.40 g/kWh
0.08 g/km
0.08 g/km
0.08 g/km
0.58 g/kWh
0.12 g/km
0.12 g/km
0.40 (0.12) g/km
2.90 (0.87) g/kWh
2.90 g/kWh
0.08 g/km
0.08 g/km
0.13 g/km
1.40 g/kWh
0.28 g/km
0.70 (0.49) g/km
4.50 (3.38) g/kWh
4.50 g/kWh
0.052 g/km
0.09 (0.06) g/km
0.25 (0.18) g/kWh
0.25 g/kWh
Notes: GVW = Gross vehicle weight. A G13 test mode is used for gasoline CVs with GVW of over 3.5 tons and a D13 mode for diesel CVs with GVW of over 2.5 tons; � otherwise, a 10-15 test mode is used. Figures are applicable to new domestic models. Existing domestic models and imports are granted certain grace periods � on part of the above standards. Figures in parentheses are applicable from October 2003.�Sources: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport, Ministry of the Environment.
Gasoline-poweredvehicles
Diesel-powered vehicles
Passenger Cars
CommercialVehicles
CommercialVehicles
Passenger Cars
CO HC NOx ParticulateMatter
N.A.
Figure 3: EXHAUST EMISSIONS REGULATIONS IN JAPAN (as of May 2003)
Type of Vehicle
GVW ≤– 1.265t : 0.052 g/kmGVW > 1.265t : 0.056 g/km
GVW ≤– 1.265t : 0.28 g/kmGVW > 1.265t : 0.30 g/km
Low-Emission VehiclesEfforts to popularize hybrid vehicles, electric
vehicles, natural gas (CNG) vehicles, diesel-alternativeLPG vehicles, fuel efficient vehicles, and certified low-emission vehicles will play a crucial role in facilitatingreductions in emissions and CO2. In 2001 thegovernment announced an action plan to further developand popularize low-emission vehicles (LEVs). Theplan's goals envision putting more than 10 million LEVsand 50,000 fuel cell-powered vehicles on the road inJapan by fiscal year 2010. As of the end of 2001,106,000 LEVs were already in use in Japan (see Figure5). While automakers continue to make every effort todevelop the necessary technology and popularizeappropriate model lines, they are also calling on thegovernment to put the required fuel supply infrastructurein place and provide tax incentives and other measures to
support consumer purchases.
RecyclingEvery year roughly 5 million vehicles become end-of-
life vehicles (ELVs) in Japan. Most of these ELVs arerecycled, at a rate of 75-80% by vehicle weight (seeFigure 6). After METI formulated an ELV RecyclingInitiative in May 1997, JAMA responded in 1998 with aVoluntary Action Plan under which the recycling ratewas raised to 85% or more beginning in 2002 and to95% or more beginning in 2015. Meeting these targetswill very substantially reduce the volume of ELV-relatedwaste disposed of as landfill.
Japan's new Automobile Recycling Law was passedin July 2002 and will be enforced as of January 2005. Itsobjective is to establish a codified framework for ELVrecycling and waste disposal by determining anappropriate division of roles and responsibilities among
Attention to the Environment (cont'd.)
26
Figure 6: JAPAN’S CURRENT ELV TREATMENT FLOW AND RELATED RECYCLING RATES
5% 70%
25%Dealers(approx. 18,000)
Reusable parts: 20-30%(engines, body parts,electrical components)
Recyclable parts:approx. 15%(engines, catalysts,nonferrous metals, tires)
ELV bodies(exteriors stripped ofengines and tires): 55-65%
Voluntary approach: CFC Recovery System (implementation of the CFC Recovery and Disposal Law starting October 2002)
Voluntary approach: Airbag Disposal System
AirbagsCFC12 and HFC134a (CFCs)
Shredderoperators(approx.140 firms)
Recycled asparts:20-30%
Recycled asmaterials:50-55%
Recyclingrate:75-80%
Shredder residue:20-25%
Mostly disposed ofas landfill
Used vehicle exporters(approx. 1 million units)
Dismantlers (approx. 5,000 firms)
Vehicle manufacturing industry
Dealers, etc.
End-users
Dealers, etc.
Vehicle importers
ELVs: approx. 5 million units
Sales of new vehicles: approx. 5,630,000 units
Sales of imports: approx. 280,000 units
Service garages(approx. 80,000)
Abandoned vehiclesLocal governments
Used vehicle outlets(approx. 50,000)
Notes: 1. In certain cases, one entity may operate dealerships, used vehicle outlets, and service garages. � 2. There are currently 74 million vehicles on the road in Japan.
(units)
Figure 5: TRENDS IN THE USE OF CLEAN-ENERGY VEHICLES
� 1995� 1996� 1997� 1998� 1999� 2000� 2001Hybrid Vehicles� 176� 228� 3,728� 22,520� 36,870� 51,200� 73,700CNG Vehicles� 759� 1,211� 2,093� 3,640� 5,250� 7,811� 12,012Electric Vehicles� 2,500� 2,600� 2,500� 2,400� 2,600� 3,830� 5,000Diesel-Alternative LPG Vehicles� 7,272� 7,883� 8,888� 9,950� 10,955� 12,602� 14,962Methanol Vehicles� 336� 327� 313� 289� 220� 157� 135Total� 11,043� 12,249� 17,522� 38,799� 55,895� 75,600� 105,809
27
the players involved, centering primarily on theautomakers. The new provisions are intended to preventillegal dumping and inappropriate disposal by, one,mandating the imposition of a recycling fee on newvehicle purchasers at the time of sale and on in-usevehicle owners at the first periodic inspection followingthe law's enforcement, in order to cover recycling costs;and, two, identifying the specific respective tasks ofautomakers and other players concerned in the treatmentand disposal of items designated for special handling(CFCs, airbags, and shredder residue). In response tothese provisions, JAMA is currently involved in thecreation of a comprehensive online system whosepurpose will be to process the vast amounts of datagenerated by these various operations, including thecollection and management of the consumer recyclingfees and the submission of "manifests," or ELVchecklists, by designated players.
With respect to Substances Of Concern (SOCs),reductions in motor vehicle lead content are being madeunder a voluntary industry action plan launched in 1998.Since then, however, even stricter targets have been set.For example, lead content (excluding batteries) in newmodels sold starting in 2006 will be reduced to less thanone-tenth of 1996 levels (1,850 g/unit), and cutbacktargets have also been fixed for mercury, hexavalentchromium, and cadmium (see Figure 7).
The Recovery and Disposal of CFCs in VehicleAir Conditioners
In 1991 Japanese automakers were the first in theworld to switch to HFC134a, a new vehicle air
conditioner refrigerant replacing the ozone-layerdamaging CFC12, and by 1994 the switchover processwas completed for all new models.
In 1998 the automobile industry developed andimplemented a system for the recovery and appropriatedisposal of CFC12 refrigerants from ELVs. Three yearslater, in 2001, a system to recover and dispose ofHFC134a was launched nationwide as part of a broad setof measures to prevent global warming.
Also in 2001, the Japanese government passed theCFC Recovery and Disposal Law which requiresautomakers to transfer the CFCs recovered from ELVs togovernment-approved treatment facilities for appropriatedisposal. The law took effect in October 2002 and thehandling and disposal of automobile-related CFCs hassince been further upgraded.
Figure 7: JAMA'S REDUCTION TARGETS FOR SOCS IN NEW VEHICLES
LeadFrom January 2006: one-tenth or less (from 1996 levels); however, one-quarter or less in the case of large commercial vehicles (including buses)
Mercury
From the start of Automobile Recycling Law enforcement: prohibited with the exception of the following (excluding the use of minute amounts in parts needed for traffic safety)・LCDs used in car navigation devices, etc.� ・Combination meters・Discharge headlamps� ・In-cabin fluorescent lamps
Hexavalent chromium Prohibited from January 2008Cadmium Prohibited from January 2007
Substances to Be ReducedTargets for Passenger Cars, Trucks, and Buses (vehicles covered by the Automobile Recycling Law)
Traffic Safety
There were a total of 8,326 traffic fatalities in Japan in2002, which is one-half the peak number of 16,765fatalities suffered in 1970. In addition, the number oftraffic accidents and related injuries declined in 2002 forthe first time in twelve years.
The government plans to launch a program focusingon traffic safety for the elderly and hopes that this willhelp cut the number of traffic fatalities by one-half againover the next ten years.
Current Initiatives to Protect People, ImproveRoad Conditions, and Analyze Accidents
As the representative organization of the industry thatsupplies motor vehicles to the public, JAMA considersvehicle safety its primary social responsibility. JAMAtherefore conducts a wide range of research anddevelopment activities to improve vehicle safety. It alsoworks actively to broaden applications of safety-enhancing structures and devices in vehicles and toaugment the benefits of advanced electronic and othertechnologies.
JAMA's activities are not limited to automobiles: theyapply to people and road conditions as well.Representing the standpoint of the auto industry, JAMAundertakes liaison activities with relevant governmentagencies and traffic safety organizations in connectionwith measures concerning people and road conditions.Seeking to enhance people's safety, JAMA holdsnationwide spring and autumn traffic safety campaigns,sponsors classes in safe driving techniques, and conductsvarious other activities to raise public awareness andteach practical safety. In addition, JAMA actively helps
prevent accidents by making proposals to theadministrative authorities to improve road conditionsand traffic infrastructure. It also contributes personneland financial support to the analysis of traffic accidentsin order to identify causal factors and measures that willreduce injury and damage.
Realistic InitiativesThe number of traffic fatalities among the elderly is
rising along with an increase in the number of elderlydrivers. JAMA has therefore taken the initiative ofsponsoring hands-on driving seminars and othermeasures aimed specifically at elderly drivers. It alsocontinually conducts campaigns to promote safetymeasures such as the use of seatbelts and of motorcycleheadlamps during daytime driving.
Informational Activities Aimed at All RoadUsers
Traffic safety-related informational activities shouldreach everyone who uses roads drivers of automobilesand motorcycles as well as bicycle riders andpedestrians. It is therefore necessary to undertake abroad spectrum of safety initiatives, including the propertraining of driving instructors and related professionals.Aiming its traffic safety campaigns and activities at allage groups ranging from small children to the elderly,JAMA seeks to better integrate the role of automobilesin society.
TRAFFIC ACCIDENT CASUALTIES (including motorcycle accident casualties)
Note: *Figures include motor vehicles and motorcycles in use (as of end of December each year) and motor-driven cycles in use (as of end of March).�Sources: National Police Agency, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport.
Year
197019751980198519901995199719981999200020012002
718,080
472,938
476,677
552,788
643,097
761,789
780,399
803,184
850,363
931,934
947,169
936,721
16,765
10,792
8,760
9,261
11,227
10,679
9,640
9,211
9,006
9,066
8,747
8,326
981,096
622,467
598,719
681,346
790,295
922,677
958,925
989,297
1,050,398
1,155,697
1,180,955
1,167,855
28.3
36.9
49.8
64.3
75.5
82.5
84.9
85.4
86.0
86.7
87.2
87.6
6.3
2.9
1.8
1.4
1.5
1.3
1.1
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
100
66
66
77
90
106
100
64
52
55
67
64
100
63
61
69
81
94
100
130
176
227
266
292
300
301
304
306
308
310
369
169
120
106
105
112
111
112
122
133
136
133
TrafficAccidents Index Index Index IndexFatalities Injuries *Vehicles in Use
(million) Per 10,000 vehicles: Fatalities Injuries
57.5
54.9
53.7
54.1
52.2
49.6
97.7
100.8
107.1
117.8
120.3
119.0
108.7
111.9
118.4
129.8
131.9
130.4
28
Intelligent Transport Systems
29
Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) have twoprincipal objectives: to resolve the efficiency-reducingload on traffic flow resulting from accidents andcongestion by using advanced telecommunicationstechnology to network data between people, roads, andvehicles, and, by improving road transportationefficiency, to make road travel more enjoyable. Both thepublic and private sectors are involved in ITS initiatives.
The government's ITS master plan, entitled theComprehensive Concept for the Promotion of ITS ,envisions nine areas of ITS development includingadvances in the Vehicle Information and CommunicationSystem (VICS) and other car navigation systems,electronic toll collection (ETC), and safe-drivingassistance and their integration with five main usercategories: drivers, pedestrians, public transportationusers, freight transporters, and managers of traffic androad infrastructure. Ongoing research-and-developmenttargets the implementation of a total of 21 user servicesin the nine areas by 2015.
Significant Recent TrendsElectronic toll collection (ETC), which collects tolls
from vehicles without requiring them to stop attollbooths, went into full-scale operation in Japan in2001 as part of the country's ITS program. As ofDecember 2002, ETC was in operation at 759 locationsnationwide.
Development is also moving ahead on AHS (theAutomatic Highway System), which, for vehiclesequipped with advanced cruise-assist systems, willprovide road-related information, hazard warnings, anddriving assistance. Seven system features, includinghazardous lane-change and frontal impact warnings, willcome into practical application as early as 2003.Completion of the necessary infrastructure for AHS andfull-scale system operation, including automatic vehicleoperation, are targeted for 2010. VICS, which providesreal-time road traffic information to vehicles equippedwith car navigation, was launched in April 1996 usingexisting fiberoptic networks and its application hassteadily increased nationwide since then.
9 ITS Development Areas 21 User Services
ITS DEVELOPMENT AREAS AND USER SERVICES
Advanced navigation systems� ● Traffic-related information� ● Route guidance informationElectronic toll collection� ● Automatic collection of vehicle tollsSafe-driving assistance� ● Road-related information� ● Hazard warnings� ● Driver assistance� ● Advanced cruise-assist systemsOptimized traffic management� ● Optimization of traffic flow� ● Traffic flow control information in case of accidentsOptimized road infrastructure management� ● More efficient maintenance and management� ● Special vehicle deployment management� ● Information on current traffic regulationsPublic transport assistance� ● Information on using public transport� ● Assistance in public transport operations and managementMore efficient commercial vehicle use� ● Assistance in commercial vehicle logistical operations� ● Advanced cruise-assist systems for commercial vehiclesPedestrian assistance� ● Road network information� ● Prevention of hazardsAssistance to emergency vehicle operations� ● Automatic notification of emergencies � ● Emergency vehicle deployment support� (route guidance and rescue activity support) Other� ● Linkage with other advanced information networks
2001 SHIPMENTS OFMAJOR MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES
ElectricalMachinery& Equipment¥52,466(18.3%)
Automotive¥40,422(14.1%)
TransportEquipment¥45,152(15.7%)
Other¥106,016(37.0%)
NonferrousMetals¥5,849(2.0%)
Chemicals¥23,228(8.1%)
Iron & Steel¥11,202(3.9%)
GeneralMachinery& Equipment¥28,297(9.9%)
MetalProducts¥14,545(5.1%)
(billions of yen)
Total¥286,754
billion(100%)
Breakdown of Automotive Shipments:•Automobile manufacturers (including motorcycles) �¥20,321•Automobile body & related manufacturers ¥2,627•Automobile parts & accessories manufacturers ¥17,474
Automotive Shipments in Value Terms (2001)
Automotive shipments make up thesecond largest industrial sector of theJapanese economy (followingelectrical machinery and equipment).According to the most recentanalyses, they account for 14.1% ofthe value of Japan's totalmanufacturing shipments and 31.1%of the value of the machineryindustries' combined shipments. In2001 the value of domesticautomotive shipments rose by 0.9% to40,421.5 billion yen, marking thesecond consecutive year of growth.
Approximately 5.1 million peoplein Japan work in automobile-relatedjobs. As there are around 63.5 millionemployed persons in Japan at present,this means that about one in everytwelve workers is employed directlyor indirectly by the automobileindustry.
30
Automotive Shipments
Source: "Industry Statistics," Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry.
SHIPMENTS OF MAJOR MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES IN VALUE TERMS (billions of yen)
2001� 23,228� 11,202� 5,849� 14,545� 28,297� 52,466� 45,152� 40,422� 3,999� 129,914� 102,016� 286,754� 31.1� 14.1
2000� 23,799� 11,963� 6,219� 15,587� 30,413� 59,582� 44,447� 40,043� 4,119� 138,561� 107,453� 303,582� 28.9� 13.2
1999� 23,055� 11,322� 5,789� 15,238� 27,972� 54,905� 43,877� 39,004� 4,169� 130,924� 105,071� 291,398� 29.8� 13.4
1998� 23,223� 12,942� 6,441� 16,736� 30,781� 56,292� 45,237� 40,248� 4,588� 136,898� 109,600� 305,840� 29.4� 13.2
1997� 24,580� 14,563� 7,188� 18,125� 32,575� 60,381� 47,448� 42,483� 4,503� 144,907� 113,708� 323,072� 29.3� 13.1
1996� 23,490� 13,890� 6,710� 17,933� 31,424� 57,748� 45,145� 40,600� 4,089� 138,405� 112,640� 313,068� 29.3� 13.0
1995� 23,363� 14,073� 6,496� 17,647� 29,884� 54,831� 44,215� 39,561� 4,107� 133,036� 111,421� 306,036� 29.7� 12.9
1994� 22,519� 13,574� 5,931� 17,488� 27,594� 51,928� 44,652� 39,682� 4,209� 128,383� 111,133� 299,027� 30.9� 13.3
1993� 23,260� 14,932� 6,140� 18,732� 29,171� 52,103� 47,065� 41,767� 4,488� 132,827� 115,310� 311,200� 31.4� 13.4
1992� 24,169� 16,558� 6,865� 19,805� 33,192� 54,566� 49,426� 44,295� 5,051� 142,235� 119,888� 329,521� 31.1� 13.4
1991� 24,270� 18,631� 7,697� 20,230� 35,847� 58,624� 48,960� 44,192� 5,511� 148,941� 121,066� 340,835� 29.7� 13.0
1990� 23,503� 18,269� 7,822� 18,573� 33,225� 54,529� 46,858� 42,311� 5,132� 139,744� 115,462� 323,373� 30.3� 13.1
1985� 20,552� 17,754� 6,384� 13,094� 24,190� 40,842� 36,179� 27,693� 4,381� 105,593� 101,943� 265,321� 26.2� 10.4
1980� 17,979� 17,896� 8,119� 10,646� 17,600� 22,235� 24,954� 21,235� 3,458� 68,246� 91,815� 214,700� 31.1� 9.9
1975� 10,438� 11,306� 3,909� 6,573� 10,611� 10,821� 14,794� 10,524� 1,729� 37,955� 57,252� 127,433� 27.7� 8.3
1970� 5,540� 6,565� 3,055� 3,728� 6,803� 7,331� 7,276� 5,467� 892� 22,301� 27,847� 69,035� 24.5� 7.9
Year Chemicals Iron & Steel
Non-ferrousMetals
Other TotalGeneral
Machinery/
Equipment
Electrical
Machinery/
Equipment
Transport Equipment
Machinery
Industries
Subtotal
MetalProducts
Automotive
Other
Machinery
Industries
Machinery Industries
% of
Machinery
Industries
Value
% ofManufactur-ingIndustriesValue
Automotive Trade
The value of motor vehicle exports (includingmotorcycles and parts) in 2002 rose by 18.3% to11,567.5 billion yen, marking the third consecutive yearof increase.
The value of motor vehicle imports (including parts)also increased for the third straight year, up by 8.1% to1,123.4 billion yen.
31
Exports¥ 52,109 billion(100%)
Motor Vehicles(including motorcycles & parts)¥ 11,568 billion (22.2%)
Export Value (billions of yen)
•Non-Electrical Machinery�� ¥10,600��� (20.3%)•Iron & Steel Products� ¥1,940��� (3.7%)•Chemicals�� ¥4,170��� (8.0%)•Visual & Audio Apparatus� ¥1,850��� (3.6%)•Scientific & Optical Equipment� ¥1,900��� (3.6%)•Textiles�� ¥920��� (1.8%)•Metal Products & Nonferrous Metals� ¥1,290��� (2.5%)•Ships�� ¥1,120��� (2.1%)•Other�� ¥16,750�� (32.1%)
2002 EXPORTS BYPRINCIPAL COMMODITY (FOB)
Note: Figures do not always add up to the total as they have been rounded off.
Imports¥ 42,228 billion(100%)
Machinery & Equipment¥ 13,430 billion (31.8%)
Motor Vehicles¥ 804 billion (1.9 %)
Import Value •Mineral Fuels� ¥8,170�� (19.3%)•Foodstuffs�� ¥5,280�� (12.5%)•Raw Materials� ¥2,520�� (6.0%)•Chemicals�� ¥3,240�� (7.7%)•Metals�� ¥1,700�� (4.0%)•Textiles�� ¥2,750�� (6.5%)•Other�� ¥5,120�� (12.1%)
2002 IMPORTS BYPRINCIPAL COMMODITY (CIF)
(billions of yen)
Note: Figures do not always add up to the total as they have been rounded off.
MerchandiseExport TotalChg.(%) Year
Cars, Trucks, BusesMotor Vehicles
Parts & Components Motorcycles Subtotal
1997
1995199419931992199119901985
7,112.3
4,979.75,836.66,550.57,657.77,370.57,358.78,195.1
1,789.5
1,781.51,798.21,654.41,584.71,523.91,566.81,242.0
604.6
480.7494.3564.6549.6458.9396.4624.1
9,506.4
7,241.98,129.18,769.59,792.09,353.39,321.9
10,061.2
50,938.01996 5,513.8 1,840.5 548.9 7,903.2 44,731.3
41,530.940,497.640,202.443,012.342,359.9
41,456.941,955.7
+20.3%+9.1%
-10.9%-7.3%
-10.4%+4.7%+0.3%
+11.7%+14.4%
1998 7,795.2 1,637.4 670.0 10,102.6 50,645.0+6.3%1999 7,094.8 1,636.7 613.9 9,345.4 47,547.6-7.5%2000 6,930.1 1,864.2 660.3 9,454.6 51,654.2+1.2%2001 7,210.8 1,880.4 689.1 9,780.2 48,979.2+3.4%2002 8,774.6 2,117.2 675.7 11,567.5 52,109.0+18.3%
AUTOMOTIVE EXPORTS IN VALUE TERMS (FOB)����� (billions of yen)
Source: "The Summary Report on Trade of Japan," Ministry of Finance.��
MerchandiseImport TotalYear Cars, Trucks, Buses
Motor VehiclesParts & Components Subtotal
1997
1995199419931992199119901985
974.0
958.5737.8583.0655.0727.8923.3129.0
215.6
136.4116.2116.6133.4125.5111.9
44.6
1,189.6
1,094.9854.0699.6788.4853.3
1,035.2173.6
40,956.21996 1,152.1 177.4 1,329.5 37,993.4
31,548.828,104.326,826.429,527.431,900.233,855.231,084.9
Chg.(%)
-10.5%+21.4%+28.2%+22.1%-11.3%
-7.6%-17.6%+58.9%
—
1998 746.5 207.6 954.1 36,653.6-19.8%
AUTOMOTIVE IMPORTS IN VALUE TERMS (CIF)����� (billions of yen)
Source: "The Summary Report on Trade of Japan," Ministry of Finance.
1999 722.6 185.4 908.0 35,268.0-4.8%200020012002
767.9 220.0 988.0 40,938.4+8.8%781.4 257.6 1,039.0 42,415.5+5.2%803.8 319.6 1,123.4 42,227.5+8.1%
DOMESTICA
• GM Japan formally joins JAMA (January).
• Hino Motors, Ltd. and Isuzu Motors Limited announceintegration of their bus operations in October 2003(January).
• Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd. and Suzuki MotorCorporation announce beginning of reciprocal OEM supplyof motorcycles starting February 2003 (January).
• Governor Ishihara of Tokyo calls on JAMA to cooperate inundertaking measures against diesel exhaust (February).
• The Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI), theMinistry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (MLIT), andthe Ministry of the Environment hold the first meeting ofthe Fuel Cell Project (February).
• The Ministry of the Environment announces administrativeand ministerial ordinances under the NOx and PM laws thatwere added to regulations covering diesel passengervehicles (February).
• Iwao Nakamura is appointed president of Nissan DieselMotor Co., Ltd. (March).
• JAMA calls on the National Police Agency to introducelicense limited to AT motorcycles (March).
• Decision on new Outline of Measures to Combat GlobalWarming in run-up to approval of the Kyoto Protocol(March).
• The Central Council for the Environment issues long-termreport (fifth report) on exhaust gas (April).
• Number of vehicles subject to recall tops 3-million mark inFY 2001, hitting all-time high (April).
• Cabinet decision on draft automobile recycling legislation(April).
• Number of firms using JNX Centre and JNX reaches 309,topping initial target of 300 (April).
• Honda announces completion of traffic safety trainingfacilities named "Traffic Training Center RainbowHamanako" and launches operations (April).
• JAMA announces its policy on dealing with the AutomobileRecycling Law (April).
• Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi announces policy to takethe lead in introducing several fuel cell-powered vehicles(April).
• Fuji Heavy Industries and NEC Corporation announceestablishment of new company to develop secondary fuelcells for hybrid vehicles (May).
• Yoshihide Munekuni takes office as chairman of JAMA(May).
• JAMA, the Japan Motor Industrial Federation (JMIF), andthe Japan Automobile Industry Employers' Associationmerge (May).
• Isuzu withdraws from sales of passenger vehicles after 50years (May).
• Hino announces development of new hybrid system forcommercial vehicles (May).
• Daihatsu Motor Co., Ltd. announces development ofmaterials recycling technology as part of its strategy toreduce waste (June).
• JAMA compiles document on its requests to revise theautomobile tax system (June).
• Mazda Motor Corporation appoints Lewis Booth aspresident (June).
• MLIT announces revision of safety standards of RoadVehicles Act in connection with the introduction of drivervision standards (June).
• The revised Road Vehicles Act is passed with a tighterrecall system (July).
• The Automobile Recycling Law is passed (July).
• The Automobile Recycling Promotion Center announcesoutline of procedures for handling and disposal of CFCs(July).
• Mazda announces development of its first new small enginein 15 years (July).
• Suzuki announces practical application of its direct-injectiongasoline turbo engine, first in minicar category (July).
• JAMA establishes the Forum to Promote Reform of theAutomobile Tax System composed of 14 automobileindustry-related groups (July).
• Honda announces target of beginning sales of fuel cell-powered automobiles around end of 2002 (July).
• Honda announces development of side-curtain airbags andbeginning of their installation in cars going on sale fromautumn (August).
• JAMA announces the release of the UNEP Report on theAutomotive Industry prepared by JAMA and ACEA(August).
• JAMA announces implementation of activities to promotelow-sulfur diesel fuel from late August (August).
• JAMA firms up policies on full-scale operation of domesticmotorcycle recycling system beginning in spring 2004(August).
• Toyota and Nissan announce technical cooperation onhybrid vehicles (September).
• Daihatsu announces world's first successful practicalapplication of "intelligent catalyst" (September).
• JAMA publishes its statement of requests concerningrevision of the automobile tax system (September).
• Mitsubishi Motors formally announces spin-off of its truckand bus operations (September).
Significant Events of 2002
32
• Toyota and Nissan announce receipt of approval for non-step large route buses equipped with fuel-cell hybridsystems (September).
• Implementation of CFC Recovery and Disposal Law(October).
• Mazda announces construction of Japanese automobileindustry's first high-speed/high-capacity broadband network(October).
• Hino and Isuzu announce establishment of transitioncompany to pave the way for integrated bus productionoperations (October).
• JAMA and IBM Japan begin provision of JNX-basedCommon Application Infrastructure (October).
• JAMA, the Japan Motor Industrial Federation (JMIF), andthe Japan Automobile Industry Employers' Associationsponsor the 36th Tokyo Motor Show (commercial vehicles),the first since the merger of the three organizations(October).
• Enforcement of portions of vehicle model-based regulationsunder the revised Automotive NOx and PM Law begins(October).
• Toyota Chairman Hiroshi Okuda, Nissan President CarlosGhosn, and Canon Inc. President Fujio Mitarai are presentedwith Business Manager Reform Award by Japanesegovernment (October).
• Eighteen automobile industry-related organizations jointlysponsor action rally for elimination of the temporarily hightax rate imposed on revenue sources earmarked for roads(November).
• Nissan announces development of pre-crash seat belt thatautomatically senses emergency braking (December).
• Mitsubishi Motors announces construction of new paintfacility at Mizushima plant (December).
• Honda and Toyota deliver fuel-cell vehicles to the Japanesegovernment (December).
• Promotion Committee for the Privatization of the FourHighway-Related Public Corporations submits final reportto Prime Minister Koizumi (December).
INTERNATIONALA
• Honda Motor Co., Ltd. develops hybrid vehicle compatiblewith fuel-cell vehicles, to be launched in North America inFY 2003 (January).
• JAMA dispatches two special missions to China regardingthe issue of motorcycle counterfeits (February).
• Honda announces beginning of exports of CR-Vs producedat its UK plant to North America (April).
• Toyota Motor Corporation announces establishment of jointventure with China FAW Group Corporation, a majorChinese automaker (May).
• Mitsubishi Motors Corporation, DaimlerChrysler, andHyundai announce basic agreement on joint development ofsmall engines (May).
• Suzuki and GM jointly take equity stake in Daewoo Motors,a bankrupt Korean automaker (June).
• Hino announces beginning of local assembly of dedicatedNorth American platform based on medium-sized truck(June).
• Toyota announces beginning of sales of fuel-cell vehicles atend of 2002 in Japan and the United States (July).
• The lower house of the California state legislature passeslaw putting restrictions on automobile CO2 emissions(July).
• Saudi Arabian Automobile Technical Training Institute isopened with the assistance of JAMA and Saudi ArabianJapanese Automobile Dealers Association (September).
• The governments of Japan and the United States call formodification of China's automobile import quota system(September).
• The government of Vietnam announces restrictions onimports of motorcycle parts (September).
• The first Global Automobile Industry Meeting attended byJapanese, U.S., and European automaker CEOs held in Paris(September).
• JAMA submits request to METI of Japan for withdrawal ofrestrictions on imports of motorcycle parts imposed by thegovernment of Vietnam (September).
• JNX and ANX agree on the launch of internationalinterconnection service (September).
• JAMA announces submission to prime minister of Vietnamof statement requesting withdrawal of restrictions onimports of motorcycle parts (October).
• JAMA dispatches mission to Vietnam to discuss issue ofrestrictions on imports of motorcycle parts imposed byVietnam (October).
• Vietnam's Ministry of Trade issues emendations to quotason imports of motorcycle parts; Japanese-affiliatedmanufacturers resume production of motorcycles(November).
• Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd. announces line-off ceremony atplant in Taiwan for first 50cc motor scooters for sale inJapan (December).
33
The Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association,Inc. (JAMA) is a nonprofit trade association which wasestablished in 1967. The organization is comprised ofthe fifteen manufacturers of passenger cars, trucks, busesand motorcycles in Japan.
JAMA's activities are administered under theguidance of various committees composed of member-company representatives. The administrative structureof JAMA is headed by a chairman, who is elected from
among the chief executives of the member companies.Reporting to the chairman are five vice-chairmen, one ofwhom also serves as president; an executive director;and a secretary general. Final authority for decisions onJAMA's major activities and overall administration isvested in its board of directors.
PeriodicalsaMotor Vehicle Statistics of JapanHistorical compilation of Japanese motor vehicle
production, export, and new registration statistics.
Annual.
News from JAMA Brief articles and current production, export, and
new registration statistics. Bimonthly. Also
available in French and German.
News from JAMA, Asia-Pacific EditionNews and feature articles on JAMA's activities
related to the ASEAN automotive industry.
Published thrice yearly.
News from JAMA MotorcycleNews, views and developments related to
Japan's motorcycle industry. Quarterly.
Japan Auto TrendsNews, views and developments related to
Japan's automobile industry. Published quarterly
in the U.S.
Other PublicationsaJapan's Automobile Manufacturers: GlobalCompanies Meeting New Challenges WithAdvanced TechnologiesA detailed look at how Japanese automakers'
sales, employment and investment activities have
made them a part of the fabric of America.
Japanese Automakers in Europe–Investing ina Common FutureA detailed look at how Japanese automakers are
working within the European Community to build
cars in Europe for Europeans.
Towards the Development of the ASEANAutomotive IndustryA detailed look at how Japanese automakers are
working to promote the automotive industry in and
with ASEAN countries.
A Better Environment for Future GenerationsA summary of JAMA init iatives related to
environmental issues and the measures JAMA
members are taking in regard to environmental
protection.
The Future of MotorcyclesAn overview of Japanese motorcycle
manufacturers' responses to the priority issues
facing their industry today.
VideosaAutomobile Recycling in 1998–Towards theTechnology of TomorrowA 20-minute presentation which reviews the
industry's voluntary initiatives to further promote
end-of-life vehicle recycling, explaining the latest
technologies in shredder residue processing and
other systems. In Japanese and English.
Internet: http://www.jama.or.jp
34
– Committees –
General AssemblyBoard of Directors
Executive Committee
General Committees:Technical Administration Committee
Safety & Environmental Technology CommitteeEnvironment CommitteeTraffic Affairs CommitteeDistribution Committee
Taxation CommitteeInternational Affairs Committee
Purchasing CommitteeElectronic Information Exchange Committee
Human Resources Committee
Special Vehicle Committees:Mini-Vehicle CommitteeMotorcycle Committee
Heavy Vehicle Committee
Tokyo Motor Show Committee
– Administration –
President
Executive Director
Secretary General
Administrative Div.
Coordination Div.
Traffic Affairs Dept.
Business Affairs Dept.
Technical Dept.
Environment Dept.
International Dept.
Tokyo Motor Show Dept.
Public Relations Office
Human Resources Office
ChairmanVice-Chairmen
Note: Publications can be obtained from JAMA by contacting any of the offices listed inside the cover of this booklet. For information on video availability, please contact JAMA's head office.
JAMA INFORMATION MATERIALS
JAMA Organization and Information Services
DAIHATSU MOTOR CO., LTD.�� Head Office:�� 1, Daihatsu-cho 1-chome�� Ikeda City, Osaka Pref. 563-8651�� Tel : (0727) 51-8811 Fax: (0727) 53-6880�� Tokyo Branch Office:�� 2-10, Nihonbashi Hon-cho 2-chome �� Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-8408�� Tel : (03) 3279-0813 Fax: (03) 3279-0038�� Products: Cars and Trucks� Internet:� http://www.daihatsu.co.jp/
FUJI HEAVY INDUSTRIES LTD.�� Subaru Bldg.�� 7-2, Nishi-Shinjuku 1-chome�� Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8316�� Tel : (03) 3347-2111 Fax: (03) 3347-2338�� Products: Cars, Trucks and Buses� Internet:� http://www.fhi.co.jp/
GENERAL MOTORS JAPAN LIMITED�� 27th Floor, 20-3, Ebisu 4-chome�� Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-6027�� Tel: (03) 5424-2727�� Products: Cars� Internet: � http://www.gmjapan.co.jp/�
HINO MOTORS, LTD.�� Head Office and Hino plant:�� 1-1, Hinodai 3-chome�� Hino City, Tokyo 191-8660�� Tel : (042) 586-5111 Fax: (042) 586-5038�� Tamachi Office:�� 11-3, Shiba 4-chome�� Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-0014�� Tel : (03) 5419-9320 Fax: (03) 3453-0174�� Products: Trucks and Buses� Internet:� http://www.hino.co.jp/
HONDA MOTOR CO., LTD.�� 1-1, Minami-Aoyama 2-chome�� Minato-ku, Tokyo 107-8556�� Tel : (03) 3423-1111 Fax: (03) 3423-0511�� Products: Cars, Trucks and Motorcycles� Internet:� http://www.honda.co.jp/
ISUZU MOTORS LIMITED�� 26-1, Minami-Oi 6-chome�� Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8722�� Tel : (03) 5471-1111 Fax: (03) 5471-1042�� Products: Trucks and Buses� Internet:� http://www.isuzu.co.jp/
KAWASAKI HEAVY INDUSTRIES, LTD.�� Kobe Head Office:�� Kobe Crystal Tower�� 1-3, Higashi Kawasaki-cho 1-chome�� Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo Pref. 650-8680�� Tel : (078) 371-9530 Fax: (078) 371-9568�� Tokyo Head Office:�� World Trade Center Bldg.�� 4-1, Hamamatsu-cho 2-chome�� Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-6116�� Tel : (03) 3435-2111 Fax: (03) 3436-3037�� Products: Motorcycles� Internet:� http://www.khi.co.jp/
MAZDA MOTOR CORPORATION�� Head Office:�� 3-1, Shinchi, Fuchu-cho�� Aki-gun, Hiroshima Pref. 730-8670�� Tel : (082) 282-1111 Fax: (082) 287-5190��� Tokyo Head Office:�� 1-7, Uchisaiwai-cho 1-chome�� Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0011�� Tel : (03) 3508-5031 Fax: (03) 3508-5094�� Products: Cars, Trucks and Buses� Internet:� http://www.mazda.co.jp/
MITSUBISHI FUSO TRUCK & BUS � CORPORATION�� 16-4, Konan 2-chome�� Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8285�� Tel : (03) 6719-4601 Fax: (03) 6719-0111�� Products: Trucks, Buses and Industrial Engines� Internet:� http://www.mitsubishi-fuso.com/
MITSUBISHI MOTORS CORPORATION�� 16-4, Konan 2-chome�� Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8410�� Tel : (03) 6719-2111 Fax: (03) 6719-0059�� Products: Cars� Internet:� http://www.mitsubishi-motors.co.jp/
NISSAN DIESEL MOTOR CO., LTD.�� 1, Oaza 1-chome�� Ageo City, Saitama Pref. 362-8523�� Tel : (048) 781-2301 Fax: (048) 781-7505�� Products: Trucks and Buses� Internet:� http://www.nissandiesel.co.jp/
NISSAN MOTOR CO., LTD.�� 17-1, Ginza 6-chome�� Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-8023�� Tel : (03) 3543-5523 Fax: (03) 3546-2669�� Products: Cars, Trucks and Buses� Internet:� http://www.nissan.co.jp/
SUZUKI MOTOR CORPORATION�� Head Office:�� 300, Takatsuka�� Hamamatsu, Shizuoka Pref. 432-8611�� Tel : (053) 440-2061 Fax: (053) 445-0040�� Tokyo Branch Office:�� Suzuki Bldg. Higashi-Shinbashi�� 2-8, Higashi-Shinbashi 2-chome�� Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0021�� Tel : (03) 5473-1601 Fax: (03) 5473-1602�� Products: Cars, Trucks and Motorcycles� Internet:� http://www.suzuki.co.jp/�
TOYOTA MOTOR CORPORATION�� Head Office:�� 1, Toyota-cho �� Toyota City, Aichi Pref. 471-8571�� Tel : (0565) 28-2121 Fax: (0565) 80-1116�� Tokyo Head Office:�� 4-18, Koraku 1-chome�� Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8701�� Tel : (03) 3817-7111 Fax: (03) 3817-9037�� Products: Cars, Trucks and Buses� Internet:� http://www.global.toyota.com
YAMAHA MOTOR CO., LTD.�� Head Office:�� 2500, Shingai�� Iwata City, Shizuoka Pref. 438-8501�� Tel : (0538) 32-1115 Fax: (0538) 37-4250�� Tokyo Office:�� Mita 43 Mori Bldg.�� 13-16, Mita 3-chome�� Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-0073�� Tel : (03) 5442-0600 Fax: (03) 5442-0700�� Products: Motorcycles� Internet:� http://www.yamaha-motor.co.jp/
Member Manufacturers
35
Japan Auto Parts Industries Association(JAPIA)
16-15, Takanawa 1-chomeMinato-ku, Tokyo 108-0074
Tel: (03) 3445-4211 Fax: (03) 3447-5372Internet: http://www.japia.or.jp/Objectives: To establish and promote policies to streamline
parts manufacturing, and to research, develop andimprove production engineering.
Japan Auto-Body Industries Association, Inc.(JABIA)
Kishimoto Bldg., 2-1, Marunouchi 2-chome Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0005
Tel: (03) 3213-2031 Fax: (03) 3213-2034Internet: http://www.jabia.or.jp/Objectives: To research and promote policies to streamline
auto-body manufacturing and assembly.
Japan Automotive Machinery and ToolManufacturers Association (JAMTA)
Kikaishinko Bldg. 5-8, Shibakoen 3-chomeMinato-ku, Tokyo 105-0011
Tel: (03) 3431-3773 Fax: (03) 3431-5880Internet: http://www.jamta.com/Objectives: To conduct research on the engineering
technology of automotive servicing equip-ment and tools, and to disseminate theresulting information among its members.
Japan Electric Vehicle Association (JEVA)22-15, Toranomon 1-chomeMinato-ku, Tokyo 105-0001
Tel: (03) 3503-3651 Fax: (03) 3503-8493Internet: http://www.jeva.or.jp/Objectives: To promote the utilization of electric vehicles, as
well as collect information and conduct analysison electric vehicles at home and abroad.
Japan Automobile Research Institute, Inc.(JARI)
2530 Karima, Tsukuba CityIbaraki Pref. 305-0822
Tel: (029) 856-1111 Fax: (029) 856-1122Tokyo Office:Kanda Union Bldg., 25, Kanda-Nishiki-cho 3-chomeChiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0054
Tel: (03) 3293-9123 Fax: (03) 3295-2386Internet: http://www.jari.or.jp/Objectives: To conduct comprehensive research aimed at
the long-range development of automotivetechnologies for vehicle safety and reducedemissions, noise and vibration.
Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan, Inc.(JSAE)
10-2, Goban-choChiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0076
Tel: (03) 3262-8211 Fax: (03) 3261-2204Internet: http://www.jsae.or.jp/Objectives: To research, study and experiment in auto-
motive science and technologies.
Japan Automobile Dealers Association (JADA)7-17, Minami-Aoyama 5-chomeMinato-ku, Tokyo 107-0062
Tel: (03) 3400-8404 Fax: (03) 3400-8413Internet: http://www.jada.or.jp/Objectives: To promote the use of automobiles and im-
prove their distribution, thereby contributing tothe development of the national economy.
Japan Mini-Vehicles Association (JAVA)Shinjuku Sanei Bldg., 22-2, Nishi-Shinjuku 1-chomeShinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023
Tel: (03) 3342-7831 Fax: (03) 3344-6289Internet: http://www.zenkeijikyo.or.jp/Objectives: To promote strong sales and good
distribution of mini-vehicles and to addresssafety and emissions measures.
Japan Automobile Importers Association (JAIA)TBR Bldg., 5-7, Kojimachi Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0083
Tel: (03) 3222-5421 Fax: (03) 3222-1730Internet: http://www.jaia-jp.org/Objectives: To establish orderly import transactions and
advance the interests of member companies,thereby promoting the growth of automobile importbusinesses.
Japan Automobile Federation (JAF)Kikaishinko Kaikan, Room 1035-8, Shibakoen 3-chomeMinato-ku, Tokyo 105-0014
Tel: (03) 3436-2811 Fax: (03) 3436-3008Internet: http://www.jaf.or.jp/
Objectives: To promote an understanding of traffic issuesand traffic safety, protect the interests ofmembers, encourage international friendshipthrough automobiles, and develop motor sportsprograms, thereby contributing to the welfare ofthe public.
Japan Automobile Service PromotionAssociation (JASPA)
1-16, Moto-Akasaka 1-chomeMinato-ku, Tokyo 107-0051
Tel: (03) 3404-6141 Fax: (03) 3404-6478Internet: http://www.jaspa.or.jp/Objectives: To promote the advancement of automobile
service technologies and equipment, in order tohelp prevent automobile accidents andpollution.
Japan Automobile Standards Inter-nationalization Center (JASIC)
TBR Bldg., 5-7, Kojimachi Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0083
Tel: (03) 5216-7241 Fax: (03) 5216-7244Internet: http://www.jasic.org/Objectives: To promote the harmonization of standards and
to help improve standards certification systemsin developing countries through the collectionand dissemination of data on inspections,surveys, and related information.
Related Automotive Associations
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