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©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
CHAPTER 16STANDARDIZING THE NATION:
INNOVATIONS IN TECHNOLOGY,
BUSINESS, AND CULTURE
1877-1890
CREATED EQUAL
JONES WOOD MAY BORSTELMANN RUIZ
©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
“…the great sums gathered by some of their fellow-citizens and spent for public purposes, from which the masses reap the principal benefit, are more valuable to them than if scattered through the course of many years in trifling amounts.”
Andrew Carnegie, Wealth, 1889
©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
TIMELINE1877 Great Labor Uprising
Edison develops the phonographMunn v. Illinois
1878 Self-binding harvester1879 Edison develops the electric light1880 Presidential Election: Garfield elected1881 Hunt’s A Century of Dishonor1882 Gold discovered in Coeur d”Alene region
Self-steering, self-propelled traction engineJohn L. Sullivan wins boxing world championshipBuffalo Bill Cody produces “Buffalo Bill’s Wild West”
©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
TIMELINE continued1883 Emma Lazarus, “The New Colossus”
The Supreme Court and the Civil Rights caseSumner, What the Social Classes Owe to Each Other
1884 Twine binder adapted to rice cultivationFrance presents America with the Statue of Liberty
1886 Wabash v. Illinois1887 Interstate Commerce Act
Dawes Severalty Act1888 Electric streetcar invented1889 First “All America” team in football1890 The Sherman Anti-Trust Act
Afro-American League foundedMassacre at Wounded Knee
©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
STANDARDIZING THE NATION Overview
The New Shape of BusinessCities Set the Standard: The Creation of a
National Urban CultureThrills, Chills, and Bathtubs: The
Emergence of Consumer CultureDefending the New Order
©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
THE NEW SHAPE OF BUSINESS
New Systems and Machines—and Their Price
Alterations in the Natural EnvironmentInnovations in Financing and Organizing
BusinessNew Labor Supplies for a New EconomyThe “Science” of Factory Management
©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
New Systems and Machines —and Their Price
1876-1879: Bell and Edison: the telephone, the phonograph, and electric light
Improved manufacturing and technology reduces labor needs: some workers pay the price
©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
Alterations in the Natural Environment
Innovation’s effects on the environmentLumber mills deplete forestsImproved seafood harvesting depletes
shellfish reservesHydraulic mining contributes to soil
erosion and water pollutionThe benefits and negative impact of the
railroads
©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
Innovations in Financing and Organizing Business
The consolidation of the railroad business
The growth of big business and national enterprises
Vertical integration: CarnegieHorizontal integration: Rockefeller Small businesses proliferate as well
©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
New Labor Supplies for a New Economy
New wave of immigration to AmericaIn 10 years (1880-1890) , 5.2 million
immigrantsGermans, Scandinavians, English, Italians,
Russians, Polish
Immigrants find their ethnic “niche”Providing community and introduction to
American society
©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
Population of foreign-born, by region, 1880
©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
The “Science” of Factory Management
Efficiency at the factoriesDiscriminatory hiring practices in
the South
©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
CITIES SET THE STANDARD: THE CREATION OF A NATIONAL URBAN CULTURE
Economic Engines of Urban GrowthBuilding the CitiesLocal Government Gets Bigger
©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
Economic Engines of Urban Growth
Cities draw populations from outside and inside the countryImmigrantsRural migrants
©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
Building the CitiesThe “menace” to civilization, cities become
technological marvelsWater supplies, transportation, illumination,
elevators
Industrialists and factory owners build cities for their employeesPullman outside of Chicago, textile towns in the
Piedmont region, lumber towns of Texas, phosphate industries in Florida
©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
Local Government Gets Bigger
Zoning and infrastructure call for new forms of local government
Urban machinesIllegal activitiesInfrastructure built by bosses, paid for by the
tax payersSports and commercial leisure activities
©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
THRILLS, CHILLS, AND BATHTUBS: THE EMERGENCE OF CONSUMER CULTURE
Shows as SpectaclesMass Merchandising as Spectacle
©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
Shows as SpectaclesSports
Baseball, football, and boxing1876 National Baseball League and 1900 the
American League
Performances1882: “Buffalo Bill’s Wild West”
and the medicine shows
©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
Mass Merchandising as Spectacle
Department storesMarshall Fields, Wanamaker’s,
Lord and Taylor, Macy’s
Mail-order cataloguesMass production and mass
advertising
©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
DEFENDING THE NEW ORDERThe Contradictory Politics of Laissez-
FaireThe “Natural” State of Society
©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
The Contradictory Politics of Laissez-Faire
Edmunds Act: outlawing polygamy
Chinese Expulsion Act: bars Chinese from entering US
Wabash v. Illinois: only Congress can control interstate transportation
Civil Rights Act declared unconstitutional: states cannot discriminate, but private industry may
Dawes General Allotment Act: eliminates tribal ownership in favor of private property
President Cleveland invokes laissez-faire denying farmers seeds, “the government should not support the people.”
Social Engineering Laissez-Faire
©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
The “Natural” State of Society
Social DarwinismHenry Ward Beecher: “great laws of
political economy” (anti-union/pro-business)
Using Darwinism to rationalize social hierarchies and promote the perceived superiority of “whites”